project 1: case study of building services in public buildings

Building Services (BLD60903/ARC2423)

Project 1 : Case Study of Building Services in Public Buildings

Prepared By :Tan Min Chuen 0322938Chang Huey Yi 0322898

Lee Yet Yee 0322328Ng Kwang Zhou 0322802Lim Woo Leon 0322180

Teoh Jun Xiang 0322099

Tutor :Ar. Sateerah Hassan

d p u l z eS h o p p i n g c e n t r e ,c y b e r j aya .

TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER :

1. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM - ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

- NG KWANG ZHOU

1.1 Literature Review

1.2 Introduction to Active Fire System1.3 Water based System

1.3.1 External Fire Hydrants(A) Regulations

- UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, FireExtinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

- Conclusion1.3.2 Hose Reel System

1. Hose Reel(A) Regulations


- Conclusion2. Hose Reel Pump

3. Reinforce Concrete Hose Reel Tank(A) Regulations


- Conclusion1.3.3 Wet Riser System

(A) Regulations- UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire

Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

01

02

03

04

11

17

1819

1920

22

31

- Conclusion

1.3.4 Automatic Sprinkler System1. Sprinkler Pump Room

2. Fire Sprinkler Head Component(A) Regulations

UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

- Conclusion 1.4 Non Water-based System

1.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Suppression System1.4.2 Dry Chemical Agents


Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access- Conclusion

1.5 Alarm & Detection System and Devices 1.5.1 Fire Control Room

(A) Regulations- UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

- Conclusion1.5.2 Fire Alarm Control Panel

1.5.3 Fire Alarm Bell(A) Regulations

- UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements- UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire


1.5.4 Fireman’s Switch1.5.5 Voice Communication System


- Conclusion 1.5.6 Manual Pull Station

1.5.7 Smoke Detector(A) Regulations

- UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access

33

39

4041

4444

47

48

5051

52

53

- Conclusion

1.5.8 Heat Detector System(A) Regulations


- Conclusion1.6 Smoke Control

1.6.1 Smoke Spill System(A) Regulations


- Conclusion 1.6.2 Supply Ventilation System

1. Stairwell pressurization system(A) Regulations

- UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements- Conclusion

2. Lift lobby pressurization system(A) Regulations


1.7 Conclusion

2. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM - PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

- TAN MIN CHUEN


2.2 Means of Escape 2.2.1 Escape Route

1. Commercial Area (UG & G)2. Basement Parking Area (P2 & P3)

3. Mix use Basement Area (P1 & LG)4. Upper floor Carpark and Mix use Area (M, F, 1F, 2F)

5. Evacuation Route Distance (A) Regulations

- UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement- Conclusion

54

5555

58

62

6465

65

2.2.2 Exits

1. Horizontal Exits2. Staircase (Vertical Exit)

(A) Regulations- UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement

- UBBL 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirement- Conclusion

2.2.3 Fire Escape Plan 2.2.4 Emergency Exit Signage


- Conclusion2.2.5 Assembly Point


- Conclusion2.3 Passive Containment

2.3.1 Compartmentation 1. Compartmentation of means of escape

2. Compartmentation of fire risk area(A) Regulations

- UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement- Conclusion

2.3.2 Flame Containment 1. Fire Rated Door

2. Fire Shutter2.3.3 Structural Fire Protection


- Conclusion2.4 Fire Fighting Access

2.4.1 Fire Fighting Shaft 1. Fire fighting staircase

2. Fire fighting lift3. Fire fighting lobby


72

8081

82

84

84

88

89

91

91

Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access

- Conclusion2.5 Conclusion

3. MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM - TEOH JUN XIANG


3.1.1 Introduction to Mechanical Ventilation1. Definition of Mechanical Ventilation Systems

2. Importance of Mechanical Ventilation Systems3.1.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation Systems

1. Supply Ventilation System2. Exhaust Ventilation System

3. Balanced Ventilation System3.1.3 Comparison of Mechanical Ventilation Systems

3.2 Case Study: DPULZE Shopping Centre3.2.1 Supply Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping

Centre1. Stairwell Pressurization System


- Conclusion2. Lift Lobby Pressurization System


- Conclusion 3.2.2 Exhaust Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping

Centre1. Atrium Smoke Spill System

(A) Regulations - UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire


2. Car Park Exhaust System(A) Regulations

- UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and fire Fighting Access

- Conclusion

95

9696

96

100101

101

108

3. Kitchen Exhaust System

4. Toilet Exhaust System(A) Regulations

- UBBL 1984 Third Schedule- Conclusion

5. Utility Room Exhaust System (A) Regulations


- Conclusion 3.3 Conclusion

4. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM - LIM WOO LEON

4.1. Introduction and Function

4.2 Literature Review 4.2.1 District Cooling System

4.2.2 Shell and Tube heat exchanger 4.2.3 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

4.2.4 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)4.3 Case Study

4.3.1 Central Chiller Plant(A) Regulations

- MS 1525 Code 8.8- Conclusion

4.3.2 Distribution network4.3.3 User Station

1. Heat Exchanger (HE)2. Condenser and Chilled Water Pump

(A) Regulations- MS 1525 Code 8.11.1

- Conclusion3. Control Panel

4. Fan Coil Unit (FCU)5. Air Handling Unit (AHU)

6. Diffuser7. Duct System

(A) Regulations

128

129130

131131

131131

132135

137

137

- MS 1525 Code 8.6

- Conclusion8. Pipe System

(A) Regulations- MS 1525 Code 8.5

- Conclusion 4.4 Analysis

4.4.1 District Cooling is Environmental Friendly (150)4.4.2 Benefits of District Cooling System (150)

4.5 Conclusion

5. MECHANICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM - ELEVATOR

- LEE YET YEE

Literature Review5.1 Elevator

5.2 Types of Elevators5.2.1 Traction Elevator

5.2.2 Hydraulic Elevator5.2.3 Climbing Elevator

5.2.4 Pneumatic Elevator5.3 Case Study

(A) Regulations- UBBL 1984 Part V Structural Requirement

5.3.1 Overview5.3.2 Component of System

1. Machine Room2. Elevator Shaft


- Conclusion3. Elevator Car ( Exterior )

4. Elevator Cabin ( Interior )5.4 Operating System

5.5 Safety Features1.Apron

2.Safety Door Edge

150

150150

150

151

151151

151152

153153

154

154

155

172173

3.Safety Gear

4.Smoke Detectors(A) Regulations


5.6 Locations & Design Consideration5.7 Conclusion

6. MECHANICAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM - ESCALATOR

- CHANG HUEY YI

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Case Study : DPULZE Shopping Centre6.3 Arrangement of Escalators

6.3.1 Parallel Arrangement6.3.2 Criss-cross Arrangement

6.4 Components of Escalator6.4.1. Landing Platforms

1. Floor Plate2. Comb Plate

6.4.2 Truss6.4.3 Tracks

6.4.4 Steps6.4.5 Handrail

6.4.6 Balustrade6.4.7 Drive System

1. Drive System2. Gear Reducer

3. The Step Drive System4. Handrail Drive System

6.5 Safety Features6.5.1 Emergency Stop Button (E-STOP)

6.5.2 Caution Signs6.5.3 Step Demarcation Lights

6.5.4 Step Demarcation Lines6.5.5 Skirt Brushes

6.5.6 Flat Steps

177179

180

180180

180181

181181

183184

187188

189190

197197

197198

198199

199

6.5.7 Missing Steps Detector

6.5.8 Handrail & Headroom Clearance6.6 Locations & Design Consideration

6.7 Conclusion

REFERENCES

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200200

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INTRODUCTION

Address: DPULZE, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyber 12, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor.

DPULZE Shopping Centre is a neighbourhood mall conveniently located in Cyberjaya. The

commercial building features a variety of retail outlets which cater the needs of the surrounding community. DPulze is the only complete integrated development in the area that comes equipped

with a 203-room 4-star international hotel managed by The Ascott Ltd, a 162-room Tune Hotels, 505 units of fully-sold apartments, as well as a retail mall to anchor its mix.

It is situated directly opposite the main transportation terminal in Cyberjaya and facing Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya’s busy main road, the shopping centre is highly accessible, providing

convenience to its users.

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ABSTRACT

This is a group project which aims to conduct a case study on building service systems applied and

installed in multi-storey buildings. As a group, we were introduced to the common systems that are used in a bigger volume of space to develop our own understanding of the application of building

services in the construction industry.

The completion of this project will prove to be useful in future design projects to ensure that

building design proposals are practical and efficient. The in depth research conducted also develops our understanding and familiarization in applying the correct graphic communications

according to the required standards, such as MS1184 and UBBL 1984.

In the process of researching, one of the methodologies used was to identify a building as our

selected case study, and in our case, the DPULZE Shopping Centre, as it is equipped with all the required service components. A site visit, which was guided by Mr. Loong, the Facilities and

Maintenance Manager of DPULZE Shopping Centre, was conducted on the 6th of October 2017 to allow our group members to collect the necessary information on site. A thorough study on all the

service systems was made, which includes mechanical ventilation systems, air-conditioning system, fire protection systems (active and passive fire protection system) and mechanical

transportation systems (elevator and escalator/ travellator).

Throughout the research conducted, we were able to learn and obtain valuable insights on the

details of each and every systems identifiable within our selected case study. Thus, an awareness is created within ourselves regarding the importance and impact of service systems within a man-

made environment.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to our tutor, Ar. Sateerah Hassan, for providing us

guidance throughout the duration of the project. The dedication and patience portrayed by our tutor ensured that we were able to meet all the requirements of this assignment.

In addition, we would like to thank Mr. Loong Seh Siang, the Facilities and Maintenance Manager of DPULZE Shopping Centre, for conducting the site visit despite his busy schedule. His valuable

insights and knowledge allowed us to fully understand and identify the service systems applied in the DPULZE Shopping Centre.

Lastly, the project would not be completed without the commitment portrayed by each and every group member.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: External fire hydrant outside DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.2: The fixed manual hose reel in car park (left) and hose reel room (right) (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.3: The hose real pump system in DPULZE shopping center (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.4: Hose reel tank in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.5: Water pipe connect to RC Hose Reel Tank in DPULZE in sprinkler room. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.6: Wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher in firefighting lobby in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.7: Main switch (top left & right),Sprinkler pump room & water pump (bottom). (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure1.8: Jockey pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.9: Duty pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.10: Standby pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.11: Fire sprinkler head components. (Source: QRSF, 2017)

Figure 1.12: Upright sprinkler in basement car park ( left ) and pendent sprinkler in shopping mall ( right ). (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.13: Switch for sprinkler system in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.14: The location of sprinkler in P3 floor of DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.15: Carbon dioxide tank of CO2 suppression system in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.16: ABC dry powder extinguisher in mall (left) and car park (right). (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.17: The exterior of the fire control room in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.18: The fire alarm bell on the car park’s wall in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng,

2017)

Figure 1.19: Fireman’s switches in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.20: Intercom handset station in emergency staircase. (Source: Ng, 2017)�4

Figure 1.21: Manual pull station in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.22: Smoke detector at ceiling of DPULZE shopping center (left). (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.23: Fire smoke spill system in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.24: Emergency pressurize staircase in DPULZE shopping center. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.25: Lift lobby located on Upper Ground Floor (UG). (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.26: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied air into the lift lobby of Upper Ground Floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 1.27: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the lobby area of Upper Ground Floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)

Figure 2.1: Lift lobby in M level of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 2.2: Staircase in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.3 Fire escape plan of UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.4 Emergency exit signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.5 Assembly point signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.6 Assembly point in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.7 Liquid petroleum storage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.8 Certificate of fire rating door in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.9 Fire rated door in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.10 Fire shutter in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.11 Precast concrete columns in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.12 Firefighting lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 2.13 Fire fighter key switch for fire lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.14 Reference of fire fighter key switch for fire lift. (Source: Youtube, 2017)

Figure 2.15 Firefighting lobby in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.1: Axial inlet fan with the manual control switches beside the fan. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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Figure 3.2: Ductworks leading to the stairwell. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.3: Ductwork supplies air to the duct system enclosed behind the wall. The pressure relief damper is also visible (highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.4: Lift lobby located on M level. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.5: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied

air into the lift lobby of M level. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 3.6: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the M level lobby area

(highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.7: Atrium within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.8: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.9: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.10: Car park exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.11: Axial smoke spill fans in car parks. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.12: Rectangular sheet metal ductworks in the car park area. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.13: Outlet grilles located along the metal ductworks. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.14: Ah Cheng Laksa outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.15: Boat Noodle outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.16: Campur-Campur Kitchen outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.17: BBQ Chicken outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.18: A typical kitchen exhaust hood. (Source: Kim, 2017)

Figure 3.19: Kitchen exhaust hood and galvanized sheet steel ductwork in Restoran Sana Sini of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.20: Release vent located next to the car park. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.21: A typical centrifugal fan. (Source: Smith, 2017)

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Figure 3.22: Exhaust grilles above urinals. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.23: The absence of ceilings reveals the ductworks above the toilet. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.24: Exhaust points on the ductwork. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 3.25: Axial exhaust fan placed within a metal casing. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.26: The entrance to the HEX room of DPULZE Shopping Centre. Air grilles are visible at

the top right corner of the entrance. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 3.27: Air grilles outside of the HEX room function to release extracted or fumes to the

exterior environment (car park). (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.28: Ductworks and axial exhaust fan within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.29: The thermostat used within the HEX room. Once the temperature within the room exceeds the pre-set temperature of 35 °C, the exhaust fans will automatically activate. (Source:

Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.30: Exhaust system control panel within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.31: Axial exhaust fans used within the AHU room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 4.1: Central chiller plant. (Source:LLC, 2017)

Figure 4.2: The Megajana district cooling system, Cyberjaya. (Source: Zengkun, 2017)

Figure 4.3: Megajana’s chiller plant. (Source: AHAR, 2013)

Figure 4.4: View of Megajana’s thermal energy storage tank. (Source: Anmas Corp., 2008)

Figure 4.5: Plate Type Heat Exchanger used by DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 4.6: Condenser and chilled water pump used in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 4.7: Control panels located at the chiller plant room of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 4.8: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) in the Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: Lim, 2017)

Figure 4.9: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) located in a retail shop. (Source: Lim, 2017)

Figure 4.10: Air Handling Unit (AHU) in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 4.11: An example of an Extended Surface Filter. (Source: Systemair, 2011)

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Figure 4.12: Filter Compartment within the Air Handling Unit of DPULZE Mall. (Source: Tan 2017)

Figure 4.13: An example of a cooling coil in an (AHU). (Source :Indiamart, 2011)

Figure 4.14: Humidifier in an AHU.. (Source: Honeywell, 2015)

Figure 4.15: DPULZE mall plan showing the location of Air Handling Unit. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 4.16: Diffuser used in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017)

Figure 4.17: Duct system in one of the restaurants in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017)

Figure 4.18: Colour coded piping system of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 5.1 Climbing elevators (Source : Universal Elevators, 2015)

Figure 5.2 Pneumatic elevator (Source : ARQUIGRAFICO-NET, 2014)

Figure 5.3 Thyssenkrupp company (Source : thyssenkrupp AG, 2017)

Figure 5.4 Elevator machine room (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.5 Traction sheave (Source: InterMESH Ltd, 2017)

Figure 5.6 Gear box (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.7 Overspeed governor (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.8 Suspension ropes from machine room to elevator car (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.9 Elevator controller (Source: Lee, 2017)

Figure 5.10 Control panel (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 5.11 Steel suspension ropes (Source: InterMESH Ltd, 2017)

Figure 5.12 Guide rails at the elevator shaft (Source: Marine Insight, 2017)

Figure 5.13 Landing door interlock (Source: Lee, 2017)

Figure 5.14 Oil buffer (Source: Nova elevator, 2015)

Figure 5.15 Stainless-steel car walls (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.16 False ceiling (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.17 Glossy porcelain tiles finishing (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.18 Operating panel (Source: Chang, 2017)

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Figure 5.19 Dot-matrix floor indicator (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.20 Cylindrical stainless-steel handrail (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.21 Elevator car apron (Source: ALGI, 2017)

Figure 5.22 Photo-electric & infrared sensor at car door edge (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.23 Smoke detectors at lift lobby (Source: misterjtbarbers, 2017)

Figure 5.24 Lift lobby at DPULZE shopping center (Source: Lee, 2017)

Figure 6.1 : Landing platform. (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.2 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source : Chang, 2017)


Figure 6.4 : Parallel arrangement. (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.5 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.6 : Top platform (Contains the motor assembly and main drive gear.) (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.7 : Bottom platform (Holds the step return idler sprockets.) (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.8 : Close-up photo of landing platform (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.9 : Floor Plate (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.10 : Comb plate. (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.11 : Truss (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Figure 6.12 : Circle tracks (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Figure 6.13 : Escalator steps (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.14 : Balustrade (Source : Chang, 2017)


Figure 6.16 : External drive (Source : Google, 2017)

Figure 6.17 : Internal drive (Source : Google, 2017)

Figure 6.18 : Emergency stop button (Source : Chang, 2017)

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Figure 6.20 : Caution signs (Source : Chang, 2017)


Figure 6.22 : Step demarcation lights (Source : Chang, 2017)


Figure 6.24 : Step demarcation lines (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.25 : Step demarcation lines (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.26 : Skirt brushes (Source : Chang, 2017)


Figure 6.28 : Flat steps (Source : Chang, 2017)


Figure 6.30 : Handrail & headroom clearance (Source : Chang, 2017)

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LIST OF DIAGRAMS

Diagram 1.1: The chart showing the overview of active fire protection (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.2: Operation of fire hydrant system. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.3: The overall layout of hose reel system (Source: Green Simex Engineering Sdn.Bhd,

2017)

Diagram 1.4: Location of hose reel in M floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.5: Location of hose reel in LG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.6: Location of hose reel in UG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.7: Location of hose reel in G floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.8: Location of hose reel in F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.9: Location of hose reel in 1F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)


Diagram 1.11: Location of hose reel in P1 floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)



Diagram 1.14: Types of the bulb liquid color in water sprinkler. (Source: QRSF, 2017)

Diagram1.15: CO2 suppression system work. (Source: UNITED, 2017)

Diagram 16: Typical primary and slave cylinder arrangement. (Source: Janus Fire System, 2017)

Diagram 1.17: Types of fire extinguisher. (Source: Vulcanus Fire Consultants, 2017)

Diagram 1.18: Operation of fire extinguisher. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.19: The location of alarm & detection system and devices of the mall. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.20: The location of smoke detector, flow switch, clean agent gas discharged, break glass and carbon dioxide gas discharged in LG floor (G2). (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.21: The fire alarm control panel and overall layout of fire alarm control panel. (Source: Aman Safety Company, 2017)

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Diagram 1.22: Procedure of fire control panel system. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.23: Process of photoelectric smoke detector (right). (Simply Safe, 2017)

Diagram 1.24: Heat detector and diagram of heat detector works. (Source: Apollo Fire detector,

2017)

Diagram 1.25: The fire smoke spill from building. (Source: National Research Council Canada,

2017)

Diagram 1.26: Stairwell pressurization system during fire hazard in DPULZE mall. (Source: Ng,

2017)

Diagram 2.1: Floor composition of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.2: Evacuation route on UG floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.3: Evacuation route on G floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.4: Evacuation route on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)



Diagram 2.7: Evacuation route on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.8: Evacuation route on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.9: Evacuation route on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.10: Evacuation route on 1F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)


Diagram 2.12: Hotspots and exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.13 Vertical exit route of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.14: Exits on 2F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)


Diagram 2.16: Exits on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.17: Exits on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.18: Exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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Diagram 2.19: Exits on G floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.20: Exits on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.21: Exits on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.22 Exits on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)


Diagram 2.24 Assembly point in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.25: Fire compartments on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.26: Fire compartments on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.27: Fire compartments on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.28 First phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.29 Second phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.30: Composition of firefighting shaft in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.31: Location of firefighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 3.1: Supply ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017)

Diagram 3.2: Exhaust ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017)

Diagram 3.3: Balanced ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017).

Diagram 3.4: “Heat recovery” ventilation (HRV). (Source: Klenck, 2017)

Diagram 3.5: “Energy recovery” ventilation (ERV). (Source: The Worlds of David Darling, 2017)

Diagram 3.6: Stairwell pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre using proportional

damper control. (Source: belimo, 2017)

Diagram 3.7: Conventional smoke spill systems used in multi-storey building atriums. (Source:

Chacon and Kerber, 2017)

Diagram 3.8: High temperature smoke spill axial fan. (Source: Nuaire, 2017)

Diagram 3.9: Traditional car park exhaust system. (Source: Khan, 2017)

Diagram 3.10: A typical kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: SANTONE, 2017)

�13

Diagram 3.11: Function of kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: IowaFireControl, 2017)

Diagram 3.12: Kitchen exhaust hood details. (Source: Piubellini, 2017)

Diagram 3.13: Axial exhaust fan details. (Source: Nuaire, 2017)

Diagram 3.14: Details of exhaust grilles. (Source: Bathrooms Remodelling, 2017)

Diagram 3.15: Replenishment of exhaust air within a toilet. (Source: Coles Refrigeration & Air

Conditioning, 2017)

Diagram 4.1: District cooling system process diagram. (Source: CityU, 2017)

Diagram 4.2: District heating and cooling system schematic diagram. (Source: Vesselyn, 2017)

Diagram 4.3: Distribution network diagram. (Source: HKSARG, 2011)

Diagram 4.4: Shell & tube heat exchanger diagram. (Source: Indiamart, 2011)

Diagram 4.5: Plate type heat exchanger diagram. (Source: A. Laval, 2017)

Diagram 4.6: Section of an Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: C. Brennand, 2016)

Diagram 4.7: Centrifugal Fan Compartment. (Source: C. Brennand, 2016)

Diagram 5.1 Geared traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.2 Gearless traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.3 Different types of hydraulic elevators (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.4 Climbing elevator frame (Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2004)

Diagram 5.5 Pneumatic elevator components (Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003)

Diagram 5.6 Components of elevator (Source : Mr.Loong, 2017)

Diagram 5.7 Elevator machine room components (Source : Mr.Loong, 2017)

Diagram 5.8 Overspeed governor components (Source: IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003)

Diagram 5.9 Suspension ropes configuration (Source: Yale Robbins, 2003)

Diagram 5.10 Elevator shaft components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.11 Different roping system for suspension cable (Source: Industrial electronics, 2017)

Diagram 5.12 Placement of counterweight in plan view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)

�14

Diagram 5.13 Counterweight -sectional view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)

Diagram 5.14 Components of counterweight (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.15 Car guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017)

Diagram 5.16 Counterweight guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017)

Diagram 5.17 Landing door mechanism (Source: XINDA, 2017)

Diagram 5.18 Oil buffer - section & plan view (Source: Nova elevator, 2015)

Diagram 5.19 Elevator car components - exterior (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017)

Diagram 5.20 Car sling components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.21 Components of maintenance balustrade (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.22 Elevator cabin components (Source: Hitachi elevator, 2017)

Diagram 5.23 False ceiling compartments (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.24 Components of car platform (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.25 Components of operating panels (Source: Lee, 2017)

Diagram 5.26 Components of handrails (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.27 Engineering diagram of elevator operating system

(Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.28 Placement of apron (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.29 Safety elevator door edge (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017)

Diagram 5.30 Safety gear components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.31 Basement plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.32 Upper ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.33 Lower ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.34 Ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.35 Second floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.1 : Criss-cross arrangement (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

�15

Diagram 6.2 : Components of escalator (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.3 : Axonometric drawing of landing platforms (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.4 : Truss sections (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.5 : Track system (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.6 : Tracks assembly major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.7 : Steps major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.8 : Handrail assembly (Source : Google, 2017)

Diagram 6.9 : Handrail components (Source : Google, 2017)

Diagram 6.10 : Escalator exterior (balustrade) (Source : Pinterest, 2017)

Diagram 6.11 : Drive systems (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.12 : Drive machine & gear reducer (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.13 : Modular drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.14 : The main drive gear (gear reducer) (Source : Pinterest, 2017)

Diagram 6.15 : Step drive system (Source : Google, 2017)

Diagram 6.16 : Step drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.17 : Handrail Drive System (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.18 : Second floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.19 : Upper ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.20 : Ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.21 : Lower ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.22 : Basement plan (Source, DPULZE, 2017)

�16

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Evacuation route distance for different purpose group. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Table 2.2: Classification of places of assembly. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Table 3.1: Comparison of mechanical ventilation systems. (Source: Energy.gov, 2017)

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FIR

E P

RO

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CT

ION SY

ST

EM

(1) Active System

Case Study of Building Services in Public Buildings

DPULZEShopping Centre

18

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in

order to work proficiently when fire hazard occur. The aim of AFP is for detecting and alerting the

occupants during a fire hazard and seeking to eliminate fire out of the building. Action may be manually

operated through fire extinguishers or automatic, like sprinkler. Active Fire Protection is mainly made up

of water based system, non-water based system, alarm and detection system and smoke control system,

to warn occupants of an outbreak and to allow appropriate firefighting action to be taken.

Water based system mainly provides a readily available source of water to any point throughout the

building during a fire hazard. For example water sprinkler system are installed in all types of building

including commercial and residential building. It is usually located on the ceiling and are connected to

water resources. When fire hazard occurs, sprinkler systems are used to diminish the fire.

In case of fire due to electrical equipment, pouring water worsens the situation and may prove fatal.

Hence, firefighting equipment such as non-water-based system is use for this reason. One of the

example is fire extinguisher. Fire extinguisher is one of the basic active fire protection tools that can be

found in our daily life. During a fire accident, extinguishers can be used for initial fire outbreak and to

prevent full scale fire escalation.

Alarm and detecting systems are usually the first line of active fire protection such as smoke detector

system. Smoke systems are used to detect the presence of fire and/or smoke in a building. Hence during

a fire emergency, the detector will send a signal to the control room so that the required actions can be

taken immediately.

Last but not least, smoke control system functions by controlling the volume of smoke trapped in a

building or a space. Pressurize staircase connected with an axial inlet fan functions in preventing smoke

to enter the stairwell when fire hazard occurs.

The active fire system also needs to be reliable and the design of the system should function according

to the requirements that are stated in the UBBL 1984.

19

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

The active fire protection system can be partitioned into four main branches. The first is water based

system which includes an external fire hydrant, hose reel system, wet riser system ( internal and external)

and an automatic sprinkler system ( pendent and upright ). The second is a non-water based system

which includes a carbon dioxide system and a dry chemical agent. The third is the alarm and detection

system and devices which include fire control, manual call point, voice communication system and many

which function to warn occupants of an outbreak and to allow appropriate firefighting action to be taken

and the last system which is smoke control includes a smoke spill system and supply ventilation.

Diagram1.1: The chart showing the overview of active fire protection. (Source: Ng, 2017)

1.3 WATER BASED SYSTEM

Water is the most natural of all extinguishing agents and is usually available in sufficient quantities at a

reasonable price. It prevents smoke as well as pollutants to escape immediately from the fire hydrant,

hose reel system, wet riser system and automatic sprinkler system.

20

1.3.1 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANTS

Figure 1.1: External fire hydrant outside DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Based on the site analysis, there are total of 6 external fire hydrants located outside of DPULZE

Shopping Centre. Most of the external fire hydrant is located at the corner of the junction outside of the

building which provides a readily available source of water to any point throughout the building. The

external fire hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in order to limit the

amount of hose that firefighters have to lay, thus speeding up the firefighting process. The external fire

hydrant system also known as water distribution system, consists of a water tank, suction piping, fire

pump and a distributed piping system. The distributed piping system establishes connectivity throughout

the building through fire hydrants, hoses and nozzles. Water can be supplied through the fire hydrant

system as a straight stream once the hose is connected with the switched on valve.

21

The diagram below shows the operation of a fire hydrant system:

Diagram 1.2: Operation of a fire hydrant system. (Source: Ng, 2017)

(A) Regulations


Section 225

(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from

the nearest point of fire brigade access.

Conclusion

The external fire hydrant system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 225. (2).As shown by Figure 1.1, external fire hydrant systems are

located at the corner junction of the DPULZE Shopping Centre which can be easily access by

firefighter if fire hazard occur.

22

1.3.2. Hose reel system

Diagram 1.3: The overall layout of hose reel system. (Source: Green Simex Engineering Sdn.Bhd,

2017)

Hose reel system is intended for occupants to use during the early stages of fire. The system comprises

of a hose reel pump, water storage tank, hose reel, pipe works and valves. When the tank is located on

the roof, the hose reels may be fed directly from the hose reel tank by gravity.

The components in a hose reel system include:

1. Hose Reel

Figure 1.2: The fixed manual hose reel in car park (left) and hose reel room (right). (Source: Tan,

2017)

23

Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a 'first attack' firefighting measure but in some

instances, can also be used by firefighters. When stowing a fire hose reel, it is important to first attach

the nozzle end to the hose reel valve, then close the hose reel valve, opening the nozzle to relieve any

pressure in the wound hose, and finally close the nozzle. This achieves two principle objectives, the first

will be that the depressurized hose and the hose reel seal will last longer than a permanently pressurized

hose reel. The second objective is when the hose reel is used next, the operator will be forced to turn

on the isolating valve, thus charging the hose reel with pressurized water supply, before being able to

drag the hose to the fire. A potential danger exists if the operator reaches the fire and finds no water is

available as the hose reel valve is still closed.

Diagram 1.4: Location of hose reel in M floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

24

Diagram 1.5: Location of hose reel in LG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.6: Location of hose reel in UG floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

25

Diagram 1.7: Location of hose reel in G floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.8: Location of hose reel in F floor. (Source: Ng, 2017)

26



27



28


(A) Regulation


Section 231

(1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5

meters above fire appliance access level.

(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

Conclusion

The hose reel system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements

listed under Section 231. As shown in Diagram 1.4 to Diagram 1.13, there are total of 24 exposed

hose reels located in 10 stories from level M to level P3 in DPULZE Shopping Centre. However there

is only 1 hose reel located at level F, level 1F and level P3 which might become a concern and risk

when fire hazards occur. Besides, there are no exposed hose reels located at level 2F which will result

in difficulty in terms of accessibility for fire fighters when fire hazards occur. The basic requirement for

a building as a precaution for fire hazard is by having a hose reel system at every single floor.

29

2. Hose Reel Pump

Figure 1.3: The hose real pump system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The hose reel pump is part of a water based system and is powered by electric, diesel or steam. The

hose reel pump is located in the sprinkler pump room. The pump provides water flow at higher pressure

to the sprinkler system riser and hose standpipes. It is used an emergency water supply if there is an

occurrence of fire. The hose reel pumps are needed when the external fire hydrant cannot provide

sufficient pressure to meet the hydraulic design requirement of the fire sprinkler system. This hose reel

pump system can usually be found in high rise buildings like DPULZE Shopping Centre in order to

provide large amounts of water during an emergency.

30

3. Reinforced Concrete Hose Reel Tank

Figure 1.4: Hose reel tank in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.5: Water pipe connect to RC Hose Reel Tank in DPULZE in sprinkler room. (Source: Tan,

2017)

The hose reel tank is located in the sprinkler pump room to supply a large amount of water to a hose

reel pump system.

31

(A) Regulations


Section 247

(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be

provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at

ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire

appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for

replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

Conclusion

The water storage system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements

listed under Section 247. As shown in Figure 1.4, the type of water storage used by DPULZE Shopping

Centre is a reinforced concrete hose reel tank which pumped by a water pipe as shown in Figure 1.5.

1.3.3. WET RISER SYSTEM

Wet risers are used to supply water within buildings for fire-fighting purposes. The provision of a built-in

water distribution system means that fire fighters do not need to create their own distribution system in

order to fight a fire. According to UBBL 1984, wet riser system is built when the building is higher than

30.5m. Wet riser system is permanently charged with water unlike dry risers which do not contain water

when they are not being used, but are charged with water by fire service pumping appliances when

necessary. Wet risers are charged with water from a pressurized supply, often pumped from a storage

tank, with landing valves at a specified location on each floor.

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire



32

Figure 1.6: Wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher in the firefighting lobby in DPULZE

Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

(A) Regulations


Section 231

(1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5

meters above fire appliance access level.

(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

Conclusion

The wet riser system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements

listed under Section 231. As shown in Figure 1.6, wet riser outlet, hose reel and fire extinguisher is

located in the firefighting lobby near by the firefighting access lobby. During fire hazards, the firefighter

can access the firefighting lobby safely and easily to assemble their equipment before extinguishing

the fire.

33

1.3.4. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM

An automatic fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, which consist of a water supply

system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire

sprinklers are connected. Although historically it was only used in factories and large commercial

buildings, systems for homes and small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price.

1. Sprinkler Pump Room

Figure 1.7: Main switch (top left & right), Sprinkler pump room & water pump (bottom).

(Source: Tan, 2017)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protection

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler

34

The sprinkler pump room acts as a main control room for the sprinkler system. Each sprinkler system is

mainly built with a jockey pump, standby pump and a duty pump. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the

sprinkler room consist of 2 water tanks for the sprinkler water supply. The sprinkler pump room will

transmit the pressurized water to the water sprinkler system at a predetermined pressure.

In the event of fire hazard, the glass bulb inside the sprinkler will burst due to high temperature, the

pressure on the system to drop. When the pressure is around 75% of the standing pressure, the jockey

pump will function and activate automatically.

Further drops in the pressure, the duty pump will function and activate automatically for about 50% of

the standing pressure in order to boot up the pressure loss in the system. The standby pump will act as

a “Back-up” pump which will start automatically about 35% of the standing pressure if the Duty Pump

fails to start.

Below are the cut in pressure and cut off pressure of the sprinkler system in DPULZE Shopping Centre:

Jockey Pump

Cut in pressure: 70psi

Cut off pressure: 90psi

Duty Pump


Cut off pressure: Manual

Standby Pump


Cut off pressure: Manual

35

(A) Jockey Pump

Figure1.8: Jockey pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)

A jockey pump, or a pressure-maintenance pump, is a small apparatus that works together with a fire

pump as part of a fire-protection sprinkler system. It is designed to keep the pressure in the system

elevated to a specific level when the system is not in use, so that the fire pump does not have to run all

the time and the system will not go off randomly. It can also help prevent the system from damage when

a fire happens by rushing water into the pipes. These devices consist of a three-part assembly which

include a pump, motor, and a controller.

(B) Duty Pump

Figure 1.9: Duty pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fire-pump.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fire-pump.htm

36

A duty pump is mainly used to generate pressure to ensure a continuous water pumping process. During

a fire hazard, the fire pump is triggered when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drops below a

certain set-point. If one or more fire sprinklers are exposed to heat above their design temperature, and

opens, the sprinkler system pressure drops and the pressure switches give off a signal and the duty

pump will be triggered.

(C) Standby Pump

Figure 1.10: Standby pump in sprinkler room. (Source: Ng, 2017)

A standby pump also serves to pump water as an alternative if the duty pump and jockey pump are

not functioning.

2. Fire Sprinkler Head Component

A sprinkler will be activated within seconds when fire is detected. It is also a useful active fire system

which is effective in putting out fire during their early stages. There is a glass or quartzite build that

contains liquid to prevent leakage. There are different colors of liquid in the build above which debate

different operating temperatures as the size of the air bubble changes. In DPULZE Shopping Centre,

the type of sprinkler chosen is installed with the red colored liquid.

37

Diagram 1.14: Types of the bulb liquid color in a water sprinkler. (Source: QRSF, 2017)

Figure 1.11: Fire sprinkler head components. (Source: QRSF, 2017)

Figure 1.12: Upright sprinkler in the basement car park (left) and pendent sprinkler in the shopping

mall (right). (Source: Tan, 2017)

38

Figure 1.13: Switch for sprinkler system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

There are total of two types of water sprinkler heads which are the upright sprinkler (left) and pendent

sprinkler (right). Upright sprinklers are used for outdoor areas such as basement car park and loading

bay while pendent sprinklers are used inside the mall. The reason of using an upright sprinkler at the

basement car park and loading bay is due to its low ceiling level. Water sprinklers will be activated if the

air temperature exceeds more than 75 degree Celsius. Besides, the water sprinklers are installed with

a distance of 2 meter intervals on the ceiling at DPULZE shopping mall

.

39

Figure 1.14: The location of sprinkler in level P3 of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

(A) Regulations


Section 228

(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be

readily accessible to the Fire Authority

(2) All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate

and automatic relay of the alarm when activated

Conclusion

The fire sprinkler system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements

listed under Section 225. (2). As shown by Figure 1.14, fire sprinkler systems are arranged effectively

in DPULZE Shopping Centre which allows the ease of putting out fire at an early stage.

1.4 NON WATER-BASED SYSTEM

Fire can be smothered using various traditional methodologies such as pouring of water. However, in

case of fire due to electrical equipment, pouring water worsens the situation and may prove fatal. Hence,

firefighting equipment such as non-water-based system is safe for use only during an emergency. The

non-water-based system consists of carbon dioxide system and dry chemical agents. It is normally

initiated by an electrical fire system and by releasing gas agents rapidly to extinguish a fire. The selection

of gas agent depends on the application, the level of risk and life safety factors.

40

1.4.1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

Diagram1.15: CO2 suppression system work. (Source: UNITED, 2017)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) suppression is a type of system where carbon dioxide are stored in cylinders

under great pressure. Carbon dioxide is a colorless chemical inert gas which can extinguish fire by

lowering the level of oxygen that supports combustion in a protected area. This mechanism of fire

suppression makes CO2 suppression system highly effective, requiring minimal clean-up and it should

be used in unoccupied hazard locations.

Figure 1.15: Carbon dioxide tank of CO2 suppression system in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

41

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, this carbon dioxide suppression system is being controlled by the control

room. The CO2 system is designed to be operated automatically and manually to extinguish fire. The

whole CO2 suppression system is controlled and monitored by a CO2 control panel.

Diagram 16: Typical primary and slave cylinder arrangement. (Source: Janus Fire System, 2017)

1.4.2. DRY CHEMICAL AGENTS

The fire extinguisher can be divided into 5 major classes, where each class responds to different type

of fire situation.

Diagram 1.17: Types of fire extinguisher. (Source: Vulcanus Fire Consultants, 2017)

42

Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device and is commonly used for initial outbreak of fire and

to prevent full scale fire escalation. A fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel

containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. The fire extinguisher shall be located

close to the proximity of a fire hazard site and will be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be

visible from all direction.

In the image below shows the operation of a fire extinguisher.

Figure 1.16: ABC dry powder extinguisher in mall (left) and car park (right). (Source: Tan, 2017)

43

Diagram 1.18: Operation of a fire extinguisher. (Source: Ng, 2017)

1. Regulations


Section 227

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be

sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a

building shall be of the same method of operation.

Conclusion

The fire extinguisher that used within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 227. As shown by Figure 1.16, fire extinguisher used in DPULZE

Shopping Centre is the ABC type fire extinguisher which is placed nearby the staircase and lift so that

it can equipped easily during a fire hazard.

44

1.5 ALARM & DETECTION SYSTEM AND DEVICES

Alarm and detection systems are usually the first line of active fire protection as they are activated first

either being triggered by one of the detection devices above, or through a human pulling an alarm handle

manually. In most buildings and structures, a tripped alarm sounds, bells or horns and/or activates

strobes to alert occupants to evacuate. In addition, it will send an electronic signal to alert the fire

department to respond.

1.5.1. FIRE CONTROL ROOM

Figure 1.17: The exterior of the fire control room in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The fire control room of DPULZE Shopping Centre is located at the ground level facing the main road.

It is a space where controls for the building’s fire protection systems, fire pump, secondary water supply,

air-handling systems, alarm system, and communications and control system that can be manually

controlled. The fire control room consist of a huge mimic diagram by showing the smoke detector, alarm

bells and fireman intercom of the DPULZE Shopping Centre. Besides, the fire control room also contains

necessary controls, telephones, furniture and equipment for fire-fighting operations to be directed. The

security guards in the control room also take turns in the shifts to monitor the system. When the control

45

unit receives signals from the alarm system, decisions are made immediately by security guards.

Besides, the digital alarm communication system will automatically send signals generated by the fire

alarm to the nearest fire station if there is an occurrence of fire.

Diagram 1.19: The location of alarm & detection system and devices of the mall. (Source: Ng, 2017)

46

Diagram 1.20: The location of smoke detector, flow switch, clean agent gas discharged, break glass

and carbon dioxide gas discharged in level LG (G2). (Source: Ng, 2017)

The mimic diagram located in the fire control room function as a detection system and alarm for active

fire system. The mimic diagram consist of 10 stories floor plan with LED annotation of the fire system.

When there is fire hazard occurring in a certain zone, the message will be delivered to the fire control

room and it will pin point the actual location on the mimic diagram which can be done in the shortest

time if there is fire hazard occurring within the shopping center.

(A) Regulations

UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 238

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command

and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address,

fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a

direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.

47

Conclusion

The fire control room within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements

listed under Section 238. As shown in Figure 1.17, the fire control room in DPULZE Shopping centre is

fully equipped and functional to protect the building’s fire system. Besides, during fire hazards the fire

control room also owns keys to all areas of the building to which firefighters will need to access during

the event of an emergency.

1.5.2. FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL

Diagram 1.21: The fire alarm control panel and overall layout of fire alarm control panel.

(Source: Aman Safety Company, 2017)

Fire detection and extinguishing control panels process results detected by sensors, control alarm

devices and set off alarms to permanently manned stations and the fire department. They continuously

monitor extinguishing systems for functionality and trigger them electrically if necessary.

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, a fire alarm control panel can be found in the fire protection control room.

The fire alarm control panel (FACP) acts as a main controlling component in a fire alarm system. This

48

panel serves as an operating panel for several defined operation zones in DPULZE Shopping Centre.

All alarm handling system can be controlled and monitored from the panel.

In accordance to the type of system and hazards, can be programmed to:

Diagram 1.22: Procedure of fire control panel system. (Source: Ng, 2017)

1.5.3. FIRE ALARM BELL

Figure 1.18: The fire alarm bell on the car park’s wall in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng,

2017)

49

The fire alarm bell functions to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke,

fire or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke

detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via a manual fire alarm activation devices such

as manual call points or pull stations. In DPULZE there are total of 8 fire alarm bell located at the lift

lobby.

(A) Regulations


Section 155.

(1) The fire model of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel with may be

activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.


Section 237

(1) Fire alarm shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to there By-Laws

(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding section of the premises while an alert

(intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square

meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with two-stages system with evacuation

(continues signal) to be given immediately in the affected

(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

Conclusion

The fire alarm bell system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements

listed under Section 155 and Section 237. As shown by Figure 1.18, fire alarm bell systems in DPULZE

Shopping Centre are provided to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when

smoke, fire or other emergencies are present.

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1.5.4. FIREMAN’S SWITCH

Figure 1.19: Fireman’s switches in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)

A fireman’s switch is a specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high

voltage devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. These switches are installed and

can be seen easily at the corridor and stairway at every level in DPULZE Shopping Centre.

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1.5.5. VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Figure 1.20: Intercom handset station in emergency staircase. (Source: Ng, 2017)

Voice communication system in DPULZE shopping mall is intended to be used in conjunction with the

fire detection and alarm system to control the evacuation of building occupants. There are 8 intercom

handset stations located at emergency staircase at every level in DPULZE shopping mall.

(A) Regulations


Section 239

There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications

systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the

central control station and the following areas:

(a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircase;

(b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square meters in area;

(c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the

public address system.

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Conclusion

The voice communication system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 239. As shown in Figure 1.20, voice communication systems are

located nearby lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases in every single floor of the building. During a

fire hazard, the visitor can use the voice communication system (intercom) to contact the fire control

room within the shortest time.

1.5.6. Manual Pull Station

Figure 1.21: Manual pull station in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)

The manual pull station is a wall-mounted initiating device that is used in a fire alarm system, and it

located near emergency exits. When a user activates the manual pull station, it sends a data message

to the system control panel for processing. When the pull station is reset, it sends a data message to

the control panel to show that it is under normal condition.

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1.5.7. SMOKE DETECTOR

(Left) Figure 1.22: Smoke detector at ceiling of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)

(Right) Diagram1.23: Process of photoelectric smoke detector. (Source: Simply Safe, 2017)

The smoke detector is a device that senses smoke especially during fire hazards as well as an indicator

for the presence of fire. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the smoke detector are located on their ceiling at

every floor as part of a fire alarm system which will issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector

itself during a fire hazard.

Smoke detectors detect smoke either optically or by physical processes which is known as ionization,

the separated wires are connected at one end by a battery. Chamber contains radioisotope that charges

the air inside to produce an electric current flow and jump the gap between the two wires. If there is a

fire hazard, the smoke particles will enter the chamber to clog up the air and stop the electric current

which will then activate the alarm.

(A) Regulations


Section 225

(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together

with illuminated exit sign in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to

these By-Laws.

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Conclusion

The smoke detector system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 225. As shown in Figure 1.22, smoke detector systems are provided

on each ceiling level of the building to detect and to prevent fire hazards.

1.5.8. HEAT DETECTOR SYSTEM

The heat detector system is applied in cases in which smoke detectors are unsuitable. There are two

types of heat detector systems, such as fixed temperature detector and rate of rise detector. The fixed

temperature detector will operate when the ambient temperatures reach a fixed point, usually in the

event of fire. This type of heat detector is highly cost-effective as it is cheaper and also efficient enough

to detect the ambient temperatures in order to protect the occupants and property of the building.

Diagram 1.24: Heat detectors and how they function. (Source: Apollo Fire detector, 2017)

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the type of heat detector used is “rate of rise” heat detector. The change

of temperature in an enclosed area will be monitored by heat detectors automatically by sending signals

to the fire indicator panel and sound an alarm to warn of a fire.

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(A) Regulations


Section 225.

(1)Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together

with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the fire requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule

to these By-Laws.

Conclusion

The heat detector system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements

listed under Section 225. As shown by Diagram 1.24, heat detector systems are provided for the ceiling

of the building to detect and prevent fires from occurring.

1.6 SMOKE CONTROL

1.6.1. Smoke Spill System

Figure 1.23: Smoke spill system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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Smoke spill systems are installed in DPULZE Shopping Centre to maintain tenable conditions of the

egress systems. In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the system comprises of axial exhaust fans installed

near the ceiling area on both sides of the atrium, which will be activated by the fire protection system in

an event of fire. The exhaust fans will extract large amounts of from the hazard. smoke or fume from

the large open space, thus protecting occupants from the hazard.

Diagram 1.25: Conventional smoke spill system in a building. (Source: National Research Council

Canada, 2017)

https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/index.html

https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/index.html

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(A) Regulations


Section 249

In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall

be provided for the safe use of exit.

Section 250

(1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level.

(2) Such vents shall normally be in open positions of if they are closed they shall be so designed to

open automatically by an approved means in the event of a fire.

Section 251

Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the

requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during

the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of

safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

Conclusion

The smoke spill system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements

listed under Section 249, 250 and 251. As shown in Figure 1.23, smoke spill systems in DPULZE are

provided to extract the smoke via exhaust fans located near the ceiling area.

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1.5.2. Supply Ventilation System

1. Stairwell Pressurization System

Figure 1.24: Emergency fire exit which leads to the pressurized stairwell of DPULZE Shopping Centre.

(Source: Ng, 2017)

Diagram 1.26: Stairwell pressurization system in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Ng, 2017)

In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the stairwell pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free

escape route in the event of a building fire as well as to provide a smoke-free staging area for the fire

fighters. In case of fire, the pressurization system may prevent smoke from entering the emergency

staircase as occupants use it as an escape route.

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(A) Regulations


Section 202

All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as

required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization.

(a) Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 meters per

minute through the doors which are deemed to be open;

(b) Where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the total number

of doors opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open;

(c) Where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the areas served by

it shall not exceed 5 millimeters water gauge;

(d) Where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatically activated

by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkle system;

(e) Which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S

Conclusion

The stairwell pressurization system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 202. As shown in Diagram 1.26, stairwell pressurization systems

are provided for each stairwell of the building.

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2. Lift Lobby Pressurization System

Figure 1.25: Lift lobby located on M level. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 1.26: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs supplied

air into the lift lobby of Upper Ground floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)

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Figure 1.27: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at the lobby area of Upper Ground

floor (UG). (Source: Ng, 2017)

In the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the lift lobby pressurization system functions to provide a smoke-free

lift lobby which acts as an escape route in the event of a building fire. In cases of fire, the pressurization

system may prevent smoke from entering the emergency lift so that firefighter can use them for rescue

operations.

(A) Regulations


Section 197

(1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18 meters above

ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through external walls.

(2) In buildings exceeding 45 meters above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be pressurized to

meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part 1-1974 or any other system

meeting the functional requirements of the D.G .F .S.

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(3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurized to meet the

requirements of by-law 200.

Conclusion

The lift lobby pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 297. As shown in Figure 1.26 and Figure 1.27, lift lobby pressurization

systems are provided for each lift lobby in order to prevent smokes enter the lift lobby during fire hazard.

1.6 CONCLUSION

To sum up, DPUZLE shopping center is a 10 stories high rise commercial building which obey the rules

of active fire protection requirement at the same time create a safety environment to its occupants. The

active fire system component in every single floor is located accordingly to the UBBL 1984 requirements,

this shows that the building is legally operable in their fire protection system as the same time ensure

the safety of its occupants.

FIR

E P

RO

TE

CT

ION SY

ST

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(2) Passive System



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2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that remains inert during normal

conditions but plays a vital role during a fire event. Passive fire protection is considered during

the planning stage of the building’s design.

The Purpose of Passive Fire Protection System includes:

• Providing sufficient time to permit the safe evacuation of all occupants in thepremises

• Ensure structural integrity of the building

• Protecting building properties from totally damage.

• Preventing the spread of fire from one building to another

Passive Fire Protection System of DPLUZE Shopping Centre is categorized according to the diagram below:

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2.2 MEANS OF ESCAPE

2.2.1 EVACUATION ROUTE

Diagram 2.1: Floor composition of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, there is a total of 10 floors including 2 basement parking areas, P2 and

P3; 2 mix use basement floors (parking and commercial area), P1 and LG; 2 commercial floors, G and

UG; 3 upper parking floors, M, F and 1F as well as 1 mix use upper floor (parking and commercial

area.).

In short, the escape routes are formed by vertical exits and horizontal exits, the vertical exits lead the

user to the G floor and then evacuate to the assembly point from horizontal exit

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1. Commercial Area (UG & G)

There are total of 10 fire exits in UG and G that are distributed evenly along the linear configuration.

The office area located at the corner has its own evacuation point, allowing the building’s occupants to

evacuate safely during emergency.

Diagram 2.2: Evacuation route on UG floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.3: Evacuation route on G floor of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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2. Basement Carpark Area (P2 & P3)

There are 10 fire exits on P2 and only 6 in P3 due to its smaller surface area. The fire exits are placed

along the axis of the plan to allow visitors to evacuate in a clear manner during emergencies.



3. Mix Use Basement Area (P1 & LG)

There are 10 fire exits on both P1 and LG which are placed along the 2 axes of the plan. The axes run

through the interior commercial spaces as well as the exterior parking areas.


Diagram 2.7: Evacuation route on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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4. Upper Floor Carpark and Mix Use (M, F, 1F & 2F)

There are only 6 exits on M, F and 1F due to their smaller surface areas.

Diagram 2.8: Evacuation route on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.9: Evacuation route on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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70



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5. Evacuation Route DistanceThe maximum travel distances to exits and dead-end limits are specified in the Seventh Schedule of

the By-laws as indicated by the table below, which are adopted into the design of the shopping

centre’s evacuation routes. The entire building is also covered by the sprinkler system which allows a

longer evacuation route distance to be implemented.

Purpose Group Limit when alternative exits are available (m)

Dead-end Limit Unsprinklered Sprinklered

1. Open Plan N/R 30 45

2. Office 15 45 60

3. Shops 15 30 45

Table 2.1: Evacuation route distance for different purpose group. (Source: Tan, 2017)

6. Regulations

(A) UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirement

• Section 165- Measurement of travel distance to exit

The distance of the evacuation route is strictly regulated to ensure that every space in a building are

within a reasonable distance to a place of safety. The method of the measuring said distance is stated

clearly in the. The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface

along the center line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of

occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and

ending at the storey exit. Where measurements include stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the

trend noising.

• Section 169- Exit Route

No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit. Besides,

no less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits

as may be necessary. These exits are required to be accessible at all times without obstructions.

Furthermore, to maintain the accessibility of the paths, all fire evacuation routes are required to have a

consistent width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

(B) Conclusion

In conclusion the evacuation route of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 165 and 169. As shown by Diagram 2.2 and 2.11, the exit routes

are efficient due to the placement of fire exits along the building’s axis.

2.2.2 EXITS

1. Horizontal Exit

The horizontal exits are fire-protected pathways that lead to the fire emergency staircases. The

horizontal exits are located near to the hotspots of the mall to accommodate the large occupancy load

from the hotspots as they travel to the fire emergency staircases.

Diagram 2.12: Hotspots and exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Horizontal exits in DPLUZE Shopping Centre includes lift lobbies and fire protected pathways that lead

to the emergency staircases. The horizontal exits are pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke and

protected by fire resistant materials, thus ensuring the safety of occupants during fire evacuations.

Figure 2.1: Lift lobby in M level of DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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2. Staircases (Vertical Exits)

Functioning as vertical exits, the staircases play a crucial part during evacuation. As the building

consists of 10 floors, the staircases are the only means of evacuation from the upper to lower floors.

The stairwell is pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke. The width of staircase threads in DPLUZE

Shopping Centre is 275mm, and has a riser height of 178mm, which complies to UBBL 1984.

Figure 2.2: Staircase in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

In the DPLUZE Shopping Centre, not all the staircases are located at the edge of the building to

discharge the crowd directly out to the building. Some staircases are located at the center of the

building to provide higher accessibility to the fire exits. Therefore horizontal exits are provided at the

Ground level to discharge the crowd as they exit from the staircases during an event of fire.

Diagram 2.13 Vertical exit route of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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74



75

Diagram 2.16: Exits on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.17: Exits on M floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.18: Exits on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.19: Exits on G floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)!

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Diagram 2.20: Exits on LG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)


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Diagram 2.22 Exits on P2 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)


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3. Regulations


• Section 171- Horizontal Exits

Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to

accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as

the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be

required for the whole building.

(B) UBBL 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirement

• Section 106- Dimension of staircase

In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be

not less than 255 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and the tread shall be uniform and

consistent throughout. This dimension should be uniform and consistent throughout, including at

landings. However, as stated in the UBBL 1984 Section 168 Article 3, handrails may be permitted to

encroach on the aforementioned width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.

(C) ConclusionIn conclusion, the fire exit design in DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 106 and 171. As shown in Diagrams 2.2 to 2.11, the exit points are

located strategically within the building and well designed with pressurization system and fire resistant

materials to ensure the safety of the occupants during egress.

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2.2.3 FIRE ESCAPE PLAN The fire escape plans can be found at every fire exits to show the location of fire extinguishing

equipment and emergency staircases of the floor. In addition, they also indicate the present location of

the occupants in relation to the plans, thus serving as a tool for occupants to obtain their bearing

during a fire.

Figure 2.3 Fire escape plan of UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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2.2.4 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE

Figure 2.4 Emergency exit signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The emergency exit signage guides and directs the occupants to the nearest fire exit for efficient

evacuation. It should be placed on top of each exit to indicate the presence of the fire exits and

should be clearly visible from various locations. The emergency exit signs will illuminate at all

situations, even if there is a power outage, as it is powered by a battery-backup system.

1. Regulations


• Section 172- Emergency Exit Signs

(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be

obscured byany decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

(2) A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location

where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

(3) Every exit sign shall have the word "KELUAR" in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres

high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in

red against a black background.

(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

(B) Conclusion

In conclusion, the emergency exit signs in DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with most of the UBBL

1984 requirements listed under Section 172 except (3) as shown by Figure 2.4, as the lettering of the

signage is in white against a green background instead of red lettering against a black background as

stated in UBBL 1984 Section 172 (3).

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2.2.5 ASSEMBLY POINT

Figure 2.5 Assembly point signage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The direction towards the assembly point is clearly indicated using assembly point signages along the

fire escape route in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. The assembly points are located outside the building

at empty green spaces along the road to allow evacuees to gather during a fire. According to Diagram

2.23, the assembly points are located at 2 areas of the shopping centre.

1. Regulations


• Section 178- Exits for institutional and places for assembly

In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space,

together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or

protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating

in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

Figure 2.6 Assembly point in DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.24 Assembly point in DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

83

• Section 179- Classification of places of assembly

Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its. capacity as follows:

Class Capacity (person)

A 1000 or more

B 300 - 1000

C 100 - 300

Table 2.2: Classification of places of assembly. (Source: Tan, 2017)

(B) Conclusion

In conclusion, the assembly points of DPLUZE Shopping Centre are classified under Class A in

reference to UBBL 1984 Section 179, as they are intended to cater for a crowd of approximately

25,000 people.

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2.3 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT

2.3.1 COMPARTMENTATION Compartmentation is achieved by dividing the building into a series of cells, termed

“compartments”, which will form a barrier to inhibit rapid fire spread within the building during the

initial stages of a fire. The intention is to limit the severity of the fire which in turn will assist fire and

rescue service personnel with fire-fighting and rescue operations.

In DPLUZE Shopping Centre, there are 2 types of compartmentation. Firstly, the protection of means

of escape are barriers which are used to limit the spread of fire in a building and allow safe egress.

The second type of compartmentation is designed to isolate and protect the fire risk area, thus

reducing the fire’s impact.

1. Compartmentation of means of escapeCompartmentation of means of escape is achieved using firestopping elements including fire rated

doors as well as fire resistant walls. (details in 2.3.2. Flame Containment)

2. Compartmentation of fire risk area

(A) Liquid Petroleum Storage

Figure 2.7 Liquid petroleum storage in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

The Liquid Petroleum Storage of DPLUZE Shopping Centre is located outdoors, segregating them

from fire risk areas. By placing the facility outdoors, they can be easily monitored as a sudden

outbreak of fire is highly visible.

http://www.gov.scot/resource/buildingstandards/2016NonDomestic/chunks/apa.html#buildings

http://www.gov.scot/resource/buildingstandards/2016NonDomestic/chunks/apa.html#buildings

85

(B) Electrical and mechanical system roomsThe electrical and mechanical system rooms are distributed across each floors and protected using

different fire compartments. By separating the fire risk spaces into different fire compartments, the rate

of the spread of will be prolonged, thus providing more time for safe egress and fire fighting.

Diagram 2.25: Fire compartments on P1 floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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Diagram 2.26: Fire compartments on UG floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.27: Fire compartments on F floor in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.24- 2.26 shows the fire compartments located on P1, UG & F (underground carpark,

commercial zone, and upper floor carpark). It can be observed that most mechanical and service

rooms are located at carpark areas instead of commercial zones to isolate the fire risk areas from the

occupants and hot spot areas.

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3. Regulations


• Section 189- Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings.

Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storeys or more, or in a building

where the highest escape floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level or in any

place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of

escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials.

• Section 139- Separation of fire risk areas.

The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they

are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the

local authority based on the degree of fire hazard:

(a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas;

(b) laundries;

(c) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials;

(d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous;

(e) liquefied petroleum gas storage areas;

(f) linen room

(g) transformer rooms and substations;

(h) flammable liquids stores.

(B) Conslusion

In conclusion, the compartmentation of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 139 and 189. As shown by Figure 2.7 and Diagram 2.24- 2.26, the

fire risk areas and means of escapes are segregated into fire compartments and protected by fire

resistance material.

2.3.2 FLAME CONTAINMENT

1. Fire rated door

Fire rated doors are placed at the entrance of the fire exits and mechanical and electrical system

rooms to suppress the fire by restricting the oxygen flow, which is an essential element for a fire to

burn continuously.

DPLUZE Shopping Centre uses double leaf doors with the dimensions of 1600mm x 2100m. The

doors are fire rated to withstand up to an hour of fire to allow safe egress. The doors are closed by

default as an automatic door closer hinge is installed.

2. Fire Shutter

Figure 2.10 Fire shutter in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Fire shutters are crucial to delay the duration of the spread of fire, thus providing more time for safety

egress. Fire shutters have the same function as fire walls as they are designed to act as fire barriers to

88

Figure 2.8 Certificate of fire rating door in DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.9 Fire rated door in DEPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

89

inhibit the spread of flames in an event of fire. However, fire shutters will only be used during a fire.

They are connected to the fire control room and can be controlled remotely from the fire control room

as well.

Fire shutters can be operated in two phases. First, it can be lowered down to a safety head clearance

allowing safety egress at the same time acting as a smoke barrier. Moreover, they can shut

completely after a acting as fire resistant barriers. Fire shutters in DPLUZE Shopping Centre are

constructed out of steel with a fireproof coating.

2.3.3 STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION.

Structural fire protection guard essential structural components and prevent structural failures that will

lead to collapse of a building because of fire.

In the DPLUZE Shopping Centre, this is accomplished by constructing the structures using fireproofing

materials, such as concrete. When structural fire protection is designed and applied properly, the

building's structural integrity can be maintained when it is exposed to fire.

Figure 2.11 Precast concrete columns in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.28 First phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)

Diagram 2.29 Second phase of fire shutter operation (Source: Tan, 2017)

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1. Regulations


• Section 143- Beam or Column

Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to

be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by-

law 142 as to non-combustibility.

(B) Conclusion

In conclusion, the beams and columns of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 143. As shown in figure 2.11, precast concrete columns and beams

are used to construct the building as it is fire resistant and able to withstand the stability of the

structure during a fire event.

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2.4 FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS

Fire fighting access allows fire rescue services to safely reach and function close to fires. This ensures

that efficient fire fighting can be carried out. In addition, fire fighting access provides a pathway for

firefighters to access different levels of the building while carrying fire fighting equipment to carry out

fire fighting activities efficiently.

2.4.1 FIRE FIGHTING SHAFT The fire fighting shaft is formed by fire main, fire fighting stair, fire fighting lobby and fire fighting lift. It

provides the fire and rescue service with a safe area from which to undertake fire fighting operations.

Fire fighting shaft links all necessary floors of a building, providing at least 2 hours of fire resistance to

protect fire crews and occupants.

Diagram 2.30: Composition of fire fighting shaft in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

There are 4 fire fighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre which are distributed equally throughout

the floor which allows efficient fire rescue during a fire event.

Diagram 2.31: Location of fire fighting shafts in DPLUZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2 017)

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_and_rescue_service




https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Floor

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_resistance


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1. Fire fighting staircase

Fire fighting staircases are protected stairways which are protected from the accommodation areas by

the fire fighting lobbies. They provide direct access towards fire fighting lobbies in every floor.

2. Fire fighting Lift

Figure 2.12 Fire fighting lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Fire fighting lifts are designed with additional fire protection, and are equipped with controls that

enable them to be used under the direct control of the fire and rescue service in an event of fire.

The fire fighting lifts, or fireman's elevator, operate in two phases. In Phase one, triggered smoke

detectors or hallway key switches will direct the elevators to the fire recall floor. Elevators will travel

away from the designated landing and proceed without stopping. Upon reaching the fire recall floor, it

allows passengers to evacuate safely. The elevators are then removed from normal service and will

no longer accept car or hall calls.

During Phase Two, once the elevator has reached its designated landing and all passengers are

safely evacuated, firefighters can take exclusive control of the elevator using a special Firefighter’s

Service Key switch. This mode of Fire Service allows firefighters to continue to utilize the elevator to

rescue people from other floors.


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3. Fire fighting Lobby

Figure 2.15 Fire fighting lobby in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

A protected lobby provides access from a fire fighting stair to the accommodation area and to any

associated fire fighting lift. Fire mains are also located in the lobby to allows efficient fire fighting.

The lift lobby is pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke during a fire event.

4. Regulations

(A) UBBL 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting!Access

• Section 229- Means of Access and Fire Fighting in buildings over 18.3 metres height

(1) Buildings in which is the topmost floor is more than 18 metres above fire appliance access level

shall be provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of

fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircases, fire lifts and dry or wet rising systems.

Figure 2.13 Fire fighter key switch for fire lift in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 2.14 Reference of fire fighter key switch for fire lift. (Source: Youtube, 2017)

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Protected_lobby

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Firefighting_stair

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Firefighting_lift

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(2) Fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor level and shall be so located that the

level distance from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75 metres.

(3) Fire fighting access lobbies may be omitted if the fire fighting staircase is pressurized to meet the

requirements of by-law 200 and all fire fighting installation within the pressurized staircase enclosure

do not intrude into the clear space required for means of egress.

(4) A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby

and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliance access level. This may be

one of the staircases required as a means of egress from the building.

(5) A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absence of a

lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level.

(6) The fire lift shall discharge direction into the fire fighting access lobby fire fighting staircase or shall

be connected to it by a protected corridor.

(B) Conclusion

In conclusion, the fire fighting access of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 229. As shown in figure 2.27 & 2.28, the fire fighting staircases, fire

fighting lobbies and fire fighting lifts form 4 pressurized fire fighting shafts at each level of DPLUZE

Shopping Centre, allowing high accessibility during fire events and allowing efficient fire rescue.

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2.5 CONCLUSION Effective passive fire protection system in DPULZE Shopping Mall represent good planning, good

design and sound construction which could complement other basic functions of the building as well

as minimize the impact of the blaze during a fire event.

The Passive Fire Protection system in DPLUZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL1984

requirements which are listed under various sections, the building is legally operable, thus ensuring

the safety of the occupants during a fire event.

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3.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VENTILATION

1. Definition of Mechanical Ventilation Systems

Mechanical ventilation systems are used to provide fresh air and prevent moisture, odours,

airborne chemicals and other pollutants to build up within a building. The systems supply and/ or

remove air by means of mechanical devices such as fans, rather than relying on airflow through

small holes or cracks in a building’s walls, roof, or windows.

2. Importance of Mechanical Ventilation Systems

Preservation and removal of O2 and CO2 content respectively

Control of humidity for human comfort

Prevention of heat concentrations from mechanical appliances, lighting and building occupants

Dilution and dispersal of concentrations of bacteria and contaminants such as smoke, dust

gases and body odours

3.1.2 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

1. Supply Ventilation System

Supply ventilation systems allow fresh air to be drawn into a building through an air “intake” vent

and to be distributed to other spaces by fan and duct systems. In some cases, the outdoor air is air

conditioned or dehumidified before it is introduced into the building. As the system continuously

introduces outdoor air, a space can become slightly pressurized.

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Diagram 3.1: Supply ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017)

2. Exhaust Ventilation System

Exhaust ventilation systems function to displace indoor air to the exterior environment by means of

mechanical extracts. As indoor air is continuously drawn out, the building’s space becomes slightly

depressurized. The type of system is widely used in kitchens, toilets and basements as these

spaces are often contaminated and require constant and predictable extraction of air.

Diagram 3.2: Exhaust ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017)

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3. Balanced Ventilation System

Balanced ventilation systems utilises two sets of fans to supply and exhaust equal amounts of air

into and out of the building. The mechanical ventilation system is normally used in cinemas,

theatres and sport centres.

Diagram 3.3: Balanced ventilation system. (Source: Sulaiman, 2017).

The two most common systems are “heat recovery” ventilation (HRV) and “energy recovery”

ventilation (ERV).

HRVs transfer heat from exhaust air to incoming air and from incoming air to exhaust air to reduce

the heating and cooling load and improve comfort.

Diagram 3.4: “Heat recovery” ventilation (HRV). (Source: Klenck, 2017)

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ERVs transfer heat and moisture between the exhaust air and incoming air.

Diagram 3.5: “Energy recovery” ventilation (ERV). (Source: The Worlds of David Darling, 2017)

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3.1.3 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Ventilation system Advantages Disadvantages

Supply Functions well in hot or mixed

climates

Relatively inexpensive and

simple to install

Pollutants from exterior

environments are able to be

filtered before entering a

space

Outdoor air is able to be

dehumidified before entering

a space

Heated indoor air may be

pushed through holes and

cracks and condense to pose

moisture problems in cold

climate areas

Heating and cooling costs may

be increased

Exhaust Functions well in cold climates

Relatively inexpensive and

simple to install

Inappropriate for hot and

humid climates as hot outdoor

air may be drawn into the

building through holes and

cracks

Heating and cooling costs may

be increased

Balanced Appropriate for all climates Installation and operation costs

may be higher than exhaust

and supply systems

HRVs and ERVs may increase

heating and cooling costs

Table 3.1: Comparison of mechanical ventilation systems. (Source: Energy.gov, 2017)

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3.2 CASE STUDY: DPULZE SHOPPING CENTRE

Like most commercial buildings, DPULZE Shopping Centre features mechanical ventilation

systems to provide good ventilation to its occupants. The commercial building features both the

supply and exhaust ventilation system.

1. Supply Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping Centre

Stairwell pressurization system

Lift lobby pressurization system

2. Exhaust Ventilation Systems in DPULZE Shopping Centre

Atrium smoke spill system

Car park exhaust system

Kitchen exhaust system

Toilet exhaust system

Utilities room exhaust system

3.2.1 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN DPULZE SHOPPING CENTRE

1. Stairwell Pressurization System

As mentioned earlier in Chapter 1, the stairwell pressurization system functions to provide a

smoke-free escape route in the event of a building fire as well as to provide a smoke-free staging

area for the fire fighters.

A stairwell pressurisation system consists of three main components which function together to

create a positive pressure difference that prevents staircases from filling up with smoke. The

components include:

Supply air (where air is injected into the area that is to be protected),

Pressure relief (to avoid overpressure when doors are closed)

Air release (air and smoke is released from the adjoining fire area).

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In the case of the DPULZE Shopping Centre, the stairwell pressurization system involves the use

of proportional damper controls. Conventionally, stairwell pressurization systems using proportional

damper controls involves a duct system which runs the height of the stairwell. Proportional

actuated dampers, which are located every few floors, are equipped with local pressure sensors. If

a floor door opens, the damper(s) nearest it modulate(s) open to maintain pressure within the

stairwell.

Diagram 3.6: Stairwell pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre using proportional

damper control. (Source: belimo, 2017)

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(A) Components

Axial inlet fan

An axial inlet fan located on the Upper Ground Floor (UG) introduces air into a single stairwell. The

fan is located outside of the stairwell to protect it from smoke.

Figure 3.1: Axial inlet fan with the manual control switches beside the fan. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Ductworks

Ductworks which are connected to the axial fan distribute the supplied air into the stairwell.

Figure 3.2: Ductworks leading to the stairwell. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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Pressure relief dampers

Pressure relief dampers within the stairwell open when over-pressurization occurs, allowing excess

air to be discharged directly to the atmosphere. Damper blades are set to start opening at a

pressure of 50 Pa.

Figure 3.3: Ductwork supplies air to the duct system enclosed behind the wall. The pressure relief damper is also visible (highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017)

(B) Regulations


Section 202

All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate

ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization.

(a) where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60

metres per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open;

(b) where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the

total number of doors opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open;

(c) where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the

areas served by it shall not exceed 5 millimetres water gauge;

(d) where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be

automatically activated by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or

automatic wet pipe sprinkle system;

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(e) which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S

Conclusion

The stairwell pressurization system within DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 202. As shown by Figure 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3, stairwell

pressurization systems are provided for each stairwell of the building. Manual control switches are

also provided beside the axial inlet fans to manually activate the system.

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2. Lift Lobby Pressurization System

As mentioned earlier in Chapter 1, the lift lobby pressurization system also functions to provide a

smoke-free lift lobby which acts as an escape route in the event of a building fire. The lift lobby

pressurization system’s characteristics and functions are similar to that of the stairwell

pressurization system.

Figure 3.4: Lift lobby located on M level. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.5: The ductwork, which is connected to the axial inlet fan at the other end, directs

supplied air into the lift lobby of M level. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 3.6: The pressure relief damper located beside the lifts at M level lobby area

(highlighted area). (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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(A) Regulations


Section 197

(1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18 metres above

ground level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through external walls.

(2) In buildings exceeding 45 metres above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be

pressurised to meet the requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part 1-1974 or

any other system meeting the functional requirements of the D.G .F .S.

(3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurised to meet the

requirements of by-law 200.

Conclusion

The lift lobby pressurization system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 297. As shown by Figure 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6, lift lobby

pressurization systems are provided for each lift lobby.

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3.2.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN DPULZE SHOPPING CENTRE

1. Atrium Smoke Spill System

The DPULZE Shopping Centre features a large atrium at the Upper Ground Floor (UG). Although

the large open space enhances the perception of light and space within the large multi-storey

building, it is dangerous for occupants in an event of fire as fire and smoke may easily spread

within the space which is not compartmented.

Figure 3.7: Atrium within DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

To provide fire safety to the occupants, two smoke spill axial fans is installed near the ceiling on

both sides of the atrium to exhaust and maintain the smoke layer at a minimum of six feet, or 0.3

meters, above the highest walking surface, which is the Second Floor (2F).

Diagram 3.7: Conventional smoke spill systems used in multi-storey building atriums. (Source:

Chacon and Kerber, 2017)

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(A) High temperature smoke spill axial fans

Function

- Manufactured to handle most conditions from ambient air to hot, corrosive or explosive gases

Material: Heavy gauge galvanised steel

- Provides strength, durability and protection from damage during installation

- Corrosion resistant for a long period of time

Figure 3.8: Smoke spill axial fans located near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping

Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.9: Smoke spill axial fans located

near the ceiling of DPULZE Shopping

Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Diagram 3.8: High temperature smoke spill axial fan. (Source: Nuaire, 2017)

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Components

- Fan/ impeller

Adjustable pitch aerofoil impellers are provided with blades made from high

quality pressure die cast aluminium.

- Mounting brackets

The mounting brackets are manufactured from

heavy gauge galvanised steel and are supplied in

pairs.

- Matching flange (Single)

Manufactured from galvanised steel matching

flanges are supplied individually.

- Flexible Connector (Single)

The flexible duct material is flameproof and resistant

to heat, chemicals, ozone, oil and grease. The

material is airtight and waterproof.

- Guard (Single)

Manufactured from heavy gauge galvanised steel and

acid zinc plated steel mesh.

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- AV Mounts Spring Type

Situated beneath the mounted brackets to hold them in place.

(B) Regulations


Section 249

In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities

shall be provided for the safe use of exit.

Section 250

(1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilise roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling

level.



Section 251


requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke

during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a

margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

Conclusion

The atrium smoke spill system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 249, 250 and 251. As shown by Figure 3.8 and 3.9, the high

temperature smoke spill axial fans are provided near the ceiling level to prevent the accumulation

of smoke in the area in case of fire emergencies.

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2. Car Park Exhaust System

As parking areas are enclosed in nature, an inevitable combustive combination of heat and toxic

fumes adds a major risk in terms of safety during a fire emergency. As such, car park ventilation

systems control the build-up of dangerous carbon monoxide emissions, fumes and pollutants while

maintaining a free flow of fresh air is essential for the occupants’ safety.

The car park exhaust system used within the DPULZE Shopping Centre is of a traditional type,

whereby metal sheet ductworks are evenly distributed around the car park to transport smoke or

fumes to the external atmosphere.

Diagram 3.9: Traditional car park exhaust system. (Source: Khan, 2017)

Figure 3.10: Car park exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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(A) Components

Axial smoke spill fans

Large axial smoke spill fans are used to extract stale air from the car park by creating negative

pressure areas at the end of ductworks.

Figure 3.11: Axial smoke spill fans in car parks. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Rectangular sheet metal ductworks

Rectangular sheet metal ductworks function to transport extracted fumes or smokes to the external

environment.

Figure 3.12: Rectangular sheet metal ductworks in the car park area. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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Outlet grilles

Outlet grilles are used to extract smoke and fumes into the metal ductworks as a result of the

negative pressure created by the rotating axial fans. Grille works are used to cover the duct behind

it to avoid large objects from entering the duct and damaging the exhaust system. Filters are also

installed behind the grilles to trap pollutants or dust.

Figure 3.13: Outlet grilles located along the metal ductworks. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

(B) Regulations


Section 249



Third schedule

7. (1) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy

of more than two hours duration shall be provided with mechanical ventilation having a minimum of

six air changes per hour.

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(2) Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the

air exhausted to the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per hour.

Air extract opening shall be arranged such that it is not less than 0.5 metres above the floor level

period system.

(3) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of

more than two hours' duration shall be provided with a minimum of one fresh air change per hour,

or the minimum of 0.28 cm per person working in such area.

• Conclusion

The car park exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 249 and the Third Schedule. As shown by Figure 3.10, Figure

3.11, Figure 3.12 and Figure 3.13, the system controls the build-up of dangerous carbon monoxide

emissions, fumes and pollutants within the car park.

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3. Kitchen Exhaust System

The DPULZE Shopping Centre features a large variety of restaurant outlets, in which individual

kitchen exhaust systems are connected to the centralised kitchen exhaust system to provide

adequate ventilation within kitchens.

Figure 3.14: Ah Cheng Laksa outlet

within DPULZE Shopping Centre.

(Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.15: Boat Noodle outlet within

DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source:

DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.16: Campur-Campur Kitchen

outlet within DPULZE Shopping Centre.

(Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Figure 3.17: BBQ Chicken outlet within

DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source:

DPULZE, 2017)

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(A) Individual kitchen exhaust ventilation system

A typical kitchen exhaust ventilation system includes an exhaust hood or canopy, ductworks,

exhaust fan system. Kitchen fumes are sucked into the exhaust hoods, travel through ductworks,

and are blown out of the building through the fan system itself.

Diagram 3.10: A typical kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: SANTONE, 2017)

Diagram 3.11: Function of kitchen exhaust ventilation system. (Source: IowaFireControl, 2017)

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Components

- Kitchen exhaust hoods

An exhaust hood, extractor hood, or canopy hood is a device containing a mechanical fan that

functions to remove cooking effluents produced by kitchen appliances, such as airborne grease,

combustion products, fumes, smoke, odours, heat, and steam. The size of kitchen exhaust hoods

have to be large enough to cover the appliances, so fumes don’t spill over. The hoods are also

equipped with filters which prevent the build-up of grease residues or particulates in the air inlets.

Figure 3.18: A typical kitchen exhaust hood. (Source: Kim, 2017)

Diagram 3.12: Kitchen exhaust hood details. (Source: Piubellini, 2017)

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- Galvanized sheet steel ductwork

Ducts manufactured from galvanised steel sheets are preferred for use in warm-air gravity and

forced-circulation warm-air heating systems. The ductworks direct kitchen effluents from the hoods

to the fan systems.

Figure 3.19: Kitchen exhaust hood and galvanized sheet steel ductwork in Restoran Sana Sini of

DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

- Exhaust fan system

Axial exhaust fans are used in most restaurant outlets to extract kitchen effluents by creating

negative pressure areas at the end of ductworks.

Diagram 3.13: Axial exhaust fan details. (Source: Nuaire, 2017)

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(B) Centralised kitchen exhaust system

The centralised kitchen exhaust system comprises of a central ductwork which is connected to the

respective kitchen exhaust systems within the zone.

Components

- Release vent

The release vent of the system is located next to the car park. Its function is to allow the extracted

kitchen effluents to be exhausted to the exterior environment.

Figure 3.20: Release vent located next to the car park. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

- Centrifugal exhaust fan

The centrifugal exhaust fan is located within the centralised kitchen exhaust system room. The fan

efficiently moves large quantities of air over a wide range of pressure.

Figure 3.21: A typical centrifugal fan. (Source: Smith, 2017)

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4. Toilet Exhaust System

Like other exhaust systems, exhaust systems within the toilets of DPULZE Shopping Centre

function to reduce or eliminate condensation and odours emanating from the space. This provides

a comfortable environment for the toilets’ users, thus promoting a state of wellbeing.

(A) Components

Exhaust grilles

Exhaust grilles, which are connected to exhaust fans via ductworks, are located above the urinals

and toilet partitions to directly extract odours and water vapour out of the humid space.

At the same time, allowance must be made for the replenishment of exhaust air. To achieve this,

the entry door with suitable clearance above the floor (Undercut Doors) or doors with air intake

grilles (Door grille) are provided.

Diagram 3.14: Details of exhaust grilles.

(Source: Bathrooms Remodelling, 2017)

Figure 3.22: Exhaust grilles above urinals.

(Source: Teoh, 2017)

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Diagram 3.15: Replenishment of exhaust air within a toilet. (Source: Coles Refrigeration & Air

Conditioning, 2017)

Ductwork

Ductworks channel the extracted odour and water vapour out of the space. As such, the

component is connected to multiple exhaust points within the toilet.

Figure 3.23: The absence of ceilings

reveals the ductworks above the toilet.


Figure 3.24: Exhaust points on the ductwork.

(Source: Tan, 2017)

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Exhaust fan

Axial exhaust fans extract odours by creating negative pressure areas at the end of ductworks.

Figure 3.25: Axial exhaust fan placed within a metal casing. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

(B) Regulations

• UBBL 1984 Third Schedule

10. Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures

used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the ·building and in respect of which

no such external walls (or those overlooking verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present,

shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum of fresh air

change at the rate of 0.61 cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air changes per hour,

whichever is the lower.

• Conclusion

The toilet exhaust system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed the Third Schedule. As shown by Figure 3.22, Figure 3.23, Figure 3.24 and

Figure 3.25, exhaust ventilation systems are provided within the toilets.

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5. Utility Room Exhaust System

Exhaust systems within the utility rooms of DPULZE Shopping Centre mainly function to exhaust

smoke and fumes within the spaces in case of fire outbreaks. This was done to reduce the oxygen

content within the spaces to prevent the spread of fires, as well as to remove heat produced by

running machines and to ventilate the indoor air.

(A) HEX room exhaust system

Figure 3.26: The entrance to the HEX

room of DPULZE Shopping Centre. Air

grilles are visible at the top right corner of

the entrance. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Figure 3.27: Air grilles outside of the HEX

room function to release extracted or fumes

to the exterior environment (car park).


Figure 3.28: Ductworks and axial exhaust fan within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh,

2017)

Figure 3.29: The thermostat used within the HEX room. Once the temperature within the room exceeds the pre-set

temperature of 35 °C, the exhaust fans will automatically activate. (Source: Teoh,

2017)

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(B) AHU room exhaust system

Figure 3.31: Axial exhaust fans used within the AHU room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

Figure 3.30: Exhaust system control panel

within the HEX room. (Source: Teoh, 2017)

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(C) Regulations


Section 249



Section 250

(1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilise roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling

level.



Section 251


requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke

during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a

margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

Conclusion

The utility room exhaust systems of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the UBBL 1984

requirements listed under Section 249, 250 and 251. As shown by Figure 3.26, Figure 3.27, Figure

2.28, Figure 3.29, Figure 3.30, Figure 3.31, the HEX room and AHU room are equipped with

exhaust systems to exhaust smoke and fumes in case of fire outbreaks.

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3.3 Conclusion

In conclusion, DPULZE Shopping Centre is a commercial building which utilizes mechanical

ventilation systems to provide a comfortable environment to its occupants. Both supply and

exhaust ventilation systems are installed to provide fresh air and prevent moisture, odours,

airborne chemicals and other pollutants to build up within a building.

As the ventilation systems comply with the UBBL 1984 requirements which are listed under various

sections, the building is legally operable, thus ensuring the wellbeing of its users. In addition, the

dedication portrayed by the facilities and maintenance department’s staffs ensures that the

systems are well maintained to suit their functions for a long period of time.

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4.1 INTRODUCTION

This part of the research discusses the thermal comfort of our chosen case study, DPULZE

Shopping Centre. Throughout this research, we are able to identify and understand the functions

and benefits of air conditioning system.

Thermal comfort can be achieved when the rules and regulations of building ventilation design,

such as Malaysian Standard (MS1525) and Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) are followed. The

main function of an air conditioning system is mainly to produce cool ventilation inside the building

in which the heat is taken out from a certain location to give a chilled air effect.

The main process involved is that the air circulation is drawn to the condenser containing

refrigerant gas. The circulation process undergoes three stages wherein the evaporator carries

secondary cooled refrigerant passing through to release ice-cold air into the area. Therefore, an air

conditioning system can make the air indoors cold and release hot air to the exterior environment.

There is only one air conditioning system used in DPULZE Shopping Centre, which is district

cooling system. District cooling system is defined as the centralized production and distribution of

cooling energy. Chilled water is delivered via an underground insulated pipeline to office, industrial

and residential buildings within the district to cool the indoor air. Specially designed units in each

building then use this water to lower the temperature of air passing through the building's air

conditioning system. This process involves the application of a cooling plant, a heat exchanger and

Air Handling Unit/ Fan Coil Unit.

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The literature review is based on the related topic and explains how the system functions. The

stated review below is essential hint in the study of air conditioning system.

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air, primarily temperature and humidity

to more favourable conditions within DPULZE Shopping Centre. The control of these conditions

may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or to meet the requirements

of industrial processes irrespective of the external climatic condition.

Principles of air conditioning are to ensure that the internal environment is more comfortable than

the external environment. However, another important aspect is the control of air temperature,

humidity, air circulation and air quality. It pervades the entire air condition field and determines how

the system operates to meet the design goals of comfort, safety and cost-effective operation.

Diagram 4.1: District cooling system process diagram. (Source: CityU, 2017)

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The components of the air conditioning system used in DPULZE Shopping Centre will be

studied based on the following sequences:

4.2.1 DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM

District Cooling System also known as DCS means the centralized production and distribution of

cooling energy. Chilled water is delivered via an underground insulated pipeline to office, industrial

and residential buildings to cool the indoor air of the buildings within a district. Specially designed

units in each building then use this water to lower the temperature of air passing through the

building's air conditioning system.

4.2.2 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Heat Exchanger is used to transfer heat from one medium to another, such as from steam to hot

water or from water at a higher temperature to water at a lower temperature.

4.2.3 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)

The AHU functions to supply constant air flow, dry air from the exterior, filter any pollutants, control

temperature, and deliver fresh air into the distribution system.

4.2.4 FAN COIL UNIT (FCU)

Fan Coil Units are also found in the air conditioning system, which act similarly to an induction

system.

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4.3 CASE STUDY

DPULZE Shopping Centre is a huge shopping mall located in Cyberjaya. Due to its building size, it

utilizes a District Cooling System (DCS). This system is suitable for buildings which consume large

amounts of electricity as it improves energy efficiency. It also requires lower capital expenses as

they eliminate the demand for chillers, cooling towers, pumps as well as various individual systems.

The objective of DCS is to centralize the production of chilled water by using district cooling plant.

The generated chilled water will then be channelled to various building blocks through pre-

insulated seamless underground pipes.

The output of one cooling plant is enough to meet the cooling-energy demand of dozens of

buildings. District cooling run on electricity or natural gas, and can use either regular water or

seawater. Along with electricity and water, district cooling constitutes a new form of energy service.

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CLOSED-LOOP PIPING SYSTEM OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM

1. Chilled water is produced in a central plant and distributed via a system of pipes that can run

underground, on the surface or over rooftops.

2. Inside the buildings, these transmission pipes are normally connected to a conventional air

handling unit or Fan Coil Unit (FCU) that allows the water to chill the air passing through.

3. This means the multiple chiller units placed locally are no longer required.

4. Once the required thermal energy has been extracted from the cold water, this water is

returned to the central plant to be re-chilled and re-circulated through the closed-loop piping

system.

5. This cooling system is more flexible and also operates with higher efficiency under all load

conditions than traditional chillers.

Diagram 4.2: District heating and cooling system schematic diagram. (Source: Vesselyn, 2017)

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COMPONENTS OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM

1. Central Chiller Plant

Generate chilled water for cooling purposes.

2. Distribution Network

Distribute chilled water to buildings.

3. User Station

Interface with buildings’ own air-conditioning circuits.

Figure 4.1: Central chiller plant. (Source:LLC, 2017)

Diagram 4.3: Distribution network diagram. (Source: HKSARG, 2011)

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4.3.1 CENTRAL CHILLER PLANT

Chilled water is typically generated at the central chiller plant by compressor driven chillers,

absorption chillers or other sources like ambient cooling or “free cooling” from deep lakes, rivers,

aquifers or oceans.

Groups of large and energy-efficient water-cooled chillers are usually installed in a central chiller

plant to take advantage of the economy of scale and the cooling demand diversity between

different buildings within a district. Sea water condensers or fresh water cooling towers can be

utilized to reject waste heat from the central chillers.

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the central chiller plant is based in Cyberjaya where the local

district-cooling system provider is Pendinginan Megajana Sdn Bhd. Megajana set up Cyberjaya’s

first district-cooling system plant in 1999 as part of a project called Cyberview’s green initiatives for

the country’s cybercity. The first plant has a production capacity of 15,000 refrigerant tonnes (RT).

Currently, Megajana serves 37 buildings with 15km of underground pipes.

Since 2012, when the system’s second district cooling plant was completed, it has helped the town

to reap the equivalent of 8.2 gigawatt hours in electricity savings and avoid 4,100 tonnes of carbon

dioxide emissions. ENGIE has also provided insights on the Malaysian district cooling market to

IRDA.

Figure 4.2: The Megajana district cooling system, Cyberjaya. (Source: Zengkun, 2017)

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Figure 4.4: View of Megajana’s thermal energy storage tank. (Source: Anmas Corp., 2008)

Figure 4.3: Megajana’s chiller plant. (Source: AHAR, 2013)

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(A) Regulations

MS 1525 Code 8.8

“The system design should avoid provide means for balancing the air and water system such as

but not limited to dampers, temperature and pressure test connections and balancing valves.”

Conclusion

The cooling tower of Megajana central chiller plant complies with the MS 1525 requirements listed

under Code 8.8. As shown in Figure 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4, the cooling plant is well maintained with its

proper dampers, temperature and pressure regulations.

4.3.2 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

District chilled water is distributed from the cooling source(s) to the user stations through supply

pipes and is returned after extracting heat from the building’s secondary chilled water systems.

Pumps distribute the chilled water by creating a pressure differential between the supply and return

lines.

4.3.3 USER STATIONS

The interface between the district cooling system and the building cooling system is commonly

referred to as user station. The user station would usually comprise of air handling units, heat

exchanger and chilled water piping in the building. A user station is required in each user's

building to connect the DCS distributed chilled water pipe to the building. Inside the user station,

devices called heat exchangers are installed to transfer heat between the chilled water supply of

DCS and the air-conditioning system of the user building. The user station could be designed for

direct or indirect connection to the district cooling distribution system. With direct connection, the

district cooling water is distributed within the building directly to terminal equipment such as air

handling and fan coil units, induction units and many more. An indirect connection utilizes one or

multiple heat exchangers in between the district system and the building system.

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1. Heat Exchanger (HE)

HEs are used to transfer heat from one medium to another, such as from steam to hot water, or

from water at a higher temperature to water at a lower temperature. There are 2 basic types of

Heat Exchanger: The Shell and Tube Type (STT) and the Plate Type (PT).

(A) The Shell and Tube Type (STT)

The Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger consists of a bundle of tubes in the shell. The primary

medium is either steam or water, which flows in the shell. The secondary medium is always water,

which flows through the tubes. The tubes are partitioned to allow single or multiple passes to

increase the temperature and the heat transfer as shown in Diagram 4.4.

(B) Plate Type (PT)

Plate Type Heat Exchanger comprises of multiple thin, slightly separated plates that have very

large surface areas and fluid flow passages for heat transfer. This stacked-plate arrangement can

be more effective, in a given space, than the STT. Advances in gasket and brazing technology

have made the plate-type heat exchanger increasingly practical. Large HE of this type are called

plate-and-frame; when used in open loops, these heat exchangers are normally of the gasket type

to allow periodic disassembly, cleaning, and inspection as shown in Diagram 4.5.

Diagram 4.4: Shell & tube heat exchanger diagram (Source: Indiamart, 2011)

Diagram 4.5: Plate type heat exchanger diagram (Source: A. Laval, 2017)

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The type of heat exchanger used by DPULZE Shopping Centre is the Plate Type Heat

Exchanger as shown in Figure 4.5 where the concept behind a heat exchanger is the use of pipes

or other containment vessels to heat or cool one fluid by transferring heat between it and another

fluid. In most cases, the exchanger consists of a coiled pipe containing one fluid that passes

through a chamber containing another fluid. The walls of the pipe are usually made of metal, or

another substance with a high thermal conductivity to facilitate the interchange, whereas the outer

casing of the larger chamber is made of a plastic or coated with thermal insulation, to discourage

heat from escaping from the exchanger.

2. Condenser and Chilled Water Pump

There are two types of pumps that can be found in the chilled water system of DPULZE Shopping

Centre, which are the condenser pump and chilled water pump. It is a set of device which uses

mechanical force to move condensed water. Condenser pump is used to channel the hot

condensed water back to the central chilling plant’s cooling tower and then return the cold

condensed water back to the condenser. The chilled water pump pumps the chilled water to every

Air Handling Unit (AHU) and it also returns the warm chilled water to the chiller so that it can be

chilled again.

Figure 4.5: Plate Type Heat Exchanger used by DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Heat

Exchanger

Unit

Piping System

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(A) Regulations

MS 1525 Code 8.11.1

“Chiller water pumps circulating chilled water through the piping system external to the package,

and cooling tower pumps and fans circulating water or air through the condenser and cooling tower

are not to be included in the consideration of the COP for the component.”

Conclusion

The chilled water pump of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the MS 1525 requirements

listed under Code 8.11.1. As shown in Figure 4.6, the water pump circulating through the

condenser is not included in the consideration of the Coefficient Of Performance such that all

energy required for pumps and fans is not considered.

Figure 4.6: Condenser and chilled water pump used in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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3. Control Panel

The control panels control all the processes and can be adjusted manually by the technicians in

the chiller plant room. The control panels also indicate the temperatures and pressures of each

chiller. In addition, the chiller control systems include safety and operating controls. To better

monitor the chillers’ performance, the chiller control system would report to the facility’s Direct

Digital Control (DDC).

Figure 4.7: Control panels located at the chiller plant room of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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4. Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Fan Coil Unit is a system similar to AHU but in a smaller scale and the fan speed can be controlled.

It serves the purpose of cooling using chilled water with air flow to the room ensured by one or

more electrically driven fans. It is not connected to the duct work, but is used to control the

temperature in the space where it is installed.

FCU is similar to inducting system with the inducting unit replaced by the fan coil. FCU are

normally used for smaller spaces. Fan coil Units may be of the cabinet style, within a room, for free

air delivery, or of the chassis style, concealed within the building structure with minimal ducting

appropriately connected to the inlet and/or outlet of the unit.

Figure 4.8: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) in the Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: Lim, 2017)

Figure 4.9: Fan Coil Unit (FCU) located in a retail shop. (Source: Lim, 2017)

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5. Air Handling Unit (AHU)

The AHU room is a room that can be found in every floor of DPULZE Shopping Centre, many

AHUs are needed due to the building’s size and complexity as well as its air flow requirements.

There are approximately 10 AHUs in DPULZE Shopping Centre where each floor has at least one

AHU.

Essentially, an Air Handling Unit system comprises a large insulated metal box that contains a fan,

heating and/ or cooling elements, filters, sound attenuators and dampers. In most cases, the AHU

is connected to air distribution ductwork; alternatively, the AHU can be open to the space it serves.

Supply air passing through the AHU is filtered and is either heated or cooled, depending on

specified duty and the ambient weather conditions. In some buildings, Air Handling Units are used

only to supply fresh air for ventilation and extract stale air.

For heating or cooling, AHUs may be connected to a central plant such as boilers or chillers,

receiving hot or chilled water for heat exchange with the incoming air. Alternatively, heating or

cooling may be provided by electric heating elements or direct expansion refrigeration units built

into the air handler.

When AHU systems are used to extract stale air from the building, a controlled proportion of this air

may be recirculate to avoid having to condition all supplied air. AHUs can also incorporate heat

recovery mechanisms to extract heat from the air being expelled and use it to heat incoming supply

air.

Air Handling Units vary considerably in size, capacity and complexity, depending on the job they

are designed to perform.

Diagram 4.6: Section of an Air Handling Unit (AHU). (Source: C. Brennand, 2016)

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(A) Filter Compartment

Air returning from the building enters the air grillers and is transferred to the air ionizer before

entering the air filter. Ionizers use charged surfaces to generate electrically charged air which

removes the dirt, impurities and unwanted contaminations in the air. This helps to improve the

air quality. After air passes the air ionizer, it then moves to the air filter before entering the

cooling coil as to ensure the cleanliness of the filtered air as well as a protection for the later

components.

The DPULZE Shopping Centre uses an Extended Surface Filter to filter the air.

Extended Surface Filters

Extended Surface Filters are characterised by a specific type of pleat which produces a larger

filtering surface. The pleat design, as well as the alignment between the pleats, ensures

uniform air circulation over the surface of the filtering media. The extended surface filter is

composed of a frame, filtering media in a zigzag layout, and electrowelded mesh to hold the

media.

Figure 4.10: Air Handling Unit (AHU) in DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Filter Compartment

Heating/Cooling Coil

Fan Compartment

Supply Duct

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(B) Cooling Coil

Cooling Coil is made of copper pipes, coiled up to increase its surface area to maximize the heat

transfer within the air. Heat is taken away from the mixed air upon contact with the cooling coil. The

cooling coil is attached to the chilled water pipe transferred from the chiller plant via a blue pipe to

cool down the mixed air.

Figure 4.12: Filter Compartment within the Air Handling Unit of DPULZE Mall. (Source: Tan 2017)

Figure 4.11: An example of an Extended Surface Filter. (Source: Systemair, 2011)

Figure 4.13: An example of a cooling coil in an (AHU). (Source :Indiamart, 2011)

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(C) Fan Compartment

There are two fans in an AHU, a fan that blows air through the cooling coil and a supply fan that

blows air into the supply duct.

The type of fan used in DPULZE Shopping Centre is the centrifugal fan. A centrifugal fan has an

air foil bladed wheel, which has high efficiency over a wide operating range and is quieter than the

others. Major changes in pressure results in minor changes in volume of air delivered.

(D) Humidifier

A humidifier is usually found in a larger AHU. They are dispersed into the air stream to help

maintain a healthy and comfortable amount of humidity in the areas of the building that it serves.

Diagram 4.7: Centrifugal Fan Compartment. (Source: C. Brennand, 2016)

Figure 4.14: Humidifier in an AHU.. (Source: Honeywell, 2015)

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(E) Regulations

MS 1525 Code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation

“All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to

prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to

prevent condensation under some conditions.”

Conclusion

The Air Handling duct system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the MS 1525

requirements listed under Code 8.11.1. As shown in figure 4.10, the supply duct is adequately

insulated with a HVAC Indoor Double Reflective Duct Insulation where it can prevent excessive

energy losses.

Figure 4.15: DPULZE mall plan showing the location of Air Handling Unit. (Source: Tan, 2017)

Air Handling Unit

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6. Diffuser

Diffusers are designed to distribute equal amount of air into the spaces of DPULZE Shopping

Centre. Diffusers improve the efficiency of the entire air conditioning system by dividing the

distribution of air from the AHU. Diffusers constantly provide users a comfortable environment by

removing heat and providing uniform distribution of cooled air.

7. Duct System

Cooled air is carried by the duct system from the AHU into the spaces of DPULZE Shopping

Centre via a diffuser. Galvanized steel ducts are used within the building as it provides good

insulation which can retain the temperature of cooled air while transferring it into the diffuser. A

blower fan is also installed within the ductwork to help circulate the movement of air.

Figure 4.16: Diffuser used in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017)

Diffuser

Figure 4.17: Duct system in one of the restaurants in DPULZE mall. (Source: Lim, 2017)

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8. Pipe System

The pipes within the AHU of DPULZE Shopping Centre are colour coded with green and blue to be

identified clearly. The green pipe is to connect the Heat Exchanger to the AHU via the chilled water

pump, while the blue pipe is the water supply from the central chiller plant to the Heat Exchanger.

(A) Regulations

MS 1525 Code 8.5, Piping Insulation

“All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent

excessive energy loss. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent

condensation under some condition.

Conclusion

The piping system of DPULZE Shopping Centre complies with the MS 1525 requirements listed

under code 8.11.1. As shown in figure 4.17, the piping system of the heat exchanger is well

insulated with insulation jackets and insulation coatings to prevent excessive energy loss.

Figure 4.18: Colour coded piping system of DPULZE mall. (Source: Tan, 2017)

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4.4 ANALYSIS

4.4.1 DISTRICT COOLING IS ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY

District cooling helps the environment by increasing energy efficiency and reducing environmental

emissions including air pollution, the greenhouse gases (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone-

destroying refrigerants. District cooling can reduce annual CO2 emissions by about 1 tonne for

every tonne of district cooling refrigeration demand served.

4.4.2 BENEFITS OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM

1. Improve efficiency of energy

2. Protects the environment

3. Save space

4. Improve urban view

5. Re-use the heat from exhaust system

6. Reduce manpower for operation and maintenance

4.5 CONCLUSION

The District Cooling System will be the future of air conditioning for residential and commercial

buildings as the townships are being developed with the purpose of living and working. The District

Cooling System saves huge amounts of power and initial cost of installing air conditioning units. It

contributes greatly to maintain the ecological and energetic influence as a result of the rapid

development of cities.

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(1) Elevator



LITERATURE REVIEW

Mechanical transportation is an integral part of modern buildings which is described as a system that allows various means of travelling between different floors within a building. It eases the accessibility by allowing movement vertically or horizontally especially within large and tall buildings. There are several types of mechanical transportation systems, ranging from elevators, escalators to travelators which can be seen in buildings which are higher than 3 stories.

5.1 ELEVATOR

An elevator, also known as lift, is a type of vertical transportation with a platform housed within a shaft that moves people or goods between floors of a building safely and efficiently. The minimum requirement for elevator is to have at least one lift for every 4 stories with a maximum distance of 45m to the lift lobby. As part of UBBL Clause 124 and 152, it is now mandatory to have lifts in buildings more than 4 stories high which is connected to a lobby. The area of the car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2m2 per person.

5.2 TYPES OF ELEVATORS

There are various types of elevators to cater different building typologies where it can be rope dependent or rope-free.There are at least four means of moving an elevator which are traction elevators , hydraulic elevators , climbing elevators and pneumatic elevators.

5.2.1 Traction Elevators

Traction elevators is divided into two main categories which are geared and gear-less.

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Diagram 5.1 Geared traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Diagram 5.2 Gearless traction elevator (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high-speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 3 m/s.

Gear-less traction machines are low-speed (low-RPM), high-torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC. In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. Gear-less traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 20 m/s. Most of the traction elevators are used in mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. Gear-less traction elevators has a high initial cost, medium ongoing maintenance costs, and is more efficient in the usage of energy compared to geared traction elevators.

However , traction elevators has limitation in the maximum vertical travel distant that is governed by the length and weight of the cables or ropes. However, with the application of stronger, lighter and more sustainable materials like carbon fibre, the elevator is able to travel in a further height.

5.2.2 Hydraulic Elevators

Hydraulic elevators are divided into 5 main subcategories which are holed and hole-less hydraulic elevators, single stage hydraulic elevators, roped hydraulic elevators and telescopic hydraulic elevators. These elevators are commonly used in low to mid-rise buildings which are up to 8 stories high with a maximum travel speed of 60 m/s. It is supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. The machine room

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Diagram 5.3 Different types of hydraulic elevators (Source : Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and lower ongoing maintenance costs. However, it depletes more energy as the electric motor works against gravity which forces hydraulic fluid into the piston. A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious environmental hazard. The environmental risk and high energy use are two main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not being installed as often as in the past.

5.2.3 Climbing Elevators

A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are usually seen at construction sites to allow east access to parts of these constructions.

5.2.4 Pneumatic Elevators

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Figure 5.1 Climbing elevators (Source : Universal Elevators, 2015)

Diagram 5.4 Climbing elevator frame(Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2004)

Figure 5.2 Pneumatic elevator(Source : ARQUIGRAFICO-NET, 2014)

Diagram 5.5 Pneumatic elevator components(Source : IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003)

The pneumatic elevator utilises a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve above the "shaft" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. A diaphragm or a piston is used as a brake when facing a sudden increase in pressure above the cab. The valve is opened to pressurise air above the shaft, allowing the cab to travel downwards depending on its own weight. This also means that in case of a power failure, the cab will automatically go down. Rubber seals are used to contain air within the cab. The pneumatic elevator has a low capacity which can cater 1–3 passengers up to 238 Kg.

5.3 CASE STUDY

In this project, the elevators studied are based on DPULZE shopping centre which is located at Cyberjaya, Selangor Malaysia. It is a 10 stories tall building where the first 5th floors are for commercial usage.

Regulations

• UBBL 1984 Part V Structural Requirements Section 124For all non~residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

• ConclusionDPULZE Shopping Centre have met the UBBL requirement where it have 6 elevators in total with a building height of 10 stories.

5.3.1 OVERVIEW

Traction elevators are used for the DPULZE shopping centre where there is a machine room sited above the lift shaft. The details of the elevator used are as below :

Type of elevator : Geared Traction Lift ( With Machine Room )Brand : Thyssenkrupp ElevatorModel : HP61Series no. : SL PMA 37727Rated capacity : 1160kgRated speed : 1.0 - 1.75 m/secMax travel distance : 200mMax no of person : 17

�154Figure 5.3 Thyssenkrupp company (Source : thyssenkrupp AG, 2017)

5.3.2 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM

There are various components that function as a whole in ensuring the workability of the elevator to transport passengers efficiently and safely. In this case study, the components used in a geared traction elevator system is further elaborated and explained.

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Diagram 5.6 Components of elevator ( Source : Mr.Loong, 2017)

1. Machine Room

A machine room is a room that house elevator drives and controllers. In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the machine room for the elevators is located above the elevator shaft which minimises the length of rope and optimises the efficiency. Typically, the traction sheave, motor, control system and other components are all housed in this machine room.

(A) Traction Sheave

A traction sheave is described as a metal sheave body fixed to a motor housing which has a novel cable groove liner. The liner is formed of solid elastomeric materials and has a band of pressure release material that permits deformation of the liner so as to increase lateral pressure on the cable to preserve the round shape which increase the gripping of cable by the liner. At the traction sheave, traction ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around the sheave . The

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Diagram 5.7 Elevator machine room components (Source : Mr.Loong, 2017)

Figure 5.4 Elevator machine room (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.5 Traction sheave (Source: InterMESH Ltd, 2017)

sheave functions a pulley with grooves around the circumference providing a grip to the ropes. Therefore , when the sheave is rotated, the ropes move along with it.

(B) Gear Box

The sheave is connected to an electric motor attached to a gear box. When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the elevator. In geared elevators, the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave.

(C) Overspeed Governor

The overspeed governor is a safety device that comes into operation when the lift car exceeds its permitted speed. If the lift car exceeds its rated speed upon descent, the overspeed governor trips

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Figure 5.6 Gear box (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.7 Overspeed governor(Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.8 Overspeed governor components(Source: IFI CLAIMS Patent Services, 2003)

when its tripping speed is reached and triggers the safety gear on the lift car via the governor rope. The lift car is brought to a standstill and clampsonto the guide rails.The basic functions of the governor are to detect overspeed mechanical and electrically:• to activate the safety gear mechanical

• to stop the elevator drive electrically

(D) Passageway for Suspension Ropes

Openings through the concrete slab is created to create a passageway for the suspension ropees to reach the elevator car beneath the machine room.

(E) Control Panel/Cabinet

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Figure 5.8 Suspension ropes from machine room to elevator car (Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.9 Suspension ropes configuration (Source: Yale Robbins, 2003)

Figure 5.9 Elevator controller (Source: Lee, 2017)

Figure 5.10 Control panel (Source: Tan, 2017)

DPLUZE Shopping Centre utilises microprocessor controllers in operating the elevators. Microprocessor based controllers are very compact and consume a lot less power in comparison to the older electro-mechanical relay controllers. As for DPULZE which is considered as a tall building with several elevators, a single cabinet can supersede multiple cabinets full of relays and associated equipment. This allows the machine room to be much smaller with less occupancy of space.

2. Elevator Shaft

The elevator shaft is a vertical passage in a building which allows the movement of an elevator from floor to floor. It consist of several components namely guide rails, counterweight, suspension

ropes and more.

(A) Suspension Rope

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Diagram 5.10 Elevator shaft components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Figure 5.11 Steel suspension ropes (Source: InterMESH Ltd,

Roped elevator is used in DPULZE Shopping Centre where the elevator car is raised and lowered by suspension steel ropes rather than pushed from below. Suspension ropes used on traction type elevators is connected to the crosshead and extended up into the machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counter weights.

The roping system which is the arrangement of cables supporting the elevator can be categorised into 2 main ways which are single wrap and double wrap. The single wrap roping system is used in DPLUZE where rope passes over the traction sheave once and connected to counterweight. It is usually used for mid and low-speed elevators with geared traction motors.

(B) Counterweight

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Diagram 5.11 Different roping system for suspension cable (Source: Industrial electronics, 2017)

Diagram 5.12 Placement of counterweight in plan view(Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)

Diagram 5.13 Counterweight -sectional view (Source: Elevatorstudy, 2015)

Counterweight is located in the hoist way which is suspended from cables and and rides a separate rail system along the elevator shaft. The function of counterweight is to conserve energy by applying equal loads on each side of the sheave. By doing so, minimal force is needed to tip the balance one way or another where the motor only has to overcome friction thus reducing the necessary consumed power for moving the elevator.The counterweight composed of a steel frames that can be filled with cast iron fillers above one another to get the required and it is usually composed of the following parts:

• Top Part AssemblyConsists of a 4mm main bent sheet metal and 8mm hitch plate for ropes attachment which is drilled according to holes pattern affected by ropes size and quantity.

• Bottom Part AssemblyConsists of two halves made of 4mm steel which is screw and connected using a vertical profile with buffer plate welded to one of the two halves. The buffer plate is made of 8mm sheet metal.

• Vertical ProfileConsists of U-shaped, bent sheet metal components. The vertical profiles are screwed to the upper and bottom parts. The fillers can be inserted through the side cut in the vertical profile.

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Diagram 5.14 Components of counterweight (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

• Filler WeightsFiller weights are made of cast iron. The length of fillers depends on the counterweight size and gauge.

• Guide ShoesThe counterweight has a separate guide rails which prevent it from twisting or colliding with other components in the lift.

(C) Guide Rails

Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails along the sides of the elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back and forth which collaborate with the safety system to stop the car in an emergency. Car Guide rails are fixed to the hoistway by steel brackets while counterweight guide rails are fixed to the hoistway by side steel brackets.

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Figure 5.12 Guide rails at the elevator shaft (Source: Marine Insight, 2017)

Diagram 5.15 Car guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017)

(D) Landing Door

The door that is seen from each floor of a building is referred to as the outer or hoist waydoor. This hoist way door is a part of the building (each landing). It is important to realise that the car door does all the work; the hoist way door is a dependent. These doors can beopened or closed by electric motors, or manually for emergency incidents. Safety devices are located at each landing to prevent inadvertent hoist way door openings and to prevent an elevator car from moving unless a door is in a locked position. The difference between the car doors and the hoist way doors is that the elevator car door travels through the hoist way with the car but the hoist way doors are fixed doors in each landing floor.

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Diagram 5.16 Counterweight guide rails components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2017)

Figure 5.13 Landing door interlock (Source: Lee, 2017)

Diagram 5.17 Landing door mechanism (Source: XINDA, 2017)

(E) Buffer

DPLUZE uses oil buffers with a spring wrapping the outer layer. This series is called the spring built-putt hydraulic buffers which is located at the bottom of the shaft. It can be reset manually and automatically. It functions to absorb the impact of a descending car or counterweight. When the elevator gets out of control and slides down, the buffer takes in the decelerating effect where the knockout rod will trigger the switch to enable the safety circuit. Due to the location of the buffer at the pit, there is a tendency of it to be exposed to water and flooding. Hence, regular maintenance like cleaning and painting is required to assure proper performance.

Regulations

• UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements

Section 151Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

Section 152(1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.(2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

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Figure 5.14 Oil buffer(Source: Nova elevator, 2015)

Diagram 5.18 Oil buffer - section & plan view(Source: Nova elevator, 2015)

(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter.(5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

• Conclusion

DPULZE complies to the requirement of UBBL where landing doors are installed at all floors for safety purposes. The landing doors are made of stainless-steel material which accommodates the requirement where no glass shall be used for landing doors.

3. Elevator Car (Exterior)

The elevator car is a cabin which is mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called the shaft or hoistway. The elevator car consist of car frame , maintenance balustrade , traveling cable , compensation chain and more.

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Diagram 5.19 Elevator car components - exterior (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017)

(A) Car Frame

Car frame is used to support the car cabin which is located at 3 different position - upper, sides and bottom.

(B) Car Sling

Car Sling is a load carrier element in the elevator car where its function is to isolate vibrations due to running of the elevator car. The upper transom is the suspension element of the car using a couple of polyamide pulleys. It is designed to mount sliding or roller guide shoes as well as the braking system. Lower transom is the carrier of car flooring through an exactly arranged pressure springs mounted in the lower isolation subassembly along with the safety gear.

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Diagram 5.20 Car sling components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

1. Upper Transom2. Lower Transom3. Adjustable Height Slide Frame4. Lower Isolation 5. Roller Guide Shoe6. Sliding Guide Shoe 7. Upper Isolation8. Overload Inductive Sensor 9. Limit Switch10. Actuation Lever11. Safety Gear12. Braking System

(C) Maintenance Balustrade

The maintenance balustrade of DPLUZE is located at the car roof where it provides a platform for maintenance. It is to prevent the maintenance person from falling into the hoistway during work.

(D) Traveling Cable

The traveling cable is a flexible cable that provides electrical connection and carries signals between lift cars and fixed points.

(E) Compensation Chain

A Compensating Chain is a welded-link or plastic-coated chain used for compensating or balancing the weight of the hoisting ropes. One end of the chain is attached to the underside of the car frame, and the other end is fastened to the counterweight sling.

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Diagram 5.21 Components of maintenance balustrade (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

4. Elevator Cabin (Interior)

The elevator cabin is completely enclosed by walls, floors and ceiling, the only permissible opening being are the car door, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures. The elevator cabin consists of car walls , car ceiling, car floor, operating panels and more.

(A) Car Wall

The car walls of the elevators in DPLUZE is made of stainless steel with a directional hairline.The walls are 1.5 or 2.0 mm thick, depending on the elevator car dimensions. With stainless steel designs, solid sheets with a thickness of 0.8 mm are also used as paneling materials.

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Diagram 5.22 Elevator cabin components (Source: Hitachi elevator, 2017)

Figure 5.15 Stainless-steel car walls (Source: Chang, 2017)

(B) False Ceiling

False ceiling is the main source of lighting in the elevator car. Different designs are incorporated for elevator lighting to improve the spatial quality and ambience when utilising the elevator. The false ceiling of the elevators in DPLUZE implements the punctuation of repetitive circular openings to allow lighting into the elevator cabin. Fluorescent lighting and spot lights are the most common lighting elements used for elevator lighting and a combination of the two types can be used also.

(C) Car Floor

The car floor act as a platform to sustain the live load capacity go the elevator. Therefore, it requires an adequate mechanical strength to sustain forces during operation. The car floor of DPULZE is covered with glossy porcelain tiles finishing with a pattern arrangement to increase the aesthetics within the cabin.

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Figure 5.16 False ceiling(Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.23 False ceiling compartments(Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Figure 5.17 Glossy porcelain tiles finishing(Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.24 Components of car platform(Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

(D) Operating Panel

All the buttons on the operating panels at DPULZE emits red illuminating light which indicates the selected button. It is also equipped with braille on the buttons which allow the visually impaired to access crucial information in and outside of the elevator for safe use.

• Open & Close Door ButtonThis button is located on the interior button panel of each cab. A passenger can press this button to open or close the elevator doors only when the elevator cab is stopped at a floor. The controller interacts with this button by receiving a signal when it is pressed and when it is released.

• Floor Request ButtonThis particular elevator controller controls the elevator cabs within floors. Each button is labeled with the existing floor level where passengers can use to direct the elevator cabs to the floor that they would like to go to. The controller interacts with these buttons by receiving pressed signals indicating the desired floor number and elevator cab which they were pressed from. It also sends light on/off signals to indicate the status of the buttons.

• Emergency Bell ButtonA passenger can press this button to sound a bell to alert people outside of the elevator shaft for any emergency cases like being trapped inside the elevator cab due to the malfunctioning system.

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Figure 5.18 Operating panel(Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.25 Components of operating panels (Source: Lee, 2017)

Button Panel

Floor Request Button

Open Door Button

Close Door Button

Call Button Ring Bell Button

The controller interacts with this button by receiving a signal from it that indicates that it was pressed.

(E) Floor Indicator

This indicator displays the floor destination. Passenger can view this indicator from the elevator cabin. This act as a notification to the passengers on the location of the elevator. The floor indicator at DPLUZE uses a digital display panel with red dot-matrix indicator.

(F) Handrails

Hand rail is a rail within the elevator car which passengers can use for support. The elevator car in DPULZE provides handrail at both sides of the car wall. It also eases the usability of the elevators

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Figure 5.19 Dot-matrix floor indicator (Source: Chang, 2017)

Figure 5.20 Cylindrical stainless-steel handrail (Source: Chang, 2017)

Diagram 5.26 Components of handrails (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

for persons with disabilities. The hand rails is finished with stainless steel so that it will be long lasting. There are two types of hand rail, cylindrical handrail and flat type hand rail. A cylindrical handrail is used for DPULZE.

5.4 OPERATING SYSTEM

Elevator operating system is the system responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening speed and delay, levelling and hall lantern signals.

The main aims of the elevator operating system are:

- To bring the lift car to the correct floor.- To minimise travel time.- To maximise passenger comfort by providing a smooth ride.- To accelerate, decelerate and travel within safe speed limits.

There are 3 main types for elevator operating systems namely single automatic operation, selective collective operation and group automatic operation. In DPLUZE, the elevators utilise the

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Diagram 5.27 Engineering diagram of elevator operating system (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

group automatic operation system where many elevators are controlled with programmable microprocessors to respond.

5.5 SAFETY FEATURES

Safety features is a must to be incorporated to ensure the usability of the elevators and the safety of the users. There are many safety features implied in all aspect to the elevators like safety door edge, apron, safety gear and more. The overspeed governor and buffer are components that falls under the safety features which is stated at 5.4.2 1(C) and 5.4.2 2(E) respectively.

1. Apron

A car apron, also known as a toe guard is a vertical protective board installed on the car sill. It functions as a barrier which protects the passengers from being exposed to the open hoistway under the car if the doors are opened when it is not at the landing.

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Figure 5.21 Elevator car apron (Source: ALGI, 2017)

Diagram 5.28 Placement of apron(Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

2. Safety Door Edge

Car-door safety device that reverses door operation if a person or object is hit by the closing doors. There are also other door-safety system such as the multi-beam door sensor that detects people or objects with photo-electric beams, safety ray and more. At DPLUZE, a photo-electric and infrared sensors is used to detect objects in their path and prevents the doors from closing.

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Diagram 5.29 Safety elevator door edge (Source: mitsubhishielectric, 2017)

Figure 5.22 Photo-electric & infrared sensor at car door edge (Source: Chang, 2017)

3. Safety Gear

Safety gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car or counterweight by gripping the guide rails in the event of car speed attaining a pre-determined value in a downward direction of travel, irrespective what the reason for the increase in speed may be. Safety gears are mounted at the lower part of car sling and operated simultaneously by a linkage mechanism that actuated by overspeed governor.

4. Smoke Detectors

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Diagram 5.30 Safety gear components (Source: Electrical Knowhow, 2013)

Figure 5.23 Smoke detectors at lift lobby (Source: misterjtbarbers, 2017)

A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke in the area where it sends a signal to the fire alarm control panel.

Regulations

• UBBL 1984 Part VII Fire RequirementsSection 153(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

Section 154(1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any cat or landing calls and park with doors open.(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.

• ConclusionDPULZE complies to the requirements of UBBL as smoke detectors are installed on the ceiling of each lift lobbies on all the floors. In addition, the operating system of the elevators are designed according to the UBBL requirement whereby all lifts will be parked at designated floors with the car door opened when there is a failure of main power.

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5.6 LOCATIONS & DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The configuration of elevators at DPLUZE consist of 2 elevator car per lift lobby where it is arranged to maximise the accessibility within the shopping centre.

Location of Elevators

There are 2 lift lobbies situated at the middle and east region of the shopping centre at the basement and upper ground floor. The side by side positioning of the elevators is the most efficient arrangement which allows multi-directional accessibility for the passengers. The elevators at P1 and UG does not cater the west region of the building as large area of functional spaces are situated at the region like YAMAHA Music School and the management office which does not ]

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Figure 5.24 Lift lobby at DPULZE shopping center (Source: Lee, 2017)

Diagram 5.31 Basement plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.32 Upper ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

require the accessibility within floor by elevators which will occupy additional space for the elevators.

The location of lift lobbies at the lower ground floor and ground floor is situated at the east, west and middle region which focuses on 3 main circulation points of the customers. This exemplifies the accessibility within floors are the work capacity is divided into 3 regions. Hence, preventing a single lift lobby to be overcrowded due to the lack of placement. The even distribution of lift lobbies also provides convenience to the passengers as it can be accessed when being at any part of the building which requires a short walking distance from every location point.

The location of elevators at the second floor is similar to P1 and UG. Both of the lift lobbies are situated at the middle and west region where the cinema is. There is no lift lobby located at the west region as it is a parking space. Hence, passengers can access the lifts at the middle region to

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Diagram 5.33 Lower ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.34 Ground floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 5.35 Second floor plan - location of elevators (Source: DPULZE, 2017)

get to the parking lot where the autopay ticket is located right beside the lift lobby before exiting to the parking area.

5.7 CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, the elevators at DPULZE shopping centre has a well thought arrangement of the lift lobbies in reference to the plans and accessibility. It also fulfils the UBBL requirement set for lifts which ensure the usability and safety of the elevators. In addition, all aspects of the elevator car are taken into serious considerations from each components to the design to achieve a better aesthetic and spatial ambience when utilising the elevator. However, the elevator cabin is not equipped with a CCTV which might encourage negative deeds like robbery or even physical harassment.

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(2) Escalators



6.1. INTRODUCTIONAn escalator is a moving staircase, a conveyor transport device for transporting people between

floors of a building. An escalator consists of a motor-driven of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places here elevators would be

impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping centres, airports, transit systems, convention centres, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings.

6.2. CASE STUDY : DPULZE SHOPPING CENTRE

6.3. ARRANGEMENT OF ESCALATORS

6.3.1. PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT

Up and down escalators located side by side or separated by a distance. It can fulfil two-way

continuous flow of large passenger flows.�180

Figure 6.1 : Landing platform. (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.2 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre. (Source : Chang,

2017)


Figure 6.4 : Parallel arrangement. (Source : Chang, 2017)

6.3.2. CRISS-CROSS ARRANGEMENT

6.4. COMPONENTS OF ESCALATOR

6.4.1. LANDING PLATFORMS

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Figure 6.5 : Escalator in DPULZE Shopping Centre (Source : Chang,

2017)

Diagram 6.1 : Criss-cross arrangement (Source : Electrical

KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.2 : Components of escalator (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.3 : Axonometric drawing of landing platforms (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

An escalator consists of top and bottom landing platforms connected by a metal truss. These two

platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motor that drive the

stairs.

The landing platforms consist out of 2 elements, which is a floor and a comb plate.

Floor Plate

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Figure 6.6 : Top platform (Contains the motor assembly and main drive gear.)

(Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.7 : Bottom platform (Holds the step return idler sprockets.)

(Source : Chang, 2017)

Comb Plate

Floor Plate

Figure 6.8 : Close-up photo of landing platform (Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.9 : Floor Plate (Source : Chang, 2017)

The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving

stairs. The plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the machinery below.

Comb Plate

The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. It is named as comb plate because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb.

This design is necessary to minimise the gap between the stair and the landing, which helps

prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.

6.4.2. TRUSS

The escalator truss is the structural frame of the escalator and consists of three major areas:

1. The lower section2. Incline section

3. Upper section

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The teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edge of the stairs.

Figure 6.10 : Comb plate. (Source : Chang, 2017)

Diagram 6.4 : Truss sections (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Figure 6.11 : Truss (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

It is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is composed of two side

sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top.

The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms by using steel or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower

sections. The structural steel truss members are designed to support the whole load of the escalator equipment as well as the the steel finishing. The whole truss structure is rigid enough to

maintain close operating tolerances.

6.4.3. TRACKS

The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously pulls the steps

from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop.

There are two tracks in the track system : 1. The front wheels of the steps (The step wheel track)

2. The back wheels of the steps (The trailer-wheel track)

The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. Along the straight section of the truss, the tracks are at their maximum

distance apart. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle to the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a shape and resembling a staircase.

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Diagram 6.5 : Track system (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of

the steps are almost in a straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track.

The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom

landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point, the tracks separate and the steps once again assume a staircase configuration. This

cycle is repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.

The track assembly is bolted but not welded on the truss for easy removal. Sometimes they are

mounted on boilerplate or curve plates at the upper and lower landing sections. The tracks are used to guide step wheels and step chains in their travel around the escalator truss. They are

curved at the upper and the lower end of the incline to allow smooth transition of steps from the form of stairs to a horizontal movement, or vice versa. The lower and top end tracks are formed

semi-circles to contain the chains and the step rollers going around them.

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Diagram 6.6 : Tracks assembly major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

1. Circle Tracks or Crab tracks are located at the top and bottom pits. Most of the outer circle

tracks have access windows for easy step removal. Some are mounted on a removable orreplaceable curve plate. Circle tracks provide smooth step travel at the end of the tracks.

2. Beveled Track provides smooth transition of chain wheels to and from the carriage sprockets.Beveled track eliminates the bumping effect of the chain wheels to the tracks, thus minimizing

premature wear and damage to the wheels.3. Chain Wheel, Upper Upthrust (hold down) Track is used to hold down and guide chain

wheels to and from the transition.4. Chain Wheel, Upper Line Track used to support the chain wheels to or from the bull gear

sprockets' top end through the incline area down to the carriage sprockets' top, or vice versa.5. Step Wheel, Lower Upthrust Track. A few feet of track used to hold down and guide step

wheels to and from the transition area.6. Step Wheel, Lower Line Track or Flat Track works in conjunction with the lower upthrust step

wheel track. Flat track supports the step wheels in either ascending or descending through theincline.

7. Chain Wheel, Return Track is used to support the chain wheels from the bull gear lower endto the carriage lower end, or vice versa.

8. Step Wheel, Return Track. Slightly above the chain wheel return track at the incline section ofthe non-passenger side. Step wheel return track is used to position the step treads to run in

parallel with the chain wheel return track.

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Figure 6.12 : Circle tracks (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

6.4.4. STEPS

The steps themselves are solid, one-piece, die-cast aluminium pieces. The steps are linked by a

continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. Rubber mats may be affixed to their surface to reduce slippage, and yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges.

A. The Step Plate (Tread) is the surface area of the step people step on. The step plate is usually

made of an aluminium plate with longitudinal cleats or grooves that run through the combs and provide secure footing.

B. The Step Riser is the vertical cleat cast into the front of a step, designed to pass between the cleats of adjacent step, thus creating a combing action with minimum clearance for safety.

C. The Demarcations are yellow strips or may be in bold colour around the step tread but mostly located at the front and at the rear ends of the tread. They are used to visually locate the step

separation and visual contrast between the steps and the combs.

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Diagram 6.7 : Steps major components (Source : Electrical KnowHow, 2017)

Figure 6.13 : Escalator steps (Source : Chang, 2017)

D. Frame/Yoke - main support for riser, step tread, and step wheels

E. Trail Wheels are used to guide the step and support its load on the track and prevent it from being out of plane.

F. Step Hook normally attached to the end of the yoke by the step wheel used to activate the step up thrust safety device when the steps are not on their plane of travel at the top and

bottom inclines.

6.4.5. HANDRAIL

The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the escalator. 1. At the center of the handrail is a "slider “also known as a "glider ply," which is a layer of a

cotton or synthetic textile. The purpose of the slider layer is to allow the handrail to move smoothly along its track.

2. The next layer, known as the “tension member” consists of either steel cable or flat steel tape and provides the handrail with tensile strength and flexibility.

3. On top of the tension member are the inner construction components which are made of chemically treated rubber designed to prevent the layers from separating.

4. Finally, the outer layer, the only part that passengers actually see is the cover which is a blend of synthetic polymers and rubber, this cover is designed to resist degradation from

environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear, and human vandalism.

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Diagram 6.8 : Handrail assembly (Source : Google, 2017)

Diagram 6.9 : Handrail components (Source : Google, 2017)

6.4.6. BALUSTRADE

The balustrade consists of the handrail and the exterior supporting structure of the escalator. It is the escalator exterior component which extends above the steps and supports the handrail. It is

designed as interior low-deck.

The balustrade may also refer to the individual interior panels, skirt panels, and deck covers of the escalator. Each interior balustrade panel section is individually removable to allow easy access to

the escalator interior for cleaning, maintenance, and component replacement.

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Diagram 6.10 : Escalator exterior (balustrade) (Source : Pinterest, 2017)

6.4.7. DRIVE SYSTEM

An escalator drive system includes the following components:1. Drive Machine and Gear Reducer.

2. The Step Drive System.3. The Handrail Drive System.

The variation on how these two systems are combined is dependent upon the type of escalator. The Drive Machine used to drive the pinion gear or the main drive chain may directly/indirectly

drive the Handrail Drive System.

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Diagram 6.11 : Drive systems (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

Drive Machine

The Drive machine together with the gear reducer provides the torque to drive the step band at a constant speed.

The drive machine motor is typically a three-phase AC direct-on-line flange mounted unit. It is

either directly or flexibly coupled to the reduction gear. The motor is usually protected by thermal and/or electro-magnetic overload devices as well as thermistors in the motor winding.

There are 3 types of drive machines : 1. External Drive

Machine is remotely located outside the truss in a different room/space or in the upper pit area.

The drive machine is located outside the truss.

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Figure 6.16 : External drive (Source : Google, 2017)

Diagram 6.12 : Drive machine & gear reducer (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

The main drive machine is located in the upper pit area or in a separate machine room located

below the upper section of the escalator. An external drive located in the upper pit area may employ a direct motor to gearbox drive, or a motor to gear reducer with a chain drive. An external

drive escalator with the drive unit located within a machine room beneath the upper landing will normally employ a motor/gearbox with a chain drive extending to the upper landing.

2. Internal Drive

Machine may be located at the upper landing inside the truss between the step bands or at the top

pit, and will employ a motor to gearbox drive with a direct drive axle connection. A separate dual drive machine within the step band is not uncommon with one machine used to directly drive the

step chains located a few feet below the upper incline and one above the lower incline. Internal escalator drive machines may be one, two, or three drive. A dual or three-machine may power the

same main drive shaft or pinion shaft at the upper incline. Some internal drive escalators are equipped with either dual or three drive machines all inside the step band or step-belt.

3. Modular DriveThe machine is located within the incline of the truss between the step bands, and the main drive is

located within the incline of the truss within the step band. The motor directly connect to the gearbox, and the gearbox connect to the drive axle. A modular escalator may have a single drive or

multiple drive depending on the overall length of the escalator.

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Figure 6.17 : Internal drive (Source : Google, 2017)

Gear Reducer

The main drive gear or gear reducer assembly is a single-stage type gear reducer. This is an

enclosed, mechanical device that takes the drive motor torque, and transmits this torque to the bull gear through a gearbox shaft or the main drive chain. The gear reducer assembly contains a steel

worm gear that is coupled or directly sleeved onto the motor shaft and it meshes with the pinion gear.

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Diagram 6.13 : Modular drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

Diagram 6.14 : The main drive gear (gear reducer) (Source : Pinterest, 2017)

The Step Drive System

The step motion is achieved by a direct step assembly connection to the step chains.

Two-step chains, one for each side of the escalator are directly coupled to the main drive axle, the bull gear shaft, through the step chain sprockets. The step chain form a loop for the length of the

truss, from the step chain sprockets at the upper end down to the tension carriage gear or turnaround (depending on the manufacturer) at the lower end or the lower reversing station.

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Diagram 6.15 : Step drive system (Source : Google, 2017)

Diagram 6.16 : Step drive system (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

The Main Drive Axle is driven by the motor and reducer assembly. On both ends of the main drive

axle transfer power the Step Drive System. These sprockets or bull gears drive two step chains, one each for the right and left sides of the escalator, which are connected at the lower end of the

escalator to the step chain sprockets of the Tension Carriage.

The step chains are endless links connected with link pins to make a complete loop and are attached to an axle on each side of the steps forming a loop which runs for the length of the truss

from the upper Main Drive Axle to the lower Tension or Turnaround.

Handrail Drive System

The handrail drive moves the handrail along the handrail tracking system through traction on the V-shaped handrail underside.

The handrail drives consists of the following:

1. The handrail drive and idler sheaves.They are V grooved sheaves located in the upper newel ends of the escalator and the Idler

sheaves which is also a V grooved sheaves, and it is located in the lower newel ends of the escalator. The handrail drive sheave drives the handrail in its journey around the escalator while

the idler sheave reverses the direction of the handrail at the lower end.

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Diagram 6.17 : Handrail Drive System (Source : Electrical KnowsHow, 2017)

2. Handrail drive sprockets

They are located on the handrail drive sheave and the outboard end of the bull gear shaft. Handrail

drive sprockets are linked by the handrail drive chain and provide a direct link between the bull gear and handrail drive sheave.

3. Handrail drive chains

They are double stranded chains and are the mechanical link between the dual toothed drive chain sprockets. The drive chain sprockets and handrail drive chain coming to transfer power from the

bull gear shaft to the handrail drive sheave. The Handrail drive chain has an adjustable take-up sprocket to keep the drive chain snug. The handrail drive chain receives lubrication from an

enclosed bath system.

4. Handrail Take-Up DevicesThey are located directly downhill from the handrail drive sheaves. The handrail take-up devices

remove slack in the handrail to provide the proper amount of slack in the handrail required to drive the handrail. The short handrail take-up device can be adjusted to remove slack from the handrail.

The long handrail take-up device can pivot from the center and be adjusted at the uphill end to remove slack from the handrail. The long handrail take-up device is always required.

5. The Handrail Support Rollers. They are located at various intervals down the incline. Their function is as follows:

A. They support the handrail and protect it from coming into contact with the track brackets or any other truss components which may damage the handrail.

B. They help provide the correct loop of slack in the handrail at the lower end which proves the traction to drive the handrail.

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6.5 SAFETY FEATURES6.5.1. EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON (E-STOP)

The emergency stop button (E-STOP) is located at each end of the escalator in DPULZE Shopping

Centre. The emergency stop button is a large red button that can be pressed to stop the escalator in any emergency cases. A transparent plastic guard plate often covers the emergency stop button.

This is to avoid the button being pressed accidentally, or casual vandals. Moreover, restarting the escalator requires turning a key.

6.5.2. CAUTION SIGNS

The caution signs can be found on the balustrades at either end of the escalators in DPULZE

Shopping Centre as it must be seen easily to the passengers. All the signs are in a standard format with identical size, wording and colours.

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Emergency stop button

Keyhole for restarting the escalator




6.5.3. STEP DEMARCATION LIGHTS

A fluorescent or LED light in green and red color, which is located beside the escalator before the

boarding point. The resulting illumination between the steps improves the passengers' awareness of the step divisions.

6.5.4. STEP DEMARCATION LINES

The front and sides of the escalator steps are coloured with a bright yellow as a warning.

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Figure 6.24 : Step demarcation lines(Source : Chang, 2017)

Figure 6.25 : Step demarcation lines(Source : Chang, 2017)

6.5.5. SKIRT BRUSHES

A long continuous brush made of stiff bristles runs up the sides of the escalator just above the step

level. This helps keep loose garments and curious hands away from the dangerous gap between the moving stairs and the side panel.

6.5.6. FLAT STEPS

The first two steps at either end of the escalator are flat, like a moving walkway. This gives the

passenger extra time to orient themselves when boarding, and more level time to maintain balance when exiting.

6.5.7. MISSING STEPS DETECTORIt it located in various places, this sensor can either be optical or a physical switch. No matter the

type of device, the missing step detector will turn off the escalator when no step is found when one is expected.

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6.5.8. HANDRAIL & HEADROOM CLEARANCE

In DPULZE Shopping Centre, the headroom measured vertically from the cladding of first floor escalator and landing plate of the ground floor’s escalator is 3700mm, which fulfilled the minimum

requirement. The distance between handrail and adjacent wall is 600mm, It is to ensure passengers are free from any potential risk that may cause injuries.

6.6. LOCATION & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

All the escalators can be easily found in DPULZE Shopping Centre as all the escalators are

located in the center of the building, by utilising this type of arrangement, it becomes a focal point where people gather, thus facilitating circulation and movement of the occupants. In DPULZE

Shopping Centre, the escalators were built at the center of the building with parallel arrangement, one side going up and the other going down to connect basement 1 to upper ground floor together.

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Diagram 6.19 : Upper ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.18 : Second floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

3700mm

Figure 6.30 : Handrail & headroom clearance (Source : Chang, 2017)

The arrangement of the other escalators may cause slight inconvenience to the users as the escalators are placed randomly and forcing the users to walk for longer distance to ascend to

higher floors. However, DPULZE Shopping Centre utilise parallel arrangement as one of their sales strategies and the users are forced to follow the building’s circulation. Some of the escalators are

closely placed together, this is to minimise the travel distance between one floor to higher floor. Displays of merchandise are strategically located along the circulation to increase their publicity.

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Diagram 6.20 : Ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.21 : Lower ground floor plan (Source : DPULZE, 2017)

Diagram 6.22 : Basement plan (Source, DPULZE, 2017)

6.6.CONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, All the escalators can be easily found in DPULZE Shopping Centre as all the

escalators are located in the center of the building, by utilising this type of arrangement, it becomes a focal point where people gather, thus facilitating circulation and movement of the occupants. In

DPULZE Shopping Centre, the headroom measured vertically from the cladding of first floor escalator and landing plate of the ground floor’s escalator is 3700mm, which fulfilled the minimum

requirement. The distance between handrail and adjacent wall is 600mm, It is to ensure passengers are free from any potential risk that may cause injuries.

�202

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project 1: case study of building services in public buildings

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