ProgrammingLanguages

Adesh K. Pandey

tr1.,t:

ProgammingIanguages

Principla md P ctliligns

Ianguages

Programming

P rinciples and P aradigms

Adesh IC Pand.y

Narosa Publishing HoueeNd Delhi Che@i Mu!$.i Ko[rt

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Preface

Tnje todl i! d hko&.llm to ttu ntde ttlld of progrrRnjn8 l.n8@8.!. tr .oebileepiidiple. !d pedkN widl oBidqble dehl &o!t My Eod.n L!8u86, irtuding&e of *E ld.nl lbFrdvq fftdml l%i!.j rnd oqd-iEbd bryure€

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Contents

I1

1

3

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42t26

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CHAPTERI

lnlroductlon to ProglammlngLanguages concepts

I,1 |NIRODOCTION TO PROGRAVVIUNg IANGOACES

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' 8.n6r PR€mori o{ d; hd rs; sucn rffi ie.tph,'! 8AGFR t!@ which anfpdibB ln u3d! rdon rnd build . pdgtu b Flom *m in tok

13 CrAS$nCAT'ON OF mOCR II'IMINO tltllc(IAcE

To txjlibt djs.@io of rnv sF it & dsiEH? .rd Mveidt b 8rctP l%edw lltibrhcB ol tE rulid ddhg b rdu tmPmS nobria GdlPuE p.oeffiing LngurB-. d r. *;'io" b ha h.**-, tlc. .( hmy 6E3odatim rirr e. cs

'dod Tie

mt@.EdiouoK

6 t\@rnhg L.i$4lPnelplr rid &rr'j3E

1.3.1 M.chin , Asmbt sdHlgh t El ringug6B.ro?dsus'ng$E.las isud,r ! rPPmPn.h s Idued oltrlv4 th€ oP€Ehon oI th.oFplte FogBh A oFPUre ProSru Fdda r $e phh{y Gmry wh.E ;l bm*a-hj G;o{E d'i'* irBMiN whnn n M N EP,srPd a &qlm of bindydr;E. Ar Nv loirn h rim rA? ompuE lt gid b b. in r P{tlcuLr 3bh A MtdI6MotL\;

"Ek ! d;-lifudon ME *hi h p6b b rh' ui ru.ru'e robkrion b h. !'4kd

T'r erdrb aum Ja EEup oI ei:IdP Nhdic It knoM 6 $. !@ or ohltlrdiEC!d?i!|pmgEhflrurie6rorPuht BsihPlyIteqll.coIbiE APoram

in rh! Imrr b ed b b€ ffhm..d? we d wdt? Prc8 ru ln Drchl* @d.

&",v t rn,* es our r.Br itmPr rt PFdriry r n .hflm fd -ndry PmgBm!ud;;; F,i.b"br.. * "r* oIcare: Pqn; wdb oda h dd' @'M' d6rriBrbe tuirLd tsnbled) hb oadlr..d. rdE*.n rdtny bryu& PFStawhid Dih! "H.ll; rsdbly-:

Nl 6 _B.rrd ...drt s-

Biln LrJ I,'@ u iilbdR b ovg$d uE diffnJts o' *tlj,P rd sd'blvr-*'".. ii" ,ai-i

"l t *r'.' r'a bn8!a8F om*hs wld' tht ituduclim or'Auro

.!d;-;'d so!.s ." lo Als.L Fota Pe'L Brslc Ada c Ek

Itr'.ik'io' b Ptt"nq lj'P@ Cdc'! 7

1.3,2 CbroDologidl Ctasstfidtjos ol PogEmmlng kngltga1n th! q.Pe ol cl.$ifiGrid1*e can F th€ Pl,* b Ai* d4doPm6t or P'oSttmhs

Pr?lirSlrl l1a: M..liR sae i5 rhe .,rPl.

ErpldhA ,iddlirt Pd# A!64bL odq Autosd6, 6Et vfrdd 'r Fdtum 196& aF the

Irdsr'nt.rp'.$iE Po@i c.b.L LisP, AlSol o, B6ic, PLll d lra ehPr6

rtohti^t It 1ofiu! dbit-: TM r,tE* DtM!E @s axud6 ro er ol PFbLft.i-"t.a - i' a.-:op*t a i-puu elrqd dunS rlf, lt60t *ru

'bpring"iG

r"* ""a

I'4. i"r,** 'v:l; u,h8 aiihns dfrPloPnoi Edshu' as '1 Sd.dd..d @t 6d@B *n oqa g*dY n'Mb2 Mu.iieity oI Pe8lldinS odd rct r€P uP xldr d.6d3 ?od cuditv dMd 'd Prodredroadds; ore ProbLtu L\. displine oI ste'F o8lisry 6Fe

'nb Pi'r@ t e ae

Ir\ stodld @dk2 @Pr ddsd in bc r96ot (Dijrlh rd othdl" ;'hJ;';"'.;c-hst€q@@,ondtdhdEeedon(noluEFrnd"sp

b-;FMi) adtub.hhn h.w. PEdisbL LSlc hr t4 hn' '* encH nL i-i-Jiiir.J" t" *,* s""*;a Pbsnh;ns 'ih''c E rrririt d{th.e h.ilbnsulty.

lbl l{.drld td!dM'4, (t*pr wd td ut'n enou'l/ h dr "rlv

l9TO Moduii''"' "E-'ifr.r,*fo*a;o3ubjdsidolP6!Ei*i!b.*st'bh"'huu_ii"'*a-J.*p* a*.t ut hrd! ot rt6dictudul6 m uu'uv

*iiTii , ir.."d "i "x*bd ModuL'itt

'r5' dP'"- rt€ oNPr ot

inlmdorndhgo r**o" Hlrarop* o'.

'da rhrt d! ahd'h ol Po8't:ld shoLld d b'

ai,aca bl <ilu u cnYdr b th.n cutmr PoEn.*s 'sl( hr !ffirnh; should nd dqur b b' offirld dm urlsrv ddr! DEffidii#Ji, J.i'..** ."i't*

't'o'rd t d+isned :o *'r hromhon ffihined

J-*- 'i'I*

iJJ- -a "llida*" m- odls modur6' u\at i! rmPr€jmbdh debi!

E:rmpl6.i tllit PI!*.F P.aL ltlSlo 63 ma C

1930e

id*ing onpldty: objd odbbri@ iftridal Pbgddffg'

lsloiibr Pd'llel ho dEEibured h'rdwne v'iout paEll?l enm'i6n lo 6Gibg

i,,iJ.J.- aar,."a p,'.tLl l""e*se 'ccn

6 dr r@ d'v'loFd h rhjs Fhe

I frcrlimi{ t qr4a-&iri!L! rd &dir

CsEiic FtogFnhll8 btsuS6, DNA @puri$ rnd Uc 'omPudng

e ro's de r

1.3,3 t rglag. GdeFdonTh. .h$i{tBd6 3l 3pGatiN aE r iollos:

r3.4 kigEg. l4b of Abltrlcdd,dqdinS b dE .b'tr.dm hl€l dalaqtim is E {ollos:

Wdrg4E4dld@gbdqt' hYrsdErrn$

v4|l.hhi,!sFd'ddffi:*ml'gffi*-

r3.5 Ht66E v d@d.dduv. PrugEmhlng

LIMrF @ rls b. d.d6sl by {. nPlu$ d" Put d'uhrr it b t"didd- r8rid;h; ir_i b b. ..ti.'!d'. TrE 6s N ;id b h. d.dmdw (dd ! lurddd rd l%ic

huug.). Th. |dd 15 sid b h. madedre (dut l! ItnpariE Lng{'86)

1.4 PRINCIPLE3 OF PROGRAi'I/WNG TANGOACEA

ur. rnt otE lr8qs. P'!6EdnE |Igur€6 G *t{,1@uluh '|dd

00 Mtitu !o m.hinq {d(llr) hr.hlE !o md'tErn pdi.ipl€! o, t6Snhhh! L$u.3F sleid b. d.t@d h sdr . |m, s {

r."s,.d@Lbd;;If-,h.".dis!.d6.D@.d* riudrrsnEortr

The pdndple! o{ p68€mFln8 ltn8uags fibuld b. rbL b mhbh 6' le{l ol.b,;.b; - d'.; |;€*cd ;.y b. r..u out ri. deing Pr*d tnd tvoidrequiring swduS b h€ dtd hor tnr @

r!

3.

5,

ltutudcdoi b Pr@nni4 L!trFatg c.e"! 9

L.h8$g. fiodld h€ detiSmd 'n

tu.h r rum so tl$r rh'v mr) b' 'ble

E 'ur@bFlwsl Fdioud m Pr@ xhi@

bllsr. rhouLt hlv€ $. h.ilq b dugntde ed! Es " v * Po$lble uu mr:."-*"i"eh * t *

". a.tuo,ir* r Jsdd b. 6u8I! bv *E 6r lim ot d'LF

Moddd rllolrd b. d6k!.d o olr(4 11r lg tB dr 0E iitorerid !.Qd.d ro e rh. lEduL ffitlv,

'nd

(h) Th. h;Ltu'ro' tq:n tlc ffomrio ncd€d !o impldai ii. mduledcrly,..nmtug@.

Ttu d.dgi d FESr.lu it lnSu36 thdld h. 5 .E*i.ni s drr M rhdid rcr

-,i'. ri *i r-r* ur r*otcL r6 io o{ e ih n I hd lNbd u cFuldlsct t l.b€lwiL\dyp. ionriaimotlt r€ir.@del*whd

IlEddtgn Fr.tPl6.aF rn46i,g|tngu|,e3ldld d*tbst d v Fv htsh.t he l@ .\bld diedhuted obJ.

AI iiEdrcturrberppMr (Mul€l) h0EEnLt d'r b.labGdtr@t-v

Tte ddlh flmtlg.hould lvoid d.totd6d4 dur b ind?P.dmr tunctodtdld b:d;n lGd by,tderdddt n;lut'io risic dd o@l or hv twbon

Ilc.t s EnE k thdrd nRu t*,otbbilltv orltoABffiinl h8{.8e w.dErrd.-voi &.iE E r:dlitL. thi c deFd'dor d I F@L! brdw d I

Ttu LJl3uge 3b'nd .U\tw the EP|gbdm oI i.loddm dEi rt* le rts* '.dd\at lh. @piLr will ne.t

Ttp d6ISn ?tldpk or F.Snantttg L.Su:88 th@LC las.d 6 @hbiSiolr

(d) E5liab d*ib.txl

10,

l0 P@Mii. rlwti-PndrL! oryl h'diF

No Fo6dndEr viobE ln. ddinltim olrhe ).4urgc or ib M inhded 'h'hedE nd epe d.b.iim

A LnruF ddJtt h. s :nnPh 6 FGiU. TTE dudd b' ' 'i'mum nbba ol

crE;! ;idr ttlnpl. rul.! rd $.ir Munri.nra Snhcbt &dtr.naj

'ijngsthictlo.klihil&sh@ldt ilnllrlrdrhingswli.ltlmt'li(dd ouldbe

1.5 CIIARACTERISTICS OF PROqRM fiC IAIjGUAGES

w. h:* !a h pEds *dw oDr rh4 'dst

sdru tGdtgh bd hgu36PesntuG 3w.ny Pt Ln to K m bn8ug' d* !o er du' b 16 rG4s m s

A rdd pagmnntta$@et Atlutdx rdtdi^|dhftvb6 t'$@8t c6i!d dtu7. Sn''',jdtY oI Ldtu!36:

rdddb@lEdin"Everlr;r ;olt b. s ri'nPl! d PosDli bur rcr sihPla/

^b.; GaMr 0c ol ptoeEdri'rs lrngEs' d6sq l'nsu3' 3ludd b€ 8v ro

i"i. i r,"r-s. 'l"i{a-p*+ ; irir' rr',*d} b dP'*

'nd prosr'F I

-J*,rold i" &*tp*i t "t* dsodthlh r'q@ dd' lihPl md hi6'd kl; -uee o I'qoe. a.d3n.Io'l

z u,{rnity,sb;6i t h --. .Fb* h &', Pt%rtohnB b!3!'8p lhould htve $tuffitia in ods woid! lrntu.!. tt tlSt Ml dPPd 'nshSorv

F r rr3r

r; Mdna t'isuse deld b.6t b aPta $ dd I D, PBid' u!iiLiliiii:-;;".r-db;. rryd'& oi'"t prcg.n*! r'ryus' deF

'd3@rh.Lwlol ddm!ndl' rll@ .{ ev P63nolnng LnguS! d'padt @ iE ryPtadd tow'rdt

L Ot*tgaaditr dd A61ir,n"

"".oi."lrs l-'s.s. *"da

'uPP'd lutihh lrdeF&R Hiog@litv

J"5 ""0. "Gi'u

it ti's 'tt" m A'nlift vdru LrhE o' r Ln8lrc" rn ar

; -"'bn"d,@ "'td';-t '"'li-um D'!l8 '6drEtur' irre bnsuase rhorld ruPpd hdnum 84"llrt thd

'! no rFd'l Ebicdoc

,\.uld b. bPd.Fd snDh dll blh Etd€I

'dE Pc obidd|lid rmgs36 iLt il w[

rddk{oi o A,e.mnia Laala& Cqtul|6 11

t Cttrt, uhrnbis@lr syt]I.ti. arA Sdtuntk D$.nplian:

Th€ rFcric and €!.ndc stuctm ol uy F'3EmdirS Lnguase lhould b. .l.ared u;nttSios. AdtiSlity Ey orre th. tarrdib aid es. svnhri.3hdGtuy lr.duP ridl dmlar cdnE6 (!!5ii83)

6. Pandilitr - ltkdil4biliry ddn'intdwe:Hoai. <ocrd"r R.d.b iltv hn. mpdl.nt thrn wklb ity rhe derign olobe.mrrns lanll4 ihould luppoi M.imum

'.adabiliry' R!'d!b tv

l,;*".d;*;oi.'d Ls".l (*;Gbcl ffi 3v @6ins udlhLt dE**.; d;b. did@d q; !d $*dr ur dinicdtv.Radlhilite d<id6 d* m!@ oa du q!!$ty oI dtr PDgEm &d PbSr.nningl,nSu!S. L r prosflhhhg ldgug. i! f,nly E d'bl. thr mdificrtltu in

srwr4 wtu.h.ro PESBonrd by !'ing that Pdtuh ProSrmng tan8ugerE rlnple .id st liEliv.. M.n'hi@. i! dlo 6v .nd on effenv. lot ! s@dFrtubL F!3l@hl bi8!.8e

Dd{beedm D @rhdBPld rt@ugh whid, p'lgnmmnt8 bJUuS' dn b' hjr in

rh! rurld. A prcSEd6in8 hng!:g. llould b' kujNlrEd 'nd 'ttuld hit 'i(s oln om;dttns oindd;c. PFsEnmins lansu.3.! nt* luv' I wdl'

docuh.nred and e.tv b E d nrnuL $ tnat Proeonm{. can un'teFrmd |r€Lngla$ si$ in n\d dft.

W;tlbilitt ! a hdG ol low e.dly r LiSU:8.6 b. G.il b @E Pr.8Etu ld 'ch66 EoDkd domin ^

PosFmins bn8u3..lFuld hrv' l€ numhe otrfi.. Ve(NEG s posEmms mry b. hhilBr wlt' il6r drdPEgrlMinS l,ngu3. ruPPdt MbhtnS oI mrlls .Mb.r or Fnid( .ootud.nd.66i3bt d o{ ruk b fxd d( lr4. n'fu d P'dhc

Abdtu 6 *E tq hd .l mdh pi.gNnl8 bn3ul3. $h.n dbs b 4oa.licihd 3htu; Dd @r'6 witlFut bowiry hu.h debil lbout rhhsv d" *rpd or .b.F!.hon aMb"h P63.nhins ltnS!.8ft ruv b. I.ftr our rhe

;urinr istu rod .@d Equing sn.rhin8 b be lbEd m@ hn oB'Lngug€ Ii*. c++ .id r.n dpPod lngh Lvd ot $3h*ti6

R.li.bilio n v.ry eu.h nl.H b unabiliv, Edrhiltt lnd n'dnnbfitv lr a

bnsusii! Elia;le rhd fiould di*q*d .nd atily d!6v@d dre lvnktic rndloSlel (emutu) .ru,a pF3'!lmtn8I'n3{!.lt $id b bc bd Eli'bL if it PPotb 3btd 9F.lEldn8rid .xceti6 h:ndlB hc.IujqueFd .nhple rh. cwr i€dd o{ C l.n,u.8! sPP.d gF chr}in8 E I tvF.heked b aU t'e p.dlfuLrnSur$ lite Ad: c++, Fv! inQdPt run-dhe erER b/ usine rh. .r.ePtjd

12 P@miq rd4rrg'Pidrl6 ,'!r tu,A@

Porbb'l,ty or Proghffimg hryutgs i\ morhs 'ffi oI 'oram

Tr' 8oo'pi"g.-i'.8 -1i."8,,'r "h;"u;'dod

hnlp@uhv or P'osrr* rrm nr.

;;"8;;Nd tB GdddoFl bo'hdonPtb tYtubndF ba. cr ,nd J.r dPPd thi. FEPI 'fE.6 v' |r Lh'v h'w3bnil-;ized ddundc owh! rc PdbbL PFS':B b b' lsPl.'shd

rz Sinptia\ oJ dnPlld Wta6hud.A E@d pF8ntuilnE linSu.8. i!.lwdyt sihPL ld onPil€t inPl.fulhrion

"AL{iett lt tiople b P.F tc *t @Pila s !t' sihpk ro P'E tr hu'mpos6;;,.nd rtd tu oilt h€ D *t"

73 Mdd". bd.P.nc.ne:MrcnirE Ind;ndre i! !a unpdht i6he of nodd PrEr'flnrr'8 l'ng!r86. rii:' i! e;.6rE6.4 .dX b tEy hdd b -r '|R mPld.rv t'd !d'Fdre'Fd mpL l&SFr.like tdr it dd b h' *ttiF n'&Pa'dd b n@ dE t

cs! .r htur tLF !n inPobnt 61. in th! .'|juri$ or pEg':mng bng!r96cdledv $nu.flB@lhvt ld 6droetro{ |h

.r h d b. @..jh urd.6d bv ih. d kwi'dg' oI5frwG Ergirrau'8'' dut I i d 4 Er b addoP dr Lrs..olM4 qhi'i rc d'ffkdE $

lh;r tFBEtri@ tld b 'j* d* Lisurse !t'id d rid"c da dr t/

nn dfl@tihk tiry.ntltD wjr'.* ot"or.A au.rng 0'. *r'l.D6 d c pdogEh lhtr lr Equl"d b

.fit .&pt sEmEdt t'l* bd'but n Rdv.|Gc@Prc3@*i so d;{v-E n*d trd

-Pn- b ri'n'i- Ea d 4tut'6rn

(iit we rsw nuirFe.d rift dlPLxdrv rtmvt dtuln@p@ *ian' ' sir':,@ud$;.rd b.he ottqPnsw@hd @bt'Ptini'bv ttns

efl6tiv. Fsilddlddm le.Ihiq( sd by Pdldlry m_trte suPPdt

llv) ai * urd rorl9f PFlt|B oE trx ta uE dv qft $ml'6'3w 4.d66t n dun8B d s!

ne€d So rls.ys deign ot Pt%Etunn! hnguSt ihould suPPon 'qminrffi doPdrti4 tn.minr'!@ dt'

r.6 PROCIRAIIMINq LANCjOAOE DEAnN ES{lEs

n!' wd dial@E ldd€loP r '@F.SnhningLtuugqs

d€ig'EorP Fnhn3Lg*ii -*iui*'y.*.i "u"ut

iE dosn ol ImEurE' dd ib 'PPlorim

w'rd'*?il"**

* -*,.*"" *!6, whi.,, hult h' d<'r€!'d duhs rh ddienng

lir./(,i.i b &o@niiq L,aa6 c.lclr. 1 3

(i) I}osEnmins lmgutSs hu,t solve tne sobLm, without.au!h8 new one.(iD TIe deisn of pFgfi'm,nB l-gug6 shodd b. 6ir.!le iid .fti.ienrly mPl.mnkd(iD rhe liJl3uas.3hould h!€ 6r.tuly sFit sdi6(iv) Dstr rhold h€ 6F.ially sty oI 'l* latus(v) DeriSn ol pbShnrsg hryurgF.hould b! r.dt b bale modiliciioD io $lt

(vi) D6iSn of proSraMiry lan3@96 shodd uppd n 3 ihPl.lMbtion m eeer.l

(6) l{8u3.! shodd t pr.P.i<t b !.ll.t to sbns.Oid D6iEn o{ pFglnuiJt8lIUu.8E sh.uid et in tuteuhi.d ide(ix) PF8r.ming ldsss.. Fult hrw wib nnnuls tnd ki!.(, D6rsn srcup oI pEgrsdmii8l.nsllage lh.uil tt.s @ll a pditL(d) D6l8n grcup rnoddrot|fdid bpiE rll deign3iR, oR d6tibud, rm hrrd b

()dl) SFt r ot Fogffinn8 Lng{4€ should !r@ ft. iadtbiliry.

1,? FACTORA INFLqENCINO THE EIALONON OF PROSRAMMINqTANGqAGEg

w. hiw su out d6rg!h8 ol poSEming L.3ug6 i:, ra, trwhdve 6k .nd ir ishnug*d by !.ml t .G but dplb nNtu and d6ur tudldoloBje d rl* M

l.?,1 ComDuter Arclrlt€ctuEIn 19r5,Jc\n Vd N.m. d.d.Fa tu hFtut@P{e dridicny df*d d: Frt oImpuq pEsnmns lanSuSF Ih iin 6 trw c ilhdd F.8tu knntqq.. ftjsb<Ani|u 3hd *Dr l}F rtul rmp{E hadwc dsuld h€ imr'k.td d Ed b b. htd.wiEd fd acn poBm. rn5Fd ohpuk n!tuhd ll^ouid b. Ed ro onhl rt* hrdwrrudowln8 it to be E?ogram€d nucn fab,

TIe sd onept wa *hdly ihpdht k' da.r.{llld ol PE€ntminS l$8u38v@ Nelldd el|d it -ddit'dul mdd ENL'r. Tfij! id6 ArE l* b a'. rcd.n ofsubr.ud@ or rnD bl(l01od. *ur ouldLiuFd bntay ods, i6bd oI: lnvk itoI rlIdolo8i..l oda lreP3 ld dc cmpuE io nL DE mhl i&. of Vd NurmanNhIe.nE w.! ri,r 'Both d.b ud pp86tu c rkd h rh. itu N6ort Tn qhlpKsins unt (cPq,,hl.h ctuly.Rr..lEh.6d! ! ePr.t IEh dEGnory'nd;thlctutu b tuirty fttpaEt*. loalutii oli'Pdatis htru36

Ttu o@U rh.te of a vo N.!lrl|m ConDult i..hsn in q& rllbbon,s tay Ist d dt rdits bEteret&dioe.tlGain jffita!.or

F.dhool l!.3!de6 did, worb qlhout .s,8mmt sbtE:Mt .nd wt,loct hftiorbur tudoul r,niDs6 Euppos Mpnbbo by p!*d Pdslw prEllel ehikMw,s Itu n€xr dut hrw appedd oE the !4t 20 y* hold sah! Pdni$ ror sPeding lne.Kuri6 d fun.rioMl proS@.

14 Pqnnf,i{ r!4!dF Pnnd}la "! P'dittu

lrt '.i

r.?.2 Progtrn{tls r'rtethodorodc3

trmffi,lhffii*fm#ffi

ffi,m*mw*mffi,ffill/itud"InPft{.,'nt3

ffitin*hry;v*',;af,fl #"ffi ;?r;rs"i

lino/K,io" b Pturdnnia l,que, c.Krt 15

Ieensr 0ut it wd n'llsry b suPPdt *E divieio of th. F lu into *llie6ned Pa'bo! nodur6, |h. odd t€ d.*loped ..d bed t'd.Fddly oI @ Mo0E, 5 tha seralpopl" worr togldE w.rhr or lsrS. pbsrrnnhs ohd sdular PrognmmuS.! ft6on..md whh rhe eubdrvilion oJ pdsrrN h to @!.rbl. ".hunlf Th. eneprmnFs id.o abour Lvd of abehtion mod{16 m uu.,Dt dn8.d in a hihKhy olab.hdion. ft !t d€gib.r th.r nforDtid Nding rDdul6 $o!ld b. dai8l.d $ oEiinJomr[on ontalftd wilhln. nodule b nd a(dible b oind hodul6 hrl h.ve tu ned Id

frii)oW{Mt nrurae|s:h b.siB h th! !.rly 1930l Objd{'imFd R$oddoSy h.3iN witn dab .t hchohfo;*on hldss blhbR and dyMn ( herhod tindhg Jrvr' C+-, Adr 95 rndpElos++ !R 'm s'qrra ol oEd{ddlea p686Min3 hnsu36.

T l rh. cq@?t of sn uamcy sr, dertore4 rh. bdh l cmPub l.Uow rhe @rcPr .lom p!E€s; one sR oI d.b d a b.. .n dhd rtrd!

'n81. ruh.rid mde d.r. (glso)

8cr mw r dlF on !rE*1 tupFd |lnlL iEturiq .nd hlllPl. d.6 (tvD) orePETh sEt siit.ly !r.d SIMD m..nns G 6eg.ty d fr.litd c.I€d E&r Pffii

we @ yi.w @u:dt .t louowin3 hre& of progEhtln8r(,) InsMid lel (rwo or hoft tsitu.r@ rft asr.d limulbeousl,{b) *cghrl€vel(Iwod!n!lbtt,1deerdl.ddrul66urly)O SubpErtu leld OM d @E $bporl.6 4ed dn'dbm6lt)(d) Psgnm lewl (Iso o! m@ PF8r.tu.F.Khd ttnutamsly)J,vr tiEd! and C* d@ds.re &mpl6 wlrnt Prcg!.mniig.

1.A I.ANGOAGEPROCF,SSING

ln ndin. hna!.3. oI omPlr€i L its..r ol DmiEMdon rnd it it mt 4y !o wriE tlErbsFh tt uiit edlm lr.3u36 willFut suPPon oI -y 0$6 s.IMt

Tl€ @l m@ pncricrl pl@ing ol Pognhnh8 lrn8uag6 i! rhrcugh irhrlreprc3Dru in hktE.lewl IenBUa86. whirh wtk r nrblra b?kn ll'8h-lel bnguage

A luEus! inpl@bh ttu d nor b.ody $tMn d(mPuk blt tko nquRdlrlBt ou.-ti6 oi utility rrcs@, €Ued oFating tylEm Otddn8 synm PrcviddhigheFlevsl pdhirirer lor vdios jobi lile *ore twg.ncni lile m.n.8@nl, editu,and lnPur{u9ut oFEbos.

Pr gn'uing l:l8!.8! t tuLtim 6b. viecd in lro waF$t tkihw.Canpttd

We tmw ih.t ompurEs B.n r,[y llaE I low'leKl N.hid Lnguage and when lheb1.r lrnsuge o( 'n, hldldd i! sl/ ru.ltin. lsryu8. we ,ts F,l tne I(mDutu m h.rdwk only, h oths @dl n' 6! ed i hj3n Lwl lrn3u3" i:;

dletly hsht d b IEt'i* llnguge.

16 Fryaniia r,a@_Fiidt|l, 'iA &dirtu

hr sotturd sinuhtzt c'ttyrh:" ;::J;;";*-**hhiwsu\ahqt'.r*rr'n*s3'6ibna'hi*

i*l',*J.i.i " "

-r'ej 'a** ,tmurr*d mPurt h odm d'd5 '\ddidrrv 'r

ir

,ii?iiiiiii " ,,"*' .,,

" *ndt" tisr ta't h^s'ts' 6

'6 ddnt k'3!q'

i", * ""ua

L q t"-pt- *p"''tv! 'nd

hisl'lv urneribre (bedu i wou'o De

dff.ul !o u ir wi$ oths ll8ltLvcl l'n8!4lr)ro undd rhtt Or tssLti@ * iud k'w dP tuhn' ot rh' ?rogl'd

1.9 THE SIRqCTqRE OF TiIE PROCRAM

We @ Mlyse I oFPUE PDgEh dak@:I bnnlsMertwl2 9nb.nc srutu l:wr3. c.ntul slsbF twd4 SdEldi. !tsu.le Iad

1.9.1 Lerdel StructucIn! Ld6l Frrl.r sv lns6 ! lo*or Lvel A h! levd @P@ PFgtN 'E

vdd a

ffiffiIffiH's:Hff#"1'5ffirffiH;*p*d or a"gt dt rbd' *qlcEd ffi

W. d cl,gifY b*d a b^g "dEi

anna:-

lllmxffvs,ff 5.:H[:"*!:ffi 3ilIf^l*lx#:ffiS,I:ii l"---ii-* *p'* r"s-!' sv sppod *.'cidvitv 'nd

orh-' tuv di:i,#;:;;-;'i;dd;.r$'i'F d - d{ d-s' or d'@v!iaE'3gga

r@t:iii**a" * t'. **.r'* tv otr rDsust di't b EPrsr bd or P'nirubii'r*H-Li ij-i;r';; *' i! ud ';

idndne; {.*dffi'€r'ftdbo'*d

r,t s e srL ol hngurge c

rs! ftd L r.Yfllld ]d idl i:r iddtts'

kmJc'ih D F@Ma ljDrr.ts cod!! t7

ln sone L.3u8q sFill 'ke,*otd!' c.d io idarify o?.Ftioa b D€ pe .rtud onoFtudr tut i! Eri oFnb.

Fd Flrhple in bn8!.8c C:(a) Ad$h.ttmati.rl op*abs (+,.,'/, x)(b) Lo$d oFnb C, - t <, <', ' ', !, ql

The M pltctttti.n n4! ted b AtulP b|.dv &4!da otbknt h'the. "unit" Mnin8.i{,}h outeutt4 b:t ir i6 dh dcltbk b udud. purdutnon whd€ ltR tftIs uRd

{wiltar E d,!us.) s r.?&aM w! tu Pmde th. Putudd .hxrE wi!\ kh:t ito[d d6cA.&d$r.r {u{.lly. t .l drsh'\')

Some la$ulg* 3uppod lltsrb wfijch d.nok dLet vab4..n b.. Nub6 dd i! r, -U3,3.14 6.0u.23. Cl\.llfudrtir'J.3ri.8,duiG"rorehr

w. tlw tlur : Sood pFSm it om dEr s unddbrdrbl.unddbid:bitt by r.ludinl .ld'inStul ffi! h u da

coffi|lcohihd dun'gpNing.Tn lbnof r olfu i3 E?dllv i.d6d b,r Ly @d (L\.t i, omn6i) d. *P.nlot, a t Ny lls b..nd.d by I t.P.6tor'

1.92 Syrt G{c Struct@tlE sldctk Lvd rtEdit€ 0E ut ltEt F.snh li.EErE c (nstuctla 6!m t t!!Tni! i5 rl{yr wry p8!.ly it€irud in |!rB.{. did n* 8ntlw

TrE b6t lq.h .idpLt @ BNF (!.cts N.d iof,) d IBNF (Ertended Batu MurFdh).9nbr dy.bo b. deit dLn'B..ytu r*

I^u€eEBNFdnph:(.s)

<*Rnd ri - <ner/ I<3@)

TrE tntu b tor.boft EBNF wlll b. d ln ll3: 12

1.93 Contcxtual skuchtr€Trr. onl.xtul led o! Nlytis i3 Msftd wiih lh.'qEli" h vhi.h PF8t56 sbt henF@. PESnn sbt *n6 !fl.Iy 6nhin id.ndltd wh4 sl@ i. diqbicd by orliasrrk'mE (6Fdany h the @ oI b\e lrlp.diE or objd diaEd PndiSa)

18 Pri'cm-! b4,a-PnKtkl 'tr1

&81tru

.b 1,

ffi ,#xT:,ffi xffi ',:"ffi s'T'iTltr'ffi *ir*l:iIti s * e drhpl€ oI I'ngu8' C

|.tc.r+b; I

inrc.r+br I rhlt 1'valtd

I,IO INTROD{ICTION OFTRAIISUITORSffi;ode or the hlc n borh L^3u'8' 6d F n r.rc'*ii-"*.oo-*-*;tai@!gm*qrreorote'6'iduri!Fi6edbv. n,Lli*-iiii"i ri*"rv t". tt. sbdion od' ba*Ld rd dr "*pu**#*g*;ru{m*'rnmtxtriY;.Tffi Iili..i"*r t rnrtl,t' s. t"":lv *'

'rn d'fitr hdltts ts bu08

litodrcd b F4Endq rdis{. GRt! 19

"rn6t tds oE th. "rtL\rcptosalahid'

4n brLdrt lgnmsuithnh h etftldgr$l

.,*.*.=-[JH#^-}-"-"*,t. !3

ld u il&.€ 9@ tuLbq &ich 6 Arsblqr i'bpnldt doElPiid

^' AMtta it tmtb!.tt- d csl:}ty bnau'a. af '.tuPltdAn.shbly ri 8{.gF i3 th. lwd Ltd Fotr6hing Lng!,gF lor r smPurt Ir !

rdLd toaartBs ohPub r)€h,nd nhln d.Hi.neP6&nt

**"*:f * p'mu"F|iiJ

CollPila! e lh. trsLbr,tti.h !.td.!. r FosnnrnhinhiShlev.lldE!.t Okc++,rOR'm N,COBOI" PASCAL) in bn d R..d.ld|motrp!@ rEhiHuE (tuh6 an hr€l p6riuF GhitrE), TIE g@.tsi od€ 6 b.l.h .Red Mv rih6.t|iBt

Fbr,s

Inrbown8@Mp a p.rio'fl ol svarlrg r PEgEn wrM h N PlqnhhnlbntuF oer L HU Dilsu) n b o{ie.t6d. N@ fttH srrtu Pffit {whkh n-x-ed l;aa d!6 ktu;n; Iit"s" .di;) Pqlrd&m v.ry ld_Lwl pMlnS.r obFdc.de in od.! to @ni€n I inb r ffidy]6{n P68.h In rt* nrcnhe Lqu8. L.dk It L\.F6arm dom whlch r.b,ny r@ 6 $e 6r'Pukr, c..Xn8 hput dala if my .nd PEdrcing

20 Pwnnn! r,ia.P-P'iftitl'r 'd k'dtd

f.HHS,ffffiffiffiffi:ffi"#ffieffiif,ffi 1d####fl'fl ffiH$i#j.:ffi ffm*

ffi#ffiffiffi1.11 THE TARGET ARCHTTECTONE OF COIIPILER

ffiffiffiii$ ffi5'*ffiff,f;'-"", s*h. v'r' hlt o

'ot n th' hiidun or iru

F-"ffi.",r' o" o'".,i. r'.nd h';tu 'tl3rdvsEE'orbdisids@nPIrqEd

ffi"!lvxmr,r"*.*nstrrf; H:;ffi trHs:i'itblhlc.l latu6 of rt€ oF6$8 r}lEm

-"lSmgxn*,:"ffi ;;,:ffi#fftr"ffi fr lffi:llill& **

"d9 r'"'a e'. r,.*o"r st b' vEv tnv'

'nd llr ddriry 6d' rh't I

'J-",lLil;i'* -*,srtEshtu; "*onPri'rtd

o'*IL *' Ntu'dd;lE6 sn b. v.tY Fnnd

111.1 Vlrtuat &acninc ArchlL'lurcffiffi

lih/*,h^ r *at'amia r""'@ Gict! 2'l

gendaril1! dbj4r cod.. Ihe.ode g.nd{ad for vtrlul Dchine b.si fit tne neds ol th.ompild could b. h6e@bL .tFrk ihn od. 8qdd.d fn a 8tddl Pu!p@ oFPurs

Anorh4 .dvhE.. rtri aulb IFh ut r VLMI mdft is *t. .r{ Mth 'h(h the

omDir€. cd b. tsd;6 othe MthjE ?|iture pL its& tu hettng43., rttla!8hthdi h:v.ld ;th€6, luch !r L\a didEl p*.1MPur, wnl(h 8€ttrFd.ode ro'

' qtu.l

machB cdld P{d.. Uiu||ly, pFeU th. drdla o mths mehi* 'lquid

rhrt *'.fucod.ffibn,'c*;nidillnda@orvituloEh4Ptu3rh.MPnab.'boq;ad ms;dbo{@lvqsonFdulryEEmtlrh.Iai.sPiL'loru!hcr rd!h.r@ our s rft.6dpnc tut oopilt dELnS!'SFbdne pdbd o'R.dPilahs h€r Ftd lo |sdiad.lii<tua it d he bftLa.9 8ie am a it @ d srprdiou*HB6& rnd lt liu nin SF|6E cod. th.t .euB PFF:lv d N vM wb@ or Ealwolli6int rd4. vn LnSu€t b trcdE stduE d.n *lG:F BuUv quiEtrpL tn

n.bf In $!t w4 mr dE @ rh4 soulc b. B,lowTh. pde thd t! p,td rh* and@Ss rP&n ol F le ! $' lacl of tPt€d dMtih! A

vitul;(Nn., F;ldru! clled ,n Dt rpeb, it llwtt! rlows thd a Hl h'chiJE

1,11,2 Pro! 5nd Con! ot Both th. Atct L.t$e

tu: wy,oavd4s.|'k|sedk&!bs$ .e5hb|!h&@*hfu

b cql.rdtfubdd'MFd'Et6@bu$rdd

.cd/dbMn6mEeB

.i.q\4u|dk6ldq.dhs'-[|

1.I2 IMPORTAICE OF II4PMIIVE LANCOAGES

our ofd.6v. FnidPd Por8Elmn'S Ligu.g. Frdi8i tll imPd'tiw E th' tEt FPul'r'T1f, inqbN d t€ v4ryld bt fork'di6 Poin6

. Ttu ihr.n6* PalddiSn is th. mt sbhlidEd P.ndiSn

. It&nudrm@in@wilit|trmPuL..6muiy3wavoltl'in*ln8

. IF@rtv.DrFrruudbmrrudrfednndivothstFof PFgnft

. pJo--i" "" PEPaftd b xdl,k one ot L\e advrc'd &tu6 Ind

p.F.-*r"g *-".i* s".*tllv .*arbd ej$ his}fr lal Ln3D+6 lnd.lDnr.ld ,Ded ot qder

n";.p"t.ir". r.t[*s- -. b" a"6""a r...dins b tlF chdensh' riat t['v dlthv:. By rl.L'rlr,.ititMi (@dm,n4!) oI inPBtv.Ln8u'36 de'Kukd tn | lcP*s'

. &. Eult olda o{ @d.n G frthl

22 F@i i! r,{r4rPndtL$id eidntu

. Estu.nve ,*iiF!gt rtu .{d d auEt!3 ' valE b r wn'bL h'6 *F dl6r ot

u"*'.* J,t'" u.'t o'" -'i.tl. hislr h'!e held premldv. cmb;l;lc c@d'biliv ol dt PEgr]ffi FmsllMBd'rtliddv@m

;;i;;;;;,"""":h*.;*i @rid and d*ucadon o' vuilbrs

'1.12J Growth ot Inperatlw Progr'nmlng Langlagd

aI nEah h@tiw lmsu's€ d @ dlv o'rsnE b6d b drd unFrht I'n3u36iiiifii'i. ,r'icor so ,ia EoroL "*.quddt

ds€ inn*dl r'rg!.gE e obddib.i ! {Nd:do hg!4.

i** o.wu *u--,iorr.*ut traltrinst sbrdl. !r'*'d 6iolb'::. Dglqrd h rF6 bY dc h..ku rnd l'n' Irm-tth.6cr$dtulrMptbl'lPFwd"lgilt14{186-. t it.n ltc b6 Evl$tl ro t t ..@nt ot idet m fi{'6d pDSFndm&

nd{*.r t! d#lng in PopurdrYAI4O! 60 ArcO ndsi.l.{u!8. on h' vi'dea d lo!o$:. I w$ in 1960 t tlte3h. ioint ElbFu- A@ien co.Dre. AI,GO! wd 0E tdt tlod ltllfu bn3laC€

' ALOL*3dEfdLn8w!.*lbtildxsaddjtd!'u8BNF'. n ws d*did,'Gbrof @t hodd hf@dw ld8uga

@0OL CoM Bltn6 Gb'd L.8u.8. d De vid'd a tolos. D.wroe.d in 19$ owulh r ffiih @ittug or$t' ot Us .WP d

. coso! Mr it6ign d to Fas 1116.nd is *s€LE tt! @n dhdY'lv edbnsu.ge Id d,ih PI@ru

. slre lb inti.l inh.ducdm rh.l.ncu.8e Drodlv uidDn3dRlLEodhiD beua . numb.r or <onmn rmPe'bve (hd odkt) ProS"orh8

lD*u.s6 e ri,M h tt "Mi'i,rs dt'snh' oI iololhe fuu"

@ hpa:d* P'.tsn*{ htEl*s

Iid!i(t,0 AqrnDi{1,41.{gc.G't 23

A llge nuhbs of modn inpd.tiv. L.tu86lol@ th. 3tyle digimk\d in algol 60.

lre Lryug6 irl!.L d. .nd Fsl, .nd d rtN b. a.!@H a Al3ol .tyl. b!8uagaTlle is.ls.a si8' riodgFupof Ian8u86 0ddb.dsiHa C'tyL Ln3ur3athetEhd. dE objel oienled lsgn'gF c++ .nd l.vr

Tfu tu* ldd€ly ued lnpradw laryug€Jound tn induE is.uMdy th. ye 2mq c,which hnde ro doF mr. E md<4 (rii\c++ rnd lav. cfthns!?)

r.r2,2 FeatuG6 of l6p.Eti€ langurgc!Folttrn€ lat6 o{ dE inpatiw pr.lnMi.g l4r!u!.n nu& dEn &i!ort!t bd@.ll pedign o,p'o8Niry l,n€la8F

I rtut e uul)y't Fd". Bmdl, * dlrlatitM ab8di6 o{lnF.dp drb

O E n drhtyF.(ii) cmFund .bb rype

2 hpalrin Ln3ug6 @npder 0r lollowint onFlEbIn D.b ded.Ftid(ii) &r'4ion whrch,teld hlu€,(it st hrhb wl'tch 6rr dt $ft oF.ion {8t i:' siSmht 3bh.ni

ondldo..l rhtuq.nd pr tmdffi.3. I/O rd d h.idling o:dDn!@a A wrh.d.{ 86utng dl oa rll rt K n$o r dlpLE prsg@

r.T3'T!IE COTJCEPT OF BIIIDINC AI]D BINDING T!'4E

'A bindiag i' M '@arno^tuRoe

tN 81kga ad1Bantu.d d, tdnSit ww"Bindi,u hry b. b.t*un .. rdbdh.nd.n ddty d b€t6opadon .nd . ryhbol.

Wh6d!tt Ea6l b 6'rpilr4 r h bood to. Nmry s?€aBirdht Tw t &. ,ie

't 'lidt d. @;.tit^ b.ba t@ itu n.'ata- ne d ffit!

din2nt binrinenw d't d s.iniasd:7- lnr!'gt M&nTiE

w. *nom out rur oI iIE tutuB .[ dE pbSr.tming hn3u86 t tB plie atd6i8n dft.hly. Forsmple @ntot flow @h.g Fimtiv6 ud otErffiric.'I}l€ 6i'dl^B oI E&flld ubrde th.t lr I' .!q !or, ed whjle eb br.r pl.* .t d6igndmaDFblndiryolstrttlynholOi!dkided!tdd8nti@$l!l!boundt ureuuiPlt .risoF.fm

z ,'{:ag' tadtuttntrTwso.n bn3hs Dy b*6 ple.t IrtPLMt dmtl@s.drat/o6uPlin trFhmd.p.ndr *ungr &dr s ,d hap !d 3h.l dz,'dEn8P ot v.ti.U6 d$&' theerlPL of C Ln8!.8. ni.ble

ltu ang! of po$ible vrlE i3 ddd.d rr l!n8u.8. inpl@.nbdon 6n!

24 Pqinniq r!'w.ts_Pi |l' titl P'i1itru

!, P@@Witaqlttn'- ".L**

.i* rt * * tt*dd @ d<ld' rbou! 0u blndinS Fd dpL dtFo;s@ rhd d.b!t(i[ -d ..@For &PL ln C ldguSr:

Inr. (t01,

In. kiariiads of .bov. d.6*d !nu.@ 'i

roly, llt dyrnt tqd*tlEE

- *.-;dr.*e-*"rtd ,lrl E illd td wdn !c dp&d rd hound

iii ;i'r.;.; "., -pp.a "

@;Pit rh. trul tut{@ or c h'eu3' rLii'iiiii'a ijr t I t"',: i"*," -tv d.r {6 bt sr"6 dEd"Tdd'\3h-de

rdrt rtdteilislt !*dfd rk ttbd6woF t[u "futi

". ""r. r*ir*n" * t',* cn rtl undrns d l}' hho tudim o{ c

i.i.i. ni iiJ*-'vp'-uv t','a. vd't{" b 'd(krg sid n th' smg'

;&E- d; -bp'.6i-; !'r',it tuEdd! Ho*E' rt't"E.g' nor b;i;; ;l.dd";;hn'{"Phvdals'Pledur {oa"bdEF!86.d dn! @s duthB lo.d d4

Ru d4 urdnr l! v?Y bl-d ba tt o6 tFn d .dguc_tJJou tr.ia* t *Ltto u.a.a i M dd 'd

n' dr 'd c ttt bhdlt8d

lornl lt'&nd Ftuxb,'' iJi -.on-o- r..t'. -p-"ur b .d tdndnE ror enPL df, ELdw

';t- d dib o[i6! h.b'rs.lt d.dd.d ht rltr !dLb! dv

N@ rd s dlxq. anPL to i.l4 o* dw'. c6'cosidlr tu bnowilS rht rMt oi c hvu8'

soc o{ rh.bndinlt rnd d.it thnnu t'lBfor rh'Ftr otd t r4tEE*&o toltou. 1l! wE (hootv.i.bb nbound.t@tlh d4. Tlu; o{ D@bL *tua d out L bouid * Lnsu8' ltrlPl6'6b' @. ltul .h;l Er4nhd@ ol lhl b bdld

't dst!. dfr'

. Tlu hding 6f {E'+'oPod It h66d 't

.dp0' 6tu'. T& vrle o! 2 b b@id |t.xdUs dft

'l0l ihis ti'b'Mr'

.nd u it d.d!t d tt P6a.M

ldoJk&i b P'oljannhr LFdr!' cordtt 25

Frtn le nbdc dis.,*iaa, it B ury .lar dlit bindiq Md bndn9 ih. dn h kntu atty 'l.Jtalm tia al atpravrll it ckat.

r.13,1 Slatic Vs, Dynamlc Bindlngs

Tne oRpr oI sbtic sope ! alh6r liftik b drft binain& il I bindhS ocs belopeArid

'nd nroiG un h:4rd tlmshdt th. F tu lhd n i5 eid ro b.3he bindin8

Sbtk hiLti^g' saf,. tin? .4rn as.Mly bindiagt na antu ntna.dwith {at.t 4f.itn yIf bindirEi GuE duing on b6e tlEn sid io b. dyn&'ic rrndirS! or tort ri'! ld.

Ev4 b.ndns h$ i'i ohn idrrntlges Md db'dvrnb8F. For P\rff ea y btrd.ag3pbvide drri.a-y ind hh bn*tirus pFvid6 8ou lt rlbiLry. Bur drromi. hndhg! hdrso ll@ inpoftnt dirrdvrbS. .ho, fsl du aG d.tcdon c.Pabilit j. dininithedrclariv. b shiic t'".lthding. S.sd SEtet dlrldvbh8. ol <tyrod'rc btndi$ is .6t

Prr.l h.i lbuc huldinSs af tp6.ttd drMtc hndinBr of vdu6 b v.d:6lq but LISP

ha drMic brMding oI bolb v.ru6 ed tyFi.

I Th@ n po$ihiliiy of om LnguaS., whcn on do.ll i\e job!, thich aE P.tidhed bydi-4eot hleugr? slipp.n yNr dEugh6 witl !!gu'M!.

2, Wlu! !E ihe prc aM .@ ol th. bngu8.4 whi.h tuPpoG .e .ft:tidty in dE

3, Dsib.gn.d6ignhd€fbbdwddnciei.y.nd .ty j,a$hebngur8.tN

{, Eslud. C and C++ tsryuge, ldn8 ih. diEnr d*rib.d in dE.h.prds. wlur Dror tohE eould a pctuFor'|'bing hngla3.itdde in youopinion?5, civeib ef d*iphonof nc.kib{B.3!.dPBSE dih3h3urg6.z r/..t is . vinurl @npud? Hd !. u\e Lngu.8€ inpldent€d @ a vtturl

3, A poSam .oNisb of 400 slai.m*E ol 10 sbi.@B e tclQlly vEited durinS.torid Duriq inirhl phe of prcsrrh dewloPmdr rna tal the inhrPred i.e

@inrt ,uF.d b rl* trPild, j6dt dt sbhhmt9, whar t! pFghhnng b!8uS!? Wrd i! h6t lnpshr hatue ol a PmgEming

10. wh.rtbhd,.!?wruted.raeoalugr4. Gcl.dbrlaE/drtbirdiry?11 For rhe lonofthg sht.runt ot . ProaEMing llngaage dn.u$ vdioE 9pe of

bndhS and th. 6he *ha da bindhS, @ dore,

x-x12rY-5;1! wr . Ejorfetou thd irnhre d.reloPnmt of Pbgtdniry languag6 rnd giv€

t'ief ovsi* o{ FqF@i$ l.igu3. ddeloP'Fr'

CHAPTER

svntiu, semantlc and Tlanslallon

2.r SYltTA( V. SE|'l^rncs oF THE r^tc{lloEs

It n r.d lneqE.t l uv Prosrustl$ Ln!$8i $:r 't

D 4rlv sdo sEbl! b hE

l--.'ii"-j*a u"v *i.it ; d.P.*e hoe aPdr@rEhnmt'nd PFs'ml$.?fi,ii'i,#'-""ae'"e,*n Er bcrbr' b wrt. o!.{t** ht' th' hdP ol

ildldpE8dqn'8htulcs. rrtr ol ' PtuSmtming bastrs' d

tutur d dw oAe hnd a, @tu q Ntu hn ol i t ,r'6eit'r tt'tan nB tu Ptugatuv;r*;n's t*s!"s, 6 L\.

^@i'$ 3h'6 to 6'M'fit,.rn''yde

Fs ;d. h c bnsuuE Q sn bt' t* d'dtlo bv th' t"rtwlr! rbE.ut

(

(@.drlr..d €rPr.!!lon)

:::'**'

;

tll ddii!ol.Do€.F*nt ldrut*l'rhtrif sitriduldPdhnhaEtd'v'lu'dErbEndBtlh.tL&* h..rsE

2.2 SEI|IANNCS, TIIE MEAIIINO OF THE PROCRAM

ob{i.uir. dv6. etb dn wib . FlEe h @ PoSnMhS Lnrug' r' || kt{ nii"i.-i',i.aii*a-s *.h", *'i PiaM '* n'E E hd*o' "* Prco@nl!.d bv sud, lt ,omd rmb

. ir*-*.t,*,n"t,ttttdtPtrtt'@dt'lrsl'ldrtllPs8tu', sodtuRptr(dsiEri8t@r4uft'r)th'til:F addoctrlltt!cn

s",*.*tui,rd"dTdsLr, 27

Fm.l *runna Fbv 6 r v" oI rsni.8 ri8pudy at ur pro3lan: ore s.t oId*dbh8 rh. renjng oI dr. prcgnd i! 6, tuUl.@ridl obidt il. @tlEmnel PriP.di6.an tien be ued ro .how lhal is n4b iis spEilic.tion, oi rhat le aq!p6stu

^l@dv.lt, ' tuF diEr mts ro Prdfg tn. cmdb.s of ! po8r,n t! lJ

d56. i6 l.ua o 6 o{ rtr lod..l p'lpaB n a['66. ,td IM the€ Pdter6inl* dut & rer. its sFcirEtion.

Ihe. .E $* Edn ldldt or e(.nrid:l.) otdr@wtia

O@liml rMtio dsi6s the n.rtrlg of tlE Prc3r:n in lm ot hs It isGub4 Id @pL by speiry4 ih.lrdividul .EPs in lE conPuiatiou d byd*ih4 r. rb6d 'udiE 0!t eyrluiE rtu P66Im

Ibt D.ntkaantl SdMn6Thir knil o{ €Mt'6 d@ihq UEe.nlnS of nE Pr8ran * i mdtrtuiic.l oti*r,rt"L.[, G . fldjo dd br6 : 3bt ot a coFPub (ib in]tjrr thh betoE rn.pF lu Nb) ad ntl@.. opdihd db (3'..t bof rh.onPubdutElltsfbm a(udng rh. prcBEm,)

ft deil€ ti. IoSiot prcpsrit'.{F!8n@ ryPiolly, an uiodli. M&! gtstn.t il eo@ pfFty hol& b€Ie a PEgEn is 4 tl6 o@ o$s Pr.Paq *drhold albr rh. pbSnn ra MFd dplc rll !:uti6 of . Fogd to onPuh th. drimm.r *o nuhb?t P!n q nisltrbE dut I p L k! om q tlh (d MPIdid oI dt PbgFn) tu vrhe&tsd b. v8la6l. nir b P.

MoE t@.!t e d lP6t or ih. hds d lqt otPFBE@ bdt of r pEStuuurgI.Mds! 3y rhis *. Ild .tut ad, q{bd ortu h |h.r'n3ur'. d he Cm r ro$l!.ruhd (rl€r b, ilft w.JId b. . ,.lml *rundd tu slS'lt:mr onddoB I6Pa .t)Th. *Md6 ol r pr nd hiM h dE Lntug. ls rhd derlwd l,in F&tio ol Bompohr ps (rt!t b G ctg'l|]gli lo.pe rnd $ 6), wh6 th. !.lmd6 o{.ll P1.8m!E d*lb.d in t.m ol 0r lemsdd ot lh.L .ohP@b, w ell lhit MronoMI

A Eht:d i3u. tr dr{ of prcSnhddng Ln8aa3. d6iga.nd it i. h.r t''t lomlt€nsb6pLyuihpdb Frr a ro@l r6|hdd fd.IiEu3. a hdP sePnb th.vrriou.lehmB rhrl pLy | rcle in th! Ln3lr3e d6iSn a tey *dple It g en by rhe

pms':jbhr LnSul8c Atgol who* detgn st d'd.d ln *P Akpl RlPot r dc.lmhrrA* m !r@d b{Ekiru ir lnat lt d&it d bodr th. tynb.nd dE !.Mri€ ol rltlrnruR rnd rl3.cLarly *D.6Ed ltuanb ollhebn3uS. frcnibwtics o:t of th€

G;t;tib"fi*ord'eN l Rsdmiu\eint'od(dootE&r6.NauFoh(tuo.d kri'L" 3..r* dd Ftq G*, M ot th. ru.h.6 o, lll. alsol R.Pod) @ Ave t rolDld*ipds o! tr rFk o{ 0! Id8!.8.)

we w$ @ taclBN.d Fod (BNl) b deiL th. tynbx of . einPl. PeSmhingLnguS. wie *'[ud w ffii.in bt... Nw ldultt 0E tot owinganPl6 of ut! @

. som p!o8!mi.8 hn8!a86 (s.h 6 Adi),uPldtPa/.lr.r ei3',z,r, wheE two ormE vai.bl6 @ b€ B{nrd r. smllbftuely ForehPle in Ath,

28 P'@nni{ Lry@Pirtidg '^/ Pdt'!'@

&vr -0'1hErh.efrsolstFngobIindrbv M@de d*$i8nre*r?donealld.-*ii iii,ii'lJ;i;;i .t'".." "me;

| ! '$isned

rc v fot drPre

h.sin .fhdof lr|P?tngd!v!lu6olrmdy'wldcht"lslyditicentrohx,_t)

wkh Mtlv * borh : aJd v b ri! inbr rlc d v lt it rrnt dd wld Prlhlliiffiiii;G.J*-ru;u-bridd.-Pt'@ rt B 016 PoEdu'' hot .*' bffiiJil.."L-iiii"J 'r'" ",r"*rsd'6;nd-g

btlE Lmir' rd'\dPr' 'h'ri r:'O1

Cle"lt &trtllin! ! wS ha Dd rl* PF!@..ld !d r b both 0&i I Mrv h'

iJo,l;* "r.o!la

o g'-.u* o. r b: .lnmsb tra'! m 3''d lt@ b P*rd.*i*iitilo * tr'. .*L p.t"utv rhe b'* slurim ir b nv rtur tds lt 6vnr'diGn,

inJ*!hr;l}ldnp,ls 0"srhi!sr 3vnuaG'd br nhrmq rctr';;; ; *^* i*ipt-

"r dE i'nsu'se d'ie

'hoi" i' ndE 'trtarv

n" ^o"rd,u

r.'U".S. r'* ** dartftd b b€ ' tl'h fod indeFnded

u"-iii-*rutt" i* "nfu;ft

p.g.N $* 'ourd

be ddnrdded |ro tu bEft'l.iii a iiii;* r* rpitur:o o@. no bnsus' o b' M on &tr phYlicl

-iir'". t* l,- ti' , r;* a.s- or PLh l.-rna'Pad"* rlu' E b4'rtrdud.d ti@!n lti s o{ lh' J|6 vidr'] Mllrld irv' $'lR @' s @nPlrqfiiiJ"*i ii-.*

"r *" ..p't'hon Pls L tu dE tudimcod' oI ih' rtu

--*r'.i""r'r"i", i" ,t*.'"i* oi. r!o<'x'd "bvF codc) ot fub'hrrfiir-"i;i'-i,i.i ;"-*l rh! Pr@ oI ooPrLns b m rb'td oah***J Ja- m -.*' - "r;dd sinnd Mo6€' d& .Mbs b

G,r. i'[-"r p'ip-t* a n 6su's. $'h 6 dr a{o*ar oll.n '3 '*iiv

23 GRAMMARS OF PROCRAIVII4ING TAIJGqAGES

Inr.illv linruhs t* ivlnE b d.ltm PEde'lv ul'd enw6 'rd h 8i4.th'to 1

I--.lmi-,r'-. *;; rr.v b.d ro delft ErB rd MEal bnsu$6 ur Hndl

il'#i,;..il.-;i"rtl.'.' ;o'@hor moder htr dr sd"* jlr1e56

^rrhdsh ir

i'I;* ii--* -;;t t'"s-ss blr I b<'@ vav unn rotr ffiPuc hsus6l" --.1 ***. t 9.-.- w4 l}P d6dPhd of ubtd I'ngur8rt r{! 6n

drji. ru16 id 0E s'lm ot Etu5l hgu$6 s rouowr'

<s..Lence>i<ndnphr&.><rerbP5ra!€'<nd^Fh!!'€>J<a.riclg><mui>

A@'dinstorho€erofdl4 $. Sii 6b" D vllid stu

9&4 &Md?diJ Trcdladci 29

Ir dn hr 63ilv ob64d tlut &m. 'qd! ln ttu 8Elrl]E M'tt as hn$tio Io' de

snEtue. $e. lvnhob d klled khnul €tobol R6' o'the rymbol ol hF v6rbulcrv a'e

-n dlhren;lr! so Ecor$rrtubIdMsMr!rotuvoobullrv{orrv

la B Fw ldfllire dE i&. of r s,:ru !d lw n i:' ltd TIE e tou iFpdbnrMpddb in . SFMiic,l dtsetpdo oI lmgu8.

r. TlieE ir ! ftlt 3d oI tvnbob tst Idm L\. ttings of rhe ltnguge behg <l'lind W€

cau tle.lPh'b.b crtu l rynbob R.Plg6Fd byv.z n@ i! r tuijle.d ot hEbti.b. o!.d &*dru rcn hjiaL or !Fhh'

ebssid. El.n wi.hL El4s a L.8!rge dEti!, t d ol s6r'33 ttpt6oH tv

3. olE o1 th. v,riable r9alenE ihe lugurS. b'in8 d'in'dj Ii ts 6ll'd di' slarL

Cas.ly i i! deod bt 5a TIEE i.6dr. * ol da d F.<tu.'tiN tur,erist. tF ffiive d"ritd d '

l{gu.s. E .h F.du.rnndd!6 ot(a) A v.d.bb lnd b t ins {PartLlly) d.6ned bt tn' F d*dotr llnt vnnh{e i!

o(bn..u€d L\e h.id ol dt pr.dudion

(b) rh. ircdedm 'Yhhol

rLr

^ N dzld @ tmolt&d vdiibl6 lir! tin€'orhd tEb'dt or

'' *oawio 'I'Ft * *v b Lrh dhs L t'l lrnssg6 o! & @bl'k [. I*.d. so d brE h,i;r uJEA'"sed tid sb'tbh ror ad vriahL

ot lh. t dy .ny .tstig that i! t own lo t€ in th. lrnSu!8! ofrhtr v'rlable

nlE td. dilNio& ft $L b d.6s r n06rriel md.l t'r lh' aEm'r

G: ir rh. &bd6 lor d! 3i!ffiV^: A 6iiEt t ol tlelmiolr,gereuv !P@hdtv oPlhlL6' A'!' c' D -Vi A6nit r.tof editult 3@.Iy EPrsEd bt sun h|t.B lik€

'' b' c -

s:grdin8mt et6! o!.4 s t!$ol o{ dc 8tffi st ldngsto qP S.t oi nJ6 s F.ddioN l^ CFG.

AI the F.aucnon in t luw dc r@dJ9

thr tjnd ot 8@rt r. lsn 6 @tidea 3rrM, or Ph!' _ ttu

30 n@iiiq Laiilt,ePni.itlo q &t/iN

2.3,1 Defist'ons and Th€n V.dttions. Nd w. will rldirc dr nordiotu ld EPEent . ddlvation FiEi t. deth. two

notitid - rnd i. d J P b . pbadim oI P in CIG 8d,3!d b e stlnt ln

.tbirFbWe sy thrt l}l. ptududm q + F lt lPPt€d ro dE lbing r db bobbbap bds.stin:t! d b dn€dlv driv6' 0h

. Ndsupp.*o'd,cr-, rE!E!'8tln(viuvJ',n>r d'dar- dlq e cr".,

d,-! ? d.. rhaweey l}rtq i d- tIBtiIt r.st ar &iv6 d! in slr'[uc It a

&iE t byd-dyr dp'*syc i I.r rn bs ot ebriq ! shnid/brr i. tlu Spal or rbr$ysbol d dy 3bnla dut dn

be dedv.d {o'4 ri,tn.t la rny tHng q $.n lrEt s 3 dwrRo€ (vivvJ'.. agrttudat it.dba ffiniu il it pcmi6 dEiEdN d tn.ldm A 5 wrAwr (wh.e

Ac V-.nd&wr fl. ! VJ1. t'{oE sPdili.tly,lt !..lLd Lft'@ielIA + Aw

an righ lsiv. ilA 3 wA. A s':M ir' leXdleddhS r FniB d6i6tuo{ tlE im A 5 e'Aar(whe

A . v- rd wrs. wt, w' . (v. v v')', b't eld w' d w: @6tE t' ldr mhrnl (oui n (wl

^ vJ v (w:

^ v) + t).

. Fm.ll w. d.GfE a ln8{.9. qC) F.du.€d ht r gN C by tu Phudqc)-{ds.vI.5wt.

2,3,2 Cl$llc BNF Notatlon for ProducdoE

A, rchrE '!fi'24. Peddim i!. flr. td:dng b. FiJ ot.!ti& 3y d.i'd p,3P.dtn'3lFw w tue b. tufonEd tnto dE 6dE- Tljs !D, t daad c r t dd tor liopLrlEmd6l F:m u i! oer Flra of llnd64 ralia 0E @nvat'@.hour rh. u oI!ffi c* le6 to. ndtuimL sd lda .e oE lt tmtnrL lor b@ E!!nk;;dB rch B thoq ued b !p6t ttosEnnns Ln8!.gs rr. hd d'lmn wly or;Fifvff oodudo lor mmy yaE ro uo ilmrtivi nobtldr

'.vd&d by N!J! se€

ird; ;;ntibl. ro' rtr AIFI 60 @n {N.u, 1q60 utd 1e63), whldr @ 0t rst mjd.dd; b;Fity rh. wtu d , p-srm'j,'s lirEus? usg thi, rct'ri4 R€dld olwhrr tL ,@; ul,\ *'d! t r, rJE ddo B tu* miv.Fly lcsr E BNI

In BNF, produ.tc n:E dt fornLfi dd. J d\4oiion

wh@ reft sldr . (v, u vJ'and detinition e (v" u vJ'aldDugh {e nBi be nor r€h1.rir$rn that, ror Llt side onbin om non htrlml s ihar * dul rllo h:ve

Lft,ldenv--O

tla&M i(.d T'dr.'oi 31

FFqu.ndy we rbd s.ral Fodudi@ with tn. sm L{t niE rd rie lE olt.trabbr*htd by lierng dE d.linjtioB a a et or.n. d hoE ali.mdE !.piad by vdtc.l

ld produ.rim Id lry 8'!'m e:

|\en in BNF w! an r.psas, $orc pr.<tucd6 .! foll@tI i,$/bb/c

23.3 CoDt:d-FrE GEnmmM.ah€ed€lt cmd - tc Blmir d.6i.d G IoIo€:

"^En.uurc=(v,v,P,9!!.4bb..dr.tt-n."rh@ Vn A6nib*.rnon-hitul&8m yF Enkdby4pi|.lhdq44<tU ,.

v[ A linlte et ol t mjmlr geEalt !.tErnled hy srull lded,lik., b c d, q l, ..

s 6t itinSm-i.nlrrlolledst ril,nbololth.slanlru Sb.ldst vrn s€tot tulee d pbdudioG in cfc.

An prcddm h P hw tE Lmd'F

wl@q. vd t€ (vivv')l md lol=1CdbrlfR BFnm6 d.riv? rh.nem frod rh€ f.d dEi th. llb.dtulto ofdE hn.bh

on ttu l.ltola Fodkiddb. mde aiy lim, su.i. vanabh aPFd lit)|F!6ri.l lormItds d &Frd d rh.ltnboL nl d' Et.{ dcshd.r fod (tr6nt.r0. Trn ft.tunrtu os.qlrc o{ .||o*t!8 61, . .t$|. vai:Dl. d di. k{i rl\'ie.t pFdrctldrEtnrl.2.l WriE. CtG rli.}l t@b lbillr of h.Lcd p.Fih.drs6htlon: ftlAamw lrepiheb€Lrdddghr.ndlefiFm''.drFd@pl.()()t!aeprbl., ( ( ( )) )l! i,o e.pkd.

rrt q d€icn llP cFG lor tht

c - (vd v. P., atucv. r..r oi tfr!$dr r blvl - !a or idoii'& . t(, )t

aid !d.fFoduclion p ir 3,h by

rr(!)

32 F@idis L,4us!'-&ie'tls 'J lidird

Now we € wn* dis granmr 8!ndt6l

-ls)s4(')F)'= (") G) (r)

e o (') (.)

=oo(")-oo{)

du l$! abow g,llrld8e@B!6LFtt P|lF o{Pa6il6it

2,3.4 Left MBt ad Rrqht lvl6t D"tFtloBInodft rEh(drnumb.rof dok of EPhelm dvfl'bletili6(htEpueEPla'eiii"":iii iii?j'.*trl-ri "*;;. Foducd:n bodi'! s'h

' ddvdr- B ou'd

' "r'n rur

O"n-*", -O *. *"* *" ' a--don ! Lft !d bt uing Fhion t

'trt i lo! @

d nnv nd, E!*dvdy' ;J,r,;.,,";^#'''c,'.t'.ra.h,DP$''nsli.a'vrnu'br'Predbv.*o, ,o Uao U -, *.o ** aot-6.n "dd! bod 'id

B stn$oL - 'd ; b ndbE

ft d 'my

righr tut dsifdd !E r,€Frrsv'

Thec R 6 ts€ epEsbdd ford.n{dd rhlt hr?E*d strtmD u'lul lr b t' sdi;iJ""iiiJ;'g-i.ir*o*. .a.*nddi ot dt ddr r whnt' r.'dmd !E u!€d h 'L''_":i

-* * " - **, * h which nodd * I'b.l'd slri lh' Lft lide ol

.-aifi_.J. "r',*,r. a,la- ol I n d. r?'@r ib dr6Podiry ndr dd6-

' '61! - ry" v, p 9 *..1'-, tR E'* An dd6'd .- fd ri! cFG c ir 3

a6vrd- E if$d o' vif ir h:a tt ft)W$6,rotml.) Irr @r LLbd.d by 0(!tunirtu'-amlnsl d thccFc tA|r ir s

n" r* tol orO*o.ao.a * tt r lrbel tmv,v l€ I

i"i e'ry rlEmt ""a"

ot -**a u h! '

Lbd 6w vi;i k * .s 0d

" '.d h'r Lb'l X' v- rd iudtldFn t d Lb'Ld (fies ldr b'-' tiiuy"y,i, . y",t-" p.a""t"n hus otu d p-dudid o{ tlc ft'h

x+ Y!Y, " Y"

'.r A'dIl'b.ledF hdno$bl$3.dut& vtus$a'hldbb'l'J'cmhMmorhs'-' ii"iii.. oLrt l,r'. ur"-t ta.a ',

*6 ir md b€ tla'nlv chlld orib P'dI *. r""r

" o" r".i-.r *v p* *

'nd @ @E dgn lm €Lltu'!d'3hry'

dlhd 0* vtld,/dk h, whkh ! ,lwrF | lhg or tPdd dPoed

Srrr, !Mn'i.aii Trd.tM 33

Er.mpl.2.2 CdsidaltECFGS ')'Xx)x Jtl,.lftlt

find dE Fe b for fil 3!inC t! r r b.

s +)c(S r )cq/twxb/.

rV. b.8inp rr S.nd atPt t' Pr.duclt6 S r )0(

frr. r,i{.,

To tll LftlEd f !ru.Pdy d. F!du.d6x i r,)C

To dE ddnlQd & ld c.PPIY x r m(

at rr0)

ntr b tl'!t we hav. d ttu bdrbi !rc b. r.alnd.o it dB roi d*ad lur[Et b th.hlnoLs o{ ttg it it 6lH r "E Eld nodd l.t tu bq ri bfi b rEhl urxlslo drF!d(d;x,bx,xr4x-rNdxrxbdP..drdv N*rchs

"/l\| | ,/\

34 Pqintq l,,lt@-PiiF Li c l Aditu

r2tsfbisn offd! s@!i6ol! wdawhh rtt' PFdudio x i e andx; r:

Frt 2 rcl

R6dde nrs bft h 48h! * k l!' rqd { rDw Prod@d it rta d a b

n* in a's,* -, ata "a^ *-,-**la- -edit tu" rdr'tita tu

Eglrb 2.! I rnb r sdt* 8t|ttEs utd'h b i' b gME 'dE thin tov blk'"

E&j\sEc,rt siv.d*P.ahsid-, w. o'c"nv *dt d'. e.bl_ tha n rt d'd tlrr w hdw b mE ' crc rd r

r-c s dDr o:c b. c _ (v" v, P,9*t* u. - t<",*',.q-r,r.a '6D,

<our>, <FqId <va6>' <Ft4t''-- "l-

ioi* r.',;v, re*,lE ds&n'rt d4F mt'6d4b4 E&drFrvl

I

<ssnerc!> r th. <q!.lilr.d i'unt 4erbt

<4aufred nount q <!dj.c!lv.> <'oun>

<noud> J tui / 9lrl/ bov/ Ilctur'r

<vsrb> i EIk!/I]. t.m/nFtM.!<.dj..!Iv€> J bMthl./!1..pv {71

ft. *t or soducilo! ddns tE NmFtol ql€d> d @i*inS of adE dr*r*r;,r".kuo*a rv..qua.a Ms> 6ouo*td b' ! @b d E! <poE@

ff F* #**m,m;.***pfr&ry*# *. * "

^ <plnlnf B d{E d dL E'ljl.t .h.. e .dr., l{it , .|# n odE "blrt d

1eL;;.;;[." i{.!<",*,<m@,<quii6.d'td,<p'q*><'dld'v>

II

."0)

,.o

''(4)

-.o

t@, &Mfts"dTffJ.d 35

!d +db> e M rsniMb. }?s do noi .pp€r in tnl tnt€R oI it€ laSuge whrch

ikludB 3ud lEteldc !re E

rnm, gr,mmr, one ln.tdhnd ! dngl.d oul !. th. sdl?d rh, ryhrrl ItweunrbsmdrH ,i ebiEary t*N w. tt!* wt! dE *d rFbol rnd sllR$Ely EPl4 6ch;n-hitul o rhe rishr ol dF pFduchon dlfdin3 thtt nm brt:wl utJ '! rcr l.mDbfi:v. Dea rm!d. In L\. rtde a.hple l,h. rymbol adtem€> it 6 @ wourd aPel t]l.

lns li'r exnple '.6uld tbi *irfi <.nhN> !d 6m d t dEiv. rhe mtendal {dd

Ndr.iE8elmb"rh. lhnrboyh .'.

r th. <adj.cLtE> <mu> <Erb)

J u€ !n1n boy <v.rbt

PIl @ ,ordbov..Iainr'd i, ! louMl

dlcr@

EMpl.14 kgn. @ntod-icttrN thlcn 8mt thedlnedd@ldp€m

Solut.n: IdCFG D.G- (V,V,tqstE v. - I<B6D, qprdidf, <tdrt, <a..@l

35 Aaimr{ t 4|l.FAli.rPlL .i/ B"dtl[

ldPlldudd e.t fh.d alouo$*

<go!DJ<€rP4!.ron><*Pnrtlon> J <ed/<'r96<6d + <lte+/<6d 'r <l.cr*><hc&. + ./b/.

r,tu.rPly.tow tt|M 6.lS*d' oet"ia '

_ bxc<rdD + <|pr!rid>

+ <l&bD - <bD

+.-<@i<lebr>

rlt Fc tE 6d.bor ttitg b.iooowr

236 Ed..t t .! to BllFvdd rlrlL aEdd F o6a oPtot"t |dlh E\|l itdo {d d' & ol k6td:1ffi fiti,i;d.d;n; -ry

G"d- Fr'!h !--'-1'!' t.h't "t.G'p..pl i*a* "e-t-ri6) RdrL. b 0&6

'4lot'd In BM ! r 's ot

a.drylnS jnPL FP.ddla ! b t !'P*

i

sr"u s'*dt '^i Tdrl'{d 37

(fhrch $* riqhL recurs$ir or<unliqned integet J <rligiD/<!nt!sn'd tnt'set dqit>

' i--.ol-tao."ro,"autonrrdbd.drlEfrriY6whichPwrylidill

<rnreged - <sslqd rnts*/<'r'Jn><6rtEied int4r><unliqn.d int€qeD J <di9iD/<drqro<u3r9nd intlep

U.ing ix pFducrim (t6id6 th. @fi.<l obvloBo@ lot <<tt8jF) b speilv ilc tdhr-

ii" -*'* -"oa"*a t t,-"r,rv L\* coshdion la'd b {h'r i6 kM d 8BNF

n r.iiJiriiili iii'-L*;.;v'vdt@ m rtla hdtor *Em bv *E tu6 'v*boriifi_G*,r.'' ***- Th* *;igli t|Jld d* u

'{ d' u@ d6@ oPd@ b

iiii"iiirtJ" J';.v-u.t * "' '*-!"* ud rA: s or oud b-xk€b o p,*Me

( ) b spup ieB b3!t6u.id lrs id..! * lnghr ddm ! buls bY

<tnteg.- J <sieD <Mt&"d jii's"><ssiqEd intesert f <dqrD (<drero' -'<d!n> + +/ /€

whLh la ot ee turhhgdn' oun. Eguh' dPtg6 ti,ut &t f*1' ' bJl3ut8' bt on

illi#i i-l;*r' -i**..n i;rr' b..xPd'd i'' r dnsre EBltr 'p*im2.3,? wlttt! , EBIIF Notodon

ltff H'.:ru*Y"d*;iJ,"trffJili$9,Tffi ffi #n'*r.T ilJ ii i* '**ov *. -iv riuiroo tur ou'cetrc -qu'* oob*bod ot ttu

i#[iiJd];.; ,ia * . ;q rn .ddjd@ t-rhd Mpur.dd !E EquH bi'liiii" -oj** o'."-'e

"r P'.dM bv F'- 8.*M !u'i a w 'h dir*

h LE Gn6. tn this obrim d Ea}lF

Nd.!ni'd : s $Th stnsL vd&

ll

@ rll nitra in q{.t t sIA"BfGIM! r*4 s hdd b d&F rl|@di.-'t*l *.*a

" a* o. opdo l '!PF'r?tr'

o{ r rFbo dt

6'acl*l * ","a . a-"" "p*l

EPdjlid oI ' qdbl n sFuP o!

38 P@ni{a L.i34-PnE L, ci, &61tn,

- : is u*d h ple oI $. r ltnbol. : ls u\.d b daEb dr..d ol.!.h F.ddion.el : euedindlabiNt dlow@b€ : .at hndrrd b'ldl3 d'.llddettt6 : eer6'llyhnSd!6rr

urlrs.d ioteger - dr9lt (diglel.

d&rtA v.rLdm on lne e olttaa .u'ut t* (odwi* i!'Podinie) s?€dntrdon ot lndl6

dE nu!$a ol tirc r rynbol n y L rrtatsd - ior Mple io erPlet tlst .n ftt ndlht lnFotu st lEw a m{os .l ri: .}D.6 lrljl b dft t'y 'nn$ tu bwr lnd uPPsID'its o db - and lupr - ldieb b tll rt3ht ol ds dt blg e td €ePle.

brt!.n rdentrfhr i !.r!.r {1.*.!/diqrtJ;

23.8 IrE Bdtbb Sbrd.ril fd EafiFT1a Sid.h ehd.rd ll8dbe h! . PlUrlhd .&drd 6r ENP (!5615. o{ r93} n: 16lrhxl:Id dtim i eiir tls wirtit G .!6ab d dE pFdtrrin e .Fnd b,@ pi.dktlE € Eldnna b B&da !d

'pc€ hs- in lrt ic.,'L lrll'

ll.ro ttd mFud rd.L ltL Ondrdl|dfa @ @ry, n't s h. rt E o!.Fnb sbrd. an a[p| in EsI tur.don ft on

l.on.t.i. ld.ntllt r, "" cdstlnt 1443!Ion! rr',;

c.isb.|Expr4sron-Exp4'!!on;

N6 d y n d* udd ,r ddr w *Ne it b hr8tt urdedtrbL ftd tu P.l!r oIobbinhS!urh@Fe.!derUF nE duqu r€$ne t e@ lo !. cydatQ &

dold.!t Fdt r dain$6.1rk t 6 a-54

2.3.9 ArDlgpu! Cd i.tAn lhpoldpi.Fty*ltd, d 16& t rh Fognmirg brg!46 !! d{.vsyst n .tutdlE6mhrtbytllLngc.!. tuuJAtd. rvnqup'E na e,.4?t hnnr,'enq!.

Srria,S,mii.ai/tumLri.i 39

n r sntd Ndwd bv, *'ffi hr so d '@ P.e k l]rd du 3nhftr b !'id

b b€ dbisud; ^r

d6ik;r uhsutt b Fovd?d bv rorhs .ddPr :r wid$ |s':M forsnPL rlS.tmn dPl.sa

s'EtP*$rm

/ ExPre$ion * E PE rron/ F.cror

. ,/bt.wiri dns @ffi tf, sle a _ b x . ht h'! dbtilEt P* ts€ 6d trc ''Mic'lddhtioG W. rda b dE nu$a b 3llm tl: dalv.dd eF

tlt lJ om FB t- ao. 0!.rt6!d ' -

!: c

TlE FE @nd b Pis 14 dGPd$, b ttc d.tihd6s+upn!.lo

JFl94'!!on-RPgsroi

J a - oxPr$ronr : - ExPrxlld t ErpFllronr.-..cerxE,9ft$ion

P@rd4 r,s46-Pnri&, dii e'/i43

+.-E,prcslion:Ex'!.!91.nJ.-&pession,EtPElsrd

.a-blE4re3.!on

corcpo r kr dt p8 ft d.Plcd in ri& 43.

IttrdnyEtcAMwt'd.6miP,IltlE.tti4l.ldE dbd.l]sgu8.,rohluty si,Ja h. d!d. oEqulE nor@, n u! Et

'5 od. PtolM i.b h. dd ro

ib 'Fk{c &c6e dE ulf,isulv ha b. mid.d. ln th. 6qPk .boq tll M !€sGp.rd b tu dul6$ ftllrim *ql@ fot tt oPanh t ad -,

IntlEriBrc4d*"mdnis"wouldbE0ErtuatfloEturicdon,nna!r_(bx.),h{tL ll! Fnd * tr 6-rlln3 sdu df.ctiv€it b. (. - b) x.

Tn 'd 6i@ err'L o,d utiSw 8lr@ Fob.lny ELb b t* IF - THBI -Eill9 st6t in rrsp| Alsorxld t ng68e Id c d.MtaE ddt b ddoi€ r thPLtffiroriEn.ofu.

&stglEnt'v.r!.bl..:="Erpr.''ro'*Pn!rr6 r v.rr.br..va!r.!l. + "i"11"rN"r'"/a"r.'

/"Ia' condrtion *THEN" srareF

5rdd, etu k c^d rldnLrl.i 41

Indt 8ntlnruEtu8r.r-JIHENrFr-tTsEtt!

h.E ho tssibh t!e! TIE andtlPointie e' * 'b Pie t}| tttill3 t' coesPond tit\s !o

t.l-l ldlrFJ'krueLst {nothl4}

M- j THIN (Irl-LTHdELSE(r:-c'

anv L!lA* rtudr .uM r €tu Mt 6 rh& d, b' lt{6d} db(sw unl6

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c*' ' r' l6F l"llv *tll laEwtri" ri-q i j**a o o'. .t&t'lt o *€ @r d.d .,'Wth'd INEN, sd rP PoDIed E

ii,lia"a o.iii" t ;*- u"""*. ir L Prcbr.m s.vodd'd rhar wrv rn oiha LqurB6 it i!

;; ;;-;;i"d,,eLd"i."u*.BiDchdErsgr'Iruh*.* Pdftn'bhbFod".l(; tld * urEnugso,

sr,rMiJFBh.d/r,dt(#-bi.l[d + 'rF" ondrttd Tliat" Erch'd "EBe"

/'lF" .ddleid "uar rrd''dlr th G6l oQ u{otr@dt rc Al8trhh d* (c 4 ai$) th'l d Ekl rn

-u.-y-iG "',a-a.Jfu,. *it' €dtt $d '

6tib '!gd d drE wrds i' i3

2.3.10 Cont rd Scnlldvlvsdc Deld.I.nbiNtt . b.rdt3 b I &s dndr it @'ny Mld @E:r *dt4 s?orm

;-;;-'','s,Gi t',!t"i'@!'o.l vr*h rtt:iqalF Fm P.* 'drh * Fd

Tln rlt M. .n .!rd'

xdnv.6.r|66r.rpFl.blL uda s. w pt*uPLd udl sodyMn{4 in LbinS b rn'h q' sutd PFb:blv

luboslosly p.e E kd'd rlong rhe IUE ol

42 PEr nnia Lcaw-&tuitb !'r' AEdiFd

Mjecilve Noun verb Nouo phr*e

EubDL lil€ 0u ffi b€ roud h pFgnhnln1S hn3uS' b Unbl nfl !U tur Pldidl-Md- k qod*dd ha.

' d'tk D;bninil d lr* Ltt tide drhd:8h lqnnls dv

L ii. -;rl o* o* r.t a -_pl*i'u *o* bt r |Isd (dwrr' r59)' @nPd'$aht;d dqd,. iou cLso{ !t|lr@ rh. dr&!o&n d'Pdx'|! 6 df, turn'l ol

* proa"al*. ii" a.Unou "

dU.d chooolg HLE*Lv 'do'dl"t

rh' 'L$r66tidFr;N o be o,lou tYaa 6 loud,

(i) TyF-oCM (JE€.d.t!d S,rM)(q ryP - lcr|M(cro:dtlE g@){ii) TyF -2G:.t:|nu (coIM'n-8nduE)liv) TvE . sctrMr (R.*d.rsrN)w. h;;€ alEdy !d tF _ 2 {ost - tE sElINt) ln debil lw R wtu tbdv t}F _

23tu1 Is--O@@(tue@Ttu usdd!"d 3ffiltdeH s

c - (v" v,D9rvn6 v, .. At{h d o{ tu} h!d'

v! = .6nit *t ot rh'ndts - shirg teErt|nl.ls. vr

aid P lr rhe 3€r olProdsnas of f,l rdldt\86omdJi

wha a !d p d rtitiry rtiiS d8!tM.'i$or! stth c*c T1EtttJllftch'Mn @4, phR-dctu d I'Fttdd llrll@'ili!

tvF r Fm h dprt t.PPlr.to.E t||rt R tlu't ddda t m iurtE herp*r-ril--..d t"* ri.*;t*d |Is.E t b.'h lrid! o ttm

2,t, 102 rg Pz - I Ow (catutvaf,t4U re lr'@ dE €bLbd d a tyF ' o tl.M dut lrr nubs ol lFboh td dE !bq8.dth.Lftd N Dr.dktion l! 16 dD c.qud b *' ndbs dtvnsdto n n8it@'r ht.JG^'"L or o' -*a * g*i. bDn o rtFl d (!ld{dti€ In 6c! b[-u' r. u"i ot vr t oa--l- o{ | td tr@ Etthd rvpe fi lt @dv ror dkL,'i- o *i. .i i* * p,"a@d ;G r blt

'ftt. ro's' d$ * lF'tol

PFducdd i! tyP.1 gt ffiof ih.Seellom

lql < l0l, qG {v.q!Jrv!(v.v vJt!dt€ (v"vvJ'

fticrlv. t' iollo*, thrr 0r null rtinS 4xld ror b. dlowd t! t rtl 'id' oI 'nvi-_a.i| s*., o't"

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i-li,e,*;'.ain '1u..

ua*C *Ea.cl #iit'6or"@ut_ l@rritar ditrdLbmrutlw In Jrd6d.hnib@FodEt'4 FEqur.d @ L !'ihd b tElod

Sta !!'qii' 'al

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drrgr@F'iaqF€ (v!uvJ^. vJ,vE (v"uvr)'

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,ha A k 6ound in rh. .fld ol (rh:t it atmndec bt) d tu p

A nuch q@t€d rihPL .idPl€ ot Eu.h. 8ru8w- b { f'tlosc_lv,vt,tPlv" - {4 B,clv''{ab, cl

s. t^t

AfTABC/.6C aYPlCB,BC tYPlblrbb [YF3bcrb. sYP4

.C rCC $Y 15

L s dsir s FnEre EinS tNr gndh!. A It tn. !fr 3bngl

Itr G dd. b rpply Pr

AJ'ABclYPt

ArrblCC t'PrAr.rbbCC bYPr

A Jtahb€ bY Pr

A+!'6ba BPrHowva, wtul *r! srmru n i5 pdnbL b ddi(. sbtul r'fr whl'h no tunhs

p'"iulb * *.Ptt di ro, *lPi,lE d6"ing d' *hn:| t"'_

if pwd.pply !r l6!td Pe R ffiuld otbhlbcBc

Dur rc run E FodlcM .s br rPPI€d to h! !tslnt Th' oc€quet.tJ tl.h I ltl'* t9

obbin a 6nin;l rbiu l! linPlt, bt qe nui rrv ottd Po$ibiutyc 6u' rt @!.@rq0E@s*ttobLt!tuftlvP{ting,e$atw'dyhtv'loBiio Msda€t$ b*lt**lns b deid. *lutlG r lblig b ! atN in tE l.rguS'

231.'3 lhpc 3 @w 6qtht Ndt!tuqqukd,Addr'.rNdvbeldtU€qnslilid'itrtlProdctno'rCFGNoldEt'rhe -'*s.-^ - *, -h;.4''d s* -nhLtrnd

t. v" d^Eev dst8mtu i!rishr

'[all ti.Fodudion ol.e! d ollhlodA tlwo! AJ w EoI ldtli*r"

44 Aaun n{ L.'!uFJ-Pi'i*J dd Ai/iF,

E$mpb2,5 wiit L\. Llt lin6 rd liShr lirE SrrhN ior tlE re3crt exP@on

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solution: civ.n r.gllat sPrgrion t - O0o)',it F d uv ltdns which 66 $ith 0

Iollorcd hy any numb€r o! 10'! b h {tuxt *PEr@

hft v. - lsl

\ - {0 1l

s i sr0/0

lrirtur@ Lt8!lMb. q'0"v' tg wl*!vr _ {$Alv,. p,1l

S JOA

^+10 /'

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Lzt?l4F@zx cnnd b€dd 66 th. rbow dur ItF 3 rt']llfu et $ttdot$F 2 8'rIlnd 'h*hiiJ*t"-'*u'.',vp.to.'-uthi.Abh66'dl*roItvFos'*

A llfu@ UGr h sld b b. ol !v!.1u il o b' 8.l6bd by '

EF l 8r,]ffi ]lM Io

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cr"l:lM-t-'-oao Posr"urtn! Lr8ur8' d uqxv htlelv Conul _ 64 wirh

-".-'*"'aiir.*J, "i.fi* atu;i wtudd 6uxv h'!dbJ $atn ' r'{eh 'd}(;; rd hr utFs @Ued .Eibur. 8rM'r,6lh' rhtn hv d8'8h3 d M E Iu!

dnfrdr brt ol ,i.dDs lulbbL obl - @i6{ gM

Sti'q !Eid"i' TiNladoi 45

2.4 THE SYNTAX OF A STVIPTE IMPERI$IVE LANGUACE

118. rE !iv.3vnhlic cbs 6 ou lnPa'nw hgsg':''_".- .-, - ;-x* .

"--a dRinul rcbti4 lor

'!n?L r 5& 't

: :I3-:il#SffiIffi',o*'**^*'"*oo**'*n-

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ou i'nos'i' BNF'|ur6

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;L - :::':'j::i::: ilT:::ffi,:'.:"::.,.. *''".P*'', .q:

Lhen <!''t '!* $q' n/ rh$e <IeD do 'Pgnt

od

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<vs r !/b/ . /L/^lbl /tt/

<r$> - <vaD/d@/-<exPl<4p> | <EtP>

<r3o J <tf,F><<ExP>/<ExP r' <E*p>/ tr* /f'r3' / nor <t6!t>/ <1'D tnd

<pgiD/ rr <r3o rhen <FqD."*. ;i1"yg ;,;"if"'iig;NowLtsLtd,vn i we @rn tY t !t't''

46 Pseininr l,i!1ap-Pndl'L' ,ia Pcrr'is

In uy imF.bE lrS!.8., siSllnmr b rh. moc b.5i.loE ol Fogrm da odu Dngritbc.oBhd kddlrioEr rd ldpt * lihply Eyr or oilsizhE :sti8lm6l inlo !66 lh:te adt.d jn

' prtletd ord6. For .Idplc fthl oI how th. followiry PDgrm is

otr 6.h FE dh!8h 0. l6op, rh vnEoar ! tE!€d by 1,.!d A€b.dy.r 0Ebop a8tu rhrou3h Lhft. rim! (wfitle r i!! v.lEr 0,1, d\a 2). ThuE, E oula ,!n fotd" tlEpr%rdFbcE b |fu rouowir8 si€ oarrttllEt:

{ft ol rIE ba.6b d & f.rNl *fubs rr .hr k .drld siv. dsro .lt!!d Dur ttEwPr.gr'ro e,dd4jnle }

A"UMaL rhsrL4 ll. i th. hd ol hF.rw pFs'u'hS LnSuSq. rnp!td{!lr, tc, s3ldour..t Esd.lhoutd b.b.rd m di.n ..dd.tu& t@,b*Lb/ *IGh R 'l4 rnd pedl' vdu6 rh.r & ei.ad hdrh. plo3'ut vri.i,la Wi;.p'qD bb.hgaab4{tudd,*o{rt!@veddbtlEl'q UE,|@sb.Eina.6in tbE ll !rbh 6 d.6h.d by UE rlEeEd bt dEpbSfl;t;!d.bbx;tlE Elud E rpd:hd by egn'Et b r,E hd.bra F; s;pi4 .trE Ennin! 0Epro3nn rtov4 dL orpud wjl b. tn . rhk wh@ dE hn.u. x lr a. v'r!. t rnd the

W. d 0&* d r sbb s b.!A. r.bt. dEt hlL s {E v.lu. leirnd wih my dhbn bb 0nNr'nsu8., rdrth3ard dcrnt!4 dr hrE F r..,p. e.tl 6E*;ulid bnaoErdu..!6dl.Edwlthriyvsnbb.Ttrj!woutd gjwu.ndineiE IdBbu.,dtri!!eevaid b rhhlo, r dhur tu(rd 0!r bt! | v4bL D|llll,ldM |.rllmttu vrl@ shd rr rlsr Ei.bt ||w lornll', I oc trndoi

Vr JzvheE vd b th. *r ol vdiable Mm6, rn t 2 t! rhe et d nunb.6 (in ar LnSurEq allEnbl6.L€ nur$as). ft. od'pL rfta |rmilE r pt ge

!J(d,gnarrk a^! Tirdc.i.i 47

,*" a-i"r-- -rt', '.r"- 9* " vdi'ti6ods thi t v d I bui p€l@Hv tnor var!6

.ro d dnr.d hv rh. pbsffi)-';;;;J;h,*';"*;* @v'ru dmb'hd 'sisr,mr

('nd o wP.s'tu)uo d.h rEs B.toF s. do fil3 rcE tlu! lnts3tll6t !&

:riinHffllYffi$fr:iHff TiilHsfl rff #,strflsi'f'l

2,4.2 Th. D.not Uon:l S€dn66 of Attlmadc E,q'6siN

Givdmxid@dcdFtr6d5662x{r + Y)

ffiffiffififfi.ffif,iftffiRtffiI}J.lurdim i! de6ned hrd*twlv

'r fo o4

1-* . "'.* " ,-'t * "';' 'hould

lur L tr lndet€nddt or tlE lble

I{il l (') 'nF6 r vdl,Dle & rhe v.ls lhould ltmPly b€ dtr bl@ li uE Siwn sse

t hl ) (r) ' {:rwr- . h* r"..

"' ' ., d" 'i"' t;uu b' rtt 'm

oI the v|lB d e1 md q

ll", * .'ll {') - ltqll o) + uetl (')

rlE opa.dore ld'unry tlnu" rd {uldPtic'6m e had 3indblrv

Th. Dsbt ddEl SGrE tict ofPitg|aa.

2,43

ffiffiHffiqffim;ri**'mffimff;hlrilr#ff .#F#Iffi l:

48 Paainia liwF-P'lMlpls nd &,ri@

ser4 llpll is: ped:l hlrdon rm lbt.r b 'hb3.

Oh dsbdm l|mdoN II.ll lud lltllta exFrsos rnd r€b D t $ el letioc Irh 5hB b nbls nd tu lv.luB,cpcrivelr 4 erdut'nig di0md. sd !6L.n .rPEid.rE . hndb).

Ttu idi6 IbIl i! dlfi'la ind@d!€tt ! louo$

I lk: =.il G) =,lv4 shd! n ' lte) {')3 ltP1P,ll (")-IIP fu'll(t)a ftfI *sA.r* pJI (r) - Itpjll(r)

5, IIJT T dU A d* P:II G) ' IIPJI G)

ttrll G) - 6le6. Ilwhilrr do Pll (s) - t

ii[[rIO-6t.z llwl'ih r do pllF) - tlwhii! r do U (llpllot

2.5 INIRoDoCnOlj TO REC{IrrtR E|PnEASlol.l

R.rubr aF6im o{a $ndt4 ,rl'b*Faoc.dngrw.vdt!oGpttlEciuL!oqE lmrdEnlpdb!'68r.tqMtrFt6drt*nlS ForellPtrt d6l.sltg SrEbf1 'j.l

d la d naDfuIi^4tsdt 48tbnft.*ornarl.rdptaid i! it.fin d rt $!lonflingru16:

1. Ev6y leiEr olt6t dd.hbr4uhapElaNrl$ll|r&€ leub.eguLr

2 ff i ed r, c hvo regubr dFdld! 1160 u (n) r",

(1") r'*r. (iv) .i(v) ri e !l!. i8de.rPs.ton.

3. Nohn'g d* i!. Egdlr afn Jotr

2.5.1 Buildhs R.suLr Epr.atkhTi. .lg.hi,.a r!gd,' a?l*.6 tolb{ dit Frfi rin6 ffi iri vrirttLt oEt.idbLnsuF+ rnd opdrb l' {E oF.iiior.r 6ia dd and !rar. k m dat th.qult !'plEimErivdt, o fo&oe b6b ir!6lntua n ddnt deib.*ll.t rtl l€.1Efuk!,rPr6idrs ht for..'l E!!||'oeGlo.r4 *rt&ih. tur.n869. n cp4nl,l'idrk.ta6EUd. W.d@tda|d 6d

Sridr' S'n'i& cid n'Nhr@^ 49

r. The 6NLnr . {rull shd ind e (hPry trl e rPsultr Fpdio4 ddiry dr'ldnsuls. l€ | ind o, Gpdiv.ly !turcUrI-{') Md L(C) - d

2. r',isaytyrboLind'tbr.€!t|rdPtt d@llG*PBidddettPbngurS'h). rlDt i' LG) = lil

3. A vai.bk, u$.lly .|piblll.a tnd iblic ncn D L i3 t v'!iabl', tsF*n63 lnv

2.5.2 Indu.tilt Step

Tld. .E lour p.dt b dE irduuw sieP, m loi .*h ol *E€ ops'id dd on' fo! t'\e

1, If L Md r: !* ft3uLt *t@ioNi tho ! + ',

i! ! Egult .iPt*im dddn3 nEud6 of I4J and L(r:).rnarb q.r + r) -r{rJ ul(r:)

2 IJ rr rrd r: R dSd,r.xP*i4 t]s rr rr b | re3ult 6pi.!oon ddin8 l$!@horur,)rndL{d rn i El-('r d-qrr) Lt,

3, ( r n a Fsul.r exPesio! rhm i b. ESuLt.i!@i@ d@rn8 the. cl6@ of L{4.

4 Ir r i!' a Egd.r dplKim, lna (t, a Fmtn6lz.d r, it.ls6. iell.l oect@d.nding o! sme l.$!r3. w iFmlr t(,) - L(4Now let ur di$u$ Eone 4nPle oi buldlry regul.r dpcsion for b.er

€xmpre 2.a wlil. du *8ular 4F.sd os rlPtuH (4 b,.) 6nbbinsdl'o5r @. dd

solurbn: lrt u! fir6r NIF€ th. Ln6u.!. oar.tub at|6dPrcbles i:' very idpl. rnd th. ls3u3. wi l er of diry, bke

'b *hbb, rb'b, 4@b,

b...r ... . sollingiR I ;2 b r. ,xt xy;dibidrih ot Ja vt.d ce ! p..dbh !t dE Ple1,2,.nd 3.nydbi*ddorah. Md (r t b+ 0'

' - (r + b + o^ r G + h + c)'b(! +b+.I + k + b + orfG + b.0r.(. r b+o'

!\hhn dun ltlina ol 'r

k rb..d ndhln stir'€ d rr ir b6.

Enmpk 2,t wnt tu '.Suh

.xptdlon t r tA. et of atnn3, oI Ot Dd 1'r whd brhryhlol frm rIP ri8nt 6d b tsorutlon: t = lo, rl siva 8ta 3a oI 3tnl& acodh8 b $. Equned ESui*.xt@lon errlo(Im, 1mlDiol0rdo -. . so cL.rli E 6tF.bod o'nt hth PGitio ard n natbe 1, cr 9 plaes lem t{ riSh G eithE 0 61. sinildly P6ii'@n 11'on Mrd

'oF nghtod

so 4uL' dpFs@ re

I - (0+ 1).1{0 + 1) (0+4(0+r)(0+1)(0}1)(0+1)(0+1)(0+1) (0 +1)

!-(0+r)'(0+1)'

50 A@'niir L,irs-Aind*i d tudiF

Er.mpl.2.3 wne L\e le8d.! 6ps$on fq ihe F! or rtu$ or m equlnumba or 0r 'nd

r'r n;h dd in dd Etfi' I rh. nsbt oI s3 dili6 6@ rh. nmb6 ol t,! b, rr ffir 1

solurlon: c16rlyrtr.*toIltrlnF!luvinSdrin3rlik 01o1olo1o,10l01olo,olo,1ool

Sa t3lLr dpl6ioi *iI b.r-l01+1or

El.mpL 2,s wnE a rSurar.rP6id ln rh. !€t ot3ti$s oI0t 'nd

1'! d cdbiniiS ffi

Sotutlo. vvlEn$..MlvqdErft of lhingsthsrbRTmdsthltrtuSdvsdtq n'd !d's Gv hc l6ba whadd d ; d@nd{ iha N tin8L 0 rut ft d{ lL e,utn8l d lft; ooomrq mmlrl1lr 1mr0m''

Resuh e.t{B,ion i! I - (0 l'00) m'Er.'r9l.2ro wdh r tsJr aPl66 oq rlph'bdI' bl fq rl: d d

'nl$t widi dd

.umhs .l r. loltow€d bv odd nunbd oI b ! rht rd $. bngurS.

!_hbha'r:!>0'n:0Solu on: o..rlyevryehn3oll'4!.8PLq lsH wih dm nu a|?r

'r 'l rhrr i3 rr lc*.ii,:i'r,*u t il;; u";.n*i ot'u* 'hs shs eh'urd dd *td':r r"d thE b 5

R.tul* aP*ion k '

- Gt)'(bb)tb

E6pt.2rr wnttunsd.roqsrdroro.Lnguse-L' lwc l0' lll':vha m Fn

66rurt n: c.rnv *tsFs.'g cr4 ir mdtb. ioltow.d b, r r' su'h t 3!b'tdna dv b;eLd "'d

dll.*d bt {y "-ha ot r'1 *'rr i' O' ol11' Bd tknE 'rnns

h 0 d;dftBdneo{.x1!duD@uedh4 rh.l ir l'(0 + € )

so 4!1,' aPt€dmL \ ' 0'm1l (o + e) + 1' (0 + c )anooE pd.tt'le olurion l! q - O + 0r)'(0+ c)"dd\d; d'. bo dP'Eld loot d,lisd bo$ N@ R oner a *q d€d oE

*r.,s';_s. c"*uyjd*." - $lnEd nwba o' r'SLr dP'Em Io' mv dF

ErdrL 2l2 wlt. {* FSd' aPradm ior 0j. lrnSlage

L-hib'n:46rESoluiton: bnguq. shin 0! d od e4'l ludr rtEt 6qy

'nin3 'd 'ith rddr

"'3ud dd hth rtu Jb'!5o Ffll.t.rPEssl6 wix b. r - J r'{E + bi Lr+ b')

Ex.mpl.2.r3 Wtib rft. reguLr sPGnm id o'! LngES'L - hi bn: h l nlis d6l

sdunoi: w.loow {n + n) cs be e h M osC&1: ndd m boLh rE wh

so in ti'is (& EsuLi qP'sd will b' i ' (a)'(bb)'

si'& SM .. Ti.nb'bi 51

Crsl nridnbothmoddLr rhk 6. Esuhr.xF6rion b 4 = (.r)r r (!b)r bLt Egdr dpr6ad tor dE lrn8u8. L i3 i, s

r-rj+r,= (..f (h6)r + (d)r. (bb), b

Esmd.2.1'l W;b the E8d.t apsid !d th! Lng!.g.L. hr,iwn>3,,. (4b).1.

!6tu oi: o4rly 6try !t!b8 or l.n8u8. L r6d sdl ': bndld ty rrl.Gr rlur y!,,.[o*.d by r L.5r N'r'o! @'b , rtEr L rElul ft lil. dra bf,SbtfLS. ab,bbb... r.

so F8d- o(F6doi i!: r - aUP {. r blH4 + l, r p6iriE.io.u trrtbG + b)' - (. + b)l- e

Er.npl.2,l5 Wn!.. ESul! o.PtEia tor 0E lmgug.L. tq: l,l md 3 . 0), '€

(r b).aoru{a: ItT B ILlr urd.dnd dE @nn'g oI lwl BFd 3' o, vha L.trh or lrinsb.L$. b $. l.igug. 14 & dlvtdd ht 3 rtun Ebrrndd lhould b.0, rh ir h$G ol s h6tt 0, t 6,9 -" clety nuldpLof dR

F€sdar dF6lion i! r . (a + bh.Ermd.216 wnE rh. rqur.r oQtEdd [d rtE Lryu|3e

L - {*. ({ b). n1w) n.d 3 - 01.

5.1!{on: 4(9)nod3=0nEnnu!$e.f r'rin*tB'll.!rdb.0,3,49....sores a!

"xF.!dm Ir r - (l rn *t.tr)..

2.53 CobpaFtlv! Study ofR.gnld Etp€don, R.!ol- 8.t trdFinlt. Auto@t

II @

52 Pw'..r L'Bqc P"&tl4 "", P,./{.r

2.6 DETERI4INSNC HNIIEACTO ATA

w. h$v th.t shpuu s d.tujilc R qhkh w m6n ool d 6dnr w P'ihL';;i;;;; ii;;,.l'i* **! ir s;r t@ dE

'6b 'r ** ire @ P'*!bro'js

ilJ. "-r'.-

u" *',r"", *" it *d.elv d.idnrd bv th' Fid tut rd dr inPlt

idbldton. 5d. &qreE of Labucdd '!y lod b tuea td sR mv rcr

i^'" ""*, i' ana 'nir a. nrrt<1 4 'Fu' stAt6 ond udbd of htE? bt dv

"w"ii1i-t'i, iii. ",a ';'^"@- bse tu eds'| 4.ttt sbu 4 bbttv s*t bv b'

i*i i, " a*i;""*,-..'t',

" *, nMtuh. d6n bn tB' 6 ttu rottn4rE h'ad'al

'iitr-i:"a-"-a^"i; 't"r,

c" * ot heli' ot atu@ k p@nalv rt Futt q dr* oa

iihhve:n lE.h.v.dird$6drhaudelv **loUowinghEluiooslaiFd'A drl.6hnld.linlE 'ubtuir

L . qulrtuPle

M. (O r, Ca,t)

Q: Is. n@pry &nb !.r of dbt Fsi! iJr th€ tulR oml (9 q! I I

; L . m?mptv tuiE e.r ol mpd trboh $h(h '!n

b? P!r*d b Lh' rhiE 3hh

helne(a,bq4.-)

Stid S,tuitk di/ n.N6dor 53

q.; Ir a lldin8 sEe, oneol L\.3bt inQF: ls: rct]-dpty sr oI ftul il,e! d

'ePrinS thB, s.t.f ftnri sr.er Llongs b Q

6 : le a luEtimdlhd naNidon tun rid lh.ibl6 ko rgurmb ! tbb.td. inputryht6l, il Fhas , iin3L et:te.

Irt'( b lh€ ,r.e .nd'r' h. hPut 5td$ol P5.d b 0! ldid6 rlrbM s3(9 o'q

{ i, rhe dlPut or 6a rdion ilBr rr r.iryL rhk d r, q'my h. q

9od D@le pEIa to €u dN 16r . h$E ffieb b6E rt sl! iob n ro .-ePr qhinr4$nin;;nd Fi-+ 6dE i' dG M. doaryNns ur.pridins tuchi@ soru bft it ts

a]; ds; B l iu* dori,n b.6a FA nEelv Nsiiat wh.tns d.F input sEnssii 0E l&.!:!q ;s;o rio cost]a th{ lom hody ! .P6}dls Rsim d Fnslith*iL\od ll.cedly hd6bdng whlt ii @.

2,6.1 P.os3lng of stdnlF by DFA

s{F?c rj, } \ ... 4 ! ! ,.qllgE o, inFrt 'Fbols

w. lbd out wlti d.hhltdc 6niF.utmb h.vins qo qr. qr . q! dh whG q0 tr dr inHal 6h .nd qn ! 0E 6n l dE lndFsition 6at'M and F€!.d 5

6{q!,J - q'6(q"t, - I5(q" r,) - q

(q-rcJ -q.InDut.,,r,.,-r!udbh.e'r.drree.&th.tmb€o,dFfNlihbt mdilrcr

*m ii $ "FjRi.d:. Bt .d@diS 0A rptlw,t *; d.6m dE lingurro{r FiddlJ DFArnd 6 rlro .hd $l p*i.ul!' rbrE l, rdpbd d r.l6r.d h) Stvm FA.

so r.Eins i' &'id b t Epbd by th 3l6F ont *ha it rt Pft..t d ty bndlonhedd 6 ln ec.tE nllM L\.t il a& .t ihe 6nj slrte,

2.6,2 Slmpld Nolrtions for DfatTl@etutr.'6R{rciidGluadibdEr'llnt :

1. Tffiitbr Di.rd' Nokt'bai a ksitb! di.8m Io! Dr,lM - (Q,A I q! D i!. snpi d.f*ddioto6

(a) rd adr !b€ tn Q $@ n. n d. !.pMr€d bt dE.Lrle(b) Fd a<hrtaEin A&d a!fiinpurtynhol. ii:, Lt6(9 t) - P Irha.Esel hPut

iy!$ob l}!r a@ bxdlion 6on q to p, thd 6\e e.Birid di.gramcan h.ve om k,hlelk tr thr litr of oie MloL 6:

54 P@Ed'a l!ry.F-PnraL di/ toqi{N

N"O-O"O_roFIg'2'13

(.) Il r.t rhE q

't a k tne sdns oan n EPIsted !v lIE ctde s$ r'rw d

---o(d) Nod6 ffipod^s b G€rnnr *b (dre N tt D d Ml4d tv t dod{"i'd'

sbb d in F h:w d llnd.dtr

'#5ffi$.5*E:',ffiffiffi;xffiTffi

th 21r

q ir ti€ ltrdirs dait ud q2lt dE irsl !bt€,

a - {qtst cJr-{91

6(s,a)'q" 5(q'b) " ql

6(9u.) _q" 6(qu b) =q6(q:, a) - 9, 6{qr, q ' q,

*,* o-- * *to-ongt-' r. tI tddb bblerlowihgFB z17

r.)

SF6 s.tud(."1lrdl,rci 55

2.6.3 th. tasuage ot A Df.Ir h.E ha dplairEd i{olmly ihit DFA denn6 ! I.n8!.3e Tn. stof.ll rEinEs th|t HltiJr I rqtlgE oa$ts brdh toa d e b rn e@pdn3 Eb

Nd* an d.6E {E lrnsus. dr DF^ M r (Qrt 4 s D. Tr$ hngn.8. i, rro.rdr by

L{h) - tv6(q,w) b h Ft

a t! dEded trdd6 t',,r6dItrii! tr L$ut3.oabi..lErrof3ihs' (') rru hr.dE rrrttuio qE6{rhRI{h8

tulq. YLi, 8, ba8@9. ot.r! j,ih dtbr.tte haw. uy aat L bt nttb traSlaet,N@ ,or pacrial uddbndtg of FA h lad..I @ltda let u dlc rh. Fm

*a\PlB.E&d.2.17 D6iFr.F rtut.RpBtdoi.!ingl!*Irllr.ys,ldingardrinmoE

so,udon: rttDF 5€M.(Q,14$,Dsj lidrl hE &dt: l01l l, srE

,Gud|ll3 b *F gim 1,n3!.8c k h:w b desisn I F whidr &cctr! du snp w -*.L.Wot xy @bims6 oa gt !n & ta qeuL otrlqt lum, @, r00, dloolm

Nd ftlt w wiu deid. tE .ppe.n ro dEirn f]| Ir b lui m..ry r.* ro dln* FA 6 |whok, $ w. h.E r. tul6U mini(ua qdid6 tut i3.vkt rtin8ld ir m.

56 P@n { r,rsr.'-e'/i*r '' P'fiira

seimih.DFA,wffitdek@toPUrtytbolIdoutPutsbEftod'sy'bE so*'r."i'i.i,a*il,i " "v.u"r

ri,; tu q,ildq: rhhitwirrb'rmPr'tsFA'- iii*-*i"r* - u..iasnins PG:tuE F^ scr !6Pr ru Lhe ltiry'

"r'i_."_ iiir" e* r'"g.,g. h'r

'hoJd n;iKF $d ths! ehrn e mt h h'

Lnluge.'l6nlt Alio@b

,.nfY

[-J,_- rVu

9o ng, 213 {utnd *t nli'nun Mdi66 ud Fr& 219 it tlE tu iM dnim or

q-Is!,q q:l

F - {qr,

ErMd.2,rs: IEigh. F {ht tr.cpb ldof drnsF mbini$ r'r lt h'v'rv 'bl: - t0,1t

s.tutlon: DF drdd.@Pc the 'ttngs

1l1l0101011' 011011m00

M=(ql"Iq,D

F..r.20

Q-{$c!q,c'q"c}r _ tqrl

FMqbqriou1,r r rl,.dv tlE€ dd qt s liiel sbE & I tdq'duuSombp$ih turi;wlryqri:!rh4 s{t n t'Idh'Pd @trE ...'-6.;;ag;'*"* .r'buwhxhENEhr4rrr!Do!n'P!rtdholsoqsb d*alpL ot d-d dtr't.*'.ri, *,*

" to *" "*tE

rtusr oMLfis s'LY r @ rlP.\!b€t lo llsdluUorr sdrit Fr sdhS ro or F(5ldl thd L ePEd by dM FA ! ur!

I OmL 0m@ 000lcm

Sr^a 9n'Gd Trrulad,' 57

ng'2'2|

ElmtL2, D6iBr fA 60r tl* rlElrFL * tort1r /l> 1t>11.

€orrdo: By snFb d Li6urr. L ri E dd ort F vin @r'E lrn'EF sbn #$ DynuEl( ol (d hpt').nd dd siol em nut orlrlrF^h.

M-(O,t,6,qrFl

r'9'1,,

a.k q, q, qr q! qi F - {ql, r - p, r} {d q, b rr..d lhbE@pl.2ll D6i3l r DFA ld rh bElrg.

r- - tw. {1 6r/ \{*) hod 3 > lt.soluuon: Ld u IiEt b,ryr tE lirEuege L

\(w): nurt6ol!'rln.vsr*h!qal{sus.L\(t) lsd3: nd$aorb't l^.dr*hgof I b divid.d bt dR.nd tldlideL Erdr ol !(w) lFd t

t(w) lrd3 > ! @ dur taEindsis oiy 2tE rhanun!.r !.tvtd.d by 3 ntnp61L !@ind6c q ], sd 2

L.raqlL.rt DFA be n - (q 4 6, $ F)

t- (..b)8'vaait t Ninm d.en lr. fouors

58 E@Eo'{ La{q.-Pnidda q'l P!Di'@

)-<"H\ ; __,-I

" ztt

si! s.9t 3bin8t, rqvi4 2vt 5b '

&a 3vt 3o leouindd is 'lwiF

2

a = ls qlelF.l.tit

m#fffiffiffi':ffi;"H#tur;"-*tW, - 10,11

9'l9lr - lqot

ind f@ly tNidd di{gd It defiftd s lollo'3:

M-(Q,t6,qrD

?,? WIIY STqDY COI{PITERS

You mr Rvd nik r 6Dhdi'l @hPils' tut tife rct qhv ( tudv @mPUd! w' rtodt

@no'r;.Nh.non ior dc louo n3F*@* '.].r",i* . *"1* s,v. | !todor dPsitr' d$ r'rsd'L rPPlori^iJli.-iii6-.ip'r. p'rBm ruv br or r"sFr PE€r'm vd wnb E:

tid, s.tud 'i/ rr{r.dd 59

studdl FrF;lm @*ing w h Elt big dab titu 6d @Pld in|.didsb€M6 llssith$ $dl tulP you Nt o. yN Br btg Pr%F'fug Piqd

. Conpilg w inr ! m ol rha lhbins hu'l'h! ol cS th.o'y Ir d.morohB the

viiu ot rh64 ov6 tfi. inPut€ E j6r'char ut r slurih. coopll* {ritins is I b.t( eLnh! ol pog'lmhin8 l.ngurr. E$EIL M y

lansqsc erlEB wj|a ompilGltr d! lrEur dE ddtn. Mur rpp'6'i@ hae..nn t Fper&t b d c tr@ dus o(

' fthp'|4 ud

@p,i!i DcP€nir. dd bh .s help !n Appkrtion PoEr.uE sorlonS on orh.r

PFid h€ide @Pilai

2.2.r Wtat b Urc Oonoge In Comptld D.!tgn?

Con9llE *ftg 6 d m dt l.b lr i! vE, dd|aiBitg ud td 'd h.v.lol oI l.lsLd8.ltour h'iou tuld ol Mruk d!d. Ia u dleG !@ oI ddl<t86

. M.iy prqltuw I{sus6 (ERT? N, c*,J.h)

. M&y pFgEmhg pddlSn lt.|rt r! obFt oridE4le"d@L hSical)

. M:iy .6puu &hrEdG (dut b r!trq sPARq IiEL dpra)

. mmy oFrtin3 tynd (.h.t is llne &I!lt vt'd.*)bJ A!.rttia olt c@a @ntiLt (itona oJarpdbtd)l

. rrr @pnsiEdf nd b.l{a4*

. ltnutaffir.otuff.hn.od., 1llaaE:tdfldnE$d.mdMblt. tlE onpta it &lr Mt m t !i (MP dm uEr nGl h. pEFrddul b

,r%tur@J. T}l mpile aln 6. pdbbl. (ihrt b nodlhr, tut9orriry ep:nt

. Ir rutFinr good di4@d€erd .dna.86' Tbgmdod.nlnrcltnllrlth.dsdr'rd.b{gs*. 6d ruw @lrr.nr.n l pEii.bhle oPdltat n

lc) Btiuiti r@nq . tt4"i6 'ffir4.qJ' pr.gr.mi$ 1.I8u8€ (Pm.e p6in& vliabL hPh& hAEry

.ll@don.h)' llEyoa.ut drb, sd ie hgu86.rc. Algdhtm .nd darr |!u.n|E {lB bbl6, Sraph .Ee.tnlN, dr{nlc

pFgr{nlnc.b}' conp a{d'iLdE (@'bt p!.sMd$}. trsua1aitui.9

2,7.2 TtE ConpoNnl' of a CdF:LrA @npila i. cdp6*d 6I r.ver.lonpomre 'l$ ..lld phrs, 4ch pdlohing one

rpdf* bsl( Eadr of tE mtor:nE pe.6rN { a di8hdt hjtlE lrlF8e Ld ttd |n.

6{l &@dit t "s4e-AiMd5..,l Arri@

predou. Trs 6np'l* n6t LL m dblnlrily - 6m€i 6ody ol kar, sd bdbr' iI inro 'LilEvtudur@raduddlbrdlir. .6pLtt.d+iLli6 p$d@ tu t€ dittd h io ei: lhtp lrd IB Phk d b'

rcsFuP.d li two Paa, lrolloa!:

In U e PE slr P68Id i. Drcl.n in€ @tihr p@r &d cda !ndi*di:h noE;d; A*lYdt.s b€ ddr h DR Pls

G) L.!d ;dYsit(b) sFk .ndYsie(c) sdadc lurttr

JmdEdt dtlsrt dl d.!d hrs.l FDsm nm br@ltnL EFdbdn$nd6b6t am h 6tdhs dG PIE*:

(!) Inlandh€@d.3@do{b) od€ordlitto(c) cnd.8@trh

b.r id ot-,F1tti." ^ irr'dsia- q.sa d'b'n'(,i& dla ryr,r/ ttUt 6nu'

Now let s dtaw rh. blo.l di4En ol dPIE

lt

-L

9a&roie'i1T{Nlada 5l

S.lEt'ffi w. divid. ltntldi! 6 l]llos:(a) In!.mldbr.cod.3lddo

tls! w€ d roo*in8 tba8. dL@lM d. dtlsdt P.he, but nt Pkid e$nplid iwr ri. Pd olode 8dt@

Now Bloi* dlN86 u h. dflm 6 to[o*t:

I

rb 2.r.

2,72,t hvtutdB.*d.n. 66r sd o{ . llrpiLr q.lu.t6 rU @ly$ ph.5i! .nd th inhtn.di!8.!d. SMtorqhlle rh. bccl hd tflird6 th..od. oPb ztis {d h$l od. 3*.dd ph.6 Lh' trd6d m$a A. l@ pDSnh rid Pt"dE 6E*dLE .od. -hil. th. b€ct .ndrynbrslree rh. Esd pr.stm lrch dE lnbn dbtE c.de

It it e dhlh* b e d.lrft lrn6!*dnt. @& EPI&bdo ftt Ml.U{6t&uc bnsu!6ed/d.val d{,lsst Eg.l hnsuSc or. @ dE .dhdr,.t tu'end wih; brcr dd Pd.nhDle fthsdlt de!€Ltp.d

' .ffiPila wtlh 6ou ft6r d\dt b

Ery, s;e F!st@ Mitlai in PE! c' c++ 6 J.v. and fos 6.d .nd b sFrhais

62 P{rrnoiq l,i.x.a.-Pndrl!J a8l &dliFdffi27.22 un tA'ea*Fcw)

xx ny wtr#ITffi HfJffi* T,""'#ffi fi

ffffi(d s?.dt tll iotd or d. lrnSEl. tdlbr .ft.iarly do€DE tE bh

*i#*".:**'H*:m#*.mstriJffi"#Tft *llL:

r*rr-ao**.n IY*a *' aU*'i"&s8: - ord 3s _ vars/100

blition:ri'it!'r+r!@'Itie rbrd..t grcupd in to 7 lolct $ foll@]

. .4IEq%443'lFbl@,6d6rnlrEF$*6blr'fuElya.Aro*,rr:yorr@rjnSrrithrlurrh.Ialel.nnyElMuyh!rcMh*rowo*qrh.A!it De6inz4 lyEbol Rh4 rc l|fli.d8. o{ hy ol ln. ;],nbots dlr preded d wix buow d;illyoboi'IruE F *ldelt rlit bh @! dw tu be ced lor prdkuB r l.ricrt qrl,/a; for:

2723 syntat An lss{lPe4Ertu,n tyr n dt aottuh in di(ltr dE wtu,h.t!4 a ddnM dn nsrt 6 und75tu8 Eav nk i^ltuct tt

'yn,t]'w.lmw $.r i wd dr rdw/. duty 6 6gM bdtvidurl wdd!, d bko! oI rheb4u8. TlE lEd..l mlyE dd mr horEE re.rnj:r it .tE word! h:v. b.u ,$.d@dtly. IrE Din al ot p.e |! @ 8np rlE bkqs in to &nEE, Our !, b dffiii. ttu xqueN o{ iok6r dui hlwt .nahdd by dtr rylh, .dvd.E h rlE6d odad d.In dlE *or.b, unbt rE gnb,ntF; t)E) i! @ilr.d *€ totcfr h.E b.rnou6r.d wr$no E8dd b rh. *holp qqr of rh. pESlu r! r whoL. TlE p6E4 'E|IE@ (frr d och bra rd geF *'. br6 r dRtfldoq !Et@b md €nhl#r@ttL ht ttrp@ dl.vnttira qA n @,88 p@rtit&j &td6 ne.tuturs.

A R ir . ur!tuI epE.nbdd .l ! pEgEm *gMr b6.@ ir ,.ol,bhth|lfutuE d e pFgnn oEr my k d b p.dH. BinlMdm o, $. hrllnenshcri@ tht rE m€d.d io clrry out rhe EqutEd ope.iio6 thlr j! opdnnzdon,

rxt E th. p@d@ ty .n enpL

,n'h e 7 br6 rm (jd6rihd). t (dis'lnqr oFrirorl, otd $n (ideMd) r,Fubffion cer6orl, v.tu. ('d{dfl.'Il(drvtild ope,b) lnd 100 lnes€r rdrui/ edFurollan t Drrlsi! Nd rtla brar worts s irpur bo rh€ FtE.?.8 wiu Frdr ryitu h 6 !n minFi& 2?a

s- m rM sy th3r lFtu r.drrj! ! nor only !h. k t ph|r ot rh. rEty!6 3br olorpllrbon but Foltd6 rh. 6-ift wet, tor ine.orpfl.r., . vhot.. ir dhv; tE t;dldy3i' ptre od bul& d* stu(nr uFn whin .'ldk dFn ir ELm€d. Mbr@lyrir a!,o p'6ud6 a t.m wqt rq I bhoL nns! ot $uR odi uty;b boL!. ind;d,ns|1letug bB or vdN erB! G _ d.€rc, hrour bb Md p !n

64 R4irninllcqv46-Pii'ttl4' &rditN

;: io

F! 22t qdbxtus{surdlds

lgsffi-H#'"{H*#lffiug;*m

e'4 tu'F rld " "nb

z'4a

".# rs##'J:trS*i# ll't:ff; o* *"*" "-" .'

odtrt ol ryna.Erte

F4za

Ntr e@& dltd o6 h rit Pi'l@ Dd dtPut win 6' G rhM h F's' 2ro

ffi

!^ia s.n,i( dir' r'h'/'' .i 65

Fl'.210

Fd . a.'i.bL dE rFtol btL hiSht rod tE tyF aF€'id F l4s, nel .l.) it!@F (wnde d. vadrble ..n b€ aed), .nd l|t lo.lrim ln m-1i6. !ror.!q .i., For rpto..d@ d* .trbol bhL Eghi 6d t: ryFdFcnm oI ib .r8mre .rxt tl* twedDruim 6l ib fttum.d vde.

IlE.ynboIdn @gd 16. frND t',rlroi dut tu. Pod@ b rh.ddipb' 6.m idorisa (d€diprot ir a rerd wllch .61'id .ll th. in ldMtim abdr iddina) whodE irulaln. ConpiLr ph|g e tlD Fd,E bod &.yq hod y u ffidd,houtLIE ddffid nND dud . NUIL poinb iJ dEE h tu dtd lot . 3!m Is.tu 11*I}{sERrfir*t fl h Ih. rynbol Ehl. Dinras nld r |w rerd inb thl syhhol bbL kh.n

27,26 'tbtu

!tu Cod. @tuAtt r @rri. E\a! lsy .dtil.r 8@b 6Inrddi.h rp@nbuon ot tltr $&.Fq'srtEti!bdrary bPFdKrn..ct bhdLEh b *!t altP t|nthFx.vd.tv ol bm u!€d foi hhfdi.h .!d.. O* tkt lm ! clLd tlwddt€s od. rndloob bL c!d. 16 a 'Emr-i6dt trdnJr alE! dat oFntio Pd! oP@Idr {rcmiftry hd Mib sdb lnb d@wr. nPhl..n4dlrt6d. gMtot Eurlly ha to6tbpd:rt ld6@ to li.Ld lnbndnb @b.

Ah' L\e Mptur bFr! dir rtis of tat doh in b tolnq Pcd tE blc! .nddbd uE h md liMUy p61qF.d 0t

'g!ry tyF .t6lqE, ft

'tiEhr €b I r.q'llR

of ttldddsiBlr'Ete.nl:*rdrksn h&ridEdlbhF e rhanth€.Fids(€$t6!) rs !EFc.d@ $d h.ddirM b m rstFFal Mhln mlt N odw oPmlot-nG -.ddrallfud@ dro.!!led unj'nd epply or !a&bD.

tarer: - luorear (50)

66 e@nF{ r, ^.ds6-PnrcPL,

, i1 &El{d

wherc temp, rnP, .nd hPrinhedi.c @4. 8ffib2.7.2,7 CodtoPdnttst@

.r. $e n.ner ol llne. bPorary lEtiotu .realed by the

nr ldc* ol dc G ih.r ! saEnEd bv rlv Patr on b' ffiry'i b sur tl'' n"d! ol

;.-;h,r E"d*" * obE<r;d. 'h"t

M lastft Hh' EulB ! t linPukd nhE rh'd)b. uled b s;ftk 0G obrd rcd.

^n dmPk oI Mh m oPrbbbol !

h uris loot rhd e i bEt'l@$rlmd drEd r bevr'Lti''d$'L(*"l'-iii

- :l 'l t' t'. .bot. pr rm L\j! ishdim i! {dhd uffisrlv

ffiiiil-it-iii-'..r" * x r*Ei ;i dd 'rE

r*ltru-od' r'r *'r I'M i' @diJa" u'. r.,," tiar r.ll'. r*i,. d .na L\. tu Mmd) TIE Ed'$'!6] '* 'ii-,i?*i"ii"i iii'ii *".*'t" F" h. q*].:'ngg ff*TS;Hru.b.n d iEtdid E .rEuEd onlv oR' Nnrc d llg '

' lil{Fart coa. rg6c* pr-* * hrE sn dtr* ddF dbfriN a t'lld

t@r:=InibFr!l60)

w. s opd"r th...dq tv.PPvrng rh'b'r tlsihnsi' tul6 io tr' A rut'dl(aroPdml"don oi ihe rtov.6a. ni3hr bz

telPt,- r.t€ x irtklBl 150)

rsb.. old 3s + t itL

7fi;t it N nwdtknt&loPti'iutd oG rhe hh'duEod' hs b'5 oPnsiz4 $'oorild d S@E th. riul.o'L m i! nrcllR _ ndbP tllh

27,2,a &ota3€all@ltnr* *ur -a ".,i'u. 'pp-*gin

th' Pog6 hd hrw 'bg' l!'e'll6hd im ic

;;;: ;;; il;+il;"- ;h'r"iL!-!b-e "PG -')' b'

"R or rh' rorrowins

n rhe lil ;f ol dr vnirbte is lik riR ol rh' P6€nm rd rh' 5pa o{ lts v:l( 'RliLliJi*"ir", t" *t ..a lnl' hnd or 'rroorioi b c'red

'bric 6bR8'

strd,!tuiindiJTnd.'i.a 67

w€ iolLwDrdtn doa3. dLEfM jI rtF V.t'@ is a paitnld blo.l d lffiriotror pioedu. in whri it Ir all*ared so rhrt t niy b. El.q.d wlEn L\. blcl orlqdift d p*d@ in whid it b dLdlrd Lr kh.

Il lb libtnn. ! unrdM |t ompil. rime ua it I!! b b..lla.bd rnd daudtd iMtilE th. €dicidmblof rklsionge BuIy nndi6 on - ti@ oklha&Alhdcpa€ i, all@r€db llle rb6g. dl@ij6pndq d.dd*, Mbl,ri$.s hu.t.! L rffi $out ib lot'd .r ohpd. tul., ir ped b 0! @<L e.letor fo! is

ItL is tl. Fnotth. .dpilswlEE unv. m.t sed. ! frdt !l@d. IItFb8dm.hiE h! t!8iddsltEt .3nF!gm. Fdanph fd lhEErt

Now we 6 urds ,Lnd thal $& old eum rnd ni. aE iddn6d, Iet !s 3ay n\en id,, id:

rh.r l. qt ra: + idr x 60

e. |60'0, q

Duhg di! &p, rh€ onplle ha io mp i.trt6 @ tM the rhk - lddtsinbm.dtrhcodr ob th. v.ry6!nh .fu6r olqirt B h.d bt the mahim. fi.6!.1Euh i3pl@ o1@d. dbt b Gady) dbbl.

NN ot 0E miltng phs d6 tlE tul e4ri6 ol rh. proetm c I p& ot $!ompij.lJ Gpoqlbnjry. vbt llmis b h. d6! i! b li!* rtu FolFn !d 6dld . biirtldbbL. l^ thjr ph.g, vfi@ librans 6 E,l a tlE uln qeut bL toid6 ol t!€pFgFn & cdunea !o tuh. Iully.odg.d cpplietion, tls. ,E valids tyF oa bnlir€,Nt of eni.n f d@ Fl& b Mtr&. Trr 6nd phe dd r piorlu rur pcr duwsiP'ior b eutid n lor !o b€ loaded tr to Mrt.In rh! pha, 6e ddl!$ in tl. thdyc.d. R tuLbd Aoo b3i6l.dill*q .nd &y 6El @ric bidhg e Ff.md.27210 @lol Opttutb.lT]. ohjat6rt eh.tur*Eop6nizn 5'. Fph.Lopdr a.Trbl"!@ lsp@nr in I@ sopht l6Ed onplia,Ttu pu'pc t! ro pDdue.

'E.eda{otid p6!no dDiq be .tdt d in..hdl.| t'6.. Clprinizntion ir p6l6.d at . ldd levet rn ir uta.dvetlE of .d€4 opdror proPdi.s rudr * omubriviry, .scirlivirr, rnddirnitodviy. nt! bpk is vst rdhlr€d ed rtll tedr b Eoha * To Q r suldy o{Lh.mriEt@$oIompll.ridI(mJalrro6! rl!relerl,ofo oni.Sfr8lra

68 ffntDtrhra raaras.-PnM'pld nl tuE';{tu

t_..-,-.-....-..,.-.,-.-..,--t-t-16']-

z72.tl efrH.dbl

[#-v"mt'.mn"l?fi @;': ffi'ffi : tr#'l:rfl

lffiffi

Sirq S'@dn'rdTtNl'od 69

. tu zand tts'al-r' |4N.4t t4au| Mar aqkbrt4'ufq 7n*4@E6r.i-"u" i*i-*" rt* *"r'v rl Iruh Pd i' rodlode rrom uhse io @ntin*

ii" *l*;-i J*i..re * -; hs b€n tud vr'rui TEPFN ir $e P|Fr tr rc

-J,rl" *,-u .1 ,t o" * a"**on tnd @vdv E'rd' i! *ipPv' tu P@;r ;ft .d 'id

'!B 'P' "IE rhr! ud Gsd' rPuiN @ trd.86 r

iiiiiir'ii'ii'i i".; t p'"d- r 0Ecli ord@a wh:r oF qourd ur' bsei"""S-. r,

" r.'* ,r," i-"-prl*

't"p N, imPoP* bka rnd conbu' b ddd

.ilii -.fir.'i ii*-"'e ;'* ;"do th"r 'R d E'lv s "6' b-t "i-"L* a i. r'*tJ* n*lFd! ' imFtu{ inrr @' snP de

iw,ioa *r.a * t'"* s."a u- d d'Hon 4.h !. *-*'a * a * " -""* " rh Th! @k ih'r G uled in .6Pub

i,i"'..j'.[.ti,L*it.'u"^n'"mDEs ureuehlporqlans!'t6 rhis

i ,fi-.ii i*-i.. - -i"p"* r'"eu.s6 derv rhus i! v'rv Fucn dd*4 rha *i. "-"- -*a *.1"a n";d.4" emF dut nv N in r pF3ih 'F,it"J fi*";fi-;;* "'*B hrv h' oirer 6!m LhP et*dar PoidorJ*.bo,,r*" ^t--*.'a

u*!tucod'dddh'8.ffiFd b6rv@rk.rd,icof llrstuL

. i ,-i* * "r*, * ^--".d!'i"s'od'ophruxhdrd.*pleinonhlnow#;;,. dJ; ;, -,i ,"*,,.,.m.iri' ,hi-h 6n n{6 h" €ch€d

. ?l{ir* nt A w."v w' t"'$ 6& senti^ ske in @tL s@'tti'n 'fi'tctuai-,lli,EiL pq- i,q,,^,n; Fd;dpb d@ dv ajs* -"bnr t". {;bL@ b 6r s . edd ot rr! blgd trane

' ii a'* w, ,t ^, ,a *,* da @4'1a hv b at'b ty't'l d2 abi5 ftrl

l'l'ii. ii"- .. ^i,', - 'a*bJl.. th:t h'e hed BurbPre dcLr:rid wib

onddiddT lbitutet

2.7.3 ThG NltDd of ComP!. Pa5scr

w. h:v. en th. !tu.{ ohPila Th' tntu o!08 .mPIl6 i! divid'n h bsi:Ji'',i-'ifr

"r.* r',*

't" .* ;'q@ iob b psrom nE ortPrr ot ft Phg b ud a

lffiiiirL p-* w" r'.*,u*arv *n d'r Ph's 6nh'q@ed 6 'rorv't.Ph4Flndll-J*i' oi*- o" u" t* a

'.e"uPq d Ph|€ cqPrred brv mulbPs d m F*

2,7.1r lrllt hs cottV@w. h.v. rLadv 3tud6 | odP'ls thd {m rhe rpd !o@ oK- Prodsd t lid hodied

i"H,i"i-'ii o,il*,-".a'd"a r.m rd Psdue ' Nnd-mdncd rm "d & on urir

ii'.'"u*i* r."-a"*a s,a " -e' b t 6uzn

' ^utb P@ @'vth ta tua3lh'rdn

"*'*ii.f i'*- q * ** d b. ta@ w MPd' ol'2 @tan Ee @@iFfiiiiJ-iJo.i"',*;*'"ddd*'P'5aud*€hP{r.*si,a---i5o"tr*,'ai*o"6uIhMdlprr6L rtuendPaddd*!6r'ii lJ,i.JriGG;"*,;" u"

'Fdhar;dvaie bv buudss ' 'vnbdlr

tq ad1"i6" "iiii"'r.'*o- "r"o"g

F ;h node ot rhe R rh! dpur ot rtr ,*nd psilliltlliii.iili *;r";;"1e? rh. trud p!$ 6 ud dp oulPut r'k p' odu'"d bv

;i" ;-'d e-."d r;..i t . "pdbiza@

bv Ebuduitns k h !@.*

70 ffqd^dlt bi!4td-Fidd..i/ eid@

2,?.3.2 oEpascon$k$In . oFDN contiler, wnen a lin. eut. i Ptrs'ed, n b E:nned*"*bd: n'." rh; Mbr ol $e lR s rn'lv:'d dd L\e k !fldw dd &m. bb sonb-lw lnlqrud;:bod 6d bk n R bui:lr' rituJv {Edu x!@ucd pdt !

'lEteder onE;$, d'..ode ts s@Fd Ir{ N Pl€ s EP.:ed rnran'. -* *--

" -.ara U'-llv tE6s dlPilt ! blilr mund du FE rh r

*non c:tc dur si! Pqtm tli6a€d tutrdos

2,7.3,3 Adtaattsg nn tsdt&tt9' btB6't.s1t14L u|d MtlltPasconPl@

' A6eDs.ompilathtt ttn !![6.onP sod.Llo'd€dhrh€ll6dv'rowX-";6"s 0t"** urwitt-tn\. ddlE d oitlE oPering"!h h'vlqb

'hurdomouDl.6bdffr*E A&a tu outPut ol @d, ps ol t ndd ps

landh ! ft;C on dtk .rn nuti h. Ed d *h tu dt d Fs rc. or: ih. ot E h.r4 r dP ps En! b inp6. 9d !6EitriG l+d dr F.8E

lfthb tvd Eirtla lld tddlc ndt b. d.6rd h.tc rtct e utd A

nuld @ &Dle dG Di tbir* tli! tyF o(Evld@ uPon th. ug OPdbon,r.r.-in not* eto-"d *.*.l L\eL.t ol odbm @ b' Ad'ntd b tt'd 14 oI dE;mPila.ts u! ur hs bs h!@.d 5d dE nRd'd h io'mrrim

. T!. .on@6r ot a oFpd .ooPils aE i.td:''hcd nud cl@ dun t'e

--d;u of| m,it rstld TnB 'fquiE.I

rh. Pro8tffi rc'lh3 on

dE;.i<r bh.w r";Ldi..i {Etu Foi6l A tdn P6s onpilc o b'a-;-;--d n' b M thd on eLhvdv tkt paddL nan I us dD'9r;ilt6sm;(d{ttPrcFls Alftd.nh.itmlm$trm E.hF!'ldp;6pltdcmbeEgaded!rmini{omns hiltrE!ninputffi frtuh'renl€ftaury bngligc .nd prcdu.l4 s dFut wrltlm b lffir in@dtrrv

1, D€tur tnb: sd @6c lvirhstlc oIq c++ d JM I'b6ffin'rl&'!u8Ex usins A. loldinl ddbEio6 8r@:

<\o . a/B/c<.+DJcxPr>+<e.d/<t@<t.d r <ted r <l'cbD/<racbr><r.cbP ; (4xPt) /<rd>

S,l1* . plR h ed .lJhd.tsin6on to, all ol rA.IollowinA,hturl0 A.Ax(B+(cxA)(n) l-cx(Axc+E

Sti4 Slse 'nl

Trii'tid 71

3, Prcve tndt tn€ lou@in3 ltnM 15 rhhiSio6

4 Corltdu lhe loltodiS !N

or+b/b<> J .o/!,

$/hkhol [s{ollowi'Ectt t@@ln0uI'nguge 8ffit d tt rii,8Etftn

5, WnE det'tLdd tM6o s.PFin! 6sti6lo! C t*t!dt?6 Delr!ftF 6d

'r.6o!d,tl3 C laau3E

z Writ r C Pt6!6I0. {EtA of otbd.3, YvrrrLtEuof DFA. t re8uLr apEid ln krid Nlrd.?

rO Cdddc tlx lo[orinc lFrirE

L)L../.(t) wlit e rh..nod,6bd$dr &d shn rynbon(tl) tud pG E€ frtrtlE6lwlrBsbgl

G) {' (a ,, (n '))n, Cif gnEnrd ltlrteoaa(mplld.tddkqnr.yrr.r dtd. piEh t ld.

CHAPTER

Baslc Palslng Technlques

3,1 INIXODOCnON OF PARSERS

lJffiHl"*ffi,ir#,Sf #,";*H?S*1"##:Xl^i raa$tac,i"8tlutw srot. vrlid sbfdavas@ru- _rl"

ej a D.laL r a**r'. tF rvddi vrlditv ot s@ etl'l3; IItr€ srnJu !

rg;F"mHt'ffi*Pru"#H*Tffiffi-TH fi#","** t * Fe F dnl'oidi b a Fod$dd ot dE t,*T1E!i so u.r. orid.htls s.r.*b'Y !uD*

(!) By d6vii3 t tug t$m r NdblllruL 6O) Ov

'.a'a',S " 'ufira 'v"'h"l" t-ll-ulst

;j"a ;d-; * d'd;d 'pp'sr* b Fdru' d'Erv b' d4' pdsh3 ud

,.dr' !, Pcrd& * deiftd''''t*L * i.,"*l e*it'g t"d"d' tlur will Pde tN 86M hur |,n a b

mmtr.twm*n""rumm'rru'H#h"i:ffi ilFqddpt. Tt€ PDdl.nd o16 of !ffi c t!:

rrst r Ikt + disit/r$t - dsit / drslrdgrt i o/1/ .. / e

GivdbotaL9-5+2PadhLlhoMD Pt 3l

. *$ml'*mn"*x'mrmm***ws'trffi :

I

I

"/l\t\lI

'|o3'i'Ihe l.n8!age

'rdu{d by aboE PlP be It lit6 ot di!i! cP.6r€d hv Plc nd nlns

Fd ey DnguS. th.t o b. d6b.d b, cI€ dF Px*l8r.*lnE O{i) @ b FEttid o, n ior; H6ws, 'st FosnrfttE L.gurs6 e & aPL dlr

' F|g EqunE

id 6(d dft q,n r dnEl. l.ltenlit m oia {E inPul tlroS oI n tord

32 TOPDOX|{A8S|NG

Fd a srvm lnpll $tn& bPdos.P.ting .nhPr 6 d.nv. I eh3 ldhrial b it bv

N@:* .eefudo "l-Br;d ruE b 'tu

snsruis dlbrylnh.d rvmbol wlsn luch !.thri' ohrji.4 r h l;t6rd,utb daMM muld b. lrP rydr tE of *:6p!r dlisfid-'I w ir dE hp{t lttig, r bPdM FF d.cmi€ . d6ihEo *qK

wha s ,! lt'dns N@ldfriul tn dvs 8rffiu,B8tdlu lfu-tunnitt dt@. b M,.t4+6t ddiLtu@ F at qtttaga tiu

tbig . n;n;dhe a. p; bl b nd4@.yrM/dd.t. ti@ a'tdu 4&t d'ienBsar;]h dE wG q'* Fe* Eii"r4t-+i*t An, a*idt etas k irPlt w 6da

E.mpl.l,l Coroid.r th. tolost'g 8El:'d.vN - lo(P.' E4 EqI | - l:. -, o, L z.t + 5, a, 7, 3, 9, rl

t d ; 0/|/2/11.151611|s/t

sd sh.w t& @tuctm ol tIE p.* h for th. inPut sttin6 9 - 5 + 2

soluuon: Intd.liab@ Tl: Ft oI ihe Pe h!€ mue be thrting gfbol lNdr.rnnuD ol

l.4pl

74 Alt.{'lif L$jl{d-&ixi}6 d/ &'dnN

srrr'IrTh. dny Poddiolor qPr it 4rt + hFt $ d€ For tu't' mEt lEve a rt" 'e

Sr+ziIlE tirs bla h d! inPut s f .ivtdt dltPlodwdm!l*:8t.Nd6nii'!r9ist; { 9 b 9 dctt b. r Ll ejri h rcd.sFEt

,/ |\.zt\II

sh 3ift. Et bl6 in d* hpur it Ou Finl'.tgn md 0Ea y FldEdain tt a@;fifi ;.i"dp';;i-*drr*;tud''uri'i!" dlg'r"!r htud.rna.Ertud.3d kl@

,/\'.\| 7'l\t ,,'t \

Stra:ItuErdainrlllnplnL5!dtt d{tPiddinntdEgDtltrudt'hng'5nit; r 5 s 5 rut L€ a k.l*trh a ,r' m& u. PrEt

L/t\I

86i'!'nian i'4{J 75

slr sr rr. Et b*6 in tlr tPlr i5 rk Plei8n iid lll. dnt pi''t*tm b da 8rNdu"i',gupr*<E it,-r.itt E,:Admd.nEth.w! Plsilnka{' t rni md€

,,, \rz\| ,zt\Lz{\

t,/l\F|} l,

9!!r 6iTlE 6r tot6brh. intutit2 llt dEany F.du't6 hthegijtrc6inh8 t 2bld; J 2 s 2 hst b€. Li wifi r r.m nod..t . PFt

,,, \rz\| //l\l./l\

| '/l\I

Fb !'?

5b z Th. vhDle in4t h.! hdn .h.db€d but tlt P'd tE ttll h|' ' Er n'd' $d' rc;{d;;;;--,'"d;; .-, rcs h. u!.d b;iE *! d rca' ra *ptv ltn'g s '

"/\| ,,'l\

l,/l\ll

fb !r

76 P@nniir ki4aFPir.ill4 oil &{di4tr

3,2,1 Ba.kFaddng ! Probld of ToP.Lown Prcblm

Now br L\e rhdv ofodot d bPdown P!e4g ft ! cLr &'r bPjoM P'Fin8 'frrPb b

r' l(s l.fi-d; ddihrlo6 roi iiput rms B.!ic lt in bFdoh n"h'd4 'vailiu.r'*ui&""a U * Podudi; o{ tr 8EM (whidr I' PrednEdl i!

-.ELd ;0' 0c {'D"r ,hir,* sFbol Finbd b bv aP ttbS ffi tr h dEn B

l,*r,,r ti. "* -. **i":r! ddmEh@; d6 P"'&@ hrv'obo@lv sN

--.*a'l j.-;r i"w oFiRt{!dE) prsffi PitdLdffi Th'F dbdwhkhrJ rir'" **d'v *"'t'.t q.lolt EiE!4 Md d$dr'sflnE (Fhb- ) 15 *t to

'b6MwhadEt+itdFbdudovdtrEdcTtAi!k'MDLfu4 lgNlE;tu ol rh€ djd dEls!* ol roPdom P.e.Eumpl.3.2 CdddedE3i68Effi{

S'Ab

^Jcd/.'narhowtn

b*lheldng lor slt ng W - Et!s.luton: l2tu#trtur

Sr.Ab'r'of b rukh€ with ? ol Srq 3bdn8 w end Rxl lnPui3Fboli''C' e @ dreprodlcnm

t,,l\

Fb at

Er nwl rrdltl i, b h.tn|A s:rd p.E 'w @bP'E b b th lab'l oI d l"l IdEi.urlj6 "ii-o' a" * *e* t ;t"F_.nd 36 b.ck io A df, P|F wir

'ho d or r'Put

'-"ii'i:"J"*;r"p"r;v-u-rlEtdi'rion hd eh'n tru P.@ l.wunEd A' rnd i

i;I w " *-a *r.;t*i-,t; *a; b obr.in th. c In ttukir'? fltlEth' lend

---liL-J i',r. * t r r *o- ttE rhird tmbol o{ s, ut_ ihe P.F riu h'u md

;@uG th. N.asdd .dPldim or FIn&

,/ l\

Now fdly rcRr llGmadve h N 'ollom

I.l

//l\Fn 3il

yi.ld i! ab wh&hmicls b s - abEsnrl.3,! cdlj.tclllrdlowhSg@

N4.lGsb d€ PFde{o F rutn dy t* rFo ltl btctt"}r$;Soludon: i{E th. hPlr b}a i! s tbra ln'uld r bFdoh FF c dt nst d mnalliJ-r ri. -*, i'."ra r'"* t ;6 shrn @ b q s*.@ Pbirs' dd rrk d(i:[ sd b *;,& s. b..r . ,l* y;lan dd Ev dE odE P.d*rim

ul-u' *.i i.aq u. g,ltdr s I P"diEdE dom Fddb' Esd uu

-'i"J#JJo".;;ie.i'.* indli.t?or tu pErr *-h'! b b"rdd.f.ii'iiiilJafut p*.mFpbdri!MF d\dGdd! 3tF s*r

32.2 L!u.s or CFG Ir th. Prcsrdnhhg t$!llrg"hd6 b E IF wha MEdS r cfc fE| FDeEhhlryLnls36

kl lrldndkttlk !8id(d) ldr Fdfi8ii" o * ro-rt ;,' *e{o ade' xd r o h' dild'ir ! rd['rs:(,) eG s€: Pci: dd d, b u'ddr&d lFht rFi66do't ol t Pog'']:lmg

.,'flHT"** * -**ur o.tu.td {'m' crc',iui

^ .'a"irt a.a,'a s.* - nL tt d+ct"r 6{ o* ri od€ s.*!6

(i9 snPilds b.!.d on c}ldt e ery to modirv

78 PrFndit r,i!@-PnMirlB .r/ PdrdtN

w€ h.ve "rErrty

hdid dE .drc in Previos.hrPhr but ler u r6eh rh..oreF .3!h.CNidq 0u lollowiry 8FI'IB:

qp* J <.xp- + <€xrp/<,€D x 4xP-/(<.IpD'/<r(b

IlESddlpdtoldynt rNlyritkapet€.deiptionof eElbtdrlnbor!sw

rd Siv6.nngb. w -. +ttctha dIFeddMFE 6 aIDll'6

;i\| ,/t\

,2T\

,/l\ |

.lllll

II

II

y'.litdDolh lh.pl*h b | + b !.6!l@ 8t.t|uu 6 m$ltlouNow E.d ratrc 0E dLigoity by ewidttg tt€ FlM

<!..ro.> J 1<.@ttl <id

Nd drly d FE tE nt podcii& et @ ffiE r + b x.

,/.| \

l /l\

lll?Y :-

IFlgtta P.reh!tor.+bxo

II

SdtPniatTa'1d4u 79

3.2.2.2 flltrI^.r1^ ot Lei'R.@lMto .a..* O *-**,* ,t * blr ndt evhhol o' the ngh tid' l! $' 5atr 6 $' ncn

b;in.l @ d* hft nd.Id eraPlq

':Pt4'!P+mIf N wd lo cod. tl,is pFduaim in

' KFivF{teed FFe tll. P6E' @ld to ln m

"" i"-'Lr'.*" *"*!v inbodudnsPMhnd' $d ,w Podu'tm

It *ld. Idt'tlsi* Fir ot FoductldrA + AclF {trq! P dd mtt€Fntih A)

ttEn ft .r.ludut. LltsFltld tv FPla'i4 thlt Ptlr of psded'r *itl 6nwiu pait

^)'f /.

cg@l rlsdidh fd dEvhS kft Eud@a-

^oal ̂ n2-. / ^q^

/l' lhJ ''9.htEm S b.8lN widl r a

Nd t. o wih:bow Fottu'tEn a &Uo*6:

^)slA,l02 /...lqn

^+qnl'"11 /dr^ t'

Ermpl.34 CoNidd a* folo*ing cFG

EJE*T/TT +fx F/F

F J (9/II +Vbr

:rd t@. th. Lh sdd6

EJ8+T/T JPI

T+TXF/F :P2

r J (4/I ;I:lr)tlhlc :Fl

Only Pr .rd ?r GkR cGdE ProdEddF L{ En&od@ sri6et.mind' A nr

E tTAAJ+TA/ET +FB3 r xFl/'

80 fiqrnniDr Lai44!&id& !i/ &Editd

F + (Ei)/I

t)a/b/.Now all de pbducdons ar. tue Id$ ldr !ffiid.

E@p|.3,5 wnt ! ll8olitts b @v. dE indiEd LIt 6wn@s.lut oi: l.@/iitin&ln i&/r-Xdntr:

Gdbe nd of hq?r'tr( ,r4 hdid b noi hou8l! @ nur 8!r hd ot hdiFd l.fil@o;hR M d md n;bd{MLm '?&,llv,4 E.fi'* on d wnr.ev C}C

lorr/:-1ion&fotjl:-rtol-re

nPllc. .ach \ r r. e,im vrin productro.3

Ebipl. s,6 Rdoc L\e left Erinm fiu llu 10 fliry cFG

.ry! r dF + h/ o9t - tdvt'rn

.xP! J€rPr* E 6/.{r- Eh/ Ed6 t. Fwnh $ n dn b. 6E lrm l!4 Rddd

aptilzfid!6t J + @'td/ - BbEVI

EspL17 C6idadElo dhgcrcs iBb/,B )*/u/.

thd out d* Lft c.urJd rid @ ir

S +Bb/rB,!c/sd/.

W.osleo wnt rtoE GG6LIow!:s Je/rB)klBal.dl.

Nd se wlll emov. lFsedi.t lrr scim 6 lollflE:s,Bb/rB +dB'l.D'v ).vldv.

N* above cFG b lEe hon lPIt EuEid

!6n Po'iq T'diau 6l

l.fi faci.rtrg i. u*nn fd Fldu'in8 | EtlM !!l[bb id ! Predrdi€ Pr@Iaodridd sPr.d!.eo

/lf <exlit inen <tt!r4nt>

Ndw dotltkEw *tidrPrcdu'tbiri'bblos 'indtkDwhg if rhe b r

"l!'"'w.6int dE lFrha o*tlid S' B folddr

<i.r.@n$ a lf 4&t th4 <'br#nD S

so * o 6M[t if .Xut( o' {t PtEdu'rt"t 'E a iolloG

i- Ol.l, 'u""-r'a,ta.'4,; d'dd'wldtE b dFnd ^

b4' d bd&

Now t. sU Ewib tne Produ'tldA -d^'f )h/h

Nd .ftd '€ns n\. hPut aat'd tl6 4 M

"P{td A'b A d b p'1'

Emp!.3,a Considd ** Ioflo,lnr gEN & ttd' da Lft'tacditla rron Ii

^ - xBt Nq ,'^1.

B 4b3olurbn. Th. gtwn clc i, B iotloF:

A ),arNtar)av.I +L

kiEfur.Ed, rhjr 8r.@ b6@A t tEM?/( r t^/.

EraEpt.3,t CdElds L\€ iolowlt€ CFC'

sblagr - vad.5r. ,sloot aPr/P4'd!Fdrr/blak/lf

'xpr t@ tr:tdt trn lbt@nt

/d'll' 'ipl do tllL'renr''ILc or du Fldudm fa tltbst r'dN ttth mitt'td

rd.bt. J tDllD l.'c!lllocedur. crl lolro (*"r - rr3ttbi,.c,. + E qrn opL-tbtdnB End

N@tr'w0ildl 6ditr6dtrt 8Iv68nld

A2 hrrhatq l^arry Pti\dtk' nt P,niiw

s.tudon: In dr F.ducdG Iq drl?]Mt R Epl4 'mh'inris. vnnblq Plncd@

a\ ud ttlo.h rt dE d8tudde oI rhdr FldEdmlo obtrilu

sta|ftn! 9 ',

EsIooP .:"r/to lexpr) $grcNoP o@!/

Io {exPr-u!e)/kgrn."t',bt4ntfu/It 4r rE .t!t*nt EE .ue@ntl

N@ e.ry pDdqcrid {d rklrMt b€gl,E f,id\ . tsmlul but lour ol ih. Plld!.doMb.8rn riurtE !|m t'rnllul ID, s s.dd. !w Mradol, lh|mtat b du gffi.id Lft 66r ID @t.arh8€ 6u F.aE6N b otdnr

!€q]no'rlrat€EiE,.c/

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33 RECUREIVE.DECENI PARSIIIG

' A brAen d& dtt Mu.,st oJE riEpnrdad bt@ e.iq/t,'dalt tutt r*jntb dA @|tu@1t p'tu oi punr'a i' aln e"nr,gnt tni^3"

Ik tuE'EpEdlco b.dt b *iE.d t ltty.tfi.i.nr if witt6 hI ldulag.olt ild@rt dE p6adn al.fddatlt-

1lkn ! toedelorech m!!,rin l in ar8m. r4t '336..8lob.l

wian4lo.&s4loldins th. ffint inpur b&a $d r p@d@ rulid (E+.e/ bft', n d! dimofrd3nraE the ur@k6 in $r p'r{$ plaa! and rd{rctnt rh.lnPrr rhn Polnb, s!.htDr bdwr' peb b 0E El bka r. b. FF.4 nL.h ( ) ! .tr6bwl, a oll b rhe loo.d&.1y€ io ga *t d bls!

F6 dpr. hFrtlttd ir a + b t

looldsd- - b

h ih! ru@r p.Enu m b. dw.

Sdkrdd'vTahnku 83

cddds llt litlb*nv 8EllugE +TAA,+T /.T{IAI rxE/.FJ(4ail

Ndbqsdt!{l.lsallu.at dt d6"dbC6!Fdr'

i

L

I

t.

Ir.(r..*Ed-- ldtll

Irtdrl ,r

'I

tt |r@rt rd - - brult

I

84 PoFndq r,@-&idtL' !d &s1i|ru

IruLch( );)

er!. rf lrootdEld _ . trPu€nt)I

mtch( ) I

1! (l@}n.rd - (!!r!.il)I

I

I // .nd of Fl ).lr.lR.'ry.-Pl.ddim tr r MEEi.l &a ir F!..du fo( th{ M Entul*ld

it *tffi |Et or di odE Ftdu{N N NbH. lt tI'R !! tu F.ddid fc . lstetldFl rna tg: o[ ib prodk{d E tujbr,L rha {l gEadu slsrd EPd r

'yntuBa e 6 h. rqd dtu he 4 @dr. &dt

''antx dat,Nt ebinda@rndt hl

ae Wlrs, dn& 'lt|r'{l tut i, rtudrE dI.,tz it efrnuitt tt Fab $4 anaotErr|pL3.'lo WdE.6d. Lc dE RddvtdEn pc.ittg oaft iolBing tffi

...i r + em E t/- s.6 -rti/.t.h f 0/r/ ,.../9

Solutton: W.ldow drt h r dldvcd.€tl P.!.tn& RuiEct d.i'red:nbiui oI. g@.ln th. @ d lbm 8Mr, E dDuld hlw tE pEd@ ffi"dd tonmbnn.l dpr, El sd tan,

siw atd n ody @ pbducdon '.r

@dhrr.rpt, $. Fcdw exP. b

)

srE t@ 4 dlR pEductlN fd 6t, pM.de d lg a 8lob.r vanabb'l6n@d',lt eld th. od prod!.dd dsinply !.lG!'!o r.doi" thtt it € - P,rdEd@ LrdEdngarlotlE dy.ri.!tL !ftttE + M (EirtEplu d!'l|6).

Irr irorrrld-''+'t

I

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ft p&..d@ rt'.Is.rt vh.rtE d.a.lwiH. b. dCr

tf lt. drgit trorr .dl)(

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lfia lodhf tul tgrt h&d lnt vd.rr|. totlrd F 't'€rc

F* b .ed Vdl|nE lbdra.dit l!tr'

nl ol tl* F* d udr rh. lnpot L .d t|. !t Frt d!.q! . 4to 6 rEtrMbolr4utleormShztPt

86 A@miq l,it4-e&itl,a .i/ Air'iln

3.4 TOFDOWd PREDICTIVE PARSERS

A 'Fdidiw

Dff n u.t6i6r uty ol hPldabng tdsived"si ptEJrg siF t 5kri"';rj',mir i,, o"au.t* p..ti, re h.ndhs dE (tihhd lm'ds ln bPdMFJ;;;;* if. s'.-fui*,j' h..bl. b Pndia d!

"sru dcfrM Lr dc dpa*ion ol

; @b!ud dunBth.Ftsg P@ ltd h.e trldrc EM!.r BroJ!, /d- e tlP Pddkh.n n $e 8lffi, *6 during or r6in3 Pl@

o,tr h@ b dRide $r! 3 L ro b€Aplndd o d ln Pr.dldw bdslqu P*5s6dvi*ded *''t whKn $od*uM .l B fidld h. c.d b *?','d a B*k'lt pItdidi* P|Mloobrt *€ Br inFr lvbbol md find our whrh ol rlc qdslwi or

' ech€ hrr tur hs N

hislmtol.@d ltr 0EhtulI}E N&t( D.E DFnrm dhdE I tb.l ol gFM qtboL !d @ r Re

di;;,;'l Mob[ *Ed d;. t '"

slrmr' ^

lP6.1rynbol, t trE*, ilE totu o{ dE

*J ".'a

.rt" ** -a ot o" r"put ttr"i tt Pam bhnnaidui& netw ir"nM aIsMN; d.

'h& bt

"'d d" tvttri"rnzb-tut;r bk' I'itu $d ol Pds PEsnb 6n L

Fl!.1'l'P'rdid6p.d

IrE..ri6of {E P.F d.Fdt.n 6r trM ryn!'l on rlc io, oI ttE sh't" Y dd tlE

(r) It Y - 6 - 3 ds Flirg hn! sd p.@ rmul@ 3ll@fd ffiPldid o' ih'

lbl i - b bur dej(.qurl$ lh.n Frur p.F Y ofl lh.8b'l 'nd 'dvttra

at 'nPur

b h'

(c) tf Y j!. h6iul rcr.qul to b lhen pua.mud d mr'(d) rlY ir. NGtdFlsI016 P|s .wd! dtry MtY, bl ii dE M"hble

n $.r,4Y. bl 6h h I DDdD.t'm btY thd dE F@ poF Y of rh' 3bcr 'rd PBIE or'

"y'"fu -'tE;d,,:'d. t d. ?-dxdm 6 b L\. dd (P!tlli,l8 dE 4tt tut 'vabor

or

Il-de MIY,6l l, d dttry ttE dr tlElN lh. ad.nd aI! s m 'goYdt

MheIlb G dids dt folo{iig dnPL ro nrk dE @dPr crar'

EJTE,E4+rEl.

laLPdi"tTdl'i!6 87

1+ FITitlf/'F + idl(g

th. bbL !6 b.ld lhd tlE M n& tt th F svhatu tPul b i' + i/ 'td

Ji

Ee d. dt ta.n l@6a ,e btb't 6 dE 14 ar at qd @ n$L

3.4.1 Flttt lnd Follov

Fir*.!d tllldr d irelurd6...odl[d ]$n r tn!!s $'trdP u d[ '!

rh d!i'o{ uM-bL.''' --rkd

a ! lt | 6!tdd slltrr ths lti 't oi !tdu! tlut D"h rh llitr€| dEhtd

SH,ffi,*r-r.d6.Err'ur'dut4'redrdrdirdtto&

'rShr ol. CG sE&d ryit'i'

hnt{6"1O -t Ed^( I'1. it!L{t a b P'd or Lqlo drr"cs' o" l@i ont or.ao]at O&t*t-dF

'6*Frnncbbl_3. Plsdri6..kr,qr ln6tfit6 ta Ednw ddtr FG'

3n2 FouD!&!s rngptllhn ('tr b' u!q! ro coiP|rl' Fblt 0() ror 'rIXt r E$h.L&i (D h PqIlxr. l.Eldudi.r!t6.dd. bth.doll{td(x}

(t04

88 Aqlud{ L,ttw-fn'Errl4 rii Anii@

(a) Ia x a Y, rnd (Y) I!.n.Lhmt or 0E !.r.r riGr(X)

(b) llFL mhs. r!sdmrrndxJYztFridfr)=FN{Y)_k)eF !(z)FiE(z) 6 b.olcuLLd ln iddddl h.!truFdspleirdms!!Mb

E+TAA r +TA/..T, FB

B+xFB/.F J (E)/ld

dq Lr c.aLd'E FjE{E), tlE(^, fn(t), 66tO) irn Fni(F)

Fid{E-Fn!(r^) ('neE+TA)-F6(t) (Jl*T,c t n tindE8@a4-&r(F3) {rta,r+fE-Fc(4 GnEr+. i! tutthaee,rr:i€l8t.lt!*)-tc,ldl ttw Fr (g/rt5 bnn bG(.txtid)dE

F!c{^)-l+,.l (tlRAr+T/€shtd&e+.r'd€)Fnt(D-{ciidl F.horc)Fn'@) - !( €l (trd8f rFB/qFbd!'.he +dd.)

so d 0E sth 8l.tt|@ Fltt(E)'lq, dL Fltt{A} ' l+, E IFntfl) ' lc, Idl, rdol - lx. c I

.rd ?rr.(E.lg ltrl.

3.43 Ablnthm lo C.lcuht6 th. FoUdQq lor a Nd t mln l x(i) $ b 6.kffit or fouow(t), wh{..It rh. trt rynb.l rna i hdbb.0E.nd oI dr

(ii) II A r oJ(Y n r pEdeno$ th. *l Fl't m b tn dE *t r.Iow(x), ddldin8 €(ijil [A i ax r

^ r qxl @ p!.ducdN lrd Pkttm hal e€k'mt E, the *6lls(x)

L in *E d follos(A).l,t s .@idq dE t!ft anple r h[oE b oLalrt dF8nM

E+TA FLtr(B) ' lqulA{+t^/. Fr'.(^) - lt. I

T+F3 nrdo- lqidlBrxrB/c Fnl(E- {',€)r r(q/td n'do- lcrdl.

&*P.nialaliiqs 89

rou@F). {t)} 0,r*t n hiruo*(9 dK I n ft rdrsMb'd'd Md) i'ior

F.lld{A)-tt)l FiEE+TAurt^{.blrllowEr!tuIrllow{ )Folos aD - PEi ta) bv roL u (!tE. B r TA) v Fouw G) bv ruL 3 o ptlddion

E r TA Gi,w Fidr (A) @ntrk! .'l+,.1-.vlt)l_ l+'t')

Foud (Bl ' Fou@ O ht th. nn 3@PFdh:ddTrrB - l+, ) tlF6tLr (D - (Fdt (B) !y ruL 4 U (F.Io, (r) tt dL 3 dT i fa)

uOd|w (E) tttuL36! a ft). td u t+, )| al u(+, ),, I

'F)tt33.44 Constuctlrd lLbl,L{?s!ct!,! hdn! tDLMs bdlt iollfl v.ttd. difiE!{' dl(ad tdtdqe to dhxr dl M_bbL' lE wwil iIN r$dE.rF*lt bt -l6t hg. d tt!$tn d'd t r

s.lFr O: !. nirddtwhlrdh.t 6db, 'lIFid

() hd ndlow {) 6lEd@ridby ui;i *Ld ( ) ftEd.n E o dil, @!ur dl M{br'

IaAr w L.riy FldEdm ti6s.Lr(^ +rv) -Fnn(E (w)iiud( )

r, u dltlr* wtlh F.vroD d!9|.tu*o-tt)lrlE(E).l(,ul

af+1^/c t'r{D - lr,.l

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- Fdri6(rafous(E)-lkn((,tdtt,)l.Fnn((r,(t{i$l- {( ldl//tott rynlol or..dr Fe

s.rcr(^r+T ).tull(Fld(.T )rollow(a)_Itn(+t,6,)l)-fidr(!t t)- I+t

s.l.d (a J . ) - sd {r4dt (.) FtlrdP (^))

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s.lar (3,rlB)'F d(lll CrqF.Ild(r))- Itr (rL l+,, t l)

s.ld (E 4 .) . Etd Otrt (c) Fdltr (B). r&r (. I t+, ),1 t).lkr e)9- {*,),.1

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-tdL ta FtdldG P.tt't uU.

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ftdymihl|lldpoatlEdctvdsws@tq:tiiil L!6lld,r

3-i.P-,hs1r[^i+6 91

cotubudim ie cl..r IW sift w h.r. dx v.lu6 oI *let ( ) Id.ll tun hniiuls.Id mpr. iIr.rr{ FBdd F) ir (, idl ta@pondn'8 diyldMF, 0 sin be r3,

s! lrrorAr€ Scld i! l),0|ro MlA, )1.ftlMIA 6) wiu be 6 ?id € Gpdivdy,Ir rh. riniur L.llld ln. omplet€ pGiry bbl. is .@hctr\d.

3.5 TqT) GFAMMARS

Now w. h!v. Ln ida lbdt t*dkdk FEiq tlduiqu. rd {. ksw al.t in su ol r,rdhatlon Lr,}.L (tttdicne F*1n8 d4 rryhu M a'llw rao otw rt;tfimt pnnlaia$,tt dartr M dd e. g@isqltbiob dlht Lr@Eia d'1/@fut14h.M

-A,M ni q uOl'g@ f sn dN {ta tLwh ha o dbie tM Mrltww. sn rl$ deiRd Lql) sI:Mi ethd.dqlt c lold!:

"x.a.n,@l@in loltilas!:Nshi.h.pFF6aEL4lurd3id.ol'@lhrn.eFodu.d.n rlt lll !L0) F.FV tha !tl@ brd b 6. Lri)'-

IJr @ntundqpaao tt t44r.tMrM tu p6ar.d^,rt rdd | | hr u@ptudu*ianenaiio rha,rtt@LL(1)prop.tti

IddmpL IIA i !l.nd A e tIrlr.r 6 ' rl. rld (at - 0 0b A ha 0E LI{r) E pery.LlrB6Eidarh@gn'ffiF,TA

a + +ral.T j!E! ixIB/.F J (g/id

H@ orly A an4 B .id F & pErdlt h lI@ lh.n oft p6duc6on.

AJ+TA Ai.D+IIB, BJ.F -(E), Frtd

s.rd (! J TA) = I(, dlsdd (^ r +r^) - {, I

scrd(^f 0 - lt)serd0rF€={crdl

s.ld(BrxFl)=lxls.ld (B 4 0 - t*, ), tt.

se!€tt (r r {E)) - {(l.

s€ldcrid)-{rdl.

92 P@iihs LiaEsg Pn{i!|., ' Parii@

Fd ^'+TA

A J e,3dd (Ar rTA) ^

eled (A 4 E)-{IdB-xF B t., terd (B J'Fl) ^rldt

(B J €) - IFsF; lO, F J id, el6t (F I (E)^eL'' (F J id) r ISo A, B fld F h:v. Ll-o) ?roPdrY

s. 6tinY w. d eY dEt si6 8ndff i' l.l0)

3.51 Adr t Eo.nd Dsadretasd orEO) PaBlng

Tlc e.sn whv Lqr) !D$in8 by wrdve d*mt b rPpaln3 b mDy P6Pl' i', its

lli,li-J. -'a* #uLa "

6*;"r'av bugh s m inhdmd b lid I frlawqr rdn

ffi#ffiffi{*ffiffiffi#ffi.cddu

'u.n 6 .63. dl@h itld od' ge!lE!@---.^-l* - *i. ru ra-ot* Fh. diqddbEd ot !s E d4 Frnn& s

.' dlfr;L;;li;]ii";;fi ;i;;d b p'r;- s'"*b" !*dd"e*rd-'rliji*-"#-i"u-.r"ur"""*r"-"bNdjrtotd llEPbbrenrsnd jur riidle'h'"llili#.ili ;;"e *' t"t m poi.-'d 6ftnv -rh* i' d'€rd' ro'd*l;;ii";i; "pJr.*.pp?

di rh' dod"ubs6 or Ru'tw d*"t PFng

(il TtE vaY Lt3! !€l!e ofta Fldu'rd,iii n"*i*ito'.***t'""'FPdoldn€arPh@or-.PlrddFrPFd h

lhe e'fl futrd bod'6Ih.IoDownu n th. Equlli.u6 tit 'ddi*

u o{ teGiF d|3nt:' I iia-J..**;"r.-'t'""'rr 6Drv b"br'btutnh'8,*itutrc)

. ff *o t **n *..**t of rh',*d(d*ar F E lnbhubr I'miii oi.i" o.i or" p.*, i,i,",a

'r sbiis dd k'vins twdN ! r 'he},

dt'

r,iii ffi.lr *i;a .;.t*' 0E bbur'r 'qururd

or E g.'*'r' *hngft6tddl*s&ldrv

Elrpl.3.ll celid.r dE L!@h8 gn':t@S J a^b/ BbB'

BJ€Tet wh€ths th. rBnM ! !1,0) c no!

'nd orobd t PEdicbw P'Rin3 bbl€ fd jt

s.lurlon: G|!6 3,tMdis a f.lldi:S I AiAb/ DbB'

8dr' idiit Tdrnqs 93

r^ u okuhk flt* 'nd

follow:

Fdt (t) 'Fl6t (ar^b) v I'lnt Obsr)

ritt lA:Ab) ' ftn (A) _ l' I e lttEt ('Ab)'{'!

t&tt(!6s.)'Itt tO-{'lvr (h3')-lhl

so r!!t O - t'le ftl - l'' Urit't (a) ' l'lr'!!r(E ' l'l

HlflO 'ttfit'^i' n

" *_ tt- ^'*A

bl.rbitrlbt b'rhr "d b)

"i.i.i ' ii 'i iE"' '" - et' E t' hndrd uy u"tt b

"d ')Nd ld uokslrb .d.c ( ) b d6Ed Flaar}dE

s.rd Fr AAb) - tu l (Fu('AD rol|d'o)-Fn (.1t$'.

SdEt (s a stB') 'rb' G&i @!') ft['* O)

- Ri' tlu FD'Pnr o - D

sdd( r.) -FIlr(Fd(0l6lb*( ))

' hit ('l lt' bl) - trii (lr bl)

'hblsdd{rr')'hbl

Ha S Ndngdd) | br th Lft ndrr idt d M Fd@t r's +

^'4!/$Ls.Ld € +^r6b) ^ F'sL)

-'^B-a

so *. d xv th.rS tolosu{l) r'lFiht N'w 6n'!v *d cv tur 8i6 g'l|do tTl*

no-.y "-o** r'- hu' v d'h'rP6{ d'r o

srFs.L.t F+^.Ab) "&kdGJBbs')-D

9,1 e@hr ir L.irrc-Pni.l*' dl er/irns.L.r( J€)-Lblsd4l(r4c).l.bl

E npl.3.t2 C@idathlolo*!E!@.s {1AB/.A Jl AC/ OC

3+OS

.'d r..r dur rlrdE uE 6[an'6 3ndlrw ir LI,0) o rorSotudon: lA 6 aldJrb Fhr rd IoDoe

lidO - En0rl)u Fh (.).0,.1ltn (^) - ll0)rl'd (B) - lotFIlr (O ' lYl

Follor O - lt)Forld (A) - Fdr (4 e Ftti {B),ll0l u {0)

- {r,01FondO-rolLwO.t

Nq ody S.nt A &iE ko pFaur,on ss+raa, s+.

ud AilAC, A+ocs.ld (s r 1^4- not (E n 0 AB) lblbw €)

_Er(l1lFD_tll$ct F+ €). F!40'nd G) Ptodo)

- rLr(c9 - lllsdEr(.^+r^c) -&|to,tiGaq8o0o'( )

- li'!. (tll, ll0l)_ lnlr01,1q-11l

s.ld( + 0c).Itd 0g Folo,(A)- Fid(01|1,0t)

Fnn pt 00) - tolNd Llowir! odrei dbJd tsrd &r u4) c.m

sd..r€ r rAB) ^S.bt(sr c)- tll^l'l - t

SdtPc{ialahi!4 95

sekr (A ' 1Aq ^

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- tll^ {0) - {s. H.E loti s.na a n t M{ u1r) PeFrv $ * 6 5' dEt srjdls' ir LLo

3,6 INIRODUCNON TO BOTIOIIHIP PARSING

S, rTU.T ilb./bU+d

ddld6lind4tlhlnghhstd.nv id of dG sl:@ ld th' sbhg '6b 'de

s i.TU.-r'r&

Nd€ Lt ut w b I Fd rbt(d'{on lell+nSnr 'nd

Pdom dE nght m6r d'nvrdon in

dE dG odd; ir on b. do* ln loE {'F ! buM'"_ .-#_i"u-u."a"o*!b;\'Lft{i&oltl rrbPtoddidbProdw"r

'sblslld'Tb.d',r" i"iJ* r* u" ,r'. u"*"a da' ol d{ sodclton r ' rbc 60 Plodue rtu

4nMullm d1d!

",u N* 'J* a W r.r"u"a ;a" or *' F dudaurdroPFdwtTU'

)l'i i",i,'lJ"-l -r.*a u" tl! |.r+hrd dtt'ors{rk F duct'd rns'ii *. ..l",Ir .-rt-

'r.i .t-- oo*- rh$it B rEv dd tbt h dr'

'tP' w n

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'i8hr{id' with *! Idt

wdd Ed*. trEbd or Pdu(-":Ji"i, .,," isI'^aaat b4dd* iawt'ttiasvtr tuEed'Y b^oJryM'a ffi"ii,[i "i'ia.a,";"atLnM rh'6qwuaat b@t*harI".e wti &irtut tlri4vd tu Mon'" "J#-' J,J.*.'a'- u" *tcM ot. {b'Mis rbr ddE o' tidt

'id' o{ dE

*;ffm s* lg,w*'.::r*l;.i'rff"*Hlffi ;l;:ff;i!;A: 'Li ;;;."* a*rv &,6d's ! dbmE

'ihlr ruKhd **

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'.Jfi*i i".i'"er. o. P-o- & utt $bhshuE*denh'rlomi!'!oidFdanr

3.6.r H.ndlc ot: RlSbt Sstdtd Fo6FFm dE d.hniti6 ol BotM_dP l!6vts ir b (ld dd h'nind

' lubtbiry 0ui mEh6 se

iiii J" "i '.a*""" .

*rr;r" pcihoi in rt 'u,mr

6hur ror4 '!'

bout eqklv

iH;;;;; i;;-;ii;#" , n.. t* 't'"nat" b rdd*e bodr rhee dobr6

96 e.&nd{ kitrqs-P'ir.illd .r/ tordttu

'Ah'n . k n dkninS u't mtd6 1 ;d1! hdn sid. qvd!.ti6 ld.h ttv gM tna

dedtrtim b 8E Mtuild 6 dvlt, Mia.oJ dtt gM d. E'reP r1n8 tue

Por exanple ior tt! g:@

T r ft./bUrd

rh. rEliS -atb.d." on b. t t€d fftri{p bt dE Ionflh6 Educdm tcF:

(iv) sso[ainru!&69L{Eh: Il.el TlE 6r* 0) n' Gbhcde)2 Tri€ Gtc) Dtdi.g in GTbcd.)

r. nE wlEL t!tn& (.TUe)

L @r .in rF2 ofuh,€ffDhtllp.F he tkE po.dbLlsndLt bch@ nbm iru. -; dc

'L @ h..dL it w;nr b. .bL b 6ntL& dE EvE*4ddd nsh'

mi aai*to r. *h uir. or " bob{p Fe b b dc th. .I,d hrdL .r d}

rbe of rt! 9.F. rh4 slla he Niy (hrtG 6 riy #D $.t r! dE @l'it l!'l3 6 h.tr;l.dh;d*rbt"tolnltrbolrl";v hd fear locrrd sla. dnSL r 'PDdrdonln r snmffi sU Cw u dEy P@ibL h.ndl6 b o\od IMA.nrl.113 B'd rh h,ndle ot dt Bbt'bl I6d @!tt'U in UE d?iv.rd of &l-rgtd

€ +E.r/Brl/ id

S.ldlon: Gi'a8n@ri:'l r I * E

lridIt! sbing d b.rdua.t b E in bnafig tbF

(ri) E+Exid(tv) E+ExE(v) E+E(rt) E

(tu nt n hrdL of rhir a!.b'l lmr)

(Nw b\lrd ld,! tudle Lr tl t mEdialldd

8ar'Pt'iitTdi"ras I

E[ntl.!.la CorddttI!lollowtngt'rm!d|tt*dttrtdLo{"d;sttlsi'r irl

s r {t-)/.L+ Ls/.

soludon: Tn ro|rdinlaE ill tsn w|ll 6! h Edtldo ot (r (" t) b s

0 (r6,.)

04 G(..))0v) Oo.)(v) (lfl-.))(vr) (-(Ls))({4 [.{L)(vii) (I.9(tr) (L)(r) s

3.6.2 Ah|tt R.l||!6 Psltr€

ffiffiffiiffi:ffiffiffiffiiit"ny *r's it.d"od o

't 'tns -*i'U

fl'.3'l.g|ld''.'

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98 Aqrnr v Ll4.to-Pnid&. &aittu

w. u. $ b tur |r. bftad Gond) ol L1E lh.t ud d!. ih. ed ol 0E inPut llrinE.lnii.U, tc 4r.l b dpry, prdng 6d! ru.€dlllt thd 0L input n aptt ed lb.](mh|,! dny tn€ ltut ryblol.

A m *nph* u*th.IollsirytF@

Er(gErld

N@ dim oa rlnll{.dN p.fr b pe ft bD{t drLg i4 x td: + td!) u b. rrM by

Ei'9l.tt6 C..!ida.tl 6olortry 8iM

{, TrE5. rJF)

9Dr tlE rh'|i tldr put &rion t rtutdtSy.t+tIySolu$on: lorrh.Ch8m 1. !rE+T

3 !, TxFL T+l5 r+(E)6, F+y

&+ PdiaT!'lsaE 99

ror tI( $ing y + y +, t n lonowing P'ci!'E ttti' 6 h"dEbrd:

35,2, 9&rlcoflristoI9tl&rstdAtt&4

ilfuatx"*;l:r;*Y;Hir ffil: * * ff#ffid{htou ol !l'ifl_Ed@ P's!'8

-. ji;j;H"m,m**ffi;Hf li"*jr#""jfi 5H:

dlnoBtnP 'd 'd{o8 LR Pajs

ffi. ilnm-" *."""*'* 'hft4d*rd''*

R'dDd rmwn

' i, i" *.G*'a * un*'tv ' ou'o or' '"a* -'*oa'

100 PwMiq l{tlrl|l@etui/d .ia PdE/'fd

. lrdnp*ontgntllmrln.t.PEdxliwP€rgdPaRPlBodE!ffir Ir cu b€ d.kt a sFd @r d arly ! pdsitie d a ldi-l'nght em of dE hpur

Tne Mi! di!:dvrdg. of tI psln, ir hlt C b nuch wdr to 6otud . p::g bthrnd: d. neds. 3pe.iabzd tool-.n LR FF gsdab3.6,3,' fl4 LR Pottw Algot|tuI w R L\€ bloct diagFF o! an LR p.* in Fig 3lZ it hav. m inPul m ouFur, a sh.*, a

dnEr tDBnaDd I psing bt dr{tn t& P.* Fdnnand 30 b) TIE dri€ Pro3lmis these ld.[ l,R p.!g lt Eds dE tnput !!ing m rn$ol.t ! t6..nd minhns a tuk

F|e',,17Bbdd.9mdaFM

Ttu.hd !, .Ihts midh il* 6lldin8 fom6r,i $ &i _ x"_, s-r x, s.

Wh.r .Eh { is. 3Fnffi stdDol, a.h q & $e sc, ind sn dh r' bP or Lh. d.kn* ..don ot tlre dnvd pesrn d.Fnd, d d'd Ifu rl wh.E rr & the cuMt i.put

rrnbol, Folowing *dd aE polrtbh:. $ii ll -dh lsb aJ - difi t" tl* F@ d\itE dE input lynboL + 6to th. !t .]..nd

lh.n !hA! lbb !. N@ olMt hpul rymborh.on6 q + r

. R.dlei Il.ton Ia rJ . EdE ^

+ 3, tu pre @t6. EdG m cing rh.A r F Flddim ol OE gntfu. II I h! r 3I!n''fi rynbolr, ftlr a lFHs epopFd or dE .r..r G rhte lrnbol $d r g:rM 9nbol). so ih. bp oI dre rbc*lw b.oh* sb,r *En a Ir p6h.d o. dE rt.k id thn st.t ge to ls- r Al i!purh.d o tlE 6.I( Ttu ffit npur Jrdbol i.3dll q

so&qX:-L-.s"-,x.*$

U kdd g? 4l - ic..pr pxrry lt 6mPlred.I1..6m g- .J - .'u, dE F* h! dnblEd 1synd.fr.

l\fTt

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wrEqlEdrl'jnni.I6lldrrtuEdst,r*gPt'du'tloNtlbd'dlid

ti* tt- rt* g"*ga t*g Ia ' U * a r

102 P@^",.! r"@-P"*,&' .'1 &d/@

1. Cosidd the tolding SDMiS J A:AB/ lbBa

E-E +T/T

whLh & a 5* ot wlid its@ lor ! vlld F:Iix E+,

3. (i) Eltoimh.he Ht H@i6 fbn th. follostiS Sraml

(D contu d! F.dicdw p.* tor AE Cnlrr@ - (t.0n) shw rll 6.Iuviou d F*r on th. ft4:

G) (4.)

4 S6b rtEprobldlle@rr.d *1tl r.pDoNn P.ain!. shkrd.lnnnob dp F.bl6@i.r!d wnn th. foDr$ln8 8lrllm fd TopDom Fnnng

r+ (D/lds, Ans .@put'rg Fnrt.nd F.llow tuMri@.dfu pEdi.dv! pa.4 blL lor $e

Ei Tl'

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Z F rt th. rxO puin! rrU. ilr de iolorft'g gEllrlE

3-i.I'"i{Tdr,.i{4 103

r. corEu.r.n srR0) pasins bble '!t

lb.lolto*in8 8EDrltr

CHAPTER4

Elementry Data TYPes

4I INIRODOqTO|I TO DATA

cuhputu F%trd PbaR *ulb ty runpdari$ d.bAdat tEd lue.

'uba €f itibuk:

2 AdawhidtinMh.. An tradd 'q,shr!, @Ptidns m d m bib trd. A!;it'pteti6 or dd E?t*lbdotr

t A d oaqFitb6 dut st L F.tr d6itd a ,l@ b & rtl.toE !€atE (.L. niaErt b o. hLl d ld6Iil6l

' Tla .dd6 or Ffarc of ! d.k| ih it dE Phisl h.don i! @t (6hPuLrsloF) olout tt!t! tb

. Ili.tuqr.l mm., Eqlied bt. Frrior{ da|' iE6 b dkb!.d ht ib tvF tDl l!Inb8a, .nft, €ic

. Trr tiD.y nMb6 sLrd d u rddB .sei,rd dth. &n lh b i6 rrlc

. Tr* lq!ftd nb t&b6m l! dLrre'd tv tla rvF oi 0! d.b tb

. cd$i.rd 0l ol grq dnr o h r@p!.d e(.) Th. D€dldt{4s9o0) uE Hsdedml lnl.8.! 5A

G) TrE o(ur inegd r32

(d) Tra assdudr (dPlnl) Z.t .. Tl.E*r.{.tolok usd b atB dF vtlu. ol. si6 d.L ihildEdEr'{.Ed

Er.M', D.b rt'. 105

Oed^"T; dm oI a dab ibR .!. didB dE op.niiod 0!t 's b€ FfffF d on i For 6mPl'.,#'i- J'i .vp." *" * t .* r.r. +."a^i Dihtuh.|l op€orioG p€rotud on tlEd whi'

To do sthiE u*tul H'L\ ' d.b ib au rh. rDov. hu* be bild qeL\d bv 8tvl4 dch drs

'm - li*tiv.g-." t*m Effi b 6.Lb.l o M idmritial

LBd!(@5tuoI6..nnhobortlM:. NlF @ uurlt sde ug d rldriulEt dseb. lvhihr*Ltll$ltFr.Ilos.dbrt.l8ol60l,o4'Pturn!q8!. 5.e IrdF (Ad. md C bdu.t d) .[ou u*ia*c. Soo.lsu{u6 sdid AE NnLe ot dld'ut lo MPL fM 31 du'rls o

' s.m..llow.nv lenrth bur b dr dP t6! N 'hrt6 " €G''jf ii'c.rruyb.d8r ;mL Fd.'dPh h AlSpl o' c

'nd ModuL 2

'a* rutuh bur ln

tgv.d rcrd!.m r'ol h. u3.d G tl|dor {nrnS rcttqfoa td &nd. adi$ I

Pst md a.t! li d€ rct. Inrny FogmhlgLlgug6ky/

Mr dlwry! uld b.dotr sme d(futiLbt6MBslrh'dEf

w. o rL vLw ridlb{bty dEr:b o{ 6o|}o.ing ItE*

trs{r c.nrdi.n! ol. drb M

we.I Ltuw d MFb r'.gru Fldc dulb tv lddPubel3 &b Ar inFtut;;h d";^li* d; *.li.'dh *.v cN Fro; *i! bk B ho- Ru d! dab tvp€

drh tla el.@id pl.bh' st e h b *Rlor d[cltr hr ' h3!t8' ruPp'n 'naPFo?nrb vd.ty o, &u vF *d tlllfu

TrEtyFo!dlt lhhdt bts :. Tla t|M olr@ihL dE' nrmnr*rtrgFt"qunEdlorlE,rEr$lEPsbtim. rrr htr?tddd ol {; ii6 EPcd@. Th. o6d@ 6rt s be FrhrtEd m d! iEn

Drb i@ d b. cL56.d 6 b.h8 drtE Sloh.l d ldt d$ i@t 'nd

! bdnr 'irhs

"";*i. "^*"tt *. -* "l

. d;b ih i! d'&*d rhdd ' &b dRhnh

106 P@"lq l,i.!,FAidr|! ril Pai./i@

a.sdrs ro B€l rnd clw oee{), rE.ElirimhiP bdw6 lJE dillaar d.b rhrkibuB db.,lrlr@ ujrns |.LI3FD oI E fm !ffiFd h,olodnA ti& {-2

I

l.*l*-

F|g'4'2lh.hbr!|ts.BNpb.trMd.l.i.o.('lDd.t

4.1.2 C.t gorbadd of TtF!TM ttF o{ . dib lb d.66

L TI!{uole i,It4rl?ratddr2 rh h|EFeEmpLad 6t'l' t*rurr.Fglhdd!. a. ddr of o) 0€.|lowd..t ol vrnc ld tll ih,1. Alo a. sult of (2) dr opdtloF Eut s r€ p6!om!d 6 it,

TrE pM ol !ffii.tinS r ryF nlh . d.!. th b !d@d i. r ! drb aedffiEd. wedivid. d.b 9F ln lou 6|e8od6,

1. Pn4ddtPqd i4.kdrypaIt+d.6rd itF ini.dl.|.ry .vdLtla b ar ll5 (rli.y G hr.€hl b duL^Eud P-g.@n fir'.d ttP6 daiy.d bt 0! Fot::@ !i.g d&lint

Z tubt.'d@'qddryp.:SaLr 9F ddw drb tw tu o t dF6.d r dn8L vdc (Fd aupl.nGD.6 ud ch,J*rar). c,mFdd ttP€ Glto Ed to ! @hPdc d MPlatyF) dc6r dft ihtu rh.t.6p!is *!el tndividurl vrloer S€le tyP6 @Eaer.lly p,ed€Aned, rhn. @p6urd tyF E olh Fot|mftrj.6'€a

3. DhdE dn ll!n4rd']' EteD!@b t!6 (.1$ Ftu lo oUld tyF) @ tL€ lor *r&}t.tdrvdu {4?F t!rJrlllnu rd MdaM) l$. F.d@r &d. |!M v.b.Itu oPFE c!.ldEdbamndn.dtpa

a. &ac xd fiiglE Lv.r ryFB.d. tyF (also Ed to o r inlPL VF dtlF dlndsl &dE,bidad sLrpEd.ti4d Vte Olr @ wold aFr to 6nd @dy fd ltr*di.E e in ry

Er.M.q &6 T,Fi 107

,mpdbvP Posr.snln3 lmgu€€ Hr8ha l*.19e are tho mlde uP 6!m,u(hbr$. ryps d oild e*hng tugh.r lev.l tyP.! H'gha 16 el typ.e oRno' n. "srjvp-r;tu' d.X,e ' I- *mde '6y imF.rive languS6 nElude . shiry In8!

4,r3 B.5lc Opc..tkm ot Dota ItdECohplb pFgffitFdl€ ib€urEtyFlinlntg&ft oF.doa d 0E Sivd dab. ltt!, dt!.q &ft ol rh. hr.k o!6tdor

A &b delarition tiitldl$ . d.L tteB, 11 rt"i6lly ldti.wd by adarng ft.ih (id6'd6.d by . M4) witt. d*r r/P.,l2t s € d6pra o(dl6ast LnEu86 d.cLDdcIor aulPL n' c Lrgu,g€

lldint!tt h t?. ridnumbab@

nei eSs it &tr tlT..nd nuhb.r i! Mft,

h@ tnl€gs i! tyF sd NUMBER !' tleNtr th{ by .ol@da in Ad rd Perl {whicrr not @. tdltiw) re disrinsubhL.trer €;Rd s6r& .!d 'E d.6md L!d. bt His,l8 orc or *G orhs c68uPF€*.$dtu.tn d i6p6.dw Ln€u86 ft d .t dt tu Po5SL rd€ I@ . d.l, it@ hsludr@ du MpIo @i dldE tk .yF oaa d:b ib edll8 lo tE Me ol

Fd 6nple In prEI:

H@ dE turr jrtq N'ba, wil h. @ld.d to !e e inbtFl Gt.@ lne 6ns€ ol

'6bh rrru lor th. ib R n&to)i |,tu, hil t otdded b h. r dulld

(t-@ OE n"S. d p6ble ul6 6a d* ih G ch:tu).

A$rSrrst r! tF Fc o{ .ci.tug t lila widl . d.b ld6 Ucslt achi.r€duinS s,siS!fut oPe.br'

n*6.r ' l;

1OB P@-.i4t'!-..-P'itit&r."i &r/iN

HR ,. h:v. ci6.d dE v.le 3 10 r aab ib 6tld 'nuRts' Noi. out d!sgl@roF66; h Al: rd FF! !: =sdinci'' I1B sa ffi dtdddh.tm du rrk l tid c,tyl.o{ PFsnhdn3 bng!|3r

3. futuIVh k igt@t:M.ry lmpslbv hrylrg! (ad. md P!.d b nd C1 ruPP.n d' owF of mulriph

uii'ntirt *hc j nouc A '*bk d be @gt'.d r lElu (c hl@) ui$ rdngL uiSr6stl rbtuLFG.6d.bAiL

rn par.l *! do not h,v. ro MltF dr sre Y.lu. b a.h vunbb wh'n ud$ rhdriPl. Ftgn'dst ftnt

ln Fslw.d rl,qiL:i'!he!l,

^rD.r 2: -.'dd 2 .ud.r 1;

,,$icrr h! 0!.tCci ol'doh8. s./4. kitldtillnon

Ldddltrt'd ! rhe PrGa oi $d8tuB.n inriEl vd@ b . drb iffi S'tu LnFr:riv't&susq ruow 6; b b. dds.L<Ltu (tui I' c.'i Ad) odfB do rcr (our ts

h @. of pFl * nst 6tt &.hie ! &h it.d rna dEn dsiSn ' valu' b it,dE q!6ri, tlE @nrt?r of htirln.rid d€ rd allr ln p.t6l

5. oLainS4dauati*:ln sE ihF.bk htuu.F (FbU, P@0 d6Lntio. ouel b. PlErtd in 'ertrh dd?, tlEt L ffi Ldoa Gttl6h e&..1 dbb e 8D!Fd to!.dE in . CONSr !..t'd! ,olo$t t !v vdrr'b3sdFdro3.*Frinlv Rs{d

6. Pfiti.tnt oJdtrb.&n^t tunt :

In Lrc tuch 6 C, Adr rd t{ral d.b ddDt'm e dPd'd b b' tolid rr*'" 3in ; . p'*d* d r"rdd &fhitim {*ith [! aePhm o{ c Slobrl d&

EL*i't D'6 Tt!'r 109

?fr Hru5*"iitrfftr*ffi -;#ff':T,1rffi fi:'HH.

^&bibdndt u!..t 6ril it b 'teidrt'r Good 50ft*t 4g*rins Pidi€ ai'hb tut

ffd*.d in 5@ rsibL 'nd

t)€tdutu fl|ffi'hid; u. 6d tF treY rE usea

:iffi $:;T*5 lisiffi *Tffi 'rjLirffif;':':#*islnhd.d F be u!€d ln rhi. wrv d Fted b ! hrol,E

kt s dLd 'e fid riout vtnhE1'-*-li--'J"'o'."*u sb'ctds'du'bs$rie@roPddm. i-*i:-iJJ-*r. r"""dht tur,.dq d'b 'm

e du'Ed b be

iJ;L ilffi.ii."F.ia ;" *c ;*rurt' rh' k" sod vAr in 0t' deudddxcdon)

. ii J-Joon . o-* , *n 'h rrur hE s {rc (orhc thd & ub'hrv btt

l.i.iiii""i'"a"r"i.d*a"-rriiiiirrii!?d,*'r' s mnrdrrlldwirhrd

. iii.Ti-n""..0* ts''!' dt d! PIEF.@ or urdi'ri'd wi't{!'

Coll\M.FtqIF krud':* ili?JJu. p-u-

'.a r-* uPbrt.ps@Mtbuftn

2 Corddd rh.lt ueg. b EP@rt F @i3 Al!*.h !n.tPst'irE v'lu ot rEh srilbl€'

. u* ** r.*-p oo- wtw dF PFbla 6nPt'elt (ModuL II]' d 'iL*t b il,* dsi (c."d Adt)io" **u"! -i"* to mnt

''.a od*di' i!'re dr probLm

i. ii,J "r.h -*u- ' * 'pPsPirE

"@' vdk 'nd

ott*eile rEffi

Itls rh.t'l$d.dEbhbddtrt drb ibwIGer:lu'onbl b"hrnglrt S!'hd'b i@ili iili;:i-oli.;-' *a ." suu, b, EtrFnchs r Pr'dd*d ke r"d

"t b

rd.dPLhCl'nguge@n,L!n!1.b.1-],

110 Pi.,,ii*,r l,(',!s-AiEiprs dii &'JtN

Noh ri* in Ad. we do not deh* .he d.t 9?. oI rhe 6NtMr be.ur tij, on h.

lnpael E iLd& MAnL bt Gdpd€ d6 roa.dE nr r @t sd6:

we6t'inlo{.@h .r.dlhttan6F&n$dri,r'].dud.v.lqthrt&F

Fb.3 ^d'd.rfrbr

H()ws rt rhodd he tpptrcd rtut whrt w *.toh8 IE t dlhg tll. Mptld to'[rC 6. .hb thdr ! . sr. Gd b E @ d t |rd€.6$ r.ewc pl*dd).Tnd!{hilt E 6.1i! dwE dEt FtE ! r?rsthg tlF v.le

4.1.6 Oob€l .nd r/Dl D.ta&sy d.b n!tu lut .sd.Ed rftfi touNng n{o diE

1. A|iEderTn FiodduthgdEnnl'l8o{.F mwhatlleytut &idtodir!2 &hui!.lli Ft! ol ilEFqDfr.B rIE! dv d!. r6.d f6O.

Tl*m@of 0r.li6diru bd visibiftt of .drb lt ml! dlct bd ty vtui@ F&c!d ro asplns {14 L d'b t€p..t d@ e tso iyp€ d aftl

1. Glot l&b.whldrta. ti.6nloedniEptoAmixtlltbL6mstE'ioln'

Z Icrl d.ta vhoe nftdft ud vlrlEliy l! ln !@ w.y Lihlt il,Nd.trhi,ba.ddjrEldd!itir.pF.?ritbriEd.nu aof epLpiot'[

tutk te dlfidrt tin& o{ driiEbmr'l'4,1 weedtxsd,l9.CpFgUlh"in okoglobd.ht lt N,avd.ble8loh.lrnd. oNirt Siof.kdd Noi. rhrt

G) CLt l d.b ib r d..Lrd .t tL bp o{ r roSm @bkl. ol uy tErdN d

E&eiq Dr6-ftt" i11

lbr At ln Jsvt C plo8nF dn in'lud" fix(do Ntn wls' +ru6m @dhffi;; ;J#;;;', "-

&" * p.roft m (diEd node) rn\naq 'nd

u\6 dtp{r the !!m eb trst lnclude (.tdio h)

/' srn fun+rd !/tn! dtn (vord)

tnt l4r!'ar - 2;

c@! ln! Ioslcd't ' 3;rd\n". gl'b'r-%r' slob'r-dst'

rdalv.., r*ar.onrt) I

i... i na. .a. ri, ut^', gt"t't--"a' r*rn! rdrc*t)'l.

Esnph a2 Ha * G .tiaudng 0t pdl Ptoed sirh 'N

6*6onditv G of co|d6hhdhrle4I NdEh4:' -G) nr t"ios b ouP"t L

' '€IeG b Ut"rv ril6

iri o.u lto * -ao;'. aa"u'""e*lcl &lB ad.ni. FtPtdtb{6 ;;;h"t J.d'','go"o'ktEtsr'b'rd'brbEFd'6'!dhth"*l

Prot.e !rp!.s (dtrot"lExdPl. Prcqrut

globalcd.r ' lr

glotla1ll!:i.t.g.l,Prcedus Pr* r;t.*ond r€v€! lr4duFl

b.sh (P*-r)

$ri. (srob.r€rt,

112 A,t-^.hr alq'rFiidpr4 'd &",J@

xlite (J; rc!rh';xriteli lrocarconsr)r

trocrrva. r bcrlconsr),(out,r1.e)r.ie tqr6b.Lhr) j,rtre l,J srob'1co^!o;rrite (J; roren.r)i.id, tp.o(r )

b4iilny!!q}

.d. t!,y PrElIl

42 AdOtJYlv|OOg DATA |TE|!|S

oft.n w. s d.u iio\r ln.pFt@}findiglvlnt th.n! 'e.:.uh d.b leN@ retdpdbclndvlt@{Lhlb*

.+ (5 x6)

nrhb. + pr6)HeE ln. duhs$ luEdprsldr, (5 , 6), Ir pred tust.nt dE EUI rbd

@h@ 6 t drh |l.d vhLfi ra r hl!. ma s drtE. I{os.E tr hf m m@,M.q{6tly &dr . d.h lrd L kDM 6 m |MyrcB &h tidr TIE li8iiftld i' dbt.tntnloo d.b trd mr b. clo€..t d ed .8r,h h dl*r p6 of I pFgm.CoRpt!.[y n 6 tN!* of u mryM.Ltr lie6 6. il,ia ltam wirhout r ruq.@€qu6dy w. @ m! |@ iE 6ddE (@ l! vdE),

AIE dlaadiS d.h ||h dweNy rc dmi. dr rloE ! louoer:. D.b 116 6n D. wnDb d cNtinlt,. vai:bL or dEbb d t€ 3l6D.l d lool.. D.b iENe "Ltudcd- ud'a. Dlt i!.ro h.w u "lild.l' v.lE .si.bd w h dEm tieSh a pl@ kow s

' th.ul@tseukdwilhavditbladb.dDn8.du!ih8r!$igMhtoFntion

ELru^it Dcu T'tsl 113

4.3 REMMING (AUAAINC)

It jr.(fttiN uetu! SiM. PJ{ntl{.PPltr d@ b @ (tlts) Ptnt'lhr 'Lb id'

lh.t owid. r 6nd ..d Pid\ l! rL

ir* s "ppot a ry * mp-.dv. LigusG nEh

^dt lflt d\b @Pr i' rct

eplorbd b his!.8€ [r. c d PtsLFor elBpL h Ad!:

oNE|lnte!.rr'mtu4,tlde E lm d.d.'€d. drb 16 trB/t dd dF. dtd r@d'!n(oND b 0t

Ihq @Dtu!y,8d* et. r.bb th mlhm thed !w oin nor o'.aa*i,J -Lr*;0y ".'Iy;l

vrt@), drr b 4 l'.n !@ hn d G sF b 'l.

rau!L*rl{ldEt silll tlEfo&vi€ 6€@

Fla 4.5 AI-&'9

It t! d.n@ ro r!@e wi.bLt ftE dy chanf n'de b w d'b tb taulb h mra-rir-r ai* ro '-',..a at ta. nd! ii igE hoth lld {?t** tt l.@ drla

4l. COXCEPT OF OVEruITADNI.(}

tn@dmtdw€tln&tlmttqcll@b@.LblBtrrM44w'''4lntrd'd/|iiu* t"*ttv-"ld't6t itAa Mw tut i'.q'at ol,rdabtdn b h wtdanS

louo{nB Flg, {.6 m.te da .@Pt !l@ dd

114 Aqlmi. r,'w46-e,(ola .i1 toEd{tu

Flo,a.6 otrditld^C

Nq Lt u.trity @ A.b.bod dal4.dlng-. N. fi- Ad! d C aplcidy eupron oEbdn'!, ts@

1, In c oElo.din! q b. i6a'l.Mbd b, d.d'4 r ffito&i tyF km 6

2 lnMr0E*tu.fids5estivdqiJU$lpPrpiired€Ii*d,wi,. t to!. 8@!!y Mlo.dlg s bet t irG .a by @id.dn8 *E '+ md !

ni*frii.oF.hMt rn in rn imFadw lr'8qga. lhdltloMllytn.dp6n&Lrth*oF6@*o€loadbaUfl b.[1inegsud

lldrirspoi ddidd ud rub5rdid Fd .6F:

6,6 +3.2 6,6-C.2. w.t y drt 0r'* 6d ! olsrh N @Elo.d.d

' c.16 dron hirinS or oFmd. (Ad. dc not), r ir L dd b L tit d @a

56 _3

5-32

4.5 TYPE CHECKIIIG

TrE.dvity ol @hg tut rh op6rd! oa u.'pa,b( e d @ntsbtL t?., ilr $id b betyFdErinttlnomP|br ty @ dEt d*E legrl fot rh! oPd.u d !.Iow.d uidaLraur3.tu16 b h.lmdnidy onvatd It Mpil4rsEaEd <.de to. LGrl tyF.

rrdy dplaim n$E tt.n.??$ds b l. oI. ebt' tF,Ilpa.liw mptl@ wtDthG dR* iht fhi! t! dE d, ftn it qll.lt.qtlvrhae tthae d 4lio.ltu.tudnn8 1a6io.q o $fl 6d rt€ 6.h r.in! of tyF cht}!g:

. StqElytyPGAbll3u!€!€qun @.t.qdvlaE

. Btudly E s iddritt h$ 9F qdvrlaw icti,E:L shtul.4nvd.m (^l3ol6s)

rtiutul.qutv!.re nq!i'4 $rt ho h.v. uE sm. v'lu. !d ed tls 5F.

Ekruid DabT'd 115

z Nrb. auiv.le@ (Ad')N@ @v.re@ Eql:E llur so tF]D€rx" t|e |lim

. c '6Dr. dulBl€m fd ffiu'ilr and udo6 and ftucbEl 'quivrLr ior

. irir.i"*i "pp-* -uv -*p," tim bnd!€' d*m tvF 'h"ldns

o 'l*y' h'

dotr.,&ri@lly, thlt lt.rdP enm. tl ht1@ $teo6 Md* btding t€n * Fqun€ r,Fcltr'*nl3 t M dft' ehnh

i?,1!ii,iiiiil,* .,".,,"s F;{.mPh r$rus6 urc rir sp' rnd AILiuesE alsnk qP€ chchr|3

' s."i.o*n g..;*i*t"wsP€d6clmgus:4ihPlenddhtudr'*'viir cr' ureio I o# DF |l*i'Fd hrh iL

'nd tvF s km:r dmPi'e bd

tF it b orhd t!o$ rrp!'et- *4.6 t 6 q** *; *-Cr lvF

'rs@gs 164 ho'n l'fhd' unhn tvPa

whi.h .F nor typl .hKldd Ad! b l@lv lbn8lv tTed

In etr cs n suy b.lppbPri.q wha.@Prla lir& mFrnd &rr ir'd quib" of the

--. *. ou lr* "i.n - u ir i! o, dt dsl ryF Tr ! & olLd q!ryLn44' ciiJ#iJ-Ji. u,, ia";;

^a A *FDI a.ftc;;r(ddm jr Ei&ry whrh bt' s

.6ii-ry vrle .nd dvst n b b. ol rvpe vqd

4.5.2 Casring

tt tr ,lEsft tE.qry fd , F86 b laa r ffiid 'rd

0J! Lrd* 'oad6

& cn'd 'clnns il turp.ded B c (but not Ad.) kt s F I PrcgEhntinS qrhPle oi c:

rnt ruh (votd)

fler i ' 2-O;

1_ lin!) (i i o 5); /r d!d'q $16 Pla'€ h'ei/)

No* re*nN d\5r tn drFltfuln lsnstrsq whidr do ddPt'iedi$ tl6lh tlErN$e ldt Mn dEfldve u .r'!dt @'e'sr Tltls l! NPP!:fi bt

ii w aaaa n a** q u'uwtrt*ltleo{rnuEictvF'ndNh!dtlEnmdic tr* uM rh? Elulr o, T09 i! or ttP€ r'

r* a'i**t- ** *i* .rJ altiiA is thr rtr LtEr r'l'6 on rtu ompll'?r*-i" "Ji.* r 'i*. tt. ad EdL Yl'ik. s6i6 o6trlN tlP d6iEd surt.xpltdtly d@Wh r c.ll lD r onv4io. tu rion

'116 IDFr.i.r r!.!r{6-R'MiDrs dir' P..iir'N

4.6 PRIflfiIVE DATA TY?E€

D.L, tt?e! n\a| aF not d.fh€d h ted oI ohd lype .F @Ued pnzilw d.k t?- Nerrt rllpF3ffihgprcvide. d.f prirliun a.b tF. so or rIEFnnidv.dd 9F n'tt d.psdd hrd*& spe$erid or nrcNne tor enple inEga t?e.

The ptmili!. .t{,.lyper ol ay Ln8u8. ft @4 .16g rt6 @ d noE ryp.@ddo4 to Fdid. d'd'qt tT6

lver, lnpdrdv. Lngla86 tupFort . :ube of rhrd.rd baic d& 9?-. Ld u rtudyuEb.st d.h t6 ol !.e or tu bn€!r36 a loUN:

tu(t cdhh4r. i)hshhtF

Nd rhar ryF void .upFftd It c in.!6|t. . lyF wh@ vrru orcPond. to

To@l. dl@Nproltril{dv€ rt h n a kr srddy lh.Jrn r$€!4. plimitiw.laE

I1r tollowus bble u!8, bt kzy F.d, !x th. Ptrd w. drE tyF sttdEd bt /tr,&r&4 ttti' lid rnd fmB, u r brld dspdd.l adl

rn diq pr%tuu{ng Lt3u€6 {ods rh6 l.h), dE 6omt .id dE ce of pnnj6!.d.ir tyr. 6 d.r.nd 6 tlG sflt n 6n

'ich tll. prgr & luint h @.FsL ti. Javr

!'tsDDn '6 Lig{.g..r.d6e Uu d4 rd tl* Lrdr o{ ib PruitE d.b tP4 t{e w

ddl har b worry rbort l}btlm d.pddftid.

EL@ DcbTt's 117

4.61 Numedc Data TWe!

Numan &b ryF plfvs sPofur 6L h 'I L\' FogtMinS brvuse Numbd d shFbrt b J;; thrr 6 ol rlE 3 FilddE YP€ e iltffi

td u dr'g m impcd lrdb aLd nuGk d:b tvPai n'" J"',. "*L "

*'".o*6 r'd tuih@ vrk rh'r nueic tF d

. fu* o*r,i," -roo t trt n'"'t"' ol tlSir@t lise with wfii'h '

nuMic tvF€

. ei"*r" vs r'.- ae.t* e_'l- &!Vd bi66 |tdlhd wi'l d6

. iC-t r.il",i". r..g',.t "F"]' tus6 'td F6oo in did@ nvt M

tllddt*FndPrlrtYk :

1. Pndeird {€mol b. hnu'r'd b u" P-gu*)z Ab6{c Gd aoPL c ld'sur8')3. Fl;tdr,t6tod.i (fE deL Al|4 Fsr)

a4ia6 E urd b sP.dtt.LG o{ N'sL tvF sdc C asPk' 4 316 Ddtr

to rfl$..b4ar!* itdd!6jb+r!j9'i$

E rr'da ff16din t! ld lngn Li€l rPPlUA to d'fnn$.dge/Pttdtim Mr rtd

"..iiili#ii iG.;.r,;;t-*-i!..ni;vd udrs' socd tF ddr"do dbd

tyF PEi€tleE !r tlEe 0 0 100-0;

Iru md cNon trir hw n6tic .t b t?' b iit'gF Mmv omPuh rcw tupP'*

"Iii d'fs:;,'r*.d {-. oprh is; E Fdedd 6 pFsEFin ru8lrsa Fd

dfu€ I.n spPdG btie |hdl hr Id ldrS

hr..r tiffitr D.! Dt- .rJr

11E Pqr..lq r""s."-kdrr. .i/ P.,'4@

fv6y jnEg.r E EpltsEd b, di Fhm h 6npuE, rrd rypr.lly rlr ldbcr bkrepddltrB L\. d8n. In ! ft8rtiw inhgd, lefhort blt reF64tl negatiE .nd L\. @indrol ltu Ut.lilaS EFstr th€ rbolutl v ueolrA.nulGd.

N.8aIiE hr.ac d h. EpMtd V €itha @ mthsot rchdo d by Monvl@{ft dh Nd. alyr @t ol6dlP{b folo* so.6pL'sr rcbEd.dom onpl@t rcbrion h!! tuo FF€hbdon o{ s, Tm cooplmht nobrid i!M6lent ld !d:tili6 md ,ubta.tid,

..6.12 Fbtus tuhltltfttIl * @ eE lurl 197 h r prolr@ th. dKidul Fid tdb dr cdPla t]r nplg6t 0Evdu uEn€fbdiJlap.dtpiliti€ d V?.. Th. blt prtldn u*d td nedng Fdnt 1vl.0 i'v.ry m*h dj{aa ihd u.d lor inL8s1t, Mdr bEu36 idra. hndt'ryFint tyF

. rdu F d\..xmpleorlNrn .d$point

;rdi'rDddrn' 6Diryr-5xn

Nm ! dtr.la6t.I w srdnrd e *r IEEE tlodiry Flnt tud.d tgt l4mrEhtr typ. dqrirFm $rd elled'.h8lepa-id.n nddng Pohl. rhh tl?r doutt hu

kld s dny bt! ..d b .tr 6E dH "riortlcFldlim [o.tit'g Fn'f, r. @ .rEly'dEdw!.ty b||4ng 4. a7

Frs ..4r) 5hsh F.d.io. (bd 3? brt cc*!i)

l- "u--!.--'!b-_J

l*- ' d"_+- n b. *----.1

Fb.1b, Dd,t. Drc.ebn Oobl6,4 bib Equrrd)

El'sao DqhTrld 119

Som.ri66 w. ft€d to eelicilv trl fot . singl+fEcirion nd lihr We 's do this bv

purth8. L€ ca$'f oruPpdc*T * the end,llk' fis123!t -1235F _rS4l3al 0IXFCSrF

Sonelire ue reed ro aptci v !* 6tt . doublePftsid fldr lltel w' r$ do

Ous by puhins.lowd c! r duPPe@'F',tdEdd lir' un5:

1A.Od -1235D -l98]3a23ld 0@a1DtuMbd, ri:t wi0ut 6ny le d ar ri. e4 a AotinS Ftnt liled win

'ubmtuly b' ol

o^D'Mn!eE\@tuddid)poinLtudi@n^zP IvPt do 3"tin mi 4@\ tl2adw dmwi Nt .-EM i4fi2 potd lttB @ ttgsutt ut]l bil wttd$

Tn. omprb whlh luppod br8! blsnu rPPllc&4 hNe h:'dwu luPpd td d€dldrE r; D.dnut drl tF ;aE"ny EFahd bt hi rv od.d d.d'El (BcD)

'nddor€d very nu.h li*. dNd ttrhgr'

tr.@. ik. COBOL s.t C* edptdE t ! or.Pt Ourbg rh€ turcrv rlldthon

''c 6 ot dE n:l &b tyF | fild nur$s d .L@l dlgi6 u Equtd d ddfur

eint i! ri I'€d @eftion i. wlre.

46.2 Chamtd llFscrEer d! v.ry .omon h chPlh Th€ Prtnidv. d.b tvF u!'d ha *E rum ch|rbsv.typi's rh.;N16hib4d6rPdd<hffi uneti..lwtvp.lnl.hlrn8ul.

ln '|Uy

proAFafigl guSa.dyBbbel!.d idthi! P"d€ CL oFamPLdbns!.3€ whidr @ 3 blb Id chr4E

r" iq ro ut * u-a t -ao o '.p,:r.blzb tF hu.E l'n8!4Eods *Dnrndni. TIE tulhod. u*d c 6D.d uri.d& Fd dhplc hR i' r 16 bil prl6

ffimor10u'nl*16tibe.adrb teE.lsrnd ilelo.lin r bttL rls **bb EP@6? Bli

$* 16 btb .h. Eplmt di; hi.8a 100 I ii.y e restd.d 6 dti' VP' dbnh.F t@. d@@ Iibd it.llfud.d wirh d.PG!.P}I. m b.tn nd6:

'd 'f 'Ntn . pbgaa ontd cludteF rE EPMred ,ilh s.El ch|fld'a tnstd' rh'

'm"\f'\377lxhoI(haa*tEtmdotnaF.!Bb8.t.:i'SLch.t tn].nhnguSq6i6t@

reFMb dr 16 bit '@lnr

chrld, th. *nid o*tFs6b dt bluhrid dlft' edtd N E t]r. d.leE .h.!*'

120 P'!{ndn! r4{n {.,-Pndi!L[id Pc'd/rrN

Amtls o{ *u pdjriP d.b tF . u tI' b'ds n ! ulad b EPtsn ' !i4'' tu/rakc v ue A baoles v.lue a htve onlv oft or Mo *ru6:

I}l. o(.et tB nEodLr€d 'n

AI-@L 60 C b $e 'k'Pdo&

$ whi'h num'n6l

*li^ji.iL".a * ".'a,"-"1.

I' nd, aFdior 'n

oF rd'*it' M "^ 6rc

.r;ocide*d !'!. Md d le osid*d et hrsi"-al*-pp."ua*tyF rhl d.b t?.looL'n ts M'Ed i'E cft€' l6k '

.r";h.;toa #b\-d.-@;h".t&eva!d tura ger iv riins'd h' d@ widr

tu/n&.q16 (6d4le ltEM 6 btE)

4.6i Polnte.3 .Dd A@$ \hl!6kilttd d wid2 dtthd 6 &ndtE 6'&'6'dutb t nl'dd b sobtr a'h &ier'

r.r B tul<. rtu @.Pt dd $dgh loloong ngm]

f19''3 CPdtul

Th.(l'|larl@o{$canswrddwh|krsd-r" mtbvdu2nl

',. i; ;;;; ;'"

'r.""g' * 2 .nd

' "*d FuF bv d@Lsd4 tr vrru I

.fud"dehNe2* T-mq i* "r" . tp..ir *ru' wrich indidE! dd d' PotrF i! poinbis rcwh*

c*ii-"i*i" * * * u" v'ru 'PoirEd' b thrdgh r Fd hM a

L.t u @idq th. r'oinrE t cl, 8!!,!iC d*6 tuive s of Pohb $d lg @ Pl€6i otsrlou:

' !i^; rd u dala'rion s Frd 6 "PosE b I drb iw'- ror .*Pk'

ELn^tr DaB T)Ds 121

. .urnmu4d.h.sh*blnbpr.hrd"rltrv:lf onbjn€di|dtrcfffiAdddshEd.{ (t}utt 0u Posb i6 da!tugwd) f d'snPE

r.Eh.rPri+1'

' r wls uted dy whd lr J G tE "rd@/'dd6 o' ' Io!!:tdpL

Inthilce r i5i.L(Ed t a|fttu*wi'DkNd Lt 6 .oEidd l}E folofing c smPrel

vdld dtn lwld)t

Prrid (.. - r d", n);P!|n!f (r.ddrs3 of n'rd", .n,;Printr f69tr - run'. ntb);Prrnrff.ddr.s. ol npt!'td./n1 r nPtrl 'prrntf (.v!I!e !61.r.d !t - r d/n", r n9!r) I

,rr.rf f. r rd/n,r i)r4rlntrlr.(,i!g. or . _ td/n"

'i)JP.hr.e.PE - t d/n', iPi't;Prr^tic..l&e!' of np* ' r d/i", & nptr)'!r!n!f(\.rE Pornt d &'r dn" 'nPr"

TIE @ttu 'in b.6olowh8:

lddts-r ol . ' ?06 3m 4352

.rt! = 2063303332

.rtdre!3 of nptr ' 206330d356

v.I@polit€d.t.2

rd&6roln'206380s352.Ptr - ?0634fi352!.tdr€s! of bPt! ' 206 330 3rs6

v.lE pornt€d !r - INote rhtlttF.ddtE.{Nnrdrd 0'rd*otnPh@ d! ae v'@iluarbd !s

122 AlFnnilt Llilw-PndPL ril P4El'rN

th..a cDon '6rd'464t Os.,J,rcd tutt.,BS.d6Uv @rio. on DMla! is rlt ls ELh\d io dE lr tu4' d!44 D ditrat

'r@;;! ftd dxlidt tyF ol ops.tid rti B rtjt@ t@ oPdt'oN

r Dtrirddti E d\€ d.r.rs.dn8 F@ wc on |d !h' r u'Foxl'd'bvI

tnprsr futL DyMi.

',,stut n dtt,q!l,.Pfuittlit o?4.t'd E d 'IGt' dE llhdv

Ior rew d.h oW in haP 4.Fs dpla ii c Lisuse h s b. dft bv flnoq ) "i albq ) htrdoa ItFsl tw(,) L.E pdb P Polnbs b, lwlv drdEd db ffi s tu

3, dndd* ^

dyDrr d.b !!cid aie uidl lt ! arliddt nld'dFo' dspl', ln p4l t en b. dom by d!Pd(P), r@ di'Pe(P) d@u@b dE

ld u c it bt F€; a.10 6 dldfx

't:]__.mfb {i0

,A$irrndr Asigl@nb & pRniftd b.tws Polllar of dcl|mtvF I!uR

p-q, (r .rnc. P . q.r theLgrliry kri:iS ]lt equdiiy reltFon - ElEir tuo ponE6 ot L\' Me tF Poi( buE s dab @tu an hGldrY I ssw awr

'r:..i,,1

5,

4.5.1,2 l@uIiztol httt s

kt u malFe . ndber oI.& o{ ulcumdpd$ibL w.,. ol MEolring tha

ELf,a|D DdaTtd 123

drt may arilc dudS rh. poinb !t nd

1. T@n@tdat:' *L l.n*i*.* * n"-t ' Ad4 nqui€ PorB b b' rtFd Fo' .'sPhj'f-.'"i'i'-i.a.'aa,ri--,'poi!dtr'td b p'inrbobier'd vFhtsE rnis

:*x*;m*mr:mg';i'Sf S ffl!*:ili*iiliii* t", q t t.!.-. Pd# d 'dd*

mv o*rv ruc'^ N tr"tf'J,lfili1.iiilirJ, r*u-* Inrh*.* dvrtr '$F 'hErhslhdidt'*ifi.i".i-rJ*p.t t""

"r df, ob*t w losnr ot'Eri6

" ffi* -o,** drs.nc6 6Fhb !d *FPl. c dto* d*

N@ *d wnE Pt'Pb + ! wtEr l! h d htLtie Iris tdld !6k Pt tdo biri*;-r...""io".;t g-obi<B bEdd dr c Pt i'.llld'rt Finbrs bi;;;#;u,.p-d*; s";nh .t"tobi'd Fi'nld v Pt

'! inrnhse

l Ddeltu wntu da@w- ;d"ft *--r.P";*'tuF@dditb'insu!'rrrdaiodEPuipatDl..llv dG 5bia.16 ba d..bB31,.J,i. *.".--t '* "

t".e-se' $ch d c rhahucw th' 'dds or sv*dhb.i; b. obti"d ."d ..EEd b

' P"inkld*! pold oacL4ugc

rcld .Ln!, ( )

Itnt ,; / ' 'Ir*.E€!

x'l

" rx; /' .ddnlr or I ti '3.r9n.d

Lo Prr

rehrn, /' &!Il4are ih. llmrv ol x r/

{

ens I ); /' rrkr rhn drr P

sbd* dt't b.ttskl b,titttu.6ii. tr dlLdSt".8q PbgEm rodnL *r _db rfi€

;;:;;;;;;;;'vl-'" a's';r b P'nft6 d re'd t' m"rv ot.r

121 Pn{i'n^rx l4^eq1-$'Etpt''nt P'ilt@

r2t ptr and'p ae $o poinc6 and Fints Bigl\lbt i5 6 rollo*

*tro'Lfl

rb..1r

In FE. 4.n F) poln6'pv md 'p e podin8 M difia.t trffiy G[ ud r{Nig;*r pt lt *ig.d ",ift.d&et or P hut eU 0u Pts P.hFd h t !fil' rbdory, b tr ! uuct. tni!' rk.e ol lEeY d

a. Pointt ,'r&m\cd$aglrryu.g. in:t .llow poinh b b. onPonmb of I hlon mry 6e fu her

l2t B @6dd rn 6nph:

N@ ld E ddlrE r v$:tL tt!. bu& i d D. a*Ed h hqq value, *hlch ird6b$e'p;ea !.ldeb|6mupEdicdi.L63@To @lF tE poblm rgdLEd

'iui pojnh *E iln I'rgu3r hx ellmlJuEd re

norion of -?L1t pdnb MPl.hry

1. Fo! s d@ntt &6 t?€ in c lu8!a3e do rh.lonoll,aSl(|) Dddibb $. !4 o! vrlG drt dab obJeb ol rtut ttF Ny mbin(ii) Hsln* lh.6n3. i.p€6i'lim td rtlc oIoul lyF(iiD M.ft tll,yn*6c Eprghrim r*d t& .!ed ot ad tyF(to rr.6in. my aitibuE dur. &b objet o{ dEt 9. ny h.w otha ttr irs

Por ! Irsr* wiih which you rF 6, liir !d lg lrrri.*-"1" ;.;M d"r *;d b. d*r"d

'bddxryw)r.t @ tie eLlfub ot 5F.i6add oI . dti. o+d? Civ.lpRinerion or m 0P6tu.

EL*da DMTTF 125

a lxeLhrh. di!{ert* b.t*6ltE tyPeie6 var i"f gFsa@htof a*rvF

io;Lllqso{tbu.n ids. lnvEtE;tEhodri4o'rvF'quv'l@dcLngue;. ;;;;; ;*;'tus.-r !d'iLb r'u.* qp''b rIf, rc'roYt"

(iU D!t8!'ls Elda€7. For. h@r6 C: C++:

i",nE ';;- '.s-d d.t cs-b!Ib6!, '!d

&nsri'B lffis, Wlt€of .lifiaaeb.t*'dG) sdl< ), &d 6e h c l&8{tg'6 s

"rd dbio n' C* loE-!.

'? nJ lL-*? .tot* oig*' ! nP?drd b, Ad" djrg rdu'td'la rtl

* f*H* t* t"-* 'iru.

dltPh 'r

ov k.* Fo€Fdnlnt

G) ut dm.td*iuftYritr Gb[.] .rd ldl d.ra

fl, s.ft.*"g*,,pr-" *v* d'b 'vDa

dindd{'crt ol 'hi!

dEPn

CHAPTER5

struclured Data lypes

5.! NTRODqCNO TO SIRqCT(IRD DATA TYPEA

A drti tyF rh* dbir! ot\a drb ob,cb B i(t 6n!@', it std 6 h' rffir'd drb

sdr blE dsutd ttrb tvD€ ilto.d r. h. rusic Idltvpe 'Ilq @t b'-sL/ d'*p"a|. . ii'd* t"d tyF;; (6rUr) @ ddtrEd d'E ItF d&

'9 or t'a rvF

(ud/d o*s .rtdry hlshd Lvel 9?s,IA6dl.sl.eoldc.rki'lbltrtu<htd.1'6 ryal1. ?t{ drr.r 'a@r,n r du.&.d drE tyF.hd e itrFd tttnlub of dtL

tyF. tI dtbiP€ i! of ni.d d- fianu!$.r o{ MF sB tn liE tu.nH druwER&.4tdePL.mFd|Md d" o{o h."d d"l, ln'r [d. -'d * e 6l!16 o' Yd'r&

'dz t 4

2. A&hffikddbb.,rd8!1ffi .tl rh.odPodb oi &b |ifu No{- -* * "O-*-

t, ".,a r-t ,tr@lunti O'ilt erd tlF ol '@lP66bDtrh;i@bt Dk h tbui!.d d'b tYP

3. #'. d.b;l*tu l*l! Etki dE ei'd d'Lr ot @nPoMb b iL Fd.o-or.o"r ro-ina *t .** rd th.r@ lr td oI@Pqeb

* x.*" a, "A -w ,

"t ' .lr1N L

'JdE l4Fdr bdt A PFPg d't'

3trud; ! Eq'jid ; Ea$t ft 6dr trdjvidu'l dpord ot tu tubEt. tl'r rh€ @&bi br.bb rtu ! vav mporbt 't!tuh

oI thfnrd'' a.iffi. rL 'ht. -p'*ur- !dud.. boi$ /ddi'bf b 'h rll rbt{u or

drb dtuaJ'd ohrds! d gm '@Trr@ d&t 6vo b€k FPtsdhdon

l.l S46td @'Meftd lbE d:h lFutu r ' 3in8le M!8!oE Dle* ol- ^:* ttob.rl-nht lt -tu6sd

sed-./ Dd.d Tit 12?

lb) L'l'd,@Mhtuu ptwd6 tn.l'ed.i b sbc drb tuM ins6'ln6_' rcnrisla6bldl,!oisorge Ev.rybld(.onbsdF'ddrxotDrblckltt us snny* EE @.Pt t@dr tn. Fi& 5.2

rb. tl Lrcd i.r|!$d@

Tn* a. lom€ ibnda'd htSrE I4l t?a .vtihd. in @r ihPertlw ls3!'36 TlBe

Nondu!.tlotth!.borcudFibltF*!Praul@ti6wNch4Eldl'"6

5.2 ARNA4S AND IHEIR DECT.ARITIION

ne lBr eal*hr foru,'d (.hd olded) lm ol hishd Lvtl d.b tF E th' mrv An ,frv i\iiE ply: *€-d dib 'h, rU ol & t|m tyPq eEd h. ea ot lEdm ln tumdv t(hd6t. rb# vrlE i! ldd.r -.h ldthr

FatuE ol dw e 6 ionde:1 lt4 ln r 6t d..!.d.lEkb1 5o€6.€LmtinrnrRvob.dori6.dt@gh**eof uinda3, ft.68rnddhd.tEyn6lhd.lGleretd.'ddEldin !r'lutou'dL I!r@ ibFa.tircLng!4i d! lo*a boEd i!.luF 0 (For€mph c), in 0|h6 n

6n b. rp€dn d Fd .x.nPr. Adr)5. Soft tin r d diMtionrl d tl@ lnv i! 6lled Gb

r4rq d!d@ii, .'EJi v. G doiry nvo tt'ir'8*1Delling0t tyFof th. *!Y.2 Dch eorE@oIn'd4

Tne lom of ir4 d*Lndtu rnd the vsrittv vti[i,l'i.t ndi€ dn t lPaili.d is

vdy bud I{gu:Se d€Fdot Bi*ny t on idm6t , nwb{ ot md\odr oI d.flrJng

r. A$ume indd b d inle8a tyF rdl. Ms ony Au uPF Do.d (@ 0E losg lourd b ftFd). Ms d, ih.loK rn uPp.r bo{.d (.s!M b'a ho'd it mt 6!4 '!IB . det ult vrlue Lh.l .r b€ ovqnd.n),

128 PiIcrnlq Laqr@&ituiDl8.il Pau litn

tn boln th. cs6 rtu indd Rlue d b. .4,@d didlt E ' ting' tn6+E or

iidiredv La th.Idn ol Ptu aritimri. op.Btion

? sF y tirdab ttF ol d! h&x(odmdedEdd'Llt tvF) tnd P1wdelMd:rdueq Do'M .r rPProFdr.

.r D;* o( l"d* o,lv l" ad.I. drh tvP. (6urllv Fostnljg d'ltrdl in whi(h

ce tu inda rn; ld ft ,mv ii eum'd b b€ equv'l4r b d! E$' tt?' h

To tllGhte 0E ib.v. ft ilr ue6n b 6Nida tom e6Pl6Enmpl.5.1 ridc rtu NrotrYilP.rrlilq n,

trl

Er.mol.5.2 Lt c e th. dv dEld.lim oI c lfl8u'8':lic rta h.iliri6 sth ehidr b d6llF FF R b'rdr M iFirvldbd odP'Ed

",rii'.-rliy-iii* *.r-,v, *ftd b b' hEs* ' L\trowaboundr'tw.t!n*<t

<r/!.t <NiE> (@Pa-!e@l;

inL.rr.Yr(!01;

Tli! d.cLs e.ruy of h .l€ME sioi ndn€ dShS ftom 0 r' 9 tllud€'

ErmpLsl In Ad4 io.LdrE @F, E u ' dELntld *bur of 0r l@

Th. t v vord tmy u*d lft i!' olb 'dard b s : 9?' odb(tot ln dut ii

"."*-i' " p,iJ. ,r". t** h ,d' o tlH b' d'6n'd r a nMbs o{ w!'\ !

1. In tu ol.IoUE.'d uPF tori dJt (rslN intts i'ds tjF)

(<IOHER-SJND>

r,!srl; rrfly (1 ,. e) of !.res.r;

... sTm + 1l of lnEgerr

stutu{/ itc6 T)}s 129

- ln h N of dt u\d+ +F rLPPcEd bv r lowe' upPs b'und lmt b:

q-e-neo."*.pen-lanElotle deL6d@

tcsaFFER lsqe : r) ot rnl'qer;

3. In 6! ol a Fnd|lr tt?€ rffiri'(<rd@t - flE>)

E nPLtl*lerd

^rs!{: lrtry (uEa-l) of tneg'r;

5.2.1 A$ignmdt of Vslu6 to Arav! Eem'nt3

Givd twLd3. o{ d! h.ts i! d m, 'L@tt

* s siSF t Eiu t' drt d66r ldchr@ lB vdu.) sin3 6 -8i8Ddr op6'uon

ri ea. b"s-s..-s"n-n * * d* t ou"*llsrr (l): - r'

r$11 tol '1;5.2.2 ComPo|'nd \/.ls

ffi ffi":$Yffi Hsi,Hffi g;!rufr "Ii3ftl[i.*'ffi:,*v @ lbd h Ad! tl|y ft.llLd €8Ea's)'-l i,ii.lu.i*rr na'loaiu'ti"o**t'it'tea""'vr3s'€!'hrobeB.d in rv.dst@t eEml (dJGl it'ld'lbbd)

lrr6*$s.orAdauY-NA t: r!.v (0-lo, of lntser

5, 1, t,2.1' a)t

,d. l]lo dPPorr x.t!4dc b nr rbElY-rNrr (5, l,

Th. str tbtuis h. eih n' c s tollo*

rnt nyaliy tlol _ (e, s, r, 6' sr

5.2.3 OP.Edd on ComPlet! AnalE

soe Ficl.lusl! LtltlCq tlnd PIy'1(h(terAd!d g' 'llot

oPa'dN 6 mpht'

Pd dpL in PLll w. d wdk

130 PrclEnhin, lritn.s.FP'ier,lr.ii &rdia{

I)G wi0 nEle dl demb in dE dy la .qu:l lb 0. TtE sa. dfsd o b. rchiold in

ia: - (ouEr -> or;

Altutivel, ee€ ioPEadte L$u8s O4.l)

wh4 ARMY 1 ud ARRAY 2 d ho rt! ot F.d'!l, dt & ttF (eh '

otrl'dlltysupFrr€d by Ada and trgl, lut nor c Lr'8u3r)

5,2.4 lnpl.mutation of On. D&Enllon l Artvi,Erotlh.ldE&s l14 qu!6 dG odptL titu don the dd ltYl.Mring tbPL t PQdll shb;. n; cod. b.|rdE s., trrv dcG 6dr b lgErH x oP&t".. ,lt u-t",e utls oac mur X !:dfu b FodG d.Ml !dd'!a Aru b mvJiiJa*iairvr',mvc- t'.v4.l."!dlr4@!WoqddE*d@ryiI'rJ;;Lu.i"*'lyit-s'a nis b h. Es.rdld o{ 'hdh'

c! @v r'dridlv odystri..ily bound t! Ntury.

rduoltR d!tu8..a6rft andddd ml'

r{PPod 4igMdt d on dry b

n!,5r $.dtdP6'cffi tr'f

rtu dr:tox 6Ft!, t b ct t ttet r tfiUl. di'Ecd't tr', L! tr '{ '4'dr ffiv

-u 'n" a.-lrw 'fo"L "'ot-E- t q'n d b ded t* d lunltott U th' M

i* ir'*r,.iJ"'a. ".p L" -' dm Dd th. rbituh m rll 'hhc

dE diilv rt! .*r*u rli "..a

a*i *u- $d rc dFiPic rt ru'd'd l' M @ dEld$ oI

i"a- *L i a* u*-u'* .aa o"se -v nia t u. ora in r M tic d*'dq

Ss.hal Ddd Ttd l3l

lrlh€ bciprrdF o(. padi.ul[my typ€ nlbri. E tu96 Mv h' mrp'rrtd htolr" -a" 't'.i

a*-t'.,h*r,"s, 0,- d;i;rin8 dE Ed fo rh' run ft d.KiPrd lt 'n'd.5iDb. din u dy|ls;duy bdll4 rfiih thc Ps ot rhl desPb ns' bP

riaoru dimdon l myirli't [Kl.rd6\. mv litti5ddiftd bhv'{bsipttuge

Tlle ..G nsdm Id &l.u be hrltid $ Ionon:

.dd4.. (ri.rtit) . .rt:,J.$ (rbrtll) + Ix _ 1)r €r4ne siz.

!ft rtdE 0s$l) Fpr.si dt ddEr d idt .Ll@ of dE Dt! weh *' $^n' b |daldd€ (InniD ;;;'b dr h.'. .d,:LB d th. ljlt b rbow equh q b. hb a

.&4! (Il.!iltl) . c + (i - rt x.r.6c !rz.

.&.3. (rr!r (rl) - (d _ ardEnt 3r2., +

wla dr fi'd o@d .{ dr .ddjrim G - &n6t 3lz.) i;tuN-doq &d d€ rmd & du vdnbh Pd

th. dlr.Jt I'n ot dr B

V $. ded ilE r.bdotb bouid &d ut ry l' tbbuy bNnd b lhgq dF d'.v.lue ol rh. ca;nr F t ; t 6hput d hdon dn rie onlv dE .ruibm tndmuliDM!t'm@*i.!i&ddnbb..ru;tudde(tneht,dtube€iu ng.dd@oldl;v,.dr;reMuElmtbqd:dlE*{@-ut6.dtuwhadE.myidlcei

I dtr LMq tolr*l b lb tlF 3.lElliEtim 6f th. rG' luftdo. ir' 6 LlIdx:

addEs {rr't t!) = !.rdn:. trt.r tl!l) + (I - D) x dsnt .i.!

ldd!.s5 (lrst (rl) ' (a - ll', .ragt .r.., + (i t .r4't 3rk,

add!63 t!t!! Ir)) - ta-Dxe) 1(ix.)Fd' enple ln c dG rdyt € n I .itd 16 b .lw.y! 0, d*.quivihnt C **in8lRrion

I re!.!! rl!!r lil). (a- 0) + (r:r) -a+ r I

.dd.6 lI! d6Frvin s!{i'r0 oa d 14 lllFt4lshgldtd6*iD

vllEslo49rn-d-rbleItL0E5a.dtl'shdridiob.wbjdiSino{d'ult s

132 A..ianntu l,44t6 Pn:ni!r4 rd &Edtd

So ! se wanl to Ks Ith M9.Fnr ollhe li* rt6 addte 6.1$ be wifid s aollow.:

nEipr. - (rii r) nauc (!ize of (ini) r nm);

52.5 CdBtiin€d .nd qn@EtnL.d &r.vA @hrined .Fy i6 r dry whd ttle inrLx i3 tPei6ed (.nd hene $. nuhbd of

onpomr '!

rFli:ied) w. $i $it d! t undr & thriq hm oNtniEd srvt rE-nPtF n4etd b s rbE. mrr.

Itdv itrDeltiv. liisuse (Nlud{8 ^dr)

tuPFd ttr 6rsPt oI (NBErl'ad dv'c J oisr'a. or *pion-rt'ir qxra h.qivi;c d€ Fnd. k @ whE b'

'u'h

Ad. tullt lE.fdt l'E$ot + b lndkek $ llM! n€d Eav;

dE: Tr !n Tr s ryF idhd6d (not |grilt ot th. s tF), 'rd dr &tt iEtu

START dd lND c ot rYP€ Tr

(tM.dR r.ns. o) of !1o !rr:!!st'(5tN1',.mD)J

5.2.6 C Dynunlc AnaY3

Nth.{dr c dF d r4pd rh. dnPr o{ ffiet'd |mtt I ds F6rd' k i'itt btL" f" d"d-{- i; ,pF b"-'d ot u 6t dn M d4 rtur ir rh' uPPs howt lrJJJawrrolvIr.r'i,il'o*v !dltt.d b6.dvlufu'mv To4lnverhlMr,* r'"lo- -.fu*..,4 tE * t:l 11* rdloc (qr'dl ftltdd 'rEn! ' blod

'{".iir tr"' rt'. |ry r" *o *.l ,sdins b Lh' Phn@ <!iu>) rh' tvF or thl!p-i"C r",y*- a.p""a-t ro *'.tty b s irt n

'dlsned int rh' hP tuMdon ELs

Q*@ sha iti:' d rticsrqudi:r6cs.x@Ldc:

{

/'c.l siFoley.nd dgr.3p@ {i.lloc FllENUILil tu 3Pd N'ibtL) '/

tri*f CNoL .nolqh e.rcly\nr);

)

/r rnilr.Ii. r/{h!re ondd.,.st

ituPh lind.xl - r@x;

rNI. (!nd.t<-.m)(

Prlntf ("ld'! nutPi! lrn&'ll,

I

l' *a'/rr (iuiPill,

I

5.2.7 TYPES OFARRAY

Otha rh.. tlP tbrdud rEry fs$ dFrh'd oFiriddrv'nmleoldu{tiE'tv!6'o{ |m, *rd..h d . b!@ ot FldcuL! |!pdnv' Ngu'8E

2 Multidi@uod @Yr

^ bs€ltl holtv :!.odrbd 'iA s Desrtk I'nguq5 l-tt 'btlitt

b dvN'i'Iyl'#+-;;L- ,-x.

"J"d d';t b d-''8 i--d* s'd'*u'ri!'*t.'ab

6.&nbksY-'ilil J * c -o-n n-tt.Fv' but Arlol $ dd no*E' ' Ml'.'nd o

*.iiii -t iJ",riju',r,- -*e;Nro' sd@r* rh' btdd)4rni6rrvAhdl;6bd nt @rt 3Fd.v'jLhLIq' PFviordv deud mv

134 P@irq LlvqeiE ld arl &dir*

La !s mly3e Lhi! M.epi by, C ahplq

t tnclurL <!tdio,h>

sid Bin (v.id){

/ ' .,ue.ia igbrY !n inibarr'. '/nurlp!. - (rt r) mlroc llize of onr) r nh).ullt! (01 - 2;n'4tr nl - rr.u'Ptr l2l . 6,.Eet lll - s;/1 n c'. $ite otpu! F& h.F r//r reauocd. NNrY a.d !.1nrd.r!'. !/

nu"". - ltnt 1 rurl.c lnuigtr, 3r:. of (rnt) r.d)rnwL. Ioi - !,nEFLr 11) - r;nur'pt! l2l - 5;/r !g!Ii r. 6 rrr& th. outpu! @& r/re (nuDtr);I

5272 tdodd'p,r'agjttr4tMulti-dine'ltorsl my! R 8r.F *hc lls d.mE h.ft

'@ 6m @ irdd ln lk 4

oi twadirwbnn;F d@;^ b. 4v's8.d ! btl4 otl9dd,u ! nuilo o{b% indolllm{dr o*d.;wMt ntr€d d ldd rn dr 6lcm N!*a r Ed

For e6pL NlSir'wldi ury d b. d.dEd h tn*.Ir ltlodx . urry (1 _ 10, t - 5l or rdr;

hd X ie tE .ray h!vh8 10 bw! .Jd nv. duN dd fiL oq6€ tbr.d ln ey E Ed

M@tlotrh Cbo 6ouow:

tnr x trol I5l,lib decl,rtld.&o h.rinE dE Ee dina6{t [@ ilrb l'F d ft.ea ttF

Stutu'1D''a TJ,n 135

!.r u! Nlr!., C PbSEd\ wrri.h ,l€*! n\. lhPle@brion oI ko dtuioMl ev

ini rvod! trll2l'i11 2), (t 11, (s,

Prrnif f.1ze of .rrav - rd (bvt r)\i",Prldf rN@ .ldnt. - t d\n-, 2' o'

?lrnrf ("a!!!Y c@rt3* ' (td, id), (rd'

e,odin tollol, !rcdlt t0ltIl, trodln lllrrcdro (rl(r1, thdrtr t2l(01, t,ldri (21

).

(txodi! t0l t0l));

Tlft .tltunets.l eyE d rha b.6vb'!d r 'dPt&hg '

boo* 6t l:bl6 sah 0'idr rhltl hda eE6sb P.g. n@$s

r*' a-wrour mrs u os tc 'nvt!'t.d

! ! r€l ol b@Lr I bbl6 !d e on

r]s, nt c.rp@iedr6n o1r hF dndbn'L@v t@h ' b@k

9.2.?.2,1 lnDl.l:ut'rld ol ndddLtuDlo'd Arrry

Ih'L|Ebt'a or ndtidiMionrl ev {tll tt'dd' rA'& amly 'E?

h tMg' @'

;{"xmrnxx""ffi kf Y'ff }Ul'*trtr'#J;liffirHffi#-##ffiffiffitr-'*

H'ffiH$fitrF#sdd d .rd 3o lodh)

==-ii

=i==

136 A@-.ia r,4'..s-P"trid.."i Pri.l(n

rs ahpla it dl dtix h.d 0f, v:lG34625133

it sclj.t b. sbEd in w tuid edd a

Trl ftng. Eprsltid of du Dw h.Jd .rL! o be .rt* Ly tIE Fig. 56 $

ln 68@ rc & t l(jllg !bov. ilirB!.d rutnr a ampl.6.bnE. l.?|'dhon.

'|,.3..M'gy',..i|!0.11b..0d.rrr'd,{d'lnddhy

In@l|mmid&d6,fEr6lffi it:d6E!0Bmd@lum.rdFLdh.Ilh. Ey n dbdlt etnc

1213

sMeadDluItF l37

An mtn rbow, wac tLEd in col@ Nid ord{' lt wdld h'vs rhe lollowins

oda b helDrv:

k+# t#.:'# Hai#Colutr tu q dr.la i' @€d ii FoRTR^N bur dP oL\d bngss€ N d tuio'

ddat.-- *" ." U. a'tgt

" tn" '*

hNE 'r w' did ln 6w rujd rdd

527,22 Ae.'! FucrFi i!' ruitdmston:t lr"t

*mmg"pgffiffi:ffiffiws;:

ffxffiggggl'ffi,*r**"i"' -li-,t'*-pr,E,'ie *"mpdm rh' tubs.pt L@ b'udr

'F '! r'

i* - **r .oi-i *1* u" "wbd

or eLnEE d'rr PrRd'r the d6rrd drnmt

*;;T;;1;;-;;;'d- N@ d* sida d b' ni6 !rdds! 0,ri L iI . rdd6 or lid tl rl + ((fldtb.d rsartE tlE ia' ill

(lnhba d d'!EB kn o{0uilhollm))x;l.Fti!)

ncr@0E Nhtdo{Fw'bo* dEtrhd it (i- r)ddllEtMlaolerduab{i' ltft

Eetdd:6(tJ -'ddted6itCand- dttE 0d tl'10

d.!ol6el6Er -'na$6of d.Erl P€ @ =!

abov? .d* ft:ddd 66' enb - foDow!

ddG or.iltD -d+((i-D'n)+ 0-1) x')

r,cdnPl9t aFatl4rdd6ojrtIiD =a+Gxn-n+ j-D'e)

-dt(xn+li'-(n+1)x')-ct-(n*1)x'+fxn+Dt'

vttd@s!' (\o) - d - t' +1)n'

softi.nv .dd@(!!rlLil)=urhr.ldigh+(ixn+lxeddF (i't (i'j) = vo + (i:n +l xe

138 Pq{.d^r r,ruF-Pnd*r a"/ &.rt^Th. Se'Elialid 0p d& dbie.ry loffiboad dlts in tl€ lolownlA .G ,udih

addB0btItjl)=addsorilitdbl+(0- b) x n) + (i -.rbl)x.re@td4)

rlb = loufi boud or |rl. bs.db - low bourd of llEotw

a - !d'rr* (Id [rlb, d6]) . 34 ada6n . nsbs of dE dtui h. rwe -dz of rd.Mt

dhs 6!dimo{de|t l6d l|.ddE oit Ii,D 6 b. smrBed { Lllo%:.dd€r (ri't It jl) - a (0 - rbD x i) + 0 -.rb) x.)

- d + (t xn_ nb xn + J_db)x.' a'('rb tn+db) !. + (irn+j) r.

tlc vo - d- (rtlrn+ db) x.so.adE 0!.li. tD. vo+(ivn+t x.

so.laiy fo! e.h dtmmim ot.n rdy, op rdd 6d ft Nldply ltuid i. Eguiled

LLb {d rqGE) 6n b. oElddsd b L. rpei:l FrF d ffiyr lut, wiisur nM nuhba ol.ld4ls,.nd. v,&lFddr ld.d$ dFtinry,

Itt e Flldr h b3i..nd tr'tt.i L$u8E bot tur n' iE Frd* Ihgu84

S.m tnlP€nHw lu8ur8€ (ntrludnE A& .nd g .upp.d n.F.I u!yr:r.rq G mebpL A& bIauF.mthC9-rqurcs-IoRoadw AIIa!-OF-ARR.{Y it

4r rRr_fr - (1, 2);q, |rAr_r: - (3, .'J

rA: m_o_|sy-r:- (a! ir, !r),

pft rq 11) (1,r;put (Ii(l) (2))J @-1!8,Put {rA(2) (1));

stcsd DabT)}3 139

buL (0(?) (2)); nef !1n'J

Put {4(3) (1));dt (It(3) (2ll; .d _ ru';

r" .lrru ada or66rrn! .ffpl4 TWo-D-ARMY-T ilr .d or m9t

i#ffffi":S#dr.{'*:*r,Y'jtsm;s::r*brTl' a "-r" r' c * *'ain,'6'd "*

l1*"u**e,mw*ffi gtfl:rF " -'--' * **''Itr E * dPle .d Adr LNgEi.- tu',"-."* 5l^o st^"t + {) orlntsd:' R '

6'3 10)

" i a:r:d 4A: rv (iftSu nng'sr RT sr^iT+l)ofdu*b:-(l

L'JB:-A Fr Rr+t srMr+IJ,ra ,di-, o. o mv f+ r' rl * tu' ?"dl b ti' vditu!

^ gJD

,-:H;fHlffi ;l-xrsw.:trtrtrH#Hir*'f,i['*-,

' -- *,

" n* ilmt r w d.b rv!' R'*s' itbatrsi'iistd

{tasd& tsn ol m rftY 6 t d"'ii i.,iJ'.-*, * '-o*u"' unib s I t'^'u&' dut r"gu's' ror @ .*kArk;olIsIR$lGtvP€&e['d btblntE'tac

;;,;;*.t* *."' - *(' u'oik*d sr'dtd ot dsrd d@ 6qn ,*

#WraBc.FerddEl6t'6adPr'

Pr.s!{ SH-'$PE (ouEcr) l

sd\sE-'-G10;sctGssr-t-seuofsadsrs!-t,

t'O Aqrnnrt r,i.r4+Pnidli., .r! Ld(tu

ri.. * hrwd.6,!A r h* tyFSO!EMS&i&d.dSOMESEI-ToE l||ir t *ltrn&b d .lmE h. !t b rEEil b o lr .rdElitt. l|E dny .Frudr tllt 6 h.FlrD.d 6.t c.t oFrdda 6a.oqf. !Ei!.4 uld! hE cdcr.t

tf n @Fr &y. wlll * t6 t t vlt d& d{ !t tr &.adD 6a m&dr& |h$ ri! dit .Ib* lav tu qqrdn M mpld rtrp., .ri M o?do.!Iq.!6nl ttF, L t !URt v@E!l.!dbd.lDMbu||l0,31.cdhmqpall4l6.6ddr,Gtwldr.qd.t r16....?bl{a

rrtu-t@Mr.rnndsir,derb.d!tndltnllb&ady.PrdlFla |f. !.r h! {l ddhdDrltF

I1r,. ?lrhavd.tLolinbrrtyF6@tI'tlr hlb.a. i.din xrn, wlt|l.dud btr 0)nFe&s. pr4t.las*,.d -dr dar ha o lpGdr8c.t a|l.b- .

!.eta tlll dEq tu rl de,w,'c,m

l!@tmIL F, of, h trlr +Fq.fi ! 6.r. ldol oF|li..' idw-t 'r{drd !. .qlPud

r . -d. &lnudbn . Lgbl OR. S.r rE*sdip a.lo h. .b. b. dlaL hruddelE dr d ddl ly h Lr du 6 .+.1 b dt oddr !rd&i. wd a.. td q dorE lothip Er ta'c, {i p@ odd b..tdr rnh AND opartrd hd'q iE blr.Ein6nF*|bt'/c. oa.lE k!oFr6,

tr, 2, sl

E €l6dlb.t )Gd6l|| b.n@l.d!t&r66dnnd.Mr!eri6cE.d@nlwtuynd!n|lln!!airtdIb'tll8yora.{d6t oG'lralhluc dd',q@ v.lu' (! otfo..d ro th..r ota|tr6a lqrd h d' V.r LtllF.dE L!'gr.€. i.tuE t tr53 EIIOIIERAIED TYPEE

An .l@d ItF L . !*d.itrd sld VF ufid tr !..d$. v.lus Lc dE t |!. G

In Adr enum.laGd dab tvP6 {' ddmi 'r

ioud3:

rve D|rs f (dd!,srn Yr r Nn'sY,

tt E e haE sdkd.n'enuBacd' tvt' DAYS sd dEle€d a s'itu" NEr /DAY or

tur't;. N; h.t oE vrlc in ! 6ut:Mcd tF E "oEtdd'$ tur rhe vti!! lsted rBr

i-r:ii?ii ii:ir,iir.'"a * " g-a c."!'i-tq r t'* '+ -t-]ii-T.i''a,iir-iJ* ru.u-* 6dPri,m oI''*hd tF v'r' 6ins oP6bF

'ud, a <0a thn) !ld> Gslha tt6)

adhDovid6. nuBha oi ddbutt (sEhb) for elMnN

N& durvrlu. u*dlrqulbrdhd!F d 'nd

tc 'bbubnu{ ml b' rheri6l

., r'i.i- *ii'.ry s.; -F dE I'tis$s6 Ed dPPoIt {i @hvrbibukil#ii'i.i*lii.oi"r'"*;" "i'rd',.*i'.;'di'6r '"r@or ' c"&'r $PPd tt'E)

CLnlurg..!otuPPd0 trc*tC14Bs64nPkPbSi|n

(

@n|@dhcrtEd*l

nur!d:y,F!i4y'

Prrntr("@D.Y. td\.', iaD.Yt;dby-dond.y+.;p'Intf ("ne*D!, + id' ld \n'r n, ndDrvr;

)

L s € etE c d6Pr. rih'ttp.i.f, thbrat

Fridv, saEurdrv, sund'v) &v!-tjd.y!-! nern tl - tondlv, idd.v2;Prr.tf {-n.rd.rl, r d \n., c'.dar2)r

142 P,@inid l,l{@-PnBtl.l din tdiii!tu

)

to n.fnayl . td \!,,, n.vd.yr + t);

lds€$mnu!.dd.o{a@edtYF^

wI kEm 4ol:et.d 5?€ (.ldngh rot oftd\ NsniE a ., srdi b dE EoLatyp€. Trn, d.y be spsmed n Ad. .nd C BPeiiv.ly * follos:

l.ol€rn-? k Fr$E, li!E) iTy!.d.f .is lLl.., td.l b@l.&-tr

N'! dlr tip. rd@ n P{d.di'€d l6urEtd) !F n l@ nrF.tin IDEU'8. (Ad4

F6I)- ft i. rlso po.lbt to ssida &y illt te ttF (dut I lnt46, dt cr4 b b.

5.{ CH R CTER ArRllOS

A llrrh.r tyF oI Day !, Lh. |ts,',g. A tnhs b t Eqll@ oI dMEl @rllv auled hd!uu.ltula c) d rLn:I. qsb (F€l) - 6i ti'j! te.!t.3t m |.d t'B dErd b a

Tlls ko ,Gt irnpotut deiSn i4B u\at € tPdift ro .h,*b 3t'sg 9?4 .E nc

. *hSre.n ft.my n. tturitiE rYF?i 3tdt$ tuProri! sbdd.nd dtfldk Isngnl?

Irrdsln nE ol&hSt d.pa&dLn8u8. imPI@bEd In C.l0drEtddngb

char uli I10l;OdE ldB4F Fdid€ . tr.d6. Pr.d.6rd tLb tyF lor dB*rE 6v. ror dhPL!!nu (^dd, d bt (P&D. dr 4nrlc

NM , 3tr!i9 (I- 10);

5.41 OFGE8oB of Stdngs

ODedN d tlr *hS d.Fdt 6 th. intl@abda rh.L &ttu i! .llrrd fl, rp'innErc &b tyF Lrsu8a Ura p6l c c+r sd AtL dddd sr'"l! * dnqqi6yr.In p."-1. dL\o"ii;6i.s.F iot r PnF iE t}?c dw rFF thrt h!v. Pt].drhDub oh be sBn d ud (@F !d h,lth th. t$tionrl oFabF

b.Ss8€ [L C. l C++ F@id.t re libnty ncd@ b F o'n oFaud m ut

Smsnd Dad T)!s 143

. std, wni.n moves 5Eh8t

. sr-i .*e "* ri"* 'ti"s - t '*tho

' St@,leo€r.phi..nv.dPE(byrtEdddolttdodd)hvogrva3drF. stra. ehi:h;;m du ndber or ctu'..@ noi odriry rh' nur

"*."" u* ro" tn"l z ro*tr"" 90

'nd Saslc b 6r $ng! d a Pffndw ryP'

-ai'i iii "p.*i* rrr" *"s*nt. ehhon'r oP€ido*

rdd@Iionfde4''1li*li-,i**1,-a-*Pd3Ein8'!P'mM tlr'bt *P*"''.!"1*-"''*'#ii"l#i ".a

u" -w B!(a -'b!, er* vlu e ch'ryt'br' Dd 'F

"li..-r*"* i.[Jii"'1". .r',,* sib6s'Pdis i! '!"'?d

d !ti"g '*!1' !lM'#**r#i*+*ivmm,kas;ii;1s5'#s"?"l:f,fr5.4.2 St Uc v3 DlEftlc Ldt€th stdng3

adnr. b lhe v{i,riN in *t lhg!\ ol rh' tEhSt E 'n drvid' ih'm in lk t}F" -i i""i*"* ,"*, r.* ** -a a"ona b'g'h i" 'r' ad'-d"" f1'q":q1'5' ioi_rifN Z r6nnaN eo corol P'(d 'nd

ad' Lnsuag6 're

ft ddPtr or

tb6E lgBrh dtr33s.* r-h *i, * ,r*v' r"r iI r rrEE lbtrs ! sis*d b a sh! vdbrerh€.h.R cntfs rE $EIY &r F N

, L""i i*" t^** 'r'w." ltins' b 'hkh w? low lbinF b M( vtFng

' Llii'i'ii.-a"i';i*..ai',"" *ro;6* bv rhs v@rte! d"nb6 rsgssBiifi "lji*,",r'..-.pr* "t

duc lt'r^ or 'tus! c md c* ue 'Pki:r

bff;;;;;i,;;";[."* uts rd ,mbhh8 oE$ht L'8r'\

r o*it r-"* ,rnir"-* 'lo*ta b hr* vevins. kn'rh widi o Dnmum

" "rj.i-*"-i,ilJ-i*roeourethdPI6ordB'lFornFlturuid[,iii.T,iJiii-.r..a t- "-s' 'no'rim 'id dareb@ Dut prid'sdxiaum o*ibilty

5.4.3 lmpt.ndtation of Ch.6dcr abtng TyrB

InDl.!frbho o! clu|zfu !h8t iJr *orrs' 6 d'Pdd5 d dk 5F ol s!'gt ftl'6aPr:liif;iCiLil "i,*

r""",r. ,r'..; a-Pd o' rhs i' Fqund rr drv { @P!' br Mwil hav! ;nly lt* 6eldE:

Fl!.3,t oeido' or.Lrk kr'!h lbne

Irl4 hm,i{ r.4{ar&idt! ,tur &r4r!hitd dys& ,t,Ur Eqlns r tu 6,F dddipb b tu bo& dr frd dtJhuh

Lrylh ait tre .l)!d l6qrh.r lollow:

llr, !,3 D...ndd ol tdbd drnirc rt'r$t

only *eptio e ririn8! 01c {d c1, wltLh do mt r€gun tu dru a4dF@b6@ rh€ end.I ! ehg b Nt d *.uh ndl drlfr.

pt@a r4[r rti'F r.quiE. dhph M t'Ep d&ipb, uith diIBihh l68dr

fl$rr o.Gl.. orryal&|.rb cr'e

'IrEhg{i d.tdng.td rha.LE t! rhg. b *nkh I l, bd!'4 tu gtr rna !h*ll

DFdd..ncdm@t .loft bylolo|rlstwo@l1. w.en @ lt*ed lrr ror dyM! . rn6ddvd..[...iond tuney 6ulsp rn,

ButLa. ogha.t (ln lrd ol EEwy) ir dE hi8 diedvmhse old&@rh!4 lnEbrge ft hory ! rEqu!€d t ltrlEptwudd

2 we.s @.djmt..Dr io Ed@ tt! !6ory oE ha.t6ut wlEn.tin3 gw lE

t5 RECORDS AllD STRUCIoRETS

we kw dEt mr! ft ord b trat totdE Ssul. ol drb ib of gm ttF.Ar@td (tt w ,4 in tutt |',!,l!,9' o sbtde. (4c W,.94 i.,t n b gry t'aat'.t t

'fd" wnd ot d'b rtu (et t@n\ 4d2 @ d*) tth . lhdb d'b tt^ 1:h. tbn in@B @ dt2nfdnt 6 en4tub lewrhe*re.n).

un!:t Intda[@d d.b 5?q lgd.s !.tsiE tutarlrtdffr.in6.U ddE @ t'E a rh! isd h rlddr dr 6.ld ildfiiEd

sMtu*a D4kiip' 145

kt u.6i {€ Nd da&rtin itr &!if}Fd{rA-ft3.€@td

6lactE'p1o'e(

.ru! ne 1151,

5,5,1 Acllng CmPdBl o' R'co'dJtElch6n-6L.tof .tsnt/rh(@ @ 16"l url!rtltddlm:'d dr ddd 'lld

(utd t';: ;;;-'';J'.4-.d b - . -r-b'), rjnr.J tt

' Mbc op@b-_"_ija-;I.r.**..*!rr'(do0 H'e:u'incil!tofr b'*'ruir

'!dr,sbiod r Dm s'.mr" (->) oFrE( ! @

5.5.2 CotnP5dDS Re@r<ltttnrcttftts.tu lhtqdv.lmSss6 (Aa{ p'tlr) Fovl& u "psrd

b oriv Nt onP'n$n ot

_-''i..*rr",d,*-""af'oFrio4 cLnssFd€mt3uPPodlu'hMP.@n

ra s c rol*Lu w" --tpt' ftgtu b dr' da dEPr M ck

Proc€duesEep-c'elE-r13

ql:n&9.!Fl'{ : scri.g {r - 9,,

Pur llne ("Brehd.Y "),Pu! (B!rsd.v . sr) I

1116 Po@-.i.! l,@PnmitL'.i/ &rliF

pt (rrrrhd.y , rbNt[),FL (strihd:Y lEli) t

I rncru& <.t.hs.h>tl".d.f3t4ctdhI

chlE rcnth t9l;

) sti-t, I ur!,FR-T;void outPur-strucr!4 (DATE-m-r) ;vold mtn (voftt)

I

/' Ftidr dry ./

' rcnu" 'txs!v-);Git.narby'}t!l-2006;outPur-3lnctlE {r Muodrhy) ;/r Btrtn&y r/sdnf frd", . blsd:v . d.v),sd! ftd", . b|rddy . mns);smf Crd". r brlih&Y , Ya!),outFL-stncru! l. blrttrd.Y, r

)

Eri.tt crd", i,rt.9k -> d.y);P.:nlr ("rd \n'r

5.5.3 Arays or reordy'ducur.sIt!olhGe$y,giv{.Patddlu.PPIradoNt @e r nhhs of |gdd!/mu@s otih.6ft t}?e n wlu.h b ebE rLtt thrt b.n |my or fiutus

L.t ur ely* r enPle ol c languS6:

t i.c]ud. <3tdio.h>

ly'.d.f3tNcteblrnL &Y; cn:J mn$ (elr

I s$_r, 'ArE-Ptt-t,

*rr_r sRL@lM! 13);

/t road tb. €r*nt en a!!.Y w(sr!ucir!!.v 0,

$!tgn tdhdun (suu.trrrrv 1,

4r9!t (3rtubrrav' 0),dtloe(3t*Err.yir,jouilrt (3rcd!at, 2';I/i

'llrr|In & *&t@ '/

!ord.!.!gn rclncrrn (48- r-I

r.d!r.Y lind.xl day ! ''l@Y;srr*y (i.tarlry lli&rlndA-ay lrnc.'l t.rr _

t

vold ouiPut tsE-aR-r

ln !d ..g d. rumb6 ol dd6b b t*h e mt c t'loM in 'dv|d ud

-i*ti" t'. --t a.--v Eq'|''d it *tsw ht 'dve w' Fb bt@ e mv B

Xiilii i'luiii'=r.-*'rnouw .ow"to*' t.* hN Erv €rsa! e 6ijii.ii7,J.i -i'*1 o'",

" ' av*i, bry o{ $ab6/Md-';d\l"; * -*' *",,t6"r-' Morv at M ti@ ro@E' dvrumlc drb iEm

o;;-J"n;* ;;i ;;;*, * .n !u(r.; d *hd '*6 EF ' ir ffio4 Io! 6e

n*r.y lr'gl. aY, mr&r'Y !i&xlid&rav lln&ri ler 6t',i;

148 PrFnhiq Lav.ls-Pndtl, .d Pdr&ru

1r1.. of (1n!.s.r)J

hs. * h.ve dy bi.qUy crd rpd (.! d hteSd tt"e. Ar alloator Gucl us mw dDdd) Ehro ! r.is.e (.dd€,), r.LEd io r u r.@ vdu! in Ad. dd . Finkr in c,,hichirdtole dE liBt bti. ol th. ilerbd Mory,

In A.la in !.H im b Mng @ry lor . prnicuL! ly?q it E d.o pGible ro .ddiniii.lirii.M !a'E b th. .Umtd r th.t r @ly @hd 6tjd.s t€ 8iv.n a lalue. thb i3.chi.ird uiry u "rp6E9hc oP6d wt'ld Ir l$terd tf,r@ fte new t F mm and0! d6iEd ulu. An a.qpL d Ad. L.!uB. ir lim bdfl:

ploc.dltrIl.Cr1!*-ErrEEi

bqrn 9I:- d rnsg.. (2),Put ("?I- .u -1r Pur (Pr, ul,

.idlIJ$M:ZxrEE;ria. * h.r 6add u E! vrlu. sd h hr.!.9p€. NoE u* e d rhe -dd-

(m'Dd) .'Psrro.. tn th dro$lu (omFd'rdn) d'lPL. u win .6b a b'r€d Lst old.E l6d! o{ 0r 6dn d.a^.d .llla.

ldBF&6'pL dCLI8u8et tncl'rd. < ,tdro,h)I lnclud. st!rr4.h>

(

chlr rcnin lel,lnt tdr;) Drr!_r/ ' DArS_ni-T,

rcld Mln lv.ld)I

P'rnr( c.i!.r Dun$.! ot trn.!!.€1Jlcrnr ftd", & ns) j

if ((sthct rrr.y . ($tE_PIi_l) lrul,Ioc Grr. of (urE_r) r

P!rn!! Ctoulftcr..i 'Fd \n1J.rtr l-1)rI

5.5.4 llnpl.m.r|t tloD of atuchlst!@rdrfi. .h66 oi !!!4rc/isd. e .rd!d rn t'4lre !d dLihd 4uaud u4r 6{

*!ud alov..

cn ! ![6 lr5l,

.l[r C.rrt.

n n hdMdu.l @t rst dv t!.d d.dlP&t ro t*tlot tut 't'E

tvF d ouE

.*iii; u'i ri ""i..t; -*-'a*q"' rd dr dudr i Eqlttd'*""i-l-*?.t

'. au,'.d.tu; E dd h i'rsd'r 6+' c id 'ir@DLd bbl2a b!d. d IFMY*dfi;'"r";;*"gLftn.rdtol"n!d@s tL "'r'ds

tut6 *ill h'

rdd6 €. 0 - se .d!tt-oa!ur8t Uod ngae'€s' lEuY cutLd t' 0 - 1) d'G!

rddd (s D -d+ > (c-d.i)

wls!q&b.tddra-iJ*r.-o*1""t**t.tt .!osdrd4o{"dr(6FM{!d|!P'ddon*di-0fifii-i'i-i i-t a;*'.a duhsdouddso thod'i6{u' onpor.tlst o|4bd ddllgooPlLb--'iJi5, J --,i.",i* "'Iv

rt' h' ddr ro' tu ''d8' broct or 1o* h

5.5.5 l,:tldtt R..o.d!

syffi.Tffiffi*hsmffi:#*-*'';'JJ-it',.**,-' * it a a$qu a w tn' *'t *'"t u t'

150 P@.iiq L"tw-&ii.(tb.i l &D/i@

yeidrEddeh!ft ,pdtolmmblll@&orth*iyPqrndaEln6LPtt,3t cificb €me eubd€t of th. Edds.

ld ur @lda r pe6l dkbrdd

,a.Dlpro,€€:!€@d

EFrt I arlaY lr - si or cn.!;ra.:r.Egerlcr€ @cr&sr P.yclass of R4ulai : (m.tnlyialer r..1,

Jornbg dlE : rnt4.!);hbct : (H@!r.t.:

Tli. tKrd dwrp IB 6pdan ID, D€prl Ag..i'd .mFu.Wli6ttsLddFLs-P.8qbr,tharh€r*or.t.lohrnmt yEtrndJolrnng

dab. wlfE 6 l{ 0E van! or dFL, . sb.r, dE it hB 6npod tlodlq MidN

A!ia DinplrE6t'6t csrl lt Ir tdt rirtLr !o urd Fc@d tnpt.Mhddr W.hrw {ut dEni€ b&rLd@ dr.6ato{.tor4. lequica 6! dr dpdEtadt vrn rb d.{dd!Ed, rn 1106!. k .lood h dr Ed la d. LrFi pd'aL nlt h r!@.liss€d vtt nt { aFls - R€lrr {E rey rqulEs! L 15 U^+ dnh tr dpde - ffi rt6l7ttb - !h lEEy I'ydr of.how d.d!d p.6rv.nd dll b. s

Ft! 610 sI. 'to€..ndor

c n|n.Dunrr .:dtld! rc 8p€dn d..lpto! I lEa.rl tc I v.rlal edl tqr tlE lrt

dnpdai rr onrrd4d d rErhs dp6Mt oI0r Md,

^ unmn ! tF.hrtNy!@ disisr tyF E { ny doEdil6Eht 9!6 vdq.t di$aqi

lGdun!8pF8m@tt@.

sl'u0dD'6T'|" 151

A drn E a #d1l @. ol. v'rilnt Kftl' wlrh r 'nPrv

@ pd t)utre *r

"-'J. oI u'"" tF chcri,u tnPl.IMhrid Ph4 an inPoddr 6E-Daind alrM tttetd ait6louui'e oatgn tgua"iii-'J*e

b "*.v. *'v rr r, Pffir dF hst b' dvMhic l,FcrEl'nt. Uri6 wi[ h. iElddld o d$'dd'd h @d d Mr

rddtu b tvF drdlnr iE'pkf;rbba * s 6E3rit und b h FrE:'Ii--,i#i-*,*i'i*t d@!tur'nsu'sFsPPqcdle'n.t*E Fd' .i*r" r-*,r ur. C,,ta C- h!v"e si@ d* uiN h ds"riss96 R

IuiL ,i".i' *.** p..g.*d e 'uosed

ohpr'E fttcdd r'- tt*.h6kngh UEF@

z o,lin iLeA.,,i| * o, *'l* w h rvF i'diod' !^d tkh rn tldrabt B du'd- ii -.-aboio,ttc- rr.cor o 16 dE 6€l ln€use *nrA sPFrr3 qEF ol

didi''inbd uinL q@d.idxNPLroNla or'ni?r !W@CoEida tlE irltoring udd

un|on (rnL, R.l) unr,

:r'' "'

rr, .Uo* *d* rior . go*t U"t : ' 50 It vdt4 brt {€ u not b' lN lbdt sond

.s'lffit*l_iJ.l t-* ""'*' -.-

sriont cIE* rt' 9F or uq so dd! ohpir! od .ltmb dEtU't wltl &MlY dujt m!&8? d@'-

i._-u-t* u* pi*r.* rtcol-6s pFvlda 6n&ndlv 'L@ rd rudr 'ttu!*

lnron (rnrr nrt) oq;

(!e!rz)r.u,rz

hkTffi,ffiffiffiiH##H+ffin:H

152 frwnni4 L'i{n4{8-PiidtLr a P.dtsh3 minbitud by dr€ rkdtu

'yshn tor th. vuia6le-he dulmt v,tubl6 y .nd a,nd b.

lnoughi ol6 inplicidy d*lrr.d vrnrbh wh6e sp€ i:' tie shtd.nt Iollowi4 rh.ir

uniffi r. not.omid.red saie h pq:umi$ ran3u,36 nri3 is itE Req whytORTltAN, c, C+r ?et.rd hoddr - 2 R d sh$ly Vp€d- olr rhe orh6 han4 liioBprovi& pegamin3 n*ib it , fo! enpL tldr p'* in pu.l rllo$ ?ohtd,dl\md. w.ced6iga$ddtn.ydb.or.ly!*4a,,aArli

R€lly dBigmd ra$!,g6 3@nuy rrci& si@, fde4pleJrw and Modlr: - 3 do

I'nptr@trtiM k rd! si^ilq b wdtnt r@tds,

1, Glft the.Ging lomuh lq obputlry dE locrimoi.dpoMtAfll0lof . n&n

int^tnlil,wh@ n and n,F.Gbnr., rid a ir.b4d in oltfu ruift ordE

2. Cioe 3r,y tuo progEmnjry bryu36 rd @nbd dEn &6njrd oI Afty d.b

3. Wi& tul jusdierion ddia l<asiq tihurr ror omtding r6rih o{ cmpolqrati,,i, i"J ror'd.R, d..l4 a

A : |mt IIL .. u!, l, .. u, ... | ... q,{sft *!r d! m, h rbrd rn tu ruid dd.r. T*. ourdsdbbL *unprion.

5 what i,s Eord? diru it I'phDhbrimt wrut i:; Eirr @rd? DbN t|t lhpld€rLtionZ Diru t'? inplhenhdon o{ nulddiMsronal mts, rnm dEy E srdrd !:

(t rn@@joro'ds(it) InoluMn.jddd.'

3. Wlut ie 6ump.nbd d,6 t?.? How Ey rE r€bfll for ft. piog:@.t Di$E ll1€ impl.h.nt tioc ot:

(i) sladc leBrh ftns3(D Ijdibd dFrnic Ln8dl !bi4r(iD DF.!'i. l6Bnr'dn8r,

m, rF unjm dd ltud€ rE.ti{dd j6dr, wilh c tin3u3.*md.11 Usingujdmnot!.LinFqEnhin8lrnguag6,lcdtitsith.3epkpro8m.

CHAPTER6

Encapsulation

6.I R/OUJTOfi OF DATA TYPE CONCEPT

rnrlE le, d bnruF Pdde ' d of b.slc d.k ryPe '(h 4 nrL hEge ed ch'utu-Jiu re oe'n"i s ix'uca o ftuE du oFili@ ,ucn " - 'nd ' u' rc' aPpr''d b

iii".r 'fii'yr. fl" ;ry *u* or d.E typ. d.au r ryP.6 r el or vd!. dur ' 6tubr'

P'sr dhdld 0r .olg{.!d z .vD.d.6rit'6 d.6G ttr stu oIr drb 'bjd m$

6 eo.dtnr rdk htdhll. T; tlr . F;.d:' it b otF ol 'lE

ddtd tvF '

deLdimdulG dlv dr v[illL oF. rd ilE 'Ed.f !r 5F b F 3M

' In r9!t'!tE lrdr @'unbdd o{ d& .nd inE84 i5 eftdElv daq'd'r'l (hidd'n

n 6 rh. w@ffij. n; prcss@ an 4 rhe d.b oqd rdihod rAen\8 do63r.nt**u.-. ett d'i p."6"n*r * ! th. dtu of the tt?' r'd Lrr' !!r or oP6hoGri.d'bl€ In nmeuhhns drh ohiets or Lhe tyF

6.2 IHE CONCEPI OF ABSTRACTION

To d!. *' FFl]ffi liL ary t E v-v idPdbnr boEb dlrirdotr bd€ rhar 'nd

lF .^hsh6o;i!or.ft.P'whi.hdEblhi.dllENion"l,t^dnntu [u di]ity tod4ra'n *d n @'?li6&dsb'tt6 d oPaawtwvs

tttue turuny ol b. a.bn b & *nortn"AbolEftd b ! k4 ffipt in 6hp@ry PFgB6ru3 bryug! d€i3n ftsd'gE

oI rb3h.ton llbw.dby | ftsEm''jng hn8u3. ..d uG BEE na oI t|! en4:on;..r"- * t^mdlir b 'b-*bbllitv

Md tutton Ior rhib(tiotr 3ffilv tu'iJ""ti.",io eu*".t- r"! Eio.8.!Fi fi'@Plstt ol Pnartun8 aad b;;l; L b ;ipriy d' p-s*t s iwa It i' m dre'tit wPon b*'@ r os!i,",im oti-; -*'tt.th:6ub.nd it*.uldliJrE:th:but"' -tu l9! 6.'d,!f,nbl Linds ol abb{iim h MhFnrv P'lgFnhtrE l$8!rgE !ft@.b.@ion ud dE .b6dtm

'IrE cffir.{r|!* &kln' mms rh. ol.Ln in Ptu8Fmtu3lrnS$8e dElgl AU

*"** !* oi*.u"to* bd@ dEv Provid' a uav Id t PESEh b 'gP<'fv

rht*;.;e 6 6 b. dom, * h.d prvidhs u\! debih oIhow ir ! E b' dore

154 P''tdimi4 lj@s6-PiM'd'r "d ft"ir

Co.li.Lrthe ebPl€oi. Fo8r.F In uhjdr m{Lrg akorlnin tquitd lMy dne' I we

EdsE 0r sd prosr; erery n he tun fi w.u hda ou PFsrffi bo lege F lblsddLttrwlv b bclk trderbLh Bv urnu $. Pffir tt b'dionsdtFcErF 'u E l@

Tl*r,& dlrcdn iesulidol.EFIllddr.!t krpfolr|maddifld dlL Ed &6r d.b .r.iidi6ld drlt obl6t &d o?dd@ d dtb obie€

6.2,r ADrt_rcr Dab rlFtTn qEdd.t td d.b rvF it dE dl.t tFdddE plltn'utn8 L'u"'F

'Ld8n in

79. !d . d* ditdnsuidim w hrd. b.l@ tP.dlodm dd lltpLllddmw. d.6s e llchcr drb 5F s0

^ *t or d.b obielt, ddfldty dnSd d M tF tL6n6m

(tl) A.d ol.h.t d oFrdos d L\u drt.' ohier

Ab.td &b tvEirdld b€ nobd !@ way GbdlFG Vp€ tLR lt b ' b'dldnn io

b{M w d|b tyF (dbEdbL tt?.) nE EPFturh,urd h' llid'kd n@ da 16.rd drly aa.dft ol !be.d ihu IYF

It LMF rlih aherd drh tyF dnld PFvtde t*h.d tor d.6i$ d'r 9F {dl}..-d;!;n d.r ttE l.! in Ie d&) Tll .l6ddo tEurd d d'Fd o bvunj*bl- a.oa* i* a.rtlo dft oFrbft tlsld ind& | P'dfrddm

" *sr

s;.ntd TIE ltngu8. gPioly ldud- drn dturuc (dnt, tvF rd uri'r 6:.*r.o *, *it iad.i' aaio't ltd dEtD&6 or nrrdd.rd Fcd@ "'*ibL

P4 {P!!h13, x)) . 'rir nor eqtv is) th€n vd.h (Po.G), iop(!)) ' 3

l@ n G Bhg FEh mn ?oP wtlh lmwtry d! dei.il!

6J tdF(n /$loll HD[lc

alwD!!.44.6molrEda.4|i:awh-rnibdebbeddd4dd@th[ 6a ;y dil6..,lr r.r.

'ir'6L P* b s'r.P it rod!tu ' L4' Fosa r lcn oI

'&dd. !d 6rqu.a ftta), md h. !t d: or FoCe !' divid'd ft '

ld 6f 6p'Br6'oeardld !Fd'll6 &.fi h;d.p.rlodur ljldbd doloPr:ridNmr&nEd.!Mrotdrh. Tnb f*F hbllenl,ldnol @ ttE Fog.n d6ier F@'

A!.Erdo b s Ddew ir FoSFluu€ !.{dd.. L\|l n ola gF nhlsulmtic Tn'

Lsot srh'lE.rdiurdwd b;MtL asPl€ drb.t:riioil afle'hrtL b 'hth'!o'r

oi6. |bb!d-l"'d onhl ttu.t r P6€tu rrclhod! lotr d6t8r'lt's PFsnd, 8tqwi@ lW drn 4 *9*i'. r.fi;.Mt .twtld pro€ffiurirt& D'duLr rPPre'h d'd

bFdompr.6tush&e@tg*n thdld6ieF'r*.t*tN

In lodind hdnB ie $e ed u.€d 6tr lh' PntrdPle lr dr deE*n or PFgnllwr d'rwd

".iLi;iil?iJi;ii".*- *.po*r a;u hde s mucn inlmbd r Po$rbre rrcm

iiilji"Jiiiii'"i ':ru b"c;g' Psvid'd 0a 4'* nd'n is

' r'*tur ibba'l

li.ii*ii.'" it r'a. * a.i"li oii L\. nunb€F EP€ar mbdo ud tn' qu'H"1"i'liiiiii;;; * * *"t

"v r pos'.*sdrimrt d'b eF is ' 'c'!'ditill"?iriii" *,'.a -ld-.,r.!**8"rtru "F'dM'lobi*bo(tldttFa

$p rldi*6 urd bY ib op6ld-- iffi'- "'r*"-*i' "

Lr"o""a h u rb'ktia it mE rirt tE '* o( th'

--i L - -a tr"- r"ao_ dudmtdlhdb6pl''''6br'onbordsLu

t ""-

U - *"ot* " art*Ov c 4 nw{FdtL rIE hiadd in6odd'n '6 tr

,. *HHl,t * "*o -" t". h PoRrx N d P'€r t$su.,' Nd6 rh'

mt""m*nxr,m*ffi.ir":*tr#'r"T"rfr il'is:"6.4 PROCR&O{E ETERARq

W.4 dbdngui.hlou Lrtls ol F SFleIn'nEhy

z R4tltg dd $tPFStd

{, Modd.o P.cr46,rd b.t

h 6ltdupt!. E wi djr@ fitsl two d'rY

6.4.1 ElocktA hlo4 L dE d.lklt gFlPing ol

'L'lo!dd! '!d '!'ade dd 6 sdr roniigidv add

l. ; ibkk i' d.l-'iEd bt d- Lt w"& lrii 8d ac

:::'**

In c ft ! &!'i.d udl|s uh. rYnbo& I4d) '

156 F4..iq L^s4"-P.i^.rpl. di P.dr'lfd

Bloct delh. the L.dl EE ol ttElt tLh ltu (u .lly v.rilbles) 0d n n\€ir "ditilirv"vari.ble! deldd ft,tit'lna bl@k 6nnol b. ffi 6onoubide i\.tblal od luch vti'tl6 ftrd€Ed b $ lerl vdirbLt thlt b vrd$16 Lal to ,io.L

5.4,1.1 BL.k g&tr.i L-ltu.saBlo.l rh.Ma Fo3r.smLU l.ngu8.t ruow Erin6 ol tl*b The @ftPr E 6ciinhduad L' AlFl 60 dd t,ru EI6 to hnsu36 whd d.&EriN rBr h" mdc !i dFdnol. pracdiEd tftrtotl Ada

^l8ol60.n! Pldledlt{ld tu n .d ln dl @

dDr plwdR/Ilrrd.B (t ddLtt pa.H. SDuPIJts lr te Lryu8p) tr b. nEtdwiErin .rh6 EGdlE .nd f!Md@ c l! nol . Uer thdr.d Lngu.F b.c.@E!..i@/turdosd.ot !.3d, |i blo.!tutu'ld b$u86 tLd.r d ir'sitMdEi€d,,.d ti sd.dq HdL' v.d.bk dRl|r.d ln dE dtut bldl e 8lob.l Gti*,he$ire !.id b h!rc-slo!.1<op. (o!t s b.'16" 6dsy w@ in tlt Pmslu)

6.4.2 Sub-pFg|!m! (Rouuns)

oru ol dE h6t lnpdrMt L$u6 t}6t h! to b. rdds*d h rh. dstSn ot . p68lrmnn8bngurge B rh. uppiin r &€ b (dFl otohpledty AnthPdEnt klhqu. is 0E ttvisidot r @Fb r b ".t[nb", on.d 6uri€ or uEprc8r|d that hll .Ud dE Fognlrrmb drn ramc.b3tuLrtl Ar lb .ihplir . 6uw o b€ .qurrlor b a blcL Mor.ndlFely.Eudtuenb.d.nedurolldddoldclri im.ndlbtuBrhltnEtb.;*r"d;d.iry (-fi- i",".ri-). No|. dl.t.(l.l in@don Mitol! rehln€d ht dE potntimedia!.lv aik lh. hv@dm An |ddiriod .dv.ni4. b thlt Eoutie .n be s6otd in

Fuils I*u iNolved imlude:'. L.dr-a a*ti,"rg*r*toloddhPl.re PF8].G d

ffi.ffi642,1 Fonntl,ld alut t*nGdL' '* _-' i-

^ *"* ru *"1 * F dd ro

'r 'qJbdEl'lndh rh' t€lc shr'h R

il iiliJ*at" t*" t -; p.-..u b! du&MIPd@h. ;,.tudtffinl.mdbe wblaodhbuc'4lgffi' ffi.'uJ' * .r""

""'*d c sphtlv r,d'Ptut oI *$* d@n lor

d*lodlPrlr@h' l,*xnrm :t""'x:s#sfi ffitrtrffi

'tidrd tYP.

. i -*o'l 'a'* q-a' * a+!l. Fdtb' odr $PPoftd bv

'd')Fd d!Pl. nr C Lngu'a'

(r!dt, rlsu;

froat .6 r, nslf;Prlnt f eEnler trc rdl nuthr!") I

sa. I frr ifr', t n6-x' '

nsJ) 'Prrit ! ("E t ladE 4trc!!on \n')'

Pdnt ff - '"\n);Prtntr C\n $. rc.. i' rt\n1

!"4v!ru' (nu-r' n6J'r;

'dur F!ed'

f.dlP.ret.BIftturn I(v!I!.r I v'I@2)/2 0);

)

h.hde PrsFn tlru rcnLv d' *tu'l t'rd't'n d\d vrlu' 1 d't Eb! 2 * lomrl

i58 Fin$dr r."a,..-Ar,C6 a! anirdu

a4z2 ,lo.lddudtuw. d t adft tro tyF dm6!

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6.43 SCOPE Rulcs

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65 ENCAPSUI.AIOT BY SUBPROOR^M

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Sequence

1CHAPTER

'

control

?.1 INTRODOCTION TO 8EOIIEII(E CONIROL

All pt%Ming hn3urgr dili4 PI.8m @h.b, In i!tP6:d* Ir,U!.86 drt * &d6 .onbl tr! ods (oow) h shi.h 'b'.nub E reEd (d ..i ddted). lrue .n ,nu!$6 of rEorri*d b.!c pFsndut€ @tub dstd b..lsili.d a to[tr:

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'r'd che8. or rhe

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. 11 loltolPlqn'Dignoddof F.rog6oloweoE*qt:Ecmtolmdt d,,tidr d€ mt d€p€hdr on th. rt btMtr It & sld ro be c!.rm!a pqrmnitr8.

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7.2 AYPES OF SEAUENCE CONIROL

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?3 EXPF.ESSIOT SEqUENCE CONTROL

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TF Mvqdo d b. .irhs ogtdt d itpliit:. r-oriar u mlm in ruw&.nv dm bv dE LrrulgF idl r,nturt! ut

t'ri"*ot"mi..mrmopoudh.EoPaand!ordrlr.dlryF Lryur86d'i do;tow iu.I aEts6 w}lidr u aLd iii'il'd& aPE '. Id ddirc.or$ri@ fo iEPlior oP.6rd iyF o .l!@ crlhd enioatd E .didd 6 .,bPL of C LnguSc

I h.E ft prinr z d€n lt wiU b. d.lurd s z _ x/y - 5/20 - 2t riEI t uill b'

rdmla v mtqie(l b ftd li.n z r ..= '2566

174 Pq...i't t ',..F&idd- .,.r &a4@

. E pliit rt'p. ntw66 E dil.hv tne Prognh@ Mdr languagc PBida boin

wida'ina.r'd m n'3h c.5a!.d rang!.8e x b eid kl b. rP. @a

(Int) !o9I';

hft dgle wiUb.mv.rhd to lnteF rvPq in!?ih olrhtr' wh'bE *' tyF d r4re

ln Ada the.6L hrw tn. 3Fbl oI ldh@ dtls

llodt (!u)

7.3.6 ErrcB h E<pr..dostM tlt .ho* dquimt !.Ln dst nula o' ds din aP'84 *rludo

"iii'- -*' *- *t*. t*t 'c'"s.

btur P'oddryrvFdEldiEsEIulaFL' -i[u**'rta-"**ip.i@ddb"'P,atainrt.dudorye!sh'F*-[.;;;fr-;;,!d;;'i-dud.ttd. d'Fdhsd 'h'{E

r' ."r ". bili"i,iji- "-rr.

o". r'-"*. ; ,nd\mlc b tut dNision bv @ ir di!'nmd rl@l,'a'oi@c*@dE *hd'

?3.7 Aho -drcult E@lufd of E9r6donAci'daBit @.lstt dl.t7&btu nldti& t!26v'lti dt!,nni.r'littutN\t'],t

'u

IduotdtidodPrz6'r)'(t/'- 4ffi&>. o && (4 <5)

ffr< 0lh6 *6lt mnad b diub ft (Y < 5)

i- ^Jr."**

*',a. m u- delgl h€@ r pstde d* PFsFffi flaltthtv

.I.rdrru no'i<ir;r .$iubo Lr sv c |]i Bo|.'n gPtdd

?.4 SEOqENCE CONIIOL BETI'I/EEN SIAIEI{EM

ln dios B.dim w hlv€ ffi th. !'qud Mhl D/ drlutdlg *r at'@ bd I b

liiiliiii;-i;*; "-, n

"u'r,t/ ind po.- s6*b *i pwitr' tiw khd! or

.i-uiiit .*-l'i.a,i'hr,"*b Mht I'nsu86r'w{d6 0t L'{!v ol otFr:ffi;;;ili';;'d ,"'"*, sd $; oudm o! rbhd th*sudon n

In dn! salion w€ wiu diN tm qF ot 6n!!l3hd&:

N@ ;d E r otu dstb bsE dor ! EL'ul !o dl ol rh' *l6bd drd lhuo ohl!-".** ,r.i-rt u- ui *ta ebEmr d h'r muldPle dEles (Erdtim of ug3#i'iHli*l*.; m' 6d

't "*roro.dand) ruhPl"lnu*ldd'd',h

rl* nNb ,iy ol r sihl .@hqb, nhriv' b dE deG.in mdrduv ells a m;;; ;. ; Nou trrrt Bulbel. obi6 .F Pellbh ln odv th6e l'ns!i8'! dur

A *ladd rLr.cr Ptlvitl6 tdld.dimb.r-6 nla dv6wdiddtl"itlEtFor

Ho.*, -oo* t ,tc-s- ao d stEdlt flL nudr @ 'l Flb Nlchin!

O.s;;J*"'il- t'-t?.j t ,'e-s.io) n; {rdu tjd( dr folt@i"8 tlkrsdb re "ll. {n'c*'lo@ deLftn7.41,1 11bt h! s.lerbn 0t44 *ffitAn'!d$" strtdor (!is. 7l), rocdffi ELred to E ' @ndiliotul can b' u*d ln

1ffmdlrtd$ar.donl2 If sdidm du x66n1.t € *n62

Fll.tl rl.&. drtc hc.gdnconditim l! r BmL.n .itffisid (or mrv h. !.qlm

'r !@Lan

rnd !.rEn 2 e pFgnh .btub.{ @ d*iiPdon

176 Pit-"^iq r.ss pn#i!1,,"i p..ai.N

Th. Daifr i$!6 oI $da o^rol onlt!rct ne ae lollors. rtp. 4 iditrnd .rrftsi@ tuy didd tod l.nsus. 6 ringuge. cd.lr, lr is

bool4n "rprion rd sdple Ad{ l.v. .nd C' u o y b€leal epidoB FJonhol ?\pdiod. In C and C+- ath.r nidbe or booles oeqdN on E

. spfif@hrnrldrar .ta \be rtkrynrytu4 BE in tdsr$.tktat t^s@".dd&.r L r ffi.d wdd, .o iJld. ir no ne€d oi FErO6! !k b Ad.. c @dbtl3u86 lEE ls€d d6 .L@.

. Erdution alMtEd rt .tats e t\& bk n h L\e .middrion durin€ 6\. ddrSF dnetd a @ftte. iousiry..d. drrn bguga

if ly--o,

ln rDoE.ode s.8nar.l* 6ld! ko ilbtui,1400 quGridrns thi!!b. willoR.Fnd! b ;hi.h iL r. I.q ! n Nly odE iaF;6r Lnsrt€, th. dli.emntis ofrhe l6ngu.8! speIy out rhe.b€.Lue b dways p|lftd dh dE M€runFired .L. cl,s. c, C+r lrd Cll allo lilos! rm rula

N@ la ur F e6pl6 of v.do@ l.!\g{ag. h}. C, Ada ?.sI '!d

lEdd}z

we d.tDidddt. trmbs ol End@r,I rh.abm wli.he patuul,! b ndividu.lpFsEMi.8 L4u36 !6 dPL dr ada:

7.U.2 t,.*3d "U4a" St'bn@ttnE b areonootns iletF.6bu 66 @ni8"lt dlC aaEtsll !.hom hfig7t

F|9'?,2x.d.di'*.

?.4.2 CASE Staledr.ntsGe.d.Iy.pakl4 .n "it.., rh.n .-.L. ..." st t Mt ruPPoc &l4tion fioh d'iy tud!'Dtiq mon o{ ouen6t $.hht'Mb, hnL ault m$.dftt to @. @.t bFi, Ce sbt€M|' alow *ldid i6 drydEmdE sts..*hdtfrnK !'llnled to I pi.di..tq ELred lo € r cletor whictr ds 4.lul€d io h. o!* .n.*i.bd F tm *.l€nBt (or srtsmr!) b t mhd s€l€rtiN Dy be dde

1. A dbriet !alu. oL 9]6 &lctoi.Z An o9!Bi6 ituolving dE &lEtor.

178 A@."dq L".r.s-Ptuid! .il P'r/it!

s€l&u hur be of I dieftk \?e (rrPieUy s ncgd r 'h'6'u-

d 'n

d'dbFd*1. i dih i,"-- 'uo- rv inbi.i v.r( o dd.urL

^!t' abo sPpd! sr'did bv

i;.id vd; -;;te.'lt (.*6), *e.u 6et b r@dins b1. A nmta ot 'lketiva

(ach *Pd.hrd bt a b!'l")z Ra€6 ap'6.d uh6 dE n / oFntoi3. S.r,.d.n by.mdtd@ ort ir <, - >,

^bo rft dut;h4 elddo t bv disM $lu nm.qrtetutb'Plgbd

h rh. Mhl nundi. o'ds (fiit b dl * h qI2t B * ra

^rt tYnttt @d.

i.* n rrlr !* furr Prof!& of .dr:

!n n o - > Fur ("slEcllR 'qslr 0") '$6. r/5 = > Flr list'6la eqult 1 or 51i

"az r.jo.*".ir.* - ' -, r'$Ecm I'!3 rh'n o or sdkr lhn 5')i

.nd lqsE-qAlrErtatB*4c.Y bt.s'Fh

Endltwt ecr'ogd6tdtoa'I rnclDd. <.tdr6. b6rd nrn trou)

svled (s.rece!) (

plrnt! ('serec.or equ.rs 0\n") ;

Pltnrff6eleceor eQtrs t, 2, or 3\i"), br..rr

Prritfl"s€|cror !.!r $an 0 o

I

In g rhd dE &reto. ir .qurl b '

rzlu. (rhrt i{ 4 r!6 dE .EEffib .*i&d srmdst du3 m.t .ll lolowil,t 'bttu! c d,lund 6di {r ad of dE dibn dn'bl itra)|4 d udl a brat m-€ now ol Mtrot b dE a1d ol ttF twiki sbhmmr' Nor. tr\r Cnquira dlt der6, e Fegd.@rdnl8 b tlir rulEi..da Not .l5o that mithtAd. hd C luppon !.letion 6ing .xpEsid Involviq -leto6, lh.l It a .qdiiod.!prdi@cudilh@ric.lpadmTtu ls euppdd hy Lneir.8pe uch ts P.k!l

?.5 ITER/TIIVE STAIEI4ENIS

Anir@riwriattmtisot*st6llE!6tuidoli..nmoI|btubbh.cudd26, one or roE bftr, Ewry prcg|mbg l!ryurge h.r lrlud€d s4 nelhod oI!4at'd60r.4do.a..gmtd6d.

A Ep.d8m dodtu.t .rlE . 8np ol @ d !d F8m tlrhtMrt b b€ hvo*.dr€pardy ua$ft 6d M&ion isdt D"i6!y 6ud MBt*b e 4d b tE? tuou8hdF d llntla &&. w. d idaut tu din ftjd d EFridn

1. Fil.d @rt bopr- Epar r F.d*in d nhhq of ltre!,2 v4lrL @!d bqr- rpar M uE ci6.d N'b.rof tu.

S.ver.l 6t 8od6 ol lFFhon @trol !tateh66 h.* ba d4€loPed The ptln ryot.loreG.le&cdtt tEwdabtEs*s€d t*6t6t d6lgnqucrks:

. Ho* b rh. ikatid MtsllLd?

. wle ilEuld 0rc.onnol h€d8nl$ app.r in dE loop?

7,5.1 Prc-tclt .nd Posrt€t Loop!

B.tlFaj u eatb Mt bot: x t Ir*E cLiilid 6rrt& !o wh.dk aat e pEL3lcFlHt loF.. In the4 of . pFld l&p Gr, reid!.d b a u atutlld loop)dE ad.ddltid b t6d lor pnd b adr Ep€tiia wldle in 0E @e of. pcLidtloop GIsoldeFd to a e oots.tda ldp) rll ad (ddi6m ! t€d Id anz .:d' Epdj.im

7.5.2 Flad Count LooD

Fnad @q* loopr (!ofl6!E rel@d ro s td l@F) .lldw . tbh6t to h. EFled r"lir.d" nu'$E 01!!E o rpeilid m 6by inro i\e loop,lb€d (M loop bd iob€ pRistl@!9 rtEt L dE dd oiditid i3 t. ird rrtd b...n EFidd ItrG m s UoDws:

180 PqDrrh! r,auF-P"eiPl4 dar tudittu

r& tutnFnab'e'

1. 1)?. oI tlE onbd vdue'

1 Nat@ofdtnuddit.lrdlhB3. Updl'u€ dt ontol v'dibk'

5. IJ6dng oll6F

"'"'f**##*x$Pmffi::x:

?,5,2.2 t!.!!. ol Stt ad Endcdldlt8''- -. nEorhlvd$lesrI''d@urL.P sdrlmvshN'|onrd€r!4wmlab thi! vJu. .! td sndi66 ftir ft r@P

' tn d€ i6PdbE hJUuEE the

'*upju'm*:ffiffiffi"*sd#ffi*'*ElqluEidF6id

. ;;;;;. .i',, "* '*v< h'€ r ad @iditon (iI trEv e b tnnuh)

'r ;;;i;':;;i; "'p"-; d ' ,<u@ dt

'h aPrsnon invorvq $'

7,5,23 Allaw Ut Contttlv'itnt'' . To.void inturF rcp.bbm ln'otul vli'blc N' b' uPrt'r€d on'anEFdnm

. #;;;d"-;;; 'PP*'h b uPd'd'€ E h

'hPrv "*'-' tr. mh

v.rirble b! 1 @ e&n Rpdb6

' In 3om imps.riv. Ln8u.g€ tAd, and fhsll !!ch iEEtBr.tid is c.tud out,Lffitiony, h oLLE (9 i mu' b? +Kired by $e PFsrlMt

' upd.dngisnud@oodrneft tub.ddrtdttdEpllgtffi75.24 FanrPl€d',le

. ln oe ldsu.s6*ha *6k lvduirautod66lyh.rlM|e4loPlGrBid d 'btulr I-r p@ $ *tiedE Eud s '@

(rd.) or dM rt (Pasl)rut b. lnilurLd in L\e dddilon oI du |.op.

. h trn3u.c6 whd 0r prog|r!fu dbok i'IEttgtrioo deduft&n 6 b.delh.d dplAtly in th.&m Mtw t}rr tlMhhm i!ddr'.d

7525 CrdB.r$krq Ftlt*Th.fo dt$ diEpL pngnd iniddi:. ro.lmal drt.rd tl6 pde (dlPult) dut.fty Gus r frrd 6ur (16) r..F sn tkr

'o!@rltoL-WlJE>r'<sT|Rt-d

o..qe (ploes3lq atr .r.dyt I

Pr...duEM-ie..lxN@r.DIGIT: au.y (rntes.r rang.0..9t or tnt s.!;

Put (DrGr lrNBt),

NoE dur (1) dE .6nol vlri:bL brDEx it rct ddli€d 6 inlllrl&.d by th. pF3r,e Md(4 thlt dE6!dlooppt@d.my in8@.

to! l<orrior-vruDti

182 PDr{nda rlirlas-Ptrtuids 'id e'dnr

&age (peelrr.g an !tav):I rndluite <sidro h>

int tnLx - 0, dlsrr tro)Jror llod.x; lrn x <to; r.dei s)

dlqrB t!.d.tl ' id'x;I

Prrilf rrd', ilsir' lrlgl"

Not thrt 0E mv $e clo+looP corotuced lt $'d hd b fi'€d cMt dkosMeurd.qutly *dl b€ o.d b imPlmnr . rilbL obr looP

7.5.3 ll.ltingAllffi ihfe.dt Ln!u86 $PPdt n'liliS or 6orL'?t a nr 68@ 7r

hld rn ('ctd) I

fo! (n6 c 4; nsltor {nu,2 - 2r ns2 <' 5j is'? - nm'? +'?) I--l

I

prrnr t( \n") i Nd.dd*M

rlE d Fi3. 7 a viu EPFa$ nqLd loot dlrol flow dirgrs ! ldlldn:

Nd* willc u@PL withM rfiasblv! ter hclud. <Jtdio.DvoLd mli (vo!c)

I

F|e7'.Ndbdbpodrc|iddi4m

for ll.rt.r - !r" nl*r -

Dr!.dri c (l r0 \h',

?,5.4 ReDetltlon and Varl.bl€ Count Loop3

vuiabL od 1606.llow rbEMb b be Fr€Ed.n r@.di:E numle or bme lh'rxbtior Mdn; undl r.oitol @ndiion (@,xy r 8@L.n dp6id) B m Ln8e'iuirtr ed &$.h. vuibL ounr looE dorcr rsNp a onhl vrrhbl. wh'ch i. ilffihred.rddlgaiEr@adorddanddnboPvrn tie6ut looFNvLPE-Bior

P*te.t v.ll|bL Mr l6p. e $h.tG rdsEd to $ | while looF {Ada C, !@1)'.nd ct{Bt ydi.bL c.u* 6@ s . dcet& (q q Epat (P@l) looF (^da d€ rct1..u. . pdr6i sn.bb ounr ld? s!h.r)

184 P"Jt'qa'6! r!@F-PnMilLr ai/ &dirtu

kt us 3. Ada whjl. l@P duPle (vanabb .ounD a3 lollow:

pu!_Iiie crPut

Put(xrxrx),

Nowlimltw!ritllscwhlel@pEsmpk(vtilabh6un,

void roin lvoid)

p.I^!fl"t.puL firsg.t 0.. ro\h");Eg.t (*rd1 *);

Plrnr l*tdldtd\hr

7,t Fot L@P d vtllL Lbq?sodt lor Md wNre l@ e'EG bf lo.p ln b$@3€ whst"id/ looFdd vb'rdu a-* n*a **i l-p, tn"t . Ad. Ps:j, slec) tlE swE i, ea, smislddtrd

. Sd sbhtM! it 6red sur l@tE

. rvlnl. d.&ndrr {o' wi.U. our h.r.In C dh* for and while !r.hmt! 6n h€ cd b a*ibe bo*t fix€d md vzii'L ont

l@p., lt rimply . Mtld ol slrle'11* folro;nr C snPL lhM hd tlE eft vntubL @t P68m on b'

ihpl.mented uiry bolh I Io sd whil. .wh'ud

plinrf frd',:ra'a),

I

lrlntf("lnFLa.inl+rErre€n

!€nt fi d", in@r),I rh e (.ull6.! <rl I n*.r > 5O)!

Prtntf (ir \n", nuer),)

(

PlrntfctnPue a. !.hs.r

rhtl. (nu6.! <l I I nurrr.r ?s0)

.6nf Cr d',.N!b.r): IPrrnf ("t \n', n{rrxrlJI

)

7.5.5 F6t-Ie!t LooP! (Do4t lc)

WlE ar lq rchtt l@F th..orlol vd.bl. L! caEd Prlor b dE !rr* of 'Gh 'nho4

in

ssr-Gt bo; th. ssl Erbb b btd .t rh.6a oI lkh rb*6i' lA 6 do t}l @Fri3m of c rGt* @u|.) ,ooF .nd P€u€r {dcwhie) &oF ror

h.rb liddhding otlooF

7,5.6 T.mh.ting A L@P

ln$d!lMU@ hbdtd't6r 6 Ptoalrl@bdFga l6don ld looP 6tu1orh'rta d! r@ d bottoF oa tu loop. N; qu66on i srEdE ' tnvk |oP or F4'l Ebd

1}!. ibid i!u6 lot srdr I dclutle N Dr lo|Iowlis:. Sr."ra u- -.'anotO "-rt r* b. setgtl Fn oa d€ dt?. Should only N l4P body b. htA d m dh.lng looP€ rbo b' aii'd?

c Md c++ h.re ftdtlilidd !r tb.Ld sit (tdar) J.vt, P€tl sd c{ htve

uNrdfii.rrht l.ddiE (balin hn.rd c1k. b FI)lrt s F th€ tolltwin! Cl *rPl.:

rorlr-0;r<Ioir++)ro! li'o; i <5; j'a, (

186 Pbsannhs r.aMF-Pnrid{ aii tutd@r

sF r - Mr til tJtrf lsun > 1000 0)

),c rnd C+. hive urGbel€d $nbl.tit nnr, drrir!. Inis i:L rct m dit bur nrhd

' *rv

td 3}j, ri. sr o{ n'. loor sblma 6 lne cwi ihtim w hei hjEtinS tE rooP

stuMa Fq .x.mPIe, @nnd€r th. ldltowin6

ir (v.Iu. . ot co,.lru.,

)

v.r*; (.$rqmntl ls 3riFp€d

Jrv., Fl,.nd Crr h:v..trtub linil{ b dlnk scc tut d it'r'd' bbds rhtt

$€lt whjdr l@p is b be Mrinu.d.

7.6 COt',{C(lRREltT PROCMI4 {mC

h r debur.d ohFrlng srtEn it s f hr'l b dgtrd th tudo 6 ind'Pdtddt FN'*ur.rdE@ijlv.L:vh.'r@rsabffiuE!utrhEdrorlEb@dtuFrt€L ..bvrd6. codti\uni6f6 N/ be drcugn qdtdt-E@ q Nil't'p@^8i''"rr,"^-i." l-d-

" "-,1*jscwrv.trDns. ot rldNhcn (Ua

' "l'r'idu drl)

Jir.""*'"*i*-*t**iv hd; *DrEqur,.{krcwLd8ld ltr tIEhdgt u. m *'ir,i wlgt t'." r**a dx €tdt (l'k r D'n'l Ltu nt bt Fdr)

"Edw,Mk "in8t pN@tv.En, ith.i4ffiMin| b quddtdar drPnabo!

.ffiG@tiai^wabr'i-ua-. r* *"* * i.r-*dv! 4plobon lll' w'b brows hrhs w? !E

d.wnLdm. EF rh.i 6kd . lonR M. b di@ w d ddlv pr* dF srtP bubn ro

klMu*iaor.ina. wr-e.orr-'iq.br!r=stl.ndrr€!.hlitv n'ddMl's'lmd.l ! b @rd Lh. dsaJdd dhPdar :nd ri. ll*hFfd 6tpmt (rh!t *1: to

burb di.bi! '@d. pl(s wlE rh. ug'6Elr. P,€(8 d.kB rh't !\'

'b,b"hhIL.;.nd!d"ni'n € dE de'Jod pld thx n d tu! i6 xdvi9o. . hrte DMor, 8F

'uFhm mvnoMd w rllffib hn"!G b a'h ot th*

'ldor" Dr;; Th6. rim.{h€ vdll b. <dd d & rh.t,I 0u ffidr p'cg 3'(r&* L mu. sw*-, o'* b rc 3utut . $di dE EtrM tpcds

'r whi'h rtE

Dl@rwillrun. on. p'lfuruv s.r 10 troE timetlrd ibn rlll)h h ' 8:va rnlfl'Nd&ltv 6.nffid p'GolB *'th'EoMla.l vti.bl6 Thu, thaft run'

t-. -..-i--r *itt* r'i," * olG b mdf,r' { h.! to sv' rh' sbh ol lh' rnt

on4and lordrFqtpcnd.dsbFoI t6.ldd m o@ hoev6 i ssimPh! ros@ii,' .n ,i".',-"*, -".*"',1',* rh. sr *t o'\ nabts rlur dE Pr

;;;;i ';;;;A ftr' .d* l po$'th b sw&h mm oF Prd€! rc dodur.tu"a' *"r". *,r,-i - .r"u-"re ddt fftl iNor'ms 'i rh' '.-br* d'nn'd h rfi'

Tiilu**. n*}.-,t**tu,,hf a srobi trmrv otkn €ued'd'a'r(shd fc'lnEds or d6urid') we dux {dy (ffir P-lFhnn8 h u' rlrmlvr;I aw.& rhar ops'k wirh . slobal thd.d ft60.v

R@ s th. dbe ot prc3nm d ProSnm Pdr dur hlt bed *hedul€d Id 'ndlP'ndenl.ff; ;;;;;-v * E;to;&'b&dsd!4 rhe bgld Pobre* or

L Pr@ tshtoniz.tioz Commtot d.tabaraPN

In c* ol ,hted Ntulv, t€ odmut.atid is d@ ry fiii€d h'mrt bur it {r'dt

"o' tr" *ur"-.r ."ui *t*l"n (Ed.Fwnd sndrid) ri o* oI dbrDbuhon

-"*-ti"-." -'i L. *- pr- by sitins nBsd but n !*o ru!&6,ih PFt'LnoI ! lyRtll@r sdt'g and rFivdg 'l@r3.l

T; tudk rn lia tsbld m oP.E&rg 4!h nd ha!' lono*hg ndh'ni'Gil Cskmdd6tqP'ldt M|rg€ Fffi bY rdedulng on oF d FoE Pio@6'x hpt.mr nuturl4lston (6r du,.d sdrv}{ Ge.t. rnd h.hbh 6Muk{im.hrnn L b.l,a Pde (for di!'bihuEd

o@.y)

?,6.2 tlnguagc Meh.nbfr SuPporilng Cono'a"He.d f6u ts o Ln3!:8..Krud!ro b

'uPtdr @dr'ffic}

Tr{ mid 4ddir@ rE:

2. I,r.{o.ol h6.d onlh.td Ei.bL33, Po8rahminS PrnniUE iot muhrai.dcid

Sft,rd hrur, provde . rnPL m.ch.nisn ld (odmuniclhm b'kn PtffiB For

.**.ii'J.-il.*n t*- tL*u*d edr.r, w sJld h3ve a Eoole'n t #3bl' rh'lj,"-a-eJ".o*u"a.*ua *'.,1d b. rEflpEd Tlli3wi:u'6 nitjit r'l& wmdP;;.;idt c" rhF"d d"*b d'.t nc -'rop" tund hs b.4 !li(I

'd n *B tF v!'ht'Ie F h'

p""i-u", o,J*rtlo"a t*a .-hi; lh' t 'lr ol L* vsnlble It lind! rh'r thc Edrbl'

188 Piqnnnlis LaalaFPntirllr .r/ Porlitru

hls b6r d to 6u4 it .hrb rh. clfuin!.tut ro iturtdrtr . dEdsn$d 16 @3kd updah ol luch vrnue !y (olr:ljfurt@&. cotuidd I systd h whict M h.€ M lhrad6 0Er updrh . i\!€d vdi.bl. rv e

'IrEdr Tluad2

I

// hr.r crrtical r*ti..)// E ter .rrlrc.l *ctron

Un Lr nom.l .ndjll,t.l1c, |fb ria ko 4@! hrv. €ut 4 @ wourd 4Pdrh. r.l* ol ! to trw ha n@Md ki.4 m bv ach thFd

Hosev6, h*.ue oI ti@licins 0E oda oI Mltid ol tt. !t h.ntr n.y b€.3

r1n6d 2: L - G // l s.b rI! dtin|| v.iu. oI n

Th@d 2 n - k // eft vnI. s th.t !d bt dEad r'ln iB. huc@ $. iR'lnHb Flon€J by dc @ thEid! ffi|ry dnd dtr fml vrlue

o{ n i! d v r; @ t5s 6lr 6;t vic ftn r'd d L@rtd uPa& wl@.lrdd.Frdro;dF.dordainwllidrffiiduE&.:eEt knllrn!'dddd in11d! dn le .$ b. lodulthd B i6l@ of 0E hrni:r tbbl.m ol

^rh'.l rd6h, e

mriot 14;6 or P'oStn ode tNch L wdkhdt 4 rd hlaq h dE &sign ot oP@t'h8

7.6.22 F tntuL B2sd4 sladrttutt 'olr ruy b ol* th. hutu.l erlsle PEble i! b dev.loP r pbhl uilg iulnrv thEdvd'Mr rd itulre, k oL Ea v{nH€ &t lht bk6v.lu I .nd 2 b itdi.e wha|4r & to !(is dE didol..gion" .s toltosl

tl@d I

,hrl. (tui !-,

n ""*"" -r. // ersv'Gii

// L€ave crrdel !€cuon // bav. lhe crrtior *drm

ttr us sum lb,t nrh is in6.t4d b eirhd 1 or 2 (dblrlnly) and d@ i! m oiher

'bhm.nt in* urdab ihe value tua oth* rhrn tt€ so .sL3ffit show

dd th:r bolh TLEd I .td ll@d 2 Mt ri'ulblErny dEr dln dit'El diN-ifTl@rd t h.s ent.€d ib oii6l *ti@ ttu alu. ot hld i! 1 ani h.R Tt@d 2 t! bld.dsdThrdd r .nb rd eb htr ro 2- A .ymhic.rsffiht holde if rhldd t hi6 ro enkr rh.ditidl dion wnjlelrftd 2 n &6dy ln ibdidcrlsdd If bodl $E& sinultuudtdbffi 0traiti6l!*d@a.dviruwin!*.€e4bs€dd3E.@ntv'lGollI'

Norie thlr rhll lolution do6 mt der6a on any atoni.ity sMPu@ rcgdh8N6ins.6lu b tumd h.tim tp dFr vj*ol tud Hlrwa,tn.E!medcfl,whdd;ohlim. la'lEn T]E d i*dh ,6 ft.iol dd r !€t! tua to 2 The oiiv Mv lorTrEdl b b€ !6le b EdbdEoid..l rEdo b ld]tud 2ro Bta rur" b r. Tn!4 if dlyft dEdi..diEitorld6r.r.lpdd6l*tmmEth,noE Indi.c@0E0@dtr

AodE lolurion le bo h.rftlin two bools varirbl6, '.q!6r'1

tnd /.9ud_2, lndic in3${ *r @tondng t@d v.t'b .o 6Ef tE d itd *tn

// .nt.r criti.ll ssrron

t// EnE! crreic.L 3eccron.

Hd€ w. 6tft th.trequaLl &d ftqu6l2 ,E inltblietl to td* rn4 .r t loE, E6rlrbl6 e nor lbd6ea in rV o*s pdid 6I th. odc, olE t8rq it it 6y ho tgu. rhrrbo$ tl!E& <rtd ltndbtEd]l b. ji rhd'6bl did - ,ha nqd I i. a6ti.8,bditi..l 3don, d dbnce, requet I is tue rd hme IlEd I ! blcLtt Also i, only oRdRrd le

'liF, n ! 36ll p6iu. Lr rlt|r d,hd b pF.ldly fr md ldv. ib el66l *Uon

dRdE€udftrt r rh..dc dftd 'Jt

b. mEdv Ll*. HoIw, t Mr thddtllFulhnm;ly hy ; ,.s dE cidcrl Esto4 $i qu botl st rhdr Equar lLst b he.ndd!€ wiu 6. r i.ir'7,A wha a.h thad is wdd's lor dE o$4 thsd ! ,Lg t bc Kt !o

Per.6d 119311 lound a cleE 'ry ld @nh* lhe two ida. inio . tolulid lh.t i3 fil.LTn rb.fion -d dadld.L P€bsn6 sludon involvd bo0l rhe lnre3s v.'iabl. lllt(r-fiich btd vdE 1 d 4 dd dE holh vdLblB qtu€*r .rd r€qu.!!2.

190 P,"fnmiq L.'!4-&im!L' ".i &61i!

,bil. lreq!.'t-2 rr Luri | = r){

// tni.' clrticar !.ctioi// !..k th. cti cal BecLron

vh e EequesL-l .! lurn ! = ?)

{

// Enrer crltkrr .e.!ron

r, l"u,r*a" w ro * u.-o.,r *ton llnulbdBlv' th2 \ slbk hd 'ltur'nF-J";;-;-, ;n."r,*.thEds.]r.dtrEq€!vrdbr'orr|.o'hrih''dii iil.'i" r,rlilJir'i *u a to (hRL tli nutuar

'rrulion B

i,ii,ii.i.1iii-pi:"r;a I "*-dv ." '.

didor *o@-un*d ? 6bdbsEriF- i_L- di wr"r. n"-a I

" da 4ur-I !' tu InqTh'd 2h4 b d uril

iLinr-*i -a * .r' .q-'-I A 'vmmdic

*3!md hordr 116 rhErd 2 b in $e

siddr;lsih.td d6d r ti€ to .@7,5,23 ftosrdtttue hl'tdt. ft'Mrt!'tEKta&'nPd!s^ . .lMthim d€ d SaEtiz @ilv b I riudd qhd r|!' c mr b so;lli-;#iJi:. t-. fr** dF; o0- 'ruri@

!u'n ! r'-Fd' 3'r"ii-rNi' ir"..*,,r.. tt . *rh L\* p'r@b tr dul rn s#El *Fv h'w bo hd;srdrtEw Id ditr 6r rMlN.nd 'heLd

rdcolr@_ i J* *t*'". *r"0.,'pp"n n! t' P6€ffi1"sI'n€ude' ld nufiDl '*lusn

n" r,"ip*-i" p-s"*,"+ p'ditv' **Eals'rD{k!E! "holu83ecd a d&b tvtt

o --i-. " ' i"* "*itur" ,t .r supPolb !n .bhic ah'd*t oFaM Md

"*iliii'ii iri;li" "t.vp" -rptrot

dra oo rmc oparton u auppcta on s-i"i-J'ti rn it'a p..a l * e;h Duth **dr F-aq b Ps &d "nt'o b;.j;) rrE;Frdd P(r) i.nhE d'lou@n'sin $ rbtr h|ffi

The o*rrhon v(t) l! d.6md s lollowl

// 'hoi'a id iondetenrnsdc

UrinS em.Phde ve en mw .aily togm

s.{kdcoind 191

muul.*lusi6 to aidc.l kio\ !s

Mutu:l d.lui@ rt nrdon eerbh ed d6dlo.k Mom .re.113tenleed by L\€

o's s6uh rdin &mph@ a thlt tuy e r|iher'I4-lewl", Th. d.nnftid o{ .*@phoe i. d0DS@l b dE irldritu|ti@ ol t}l. citiclt E8lon I1w, we @nn6t didolr€siN .@ rh6ar in r @h.t .riib&y f.lhlon by slrla . dEr€d rdPhoE.cdctn€3 Fqun6 .6pdido !@ .U Fld.iFti$ d,E& in r*$ng ih. *maphe.f@n6dqildy@d6dt tgebbambVG),.11odEthlqdrE tblocLd.FrL\d,itis tut !.quici tlEt a.h vG) Dth . predin! P(+ Tl'jr ortd lad r! . @phF tdng"pelor.ted" bsllul: v.lc.

si@elddl6gi@ar*th.M€dbpfr .obilhtupdlEiorh.Fdd!i& ml%i.dth.r inldndd $our troi.dns oFndoB m &b rhould b. d.ihed rloq d& rlE d.L,Ei.g | .i*lik rppFadr This i. Or lbndophy bdelrllrg iurid, . ni8fie-hrl,ppe.h b p6vidnrs pqr.mh4g luppd lor altc.l .xduion Moitm wft proF*aty F &irh Hren !d Tmt IrdE.

Rousl'V!p6lq&. w'jlorL ha..ls d6ipt'6 ft'. otii.tuiad l!n8ug.. Al ibhdrl, . dordre sdlE oI. drb detl,nti4 ro whnh a@s 6hould be Ertdde4 .lory wlth 3listof fis"6dbupdlerhrrd.r.-llEfilEd*tnthbliltGsuh.ab benutulyoduttE - dur ir { rer d ot rtuh d t€..tire.t.iy tim.

TtE nonud Eu.6nbr tll]! nuturl.xdalon by mltngo$d luncn ncd! waiiilme olrhe l$d6 b.ctiv.. Fd idbe l@ b. rFtdtd trrt h,nil| *! t6tit.dut eEnpL a

d.ubr. .ednr' t1001;// tran!r.! ".mbt" 116 a.oounts l!ou!61 to ac.ourrB llarl.rlbel€tr tH3f.r (&ubl. aE{.t, i.r @s.r i.t bre€t)

rf (aceunts lrour4l <sunD) (

)

.ccounts l.ourel - : 3bnti

192 P6e...iq L,.eaa-P'i..'*r.^d Pdi l,N

accounB lrarge.r +-Nur

double 'udrL

{ )(

ror {tit i ' 0; i < I00J i+r)

balane + - acsuLs li);)

!v d.6nir@ dE lu*liN b.Ftu (i ana ldit ( ) !re s!'*d b Equn' nuhal'.-r,jr'.**tn.".ry'-*.btIrh* oM prde! is eng4ed .1' 1'^FI'9:snd !l!€ wMts b r;foh u audil L\' Knd P'!c ! taFdd sd r mt

l'qule tulcnbd wlrh rhe nodbr' uh4 Pseg

"- - J.iu. ili **i "- ua w" B; *F wod quac b( h P*F du!rdrs No

*"io,l.^ "

i-a. "u"t

o" "a-

h whidr ureB P|€5 wi 3!r 'n" -i.t'l'rie wc r,at aoua so tu ld modus ue mt !t 8ftrl 4 eorphdw. i*bddt.idl. n**v F.tn- shdh'PFL! sh6r tudt 0 i! isqlt - -€

'**-r.-r..rlr"I r o" tft* nq d\. P@that i! kok4uPo@diEdv 'natAr lat rhE diffd.nt Vp€ of mtidond rehhbm luve ben tdh8tud:. sml ul dt ln sh rdo

' mbting FG 'M h'*dDdv

'nr [r ldh

i& *tni"i.i,"a u'.4 &- o;a;dE ."@ L\'r h'! ben wor'n up ftj:'i*" o'.i-h/tt r .*, b. * l',r l,"tuchd l}!r r ''mb

h'' ddl R lrrd dut

*iiii, *i'iiir.pr. ."'."t q'* in ' h*b dh oI whftn i! .ined-a*ia"^,ry wo

're'a -a ";ir k mr P@lbL b notjt muldpl' quadbdl' u 6Et o[ s io!,to n6t enl 3"

'lknbr '. s'ri,l dd @r ln $n *bp dt mrilFs p'r6 'd tl* niiin8 PlqE $'p d6'

ii h. *Jy-s p* h;^* -. ;t;1 ol h' tutrd Ind edeFnd 'eu rhi! ie

notvdy@nryle. s,-a l"a -n-. n*, t'. -d,vhs P'@ 6n6ru€ h the sdib ubi ir

Ll'.Llli'ii.*;r*"'t" n.;i; uP Pr.* 16) $ir rrom rl* r'*r ro

i;-.i.-Ji*-,,.a *--*mbb.;.i.dul!d *t*n@o EnorrdrlJ[,.Gr'.a W u. -ttvl"e Pt* Ho@, m su.dh ls gi6 dut ft or,[tn.sl; .wdLatrd.d pllfts h in b. L\' n"r b

'nh' tu notou ' h€/ hlv & 4

Itii.j *r w .*uL rc u -* rv.adv s.rtns h rhe At*l qud'wr.-.t*-Aap**o*ft catdirrcSudt.'tlEtr}t.ondiionir h6 becn;aitiry lor h.r ben ehieved

leuc G'&l 193

kirins .ddition slsuld .1k* dP sbt. oI itu d.ta hf.tE ptEedinS b€€u* L\e

d.h m;v $ix be r .n urd6idbie &E wrE drb tuv lnu b€ in s ad6iBble $a,[m r;s!s u. Too6rd dkr orcblls* u. hrvp E e{6d rh. nsid d?5nrho.

b iRlud. ldrl;dd ot rhe inEEt q@6 {@ c66 all.d dniltirh v'nb&$).snrd witn $€ miibr.In ttt @ntle b€lo4 we .gne E d dEbP.n u.vof qud6. In prrl@ i1ljl mt rcr t€ pc$le ' w€ my lEv€ ro €xtllci v €d8n '*panbnffibdqwue

dubre ...o.c lr0o)r@!e qt100l; // on. iiled.r

frd a.counL! Itourc.l to.ccounLs llarq.tr(&u!I. .lu.t, int 3@e, tnr brs.t) I

l!ourc.) <ftunor I

st.ourel. $ii I ); //hr! In tb. q!e!. resoc

)' // noiify the

// @d. rhe tobr b.I.rce I

If R mbfv ( r, ou{e lli E.nph. ihdrc.fid ThL ! llln 6bEr rh:n rh. vG)

@dd or r;ph;E du' irru;d r *lln mb.dy i! s! hs o. s

Jr% hplaEb dftN w i iolltPs8dun idsd6:. JdvaihplffillMiio6uthdsinsbqueu. lhisqrd.is'.MFo6". An chs ddtrtbd 6n b€.ulMEd b ircludld 6onl@r I'ke bshlvlor' w. rdd I

0;1ln. fldm'zl b .nv iEthod L\it EquG dd6E rcs b dr iEbRJarirHa ;r $. ds. Thur il a h:F so d

'rw tutrbd oul e dclar.d b be

,yndroilr.drn doI tlE b.unadybeh8.6ut 4 $y.hmPtb dhlmrMrsvrrl[fiz.d d.dEd wul h. t'lo(|ad od im th rhrld itu tf aErul qu*

. Injevr@inolositt€E6.ldragirkdqrhuEobjed OrnyomrhEdcbMEE lor.t rt m @ and dt rh! deld dut @ !\. bcr { @t. I tyftrsi2ldftthod, At OE ad ol th€ syMkonizd nedE4 &.llEd

'.liquish6 tIF b.r

. Irsid. . lymhrdi*d helhod, the w!lt( ) slat.md b.f,E lle rh. norn.l ei, ( )

staidar in. Miio(.. Inlavr rh.F.E @n.kdp nrklmt rc6t ()and iofi ry O nu rurdmnofiIy

0 sisMlsonly *otoEMldngp@,d'&dd lrbdd,norily An 0si3ds nl

194 PdrBnniit t B,&F&ii.U|o ai! PdedisnJ

xri@ r'!@ ls ft vodd aFr) dd rhs b' u*d bv d&dt

' lav! ;;ito6 u. dE tisi,r dd @n'u mrhrBn s r\' Nh'vtn8 P'es cnl"iu*'*u.t-;^ai.g'*irAPignrl$d PPl!(6gournw@uP,iilii fii i.ii;;;;-*

^oib-don b s'b ir*ob'd ro* 6' ho*

rv!il,bL.. -""0"*.

-"t',-d,.u *n'o' br h!!

'!Sh v ltm o'ibl' Mhdj3h Eq

"ii*-r.,' i r*i. - "'t'..'v

tt""* d 'od'

d b' Yndrcnibd *itl €Fd b 'nv

sric cra3t xyz (

c,bj.co'de{objact{)'dr|c!.efl){

{

I

I

Nd. ll t .Nl rl ) d bodl b.Sin b gl* nr tetLl in,

rhe.d .i ; dh? -Gn

srrb dE lfltud:.n lo) ItE otht will b' Plld b m

'quvretr;Ud o -ni; *'ju,,s 1", d" "bj.d

ditisat d,6d5 ht .!try omdEr the blek ftlG.d bY

of { ".eol q!d." Ior !is . ePdh 'i@nn q!a-

tt! smDleel {y to d.nft .!)l1.l:m! $nrd!inJ's is

Ir.d. 3!ppa * hlv. t!.h I de I rotrdt h

Flllic par:uer (hi i)

// e..tnc&r

brnNe aclB ahld dE6u$l_ incleswhirh w. .1.!R . Iukt'd *' ( ) "

I

ror (rntj'o; i<r00; II

syttd- dt PlioLrn l l4Y

srea (1000); // & io

Par.IIlr Pl ) - i.Y Fr',rl'rlor (lnr I - 0, r <5; i +t) I

P$t r nd P.rrrr.r (!),rltl 3t.!t L; // 3L.t or Ptil. Nn( , t! on.urlent th!€rd

)

.atch {he.rluPred ExFPtio' 't {l

),

Tih, we en @rtrt oud ol tlF F6u'l lnd "3b{ thth dl in Fnll'l' is Iollou]

rru c.il Phl. rdt ) i' $6 dt turrion Plr) run( ) 'n ' eP'ah.ttrad No'iR $e

*ir."-'r-_rii ,J ;'-ll ni' i:' t $u ld;to d'6&d in n'?'d th'! puB df, culmlir,*JJilii- +. ^**' * -'rL *'& .Fiti'd in ib ''g!*r ^nv

d'd 6n Plri*ii

" a*"I-i i'", "* u", *-,a" ft2,1 in s@al o* 6nd h'v' b I'b dtEd

;;iiii(:;;;; .i;;- *r .\Fnd ftd'r'obcs* thd d?" '

) rh'we InFruFkd

A lhFttdb.inft otldtr!68. Nd wtrd it nE t.e etln but not drd0 'd. tu alL wtdithrs hen !d() €d.nd i6{'ilabL toh' *heduLd'

A 'lllsbL twd n .d nd bG'llllsg" - n rut D' wairhS b bc shedul'd No

.-* " ^a..*u

U' "*.adi'6

i! dm h{t rl'd rn Fv' lnpLmnbriN;, @ 6Geltd"s {d tfl'hg 0w'd!

. ul-}!11]r. drdd E rcr.vlilabl. & En at dE moh6r' nis @old hapPm tor rhG

1. tn itEd & nr tu sftUle ot r tL€P !) It wil ds g'r uuftr'd whh th'slEP rft€nPG

2 ft.ihErd;s luqded ib€u !.inEa mi( ) Irw r sd unblocledbv ! rcrit( ) or notiry .ll ( )

196 PD@ni'a L,@p-fi rod!' d'/ kdr,r3. Dad: Ttis 3t le i! 6.h.d wkn the ilt.id 6im6

A tlldd o. b€ inr€np€d by dhs *€ad usns ihr frdim inGmPt ( ) Ihc, b @r.dlis damplq w. c.n wife

Plil roLarnpc{ );b hhF d6d Pl'|.1fi! r'l5 rn InhPtd L@phoqwhnl!a k. sw w! mBtothiI th. thFai D in rlq ( ) d Mit ( ).

Hd€ver, il rhe dftd & a.Mlly turnhg wh.n rhe intenupt .irivx, no.x.phn E

d!.d. To ldhrilv dur.n int.mpr lniv.a in luci. Jiution, *t. rhsd cln.hkr i6htdd fb use d! tutron sllflDkd ( t whj.h frd . bdL€n rnd .j€u dE

'nh;l sl.n! h.ck-b tt* lt is.!' !o!dbi. b d'..I Nd- $-d! -hpr rhtu NinSd ri;rtd { )

^no$; u*lul frdiir b rP} on th. rbk ot rrcrhs rh€d s

^r'F O l'vr

lbo !o;u; N*Ed !@ ( r b r Morhe $Fd md r46P4d ( ).nd d!4{ ) to unihbrlv

"*;d;d.nd E@ a u";d l.l"cn b d 0t sn. ! IIP kait ( ) Md mdt 0/ mdlt t! 0M;hadd) HoEe', 0e e mr $Fldzd b b. ulcd b@u tll.Y 6qun[v rad bunoFd(bbi.onditd (erA r 06d di6 rb'urly) d dadlald (wh.n cFd.d thads

7.7 EJGEPTION IiANDLING

,In prostnding laiSug! Pdt,e !n.xc.P!6 i. !n wipcbd.mt 0ut dinPb rha

t1oml d<urid of . p63rid .

E @dn h.ndlte tr I ddunsr lit rttu tu t Pdull d.uloq.d lqdn @Fwt to

M";-Edd'iw-@.@tt,dtl,dd tlt rtie i'ffintu a*stE adti6 qldv

An nbS.l opdlnon lucfi at dili.ion by 46 d r.dhs dn .mv cleh.ni b.v@d ft'boud oI llr rfty h .lNd r@ly .n aePd

1}'raBoti€n5bd-lmthNtbmin.sihlemt th|l'n!r'rrlrPEgEdrob.rbteb;;6sdbkcolll*did p6bl. ed.bon otJv iI tlGE modE oPnm

Lft FuJrh.r. it fidld b. D65ible b Epod ftrhh inlo@tio .bout tn. MtoE or rlt'.sbo r fa dilqdh( pu@6. In C, . v|4 rudimhhry fm ol ^eFm EPodin8 3d.* b" .ud.;r uE dd v:l"e ot ! tud@ !u<h !! nl@ ( L orEG . EM vA F iqr

a{.d; dE Euliol 0t @Pubri6 ol dr tutrtid - ninh$Iv, . rerh v'lu o mvln<li6E N .m vltL r mn-:e vn!. 6iAt inan t. s ffi Th. rr'. ot @r biArindi..hGr.rE€dn\putwhjleRtuntry|ulw2tJ8l1rindicrttn jlDblttvboFrfiLti.t wa8 ne.d fd the Pr%'an lo 4n,

7,7.1 EcDdon Handlmg In C++n€ c++ l,n8u.8! Provld.t bulr'n Lng!.F leallE b di* {d hrdr? ar?dd ThaIrndr€ f.ltuks ,divlc ! run.tme h!-hnsm ud b lommud.iP .xePuoG r{ou;hr;d (otten speahly ddPlacd) podon ol c++ P63rar.

44Enrn$replM is@nEredm!C l+ pFgm dE P'hd or0E FognnLUr d*t*. . ipi"' -* -*.^.," ,L"t rh... 'P;;hs otruRd bv DSn& or lh'own& an

tducadaPLofiri..kI tn.Iud. <recior>

t3trck (rnr caPactyt

-llack (epa.ity), -top 1ol llbI P@ (!nr $op-v.!G),

b6r ltrr ( )i

vord dkpl.y ( l;

IlE d&l i! mDl.dmhd uins. 4ftr or hb wr6 In tbcr obtd ! cEEd dulnttubr d is*@H. vEb o{N.{n\.!E€tpdrfi.d s,r' dElnbn vllue I}td,. i!du @iou nunb.r ol .lara*e rtE I td* otidl ddrt tn TIE lolowhS; lor d'ir'9lcft.t€.n t shcl objcr carhd ny 3h.I rhrr d sbin ! lEv a x) nlE ol trPe iih

i3!.ct nyltrck (201;

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A2 ACNVANON OF THE PROCED(IRE AND ACTIVATION RECORD

E!.h .6uhm of ! procdue It r.fidrd b c .. !.u€no ol dE P@au€ Thil ie dilfentIbh rh€ eresduE d.lidd.( whkh in l€ !6rl6t1dn i! dt u*nton or M id6$nt wftha dh;r tu idadttd is & lIr d dE iG.<tE xd rhe s&I6r it d* D.dy o{ *rp!e!du. Ilr plddN iercn.Miv.rh6 lhddir6 d y m.diEiio.of prcltu.ata hh? WlEu3p@d@ n nssiq wd'l divluq (otu t.bvtdoF 6llolFddure)ol th.t ptcde try be xdw rt dE sd dft.

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II rha. E m .'lb to I Pd.dlE rhh !h€ iEFu'hm n.ouelt pd of rh' calbns

*'de fl l@Ed m dfta whl. th.6uee't P't d PP€Ed '$dv im--'-t*

r**1" *, * tt*ra "v

b Plr s mudr o{ ttrelbS i'qum s Pdibr' in b rtE

-un #*,it-ryt p"",ot o d"v *r ddon "F k 'Pb'j-d*bt putu3 !@

ot dE od. h ro il€ dllE iEted ol &.rlee.- -"..1,r. t'* ta,"".a. * dslsn ol m *hvrrih Rdd tr o Pd [*daE 6'ld in

,* "i

iiii-rl*- o. tura. *"r-i-e d'b .o/hon th' ou'r Dd fterd! bdw (oud

uE pffi{pleh. Iou.** ..rr ,.q'* ** *Et 6 r e8i5E {bP - !P) h'ldds ' Posb b tk

sd ol lo.!l dab in rtt .llmt '.rivrrid

@E

s.roa c-ml rts"lDitE. 21 I

rl9. t.5 h€Lc orrdbh 6rlt du'bs dh9 *qrE

1. Ttuouadrlmb*p&hr.t4anetdrndnsl.dEninbtl*.?ProP!j.t d@rol rheol|.dt *tiv.li6 l@rd.

2. TrE.irh roEa*hm.dd@hdth.e.heof i6bP_sp(3t ckFinEt)nsnEinro er€d mdtne sl|h! ol d! olle r rdd.

I ft bp - rp Estrto L rt b Fd b dt lbn oi th. c.lL.t &.n a.b .nd ffil l!d L &. oll€t .Ed.

4. Ttc 6U.e sv6 orhr EsnE due and thtu iifm'bon5. rh 6l|..lrnlillrd ta l@l d.b.id eb!! .Eudh

A paaibl€ r.ta e+l.d lt:r. Tl1.eI€plaesaEtuh.dvrlu.at0E!h of lb&dvation@rd2. Ushr th. rv{d mdijn lbhl tn ib ffid fi. .dle €toE krP _ 5P rnt othn

Esi9;*t.r'd h!€ to d.tu.dd6 b dE c.lt 1t..de3. ltE ..114 €urc @tion: The lstion of tta r.hhed valE L I known

dtrpla(tmi 6oh bp4p.

84.1 C rssras€ ftndon C.lb.nd RdlmN@ Lt u c@ida h e@pL.{ c Ln8ur8! bo nt d*@ft.Prdencdlilq llle df'n'gc t Sss't

(

!4d ( );

212 &ir @'q l!iru!6-&iiods !r/ P"nnd

fir3! ( )

Hd!.ud(ImYbeclLdrd EoIeowty6:r,i i,l-''r'i-;" rI -t'**t .r's bv ronowrs 'uFtft

rh'r hF'* 3i

Frs ta R6rr'!b*

(b) Fmrdr{),wln.ih.!hcnoll'diqnninO ft dnh'3hMt'vlkrmtu]in

Fdn th. diicGim .bov. rtF rddE o{ r 6EbL *trh 6Fr b dE f@r ol ltr sb'r*"lji,i*'ri.iiii.J;;p* dhe Ho{*r. sRhrw-.

'lt" p'riri6 d !!k'

"i* ii r' *,- "

o. r*, "r "kr!rdkDnin34raldc@P'r'h mdh::q

i:"-.:.i,i,i1-.iiii; c- *** t'.{ u. p'.'p?rv dur (: Pd n!' "* lnd srob'r

i.,ijii5T,.r" **tr- r."i. i, -:rz tl'* ( G @.^ov rd*)* !'*+ i;:i:,H! ;;:r',;;;;;*;'dtorrh.;B{rkre"*nnsbm'ddM{@Sff{#t"*"tt*ruzu*x*m*Tnts'ffi"q::Sff:l$".i$l".^orL\.3kkr"csdpondinsb'".d*.*nrrv.**'.:?;; ;J*r-.n"dpoi'!" rfta t'*nftd .*PodlBb eillliii'*i1l'

'ir" #;o "'- b L\. n;dd or6Fd-ins b

't'' 3b'l rEm bero'

'Ll'.i ;i',iill iiii.lli i *' u" .**.d. rr i. n66$ry' th*'oe ro Pho ft vard+ or rh'

sada ca rclol tbtoran 213

ar.''3Dyfum|caEdtPoh|.Emdnbfune

dmj.Fi,'hFb a.n.t trehcl ih6clll6Uv 6rh'sh'l Tijs@vt'do(!vt|ldi.nfivolDoind!!lhtMhloDorlnsris 3t'

Mrn;M; of dE mv o! dn.{c Doined d b' nainbi:Ed (l' BlrDrT f$ion b*Dbydt Llo'i.g*dG{ Mim

tO eaa;"g 0",;.dd* "t. *.h]( lm b dEpoinE@radr iin

' tutr66

O) R.mvhg tlE bh hld. o{ 'ne

PolnE Mrv @c}' b@ t}E lfthm @' dPdus b

S,5 I/TIPIEMENTANON OF CALLRETORN OF SqBPROCRAJVIS

a1r6 @iu tlsucn lh. t@o dioB, * d dorlv dlftemdrc th' subPFg6h

a.i^triiJ-ii"-.. **t- Th. dendddo{ tt PF8@ r' drn'r i' tdLed in

;; ;;;6;'d",,r- i' .€Ed .r.i bG wlih ;ubP'os'd dus brq Pucw! r* u.r -+ *" "

*- *vdd tsd t! (Frho when du ctll or dE

*uo--i "ro

or..-."r a-n 'v.a

wha th. elPlogm 'dn " v this lcEvLd8e j3

"d o;r s cl€a;Ditu or wq*hr oI *tiv$h rerd 'd

d_tu *qddE ffi!*.ia,,i.. o" *Lu* a -up"i-m L\. obnr or diu'ri6 ddd' m 'dbndv

i" ---, f,* .r.. trq, *Lt t ltat ndt L ffiuns duiry 'cdv:rion

d rhichbp'.g.h ..dv'd; To mla 0u dlnlg cL.! rhR 6Fhde6nsd Poiib hri:bre 4

r. CrBd, tatud8Pri"t t:We kw ln. CPU @ ct4ts w lrulidiq tr r 6tu o

't dy tim ll.dw:E "

-rw* 'n@-u- *t -'lv mNffinud thd itud L rtd b b'

*iJi*-.i. r'. p"i,',"' "+':t

brinbii dE 'ddE

of drrd iEhdm !dlld C!ffirlEhr&x Polih toPl 3a@flv CIP Psrom so tob

(il tr fetch6 d* i6h.dm deiloEd bv it(ii) upd:r'utg cP b Pohi @t d jtshxtD$ in 4qtFR

III

214 P@..i4 ra@-eidr&, d^/ &'r'iN

2. cwtunEntimtu t PointdJNow is clar thil wl6 dd Re crl a srbl'%raa a m divatim l@d i' Pushm tll !bc! 6d 0d p.rtidll dU oi $bPr%6n Itis aI*.ld tlEt

'lt rh' lcnvadon

ld diffdr c.Is o, ;rme sblosEn ;e $' srme '!d€

s'sM' Now $PPoP mi iaving addre, of d.b vdi;hlt'A , ms onlv CIl 6 tut €dF tA! i$!' th't eiE

drb v&;'bk'A it !$d in w}nchtriva6on ldud'sre6ffi' SoweRd 3m'Poinrdvhj.n can b:v. dr. reIrfte oI &tivrtio dord Tli! poinu i:t caDed ffdr4viFnMtloinu (cEP).

Nd..ohbiurid or boL\ ttu& !.hh 0P, cP) d @lv' dt t€fesiry i!tr mdw c$ df,ide tlut whkh ictu.lion aRub ln rhe mvnoffint oI whid\

'crivrrion

3. R.rm Poi'.:Ir ! r $!dd€t!d i||b otitrrlddtohiB du tpGd M Ponhvalu6, ictlcd;points (iP) ud d*olwd roinE GP), tu Fii't h:k

Now I.r us s h.v tFFad s adEd qA 0a h€lP of CI? cEP "d Erm pdnl

whd .g . Prcsn; B ffib4 v.t ftet Nv'h kod 'r blf ir dHbd &dc?hrib lid'; cPh4tr.ddF;oi fid tntut'dolDin Ndo'nvcIPwildutwsd mcluGinrhev.l[orclPdn'w tul4r%nhi!Bn'd nd! dDnr A!

-."i" . .* *uJ-re- -" ten al.d ln. GP "dl

hN' Lt rddEr ot FwJ"*- t*a

"i d, p't"l,,

'ubPo36 'nd cl? w l h'v' 'dd* or 6dr

idh.|Fn oI 6u.a sbp;t rrm TL old vrlu. '1

cEP rnd cIP d etld r' tuminr b.roE siE4 ltr 'w olu.ir* - i" -r'i*'i. -u "

*, rb rddhon Eqd F dstu)t4 cEP Dd cIP su;drhd lod ih.;'hr ol Etun P.int (rp, .Pl sE (onel b tdl4d !r rh'r,i'uo* .r.u.' *Wg- nd m; ,!i'n cEP wll hrv' du

'ddr6 or

-u-t- *-a d d- *tpt c'* No' * b b uJrdalbtd dF BoldPL dll of 'sbrcszm tnn rX rtE is; R cdvd bv th' cr 'nd

cF

8.6 REFnENCING Ei{VIRoNI'IENT

w. tn$dut*n b'Pi8m hx lu oh d or id6dn6 stcjjfuJ--" a"r',' rs

"^1--tl". n" * oI iddriia r5$irbh u EdEd ! 0i F fting

.nq!o;"r ol-tne *btBs-- Tl* FlPrcinB envnnmnt i! lmp dudng @tiid 0I

.**t- **l -a I ni-.i* .*k h th. uI. dh. oI rh:r PscuL! rnl'6d& ovit@r ol t $tt@gFn hrv IEQ srnonpoMr IIa

1' rdl Eiu'@[ F@d Fnfth of $bPFg@ lodl vlitr'b Ii EbPr%nmd€nn.d intlce sbPbsr.; {if lm8ltr ddiSn r@ib) €!' tu led Etrddn8

L ttBttd nfu'law@tTt€ dhE i4 which G d d'6rud { 0u6nv PoinroI dbr;a-bd us€d wfth h 3ubPng@ dald nd 16l Eftadi3mvtm;;i! 01 rtu tlbptsEd E6d6rt dl4 tdad64

'E d€6n'd out side ar

subD6@o {d ued in $bpFgrlmr cbilt;h.tuN aui$dat: tLe .s Drid ojlhae.denblts @kd rt db@c $D

.td E;l 6 e';Pmgld rhd 'lm

idddftd dub dobrl Ee4otr8 6sFn|MiBariauy Aldtnl avilll1.mr i! Prt ol th. M lGl dviMnhr

Sagg Oidrlds'lF !" 215

4. Pd1lfrrd Efeil{ Bai'iffit 5.m idddfc F 't'lin"

bt Or l$8u8e (Ior

-"ia" r"d,itt t,iiri- t O n *u lrc ldafina @b F.ad''d r'6qft3di;Ml b rdFlt6 *dv.6n

8.6.1 Alb!.t fd D.t Obr..t%d LNrF .llos .US@r lllm Ia .i. rc 'Lb

ohFd lr'a D, b' ,{dl.G'-d h"alS";r t r"d,'. -d*q ..h P€ndiis ' '!flnar

e la 'II 'LbJili-*. itl-to.Io.i otoq6i' F!..d. FruEErd tl'd@ ddobl"i

i-lJ-r,'.i J-t , ur' au..r'@ (dttd M) h rErlE dr'rdd laEl*t'i -.r.tr. *rt * o" a- d .*d;b old.t dt lndt bddr dt c 6I rftibr.ou.d BdadtutEg

l" iL. *'l,d- *r-. a.r. oU.t L *0'L bDwn d dGd !|d h r 6gt'*iJua'tcmt aar a Or rirg l! EF.d s.ti' rc dr dd oqct But

'lLtl4 or

;;"t*;;*.6;is6"t .-{d6F.hFotilh6'rGeith'datrt fedddsd rEl anPl?

vrr L l, t ! !nt,ke.dun.!b1 (x . htli

wr! ? . lntrrloc.duF .!b2 (l : !nt),

216 Pl@.d{ riit!ryFi&iri.r."J Prd./rttu

N@ld$m\!edEE 4hg.nvloM.nlo!.ll,lbPloSrbrEs{drd*l1. R.frb.in8dviFtllmtoleub2:bc.l:ZPNo! 61x,flb2in3ubttgublin@inz R.{lqdns dvnoMor ol rubl: lsl X P.!!2 Nonlo.d r r, sl!1 b minI Rdra.iiS avtlllMl lq ldJt lali & r a tb1

8.7 ACCESS TO NON-r.OC L M!!Ea

in.l{|sF withldrt tqrndcd D'oad@ tlIt.F€ld*lt4 lEr do Rko *-h-; b 6id Gr M.dliEJ I vd$le d..L'!d h e srd.de sF?

co.sidd a ptlgEn or p@l:Pr.eduE I (': int.g..,

fuctron qtn : ti!.s.r) : iirdFr;

Bt!r.2rqln-11;

Prrne q(m + 2),

nrwilblexliv6iny'!rdlvrdon'Krd. SutredodrkmwlbrdeplndE3t.llhjsroy be, rre w€ ddl !r;w now dit La.lt ot lgsion t}l4 will tE in q ar run{ire'

T1E b:sk ide to gssb S* PDbLd, ..d. dh€ 3a@kd b Ps * @ lin! rl

Sutr. r pilad@ p i! Gbd m.dLEly widtn PredG + rhm tP |c !t* b.pr€d; p is; pdnb b ** divrtid 6d o( otr nsr d dhtim ot q

IrR ods b&t up.(6 Ir*! dt d.hnEd.t(@ilebt€uingrt€ldeotrEring

sqqKGdl.'S"tqa' 217

- Tlu oub rot rope ha mdnA d€PtI'0

- ft.Gring &?lh i,@ by 16ri tid w.ak 3 |g lcape d€Ged bvl wha

Slppee r ptrdue p .r Bbng drPih nr EI6 b a rcnlatl vrirble'a' shce m6rine

depL\ is n" : ilp 3@3. d'J ie SiEn by L\e P.ir< 5 - n? oftd oI'. $ AdFbRkdd>

lla p.i.i!odpl|d !tonPlL dm Tm6tt nuba SleB rh' nht'rbr.G.linr b

we luv. rd rhar lm L..l Ei.t{. d h€ Kcd in bo .hP3:

1. ftr. fi 3rePo! th. dF@ is b nnd i$nabrcolth"'div mr€'od in ih€

B||.l in whdr uli|bre wa dl@dz ltu Md Pn b b @ dE 16l otbd ot oP vr"bh b 16 t

Th. ho.r .M sv b 6tl@t th dG E oPhg tn bngur8l ttrt ru'w BEdlub'osrh s eb( drini;u r. nqLnst dt sM"Pr * doqru r n* poinFr

' 3hli' @*

F;;f.hii. L"!.w cn p;b ur i'@.r a. *hhhon tsrd trlbn'ul" *ri" o-r irad o* tt'*.Ptat b.low uE ptu in rh. rcdvation 'Ed'Afiit.nrtii.ddnotsbdcli'ib ut(fldcdinr.rih6mNdituhtP

The FtI 3,9 dt r ltt .dpr hN .krr' SuPPa. ruIffing cnvmmlnr of tn

-d*d..;€ dE id6df* -l .l' I' Nt 6'd s t5m tha lt wil sth.d t vdv n.:tr.d!.atl lrcbF .l rdEti4 Un th. de6niri6 o{ idai66 E d find, bt *F e or ,bdc:n;.l;d".d.d. tr b 'a -,y ttK trF Edc KP. i! rroM ir ffiPrl. tnE lh.6mP s-" -.** d

",'i" Dut; *r;.* L mn lool bur,bo ttf, ldurh or radc chain du hun h€

rouored b '6/ti

dri(riv.tid Fd iGEd ll.t @din, ll'. rcn l@l obFd

A.A THE BI.oCK STRUCruRE:

A blo.* i!. !bi@t witi ib oM lo.rl dala ddmdN ln c_b@d l.nau.8. r}E srntd ot a

{

whe $! hi€ b.lihil rll t rL L.r c @i&r dt folbwing PF36 oI.laryu*..

218 A*in.& l,ilg-Atuida rn AnA-

Frr,!.l I'i.d& ordv4o: Th. rEnid hrsr,l,l m{od uL.

I /r 3'e 0i btet 0 r/

pdnt r O$ r d\'". ',

prrht f Cl d ld\n', t,

pri.i r ("r d rd\n'r ,,

saad cdtcl ol s/'P!@' 219

) /tend o! brock r'/Prinr f crdt d\n1 x, v);

I /rend or blcr 0'lT1$ *oe. oI a de(lsrion ! giEn 6y dE nst

'16'Iv ffild *

1 n; ^* ot. dcbsdon lr blod Btrlud6Bi ij.--' o *a

" u*r s b"t E rcr dkL'ed h s rhs @' dti"!6m or r hd

- I'JJ- ur*r s, -r* I i' * cro..tt dFd !ro!'d B $r rnv odw 'dro't\s

tldt with I d*l.cM df tkinS L\l! Nle dE Iou Prht rbt@s ol $a AtmPle C trgEd @t pui:

N6&! or blo.t ih.iG o b' bbd a M tim ffl llld:dod d tm' I ffi

br-i;-k-;;: *r "

dhcrbd ro h'rd rh? v"i'br6 d'drd winin ft't blfrllilir,'ii#i'ilii;i';." "'*r "pae

islopP€d (ek ',dt

. d?'d'dt't'p\)en ex. h bto.* 2 .td y n bb.\ 3 .ht, t . t

FiEUv ler B * *nvtdon ol P'tvi@ PbgFn s tdrd!:

S.9 IIqPLEI{EMAflON OF DYNAII/UC SCOPING

In.tuDB l; ue h!v. am th 8ml Er' of dttumic spm€, d rh't b65 we on '' oar

.',iii.{iifii,1*i;;*ii, ut'ft F#or *sianm@Ed dul"sm!'tivahmliLi,i--.- ' ".ri,a. - .rv rhsi rdrdd bd

'|!6 'nv *tivrti'n ot I suttFg'dm

lii'-i' i; :.ll.a ry . -"p-i* 6r.d bv *nd e @ urd th't bE ebPFsFm

*".ii^ i"t- ' *i r"a i-ii"rim rd rh.

'ddri6a llBt tnd6 da o(drd a$6add

0

220 PaEnni{ l,qxdls-}ii.id!, !i/ PddtN

lm'dins ro rNe rure *! dyFnic -teht'@ i. d.d b lIE dyrutn. duin oI eb9rcnrm

Dtl6i@ped lanSur8e nnpblM! ilis m@?t in fo[ow\g eo wry!:

ln oa oI {tyMni.*oped lrSu.Sq tI* RtgIB b tunl@l n'Lbt6 d t 6lcd bvsrniu dIurt ttftdvrhd ffid nll:rc oI d* odEr nbtoSFN out u ffidtldvrhd: w€ ; inDledHr n rimLr l.lttror !r ,e d d 6 4rt6' nm I@l vdbL h Id&+oFd lu8u* ,nh n .d 3uDF.8li@ bd in tfii3 d we 6oUow dyNi. .llhit!6d t d* duin nr dv|]:d.hi. [nr b!.rha a|] $bPqEn 6din |@dn r.!G in d! s@ o, th. dd6 h whrlr dEv t@ div.icd

rlt s .wid.r lonowin3 !dpL:

EFIl-l

frr..ii s!l!F b.$bF.crtn €r

In rbd. Prg, M'in ca ! A, B ud B, SubPqr:h B on! cIi!@ 3.129i.w the ihPL@btioi of .b.E tubF€Ed 6U 3tsurR.To Dd€ tIE @mpi tuc.l€d kt a dida tollding C F.g@

{

)

Laaw6"d 't s'\F*^ 221

E!.ro ry-* d'dt ldtmrd..

I

NM rd u oEid€ UE loUosiigelldt8 st@ d.bov€ trc8rn:

r*.dst.t rOErdtt@t t lhbl€'C,'r'hd'd ineub3 lh!EftlRot€l!Iomdlnrb3Obur!@df rsdbGtdrv.iLri.htuts() cLalyth.E&aeo1.ud.lEsrh.d t a€w nrFiq. &13.

sltm$h!OFit0rr.6ed.'66tudtElnt'dnh0(6drdhboor drbri)-.d 166;;lb! edd t@ dr xdyldm o( din o, aft L Ed*dfts t|l(dntlon ot db 3 r &b 2 r sb I r sbr J trln.na it is fd:nd lr mh O3.9.t.I Drr!dtMr.!@ dD.lP /r.@$Tr@ e nro Min d!.dver8F ol lb!;..d qlth.al

1 Ih.tpedotddt.anltt'{S'DaUhS&qllgEtoE.low,dcLtStiolrh.dEln L d aLuliEd.l MDnc dd o .Et6d |t {dG'|ft

2 A.nn6on cdd, $d rh SE M d wi'Li.. td at n r,tG ntlE thov.lu 6 in @ of d.d. tnrl@dhrid

222 P"a,.nht Laq.@-P"t'*'."1 tu"@

"-{

Fl!,0.r3 ral[li]on @d lilLn@ or.bo6 tub 96cM €lle!'n'F

Nd I d'F 'd Fq@inS l,n8u!6 lila 9''o!OLL[os sh'rh GE '*rh'd

qi|lr

;;;; ad;r;bk d.ih-; b6b br di di{.E* wi'ne 'e h ' Proe'*il;ff*6 ; ;i,"d".trwbtt's.Fh,md3Ll:"',T3:dJ8-XJila::I*tll;s the olLa of v.n.ble bdmt $dc whd lle! rR rhPro

; ;i ;h;" " "-br. b.sid Ib hre riN dE adiv" b t in 16

'6bor bbk

8.IO PARAI'ETERTRANS{$AION

w! en BbHitltJ rh. onmuiotid t'Men ko d tts thm tuo eutrolnh it:

rn w" ".r" u* rr'-i'" or a,"l.rLble PcioL b'ed djfidot sbP'qrrro

{ii) w. d 6'bulhed: s's.nd.* h'Hadl md rodd pdtuirl *-a "*l "

* .edt'lt" b 'er' d* aoto or PEsm dnddt w'* 6l:bxdEd 0r MEPord@ tt tou@i'l3 t,o rP9@*

. ;;;;;;;-*";N6'd ;dbr'h'd dEEbbmb's*e'r'ndi#;i;;; ." Il rl.' c.* r!'r xbl Prr6'tr h P'iRd wrd1 tu'r rom'l

PaEFete!, ud s @

s.{d^'!c6'd4s"trF" 223

. Sone h$uag$ liL ada.lbblbhed i.lr. omP"'l6d 6v ?tplidl ndit of ioNl and

For.ranpl! tn ese ot Ad.:rub{atB,ce27),

H@.ctlrl tr.NE ! prm wirh loml Plmb A dd etual Paai't" 2? wii\

8.10.1 /rl.thods for ]|aBtnlfrnE PEFn t.r.In rh!

'c6on s. *dt .Il'.@ sal tu0Fdt ol ..d't'tlrS ftd hd toml P6tr'rd

ii-i-u-i'l-rui -tt-tv-'.t .',"., .!ev '*E, c'll-bjrt'rw on+t€uh n* t.{r'{u:0.",i*1, ri* dlhl".lua {""rla), d dr lld o{ | v'ltlDh dv E PaF o @ dE

u$l;. c.id tdl Qou'lv_vrtG uu Fvrlc or6tl Fnffi {vtl!6) 't-,j b [* ciLLd rEtde (b {E ittd Fatb)

(i, A fcdlF udn n ai8rd t do..!' ldri6ln or *rirti6 6rd otrh'6iLit t!.!dw 0d [r. I ldl En*r'

r,n nt ans drlub dE .ful Ft'4b 'rd pl.€ thdr rvdc (oil'

ElI€) lrd! td.f,.lshNollh.IoddPll$btr *. -Ia'*a". a""gp . t-"1 F 'nEtr

[! cItU! odv cw in th!i.i''.u." i6J J,t" -da p*aur: rh ch'n8' r' rd wrm dr d'rd E

a-I-ta - o" rul p-d" h ft aL1t tsld i! 'oi

ch''8ulL cd+r-,4.e

c'ni-n{s€w (d on't'rddE o' 6ll'6v rddd) Pd l4rlE b dE olLd

ff;:""'".*".*@ra'EidhNhssr'%ruqthhrn.rrv.le L P...d ni ft qH Plde

nu,ru.--r-o*l..op*lila'+be2whiihhoml vde thm

'-',r,..Fr.'"""U"anitwldt'Daodrh'rrldisoltlllo"Mi!mgd to dt 6lLd DGds

T} *i r"s-a i" rr" ti'* m. a ! 'ouo*tnS

Plldl FcduE 6€ 6ll_bv_

,E{eEre ncbn o{ ol'ht{le:Ploc.dud srrr (v!! r, Y : rN'g'rl i

hLh. M' olflduF, rU sd!hd wnts6f int {m'lP'nself' \ rnd y, willF d

lii **i1{" **""a *".t "..Gkd

in a 'rrre'/'

ttiq'don '.gd Trus MPwiltsch v !w!P th. *l!.b

224 P@n6rir t q!..-AiEi,tt, .i/ &rdi.!

Il !h. 8q Pr...dG rto€ w@ 6l|d wt$ erP (l . 0D lnd tll lollfltng srtF

1, Tn rv.lBoli.nd.lilsurdb.oPi.dntbth.div.d.nmdote42 rrq *dld b. ti b dE !etl* oI I aY lc3. t touid b. tr b 0E tv.l@.f.[Ua. r[L]{dldt * io tb. tsvdG ol hP d Io

Urbg.d+y{t{ssr., dt !v.lc o{ lh r'au!6b c srP'd 6tc{v

Copy€toF !'. tiybdd ot o|}by_vJE td ou'tv EIa*ln n!..lut E.ffie.vduld h.tdr otr ctll rn rhdr Fvrb. n F*d'' btudnlildaad@!hol+y4.lu6 Brr 0! dl6 nD EG$d t' l_

{loao,Es;..tudt ltwl'ElufiD w16 M!!l tu to {E dlra lt oPn h.A th rad6 6d th forul

adEb.lnlo dr l-vrls d tlEdulturu!'..*Ehh-d!|.d.{61ldlbv{.IsqE ltdrldh.w.didaEt{ci;';l|.o&d t@du t l-r bft d'E!orrh{tu1Fffi !'Dnldtjrh @.dt.{ d! t sl F.ttu bd@ d.Fldl m vtxrls qn br_

dddorr€h Itc&a:lr.p!t, ourD{Ll ;

(v.r * Intq.r, Ib.gtn':.2,.:.0.d;

:: - rr u!.t.l!rr rrrt hl.)

crtl-bN.4 i. u*d 6Y ^kol:l') Ttu;;cdubbtdo|lngEtttt.qddtti!hodtlrtut titud|ot-

UE;U h d'. cdLr, *ld' d. dt l Fnffi lhllt NLitobd Lr t*

lir) 16ln'Ehtup'4d@ek ?r.lj!t'd lrdn MG in de ol.tr6i) Ad{.lpsebrnllmudldhyPrsl0EirlgrybP'eoEi!

Uan tnm (dlss.d ln oDtt{.tasE) I rFEd tfih dlt{e tbbd

1. It! d|P G rliD ou b d.aua 6 t PLc.d slth

s. Trrtutxftopt tl! Bd!. o{.{U in lo LiP

5

s.qric.co','oloiS,bD'oe.. 225

6. TlE rsnd lift 6pier th. rv.lu€ ol rlu in lo i.

7. Tne tNd lift opl6 rh. Fv.lu. or tBP (lJ inro . hllliUshs qu-by-qnc ih. Hrlu6 ol dr !8!'Mb & tut lv.pFd €ft<{y

I i1€ p.Mtu ir hNdlln.d by v.heMulr:(i) Ttu Fvnue (vrl4)or the *tud p&N€! i3 spi€d ro loml F6ds(ll) Dqris da deds oi N'PFS@ .!dr E m ro th. fotml_Pnuerd

frm. ir bEd s.n d&!!v dEd lo .ld.l nn.bb $ Yith 6u b, vrb.(iD orr th. rehiB[s .I &tpr%r:6 li. fNI .dr|..t ot IdEl P.!r@E r

oDl.a b tu e.l pf.n 14,(iv) rn rhL .4 tl: .Ml Ft.lr1.6 6L' lb dain d* Frll hlutton oI

{6Foms bl6 pkq w[6lB tw v.l4 l!.!dgn d G. Eutr.r t]E

]hn ryFolonrpt Ltrd ln AtSol{ hl8crF TotPad uP.'Eldotr EluadunEac;irrd n& rn Fdh L..l Ei:5h d!E{t d'eu. by dt omr

(') Mn .}Iig. s tu hlu d dr tml Pu@u 6 rllov.d durnB PF€no@14 rirE .@ht v.l( n 6Fd b dr fohJ F6'-{.r'

0i) Fddl p.|rGb s s lo..l ot bd dudry .:@d.. of bPl.gon(I! loA a|r b'-v.lu rd an b oed v.l@ t!!{..t o'!..lbt'8 FoSas !a

d.ic. t!dEtuiFr.'l6.

li) N6nlubrdmhr-pL..&mfrdP.Etublh.tdr:IP.tu(iil o'

' €dt ol rbF.ttu mdd i! !rmlt!!d h.d hon $bPEgtu b

(trl Fffi 6 dE !'nJrufd of &bP'!8r.r

r. Des't 0u *oF ritdrudd t r f.llo,i4 PEStd

220 fuii.ri. l,.o'F-h,*il&r .d rri/ior

I C$.i'Li lh. loldntg Fold

(

t\adL ., b ct I' I.wI o decl.rationr/

Illdt a! bJ /r ldt ui' d.crar.end'/

rnr d, c, /' t!v.I '!ry' drctdatbn '/(

tnt f, /r l.Er '?' (bc!,r.tion '/

l

ISwtturtr*!6.td6.{ia6rddodt v.lqLv.ll,aladlyrdLvd?-

,, coi*da 0E Lror,nlS pEgm wlll.hoPut6 tl dn FG d n hq6 P

61r€ (.@) &y.-t12.,-t\':

y:-t-1,!.rrxi

Dalwtornd. i.h dealb. de ld.tio.tl\tP k Er rA€ htit{..t {Eb€gnhj4;.d .nit 6iddL o( EE plE8sh,Lsdtu'lrupFEd!fl r!ltlurUedBrSlr'

( whtbtlEditr4Et lffiEdnlmFrd{de.duamFdicbG?

CHAPTER9

Memory Mana4ement

9,1 INTRODqqTOiI TO MEIIORY MATIACEIME|TT

tuv nmdvill wFam med! b r 6.E hd fft. m.rury Memory m.n.g.Fenr kbiquau..i* -.-.,ia,io" t-r.fu, t prosffi itue h .mPLrtv ,r

'n<l P.rlor'@

a lor 6 dloadns rM* 3Pd ftr th. tife lis. oI. vlriabl. w? c.n divid. m'mo'v

1' r ln. Uc tiln€.l. v.riabte l! tl€ lte rih. of th. PFS6m and lPae rd ib v.lue or4dtdld, @ not b. fri@dkh? Sur\ !h8. is r€radd 6 ar rbrk e!0h9.

a I UEI'fi bft ol EilbL it fin*vl! ttocl flr.rion o p'!c€d@ in shi'h vd'bl"de.r.'.d. Tr€ ftr.F r[d;kd b Ei'bL m,v b. .t€llochti wh€n the mrid oluldr r*tm c riioc"a* ll o*. slch sbEs. i! FLrred ro s dveri. &4r'

I sb'4 dr b. txdtd Lt hlu4 .ol '@ilv rs.drEd wi$ vrrbble! tt !p.'d;i& 6i,i n' da€rRdd.t.P68m dffintorcPd'd 8bsdoIi bt*! 6 i,*.ndy b

" ped* nElGEsF i! tfi.n

'.qui*d rtr thi Poinr m unlil

n rd@d .iti€r b; l{lurse hRhrnbm or rhrcugi clhPlv b€ing no ldSe!FadshLl6n.ll D'1]atm Ho@, dt h*llhr o{ 0u d.4 ttu eFe tn mltrdoh.r .meiL ;ft- s4h r iMs? l, n6'Ed b ! 8,,,.1&as?

At tlE.rd olinbdu.lionw..n fituIvffilude rhat.t Mritu foll@ingi$u6 mun bs

. M.rSinr eE d.foch+ b.bmll.G h ln.er PnSnn.rd d.b objkrt dut

. ManrSlns L\e allmtiovde{lldtion ot md a(B b, darr obi€.b rr run{me.

. cmboling..d k-Ping h.L of dfi.dr Pa.€dc md Lhd otL

. t@di8 the liDr.ry fud@ Pt vi.Ld Dy dF linSuge

9.2 MA'OR R{JN-]IIqE ET.E]VIENTS REOOIRING STOMqE

Tn PlogE':lRr bds to vlfl sb68. M8tlMt ld8.l, in td oI 3r@3. ot dab 'idflni,el p'.s"*. xow*-, -*dtu stoia,. llumgelst otriB manv orh'r aruas ].ta l6k .t dE ruid po8r.n and dala ek@t Equitq lrnage dunng PsgEh .xKuhon

228 P@..i4 r"q"6 Riridd ."/ P'adt^

1 .nd. sqnrt tD trn4'od Le t Ptu|{n A tuior blo.l o dor'8e in a iv 3vnPm mLtF . ;.Ed L ibF dr od. ei"Mb r.t€6tins fi' tr:ftr'Pd torm d urdp-s.q "s.d-' a .h.d- P;str ; hxdwu d $thrm sErPEbd

u. i-:r,.. *oi* rnoo- *"bnti3l blek or trEDrv driis ^odon dEr h'

a.loored b s;h pi osrrd rh|r .uPPon r\. adrio 1 or fie s' F osEm fte**, '*r"a.'t- ii-itv tiu,..r ,oidn6 !u.h " Prinr tnd { rudboE in cl.n's,,;;.. .,r**. .i;F.b . hnd.FF Pl6sr duiry ando h arrurlud. rhe ddB $:r lrhrift tu8. nu!!l6r

7 Drh nfl.tudand ebft efud,v dE: GEinlv !P'6 E E un€d ft' rn dlb*u.tuts

'nd @tus wh(h re @Ed bv FogrrM ln 6€/3 Pro8rth

1 cntiw @z Pobgr@6 rb' /d'! w€ k'ld tsr &bpbgEh Gv b€-;'" t*' d,Iit-'i p.'id; * Pr;sd so danv F 'uinbnr

l" oro :id6ue dl:.n inlotDda rl.h s sb_FqM EtuD Fid' cdodb? 'M'm'nb.;.di norE lot *n dul.d$bP63iNhurt' Ehdr@r3'

5.'R ne Eatitur db: s@s.61 Freslng wnoM'nt (ids'ilid .siatl6)d;!'. @hd nY

'quln rut bnri:l !P&

n r^** oo,dt ," oota" ,oaufi4 w lmw ttut Rdudm o{ s"PEio'*,il'- il" * ot tv'i.-aai'.a khPoEry r@g. ror th' h@dLE Buir*ir'.i* "..".i1"t"'***.*ru.b;oIE+b)*(c+d)

rh'sultorlB'iaa'tm *v tut L * Eo*a n th' bmpdirv wluL rh' *dd

'ddibm i!

*tr*.a vir--p'*- *u* Eunw 6fto qlh' iha uJ'lEd Mb'r;i;m@ r.iLbl; Dv b. Equnrd b sb* P"dd dul' t 6+ I'vd or ffiim

7 IzM@ u@bk' i p@tu tffii$,t Whm t tutsPdgm b 6l|4 t llt oI

xul D;ctrt nu* b€ ddulkd sd lh! dulring vtrua tud 6 bPhryo.* *o -.t-t- .t -t* t'r i:' dPLu A8d ln * of lluiw h!6m-[ ;rnibd Mbs ol Ei'u6 !'Y b. EquiE'L

S ,rrt€JFlr sdh! we kFw rtut hPdfliPut 'Pa!t'6s

!E Pclchrd d'mght,icd, ";hd"

i;. empda'v $r"s. shee dlE arc tM?d hd6 thr dm oI ot*ra'r'*-lt -t.o'uria.u.ortonuEn l'idrh'llplrdrPurotddNAs;in;bft Lisus.!.q,@{hud"aoI!6@v'!Edddb'lgv'dr.r de b!(d duri$ d6on

9 Sutvn &f d d.v Rvsy h,ngr$ e tnPldmnbbd ! Fqui'?d (d n'ios tvth;;i. *a * '-ru btte, li'h! ir'lordiion r.r inPutsdrPur, refcne tut dErb.8. .olle.[on UB, ard al ol rhe stlra &b Rquid tu3'

9,3 AqE-DMSION OF RUN'TII4E MEIVIORY

W! |s L\.r rh. 6hp,ld obi* . bkr d ebESe fd tnP omplkd P'qtln b M in

nu.ft M E d! b h. sHivid.d b lbld dE 'tffasn 'o6Pqd

oI M @rhg

' Gffilkd e@bbl! ode

. Albu.rubt..thclolF{doFdiv.SN nisdS€IErvb'cNiddldto@id ol Ho@eot\s:

M@ I"l'q*{ 229

n. rhc*, fq obi..rs wh6.lie dh. do not.x.ed lheliledhe of acrivrtioD tnd

nziap lo d. objeb hho* liL dR

FOer tu+dm dNirro{mmdv

A Vpld N6air&i6 biShtrP

93,r OrgtilEdon of C.td. /ve

Flg tt c.d..dotl.tub

U3uUv.!de ! r@Fd oL hlfu rt r rid lhs rh.cod'.d l'vout i'oIttr fm:wid'i,' . I;.6a tE MP'14 b! ftEdm b &Emize rlE

"de s

'r'v Hv c'r'ul

r^ia ".a.

.ic'i" " mim-."4 o'dul .bdd b rh @dd h whrh *r firrfi'E 'np,i*a * i^p-* ot* "tti-o-

93.2 lq.mry lvhras€rent Pl6!.!B.d..ily.er8. hdSlMi F@ 6t sPLtd n\ dl* Ptes *l'idr d ! touow!:

r. ina"ril-,'an r, o* tot a*b6.rdr Pleol &n3'@v b. 'jttEdlo"hd

lor pm c? tr 6e U ,re. ldlhlly, tr lt rvdlabh td allo<'t6 dydmblv 'laixunm pmeas smse ruo8r;FEh mu! h!v' sE 3Peiac Mhrnitn ror

rkplr,s ;d o, fr* F.i! D..u & Ghds fd alroobd oI fte tllns' ! rh!

Ed !s duinS ffiudm

230 P@a^iq kia46-&i&rtL' ,i/ toEdntu

2 lt@wtr FE. $Fr. hut b. ftw.(d fo! lu in.llo..d6 sbagllrDmga nErIdnow ;de Mn;i,N llk. EDdidonlru oi I shk Potnb, or aeiy comPl€x a h

3. arna.rq cid rr4' 9brs. hst b. ln th( fornd rddv io 'll@Fd

ln sme

'-'ji'.mL r-*'i'pumsi*p*dohlv b. FqdiFd brm' bBPi*o!5o*fF; mu eR! R.u*;r rb4; it !!R rs idttrl lrMrion

9.4 MFJTIORY-ALLOCAIION ETNAIEGE5

Mdory{Lootio lbNtle h.dallf d.Fnd d pmrEffilng Lnguge imPlmbbon,'@dins b l.nSorF ;Phm.erFtr w.6n hrve vrdou t?€ or !b'3€ud:enhE 6. whicn N dEu4d rt f.lb{.

S.L1 St"t Al*tonnx sDl6t tob ol .l|qdd t rb& rIdt'@ Sbl3. t?.e oR

'I@r'd wa tE@

Elde4brvaydrPLtuS. ddam.d.lthi.ltolath8eaEqutldt@.mrrd ot.ll dd.bL lpd io*.!.t! dt oUE, wa |d.qau

1rr Mir Lt@F lilt k ( td thrk.t @ge th. red d tird' 9ar'* ,i .I-pir. tir rnti tuc rrddm ! dtuidr b@4 rc d d sPe i!dFd€d 60r ed:!. ttmS.mr d';hS asdm Dt bslrbd g6Enb th d!6r I!.le.a.LB for.I .Lb itd.

Ed€E, itir n@rFbtrL titfiNiE NtPr.8@dl}, w10i.Lb ffi srxEliu n d.FdFt 6 o;Fd.d d |tPut d.b, ..d. witi tuv sria d'dt'bL bn€!'8p

9.42 St d.-b:t d sloEg. M.FlElftntIt ! &o vsy 3ihpl. t{&dft rh€r ttug.'ml |.crdCu.

Flt 93 slrdr M4.6.d

5FE*.Dd.d6 !.rro .t N sd Sidrs' hut b. IE d ln the rc dde! or

.ued.^; t'lcr.ud* lpc Rn y mut &a rh. tPc 6d onlv',t'alseAPoilk R

,u det b MnA b @d t,J'a'na$gtutTne lht DNb.lwave potnb b L\. bP of 0c d:cl( *E dt N'ihtL tod of fie

s6E[. m d'e ;6cr blek -co;Prtd ds .umd.,nv ft@ th' bc:t !brs' rnd

M?'q llcatd 231

W. lqror th.t th. n6i oI tl* tift progFd.nd da|. el@E Equidng s@!' Rtud b:ubDrceam {tjvd'oo vl|nm r.ubircsrzn t oll.d, pddll t Ew adErion Rtd n

.1-j"a? 'r,.

Lp lt,""* -a,."i-''uon o*c 'u

aaeuon t'"- $e rtr'l Ar8'r'r'r'iiii; ',a,a,i *"a -d c," !'! enpl? l2t b bte tl'. dmple or c_hn3usF bsrl!furdrtEdF[{

Ns @cida 0! toldi.S c Fr.gtln

r^r \ y, ll

iir r, b, / rov.I trx' dscrlrlLion i/

., p /r r.€r '1y' d.cr.r.do. '/

,

Now ler c M.lye ur. PF3r!h.

flgri(rl Erirtlg

Md lne declqdon oI & t z 0.,.t o) th. I*8tu !ri* dld r.or * h rit 9 {(b)

Alk tr. dchatim of hvd h lt @dd lPPe s ln Fi!. 9.{G)

olrL.vinrlR.ll&,dddatbEtl.*6ft d*mvnvstbdth'Fig 9lid)ddro6resc lercliy fi 6uld b@d G h riS, I (.)

on abinr lev.l2 flFrrre lbd herE ! ln Fi& 940rid on l6vnBl.v.l2 Gt 'edh4 Gis e3G)

on leaviiS red 1, ii Fwtrt b Ft e40r)

232 liFibhr Lq{MaF&itu 14d Padli@

Fle, t44 eb* .lrer r#s 1r

f rer..L) s':d.n'rdi|lel"d,

Frs-eiN sldms|av|l hd lv

ShcI .s.h bdoro empry on lavnr8.lE rldi.n FF ,6rd!|3 b oF 'bov'dFi8on;n hrvrg I oBtoird dEn;r B sPIy Fm*d 6d ttE lrrL To do rht

|ht oI poinM 6ry b. trinlri@d P.hdJl3 !o l1|? I@t ot e tkr &gdn6 or6ptuh3b *r .msund rbEdub u\,r d .ffiuy bs^l .:mb

TrE €kulidd d 0E rddrs oi . vrib| wltl 6P.d ro rh€ l@t d rh. !L.k 6:sdrrJv mll6 .clcErLdF oi ft @i d #.$ @Pi.d hv tl' vrl* d €dr oI 0r

'-lL dd* i' 6 [' 'bd-'io@dm drt s lffin rt @Pih ttE

9.4.3 Dynamlc M.mry Mtn4cmdtw. c.@t 6. . 3bcl-baed distplim {oi tuclid .dl, in . tuffuoi.l Lltur. bea@ of

dil6dl66 indln{nstlditB; vdc t @ odE ftldioq rlsa tedt, dirt'm]lqd!

'@ M"@'d 233

md b€ 'IGd l@ ' hAp )inuL' dltidlhc 'n P65ir8 rud ddu6 €ult in rcl

.hxr odenbd lrnsurs. Ftyrg 6 ,rq .Uctd h.ndv rd obiKb 8Qr ir i! ofrd mt

.d* -h* *d;v ;- b.;r"tv lrft4 .u(h h,u!is6 ulbnv dv 6 E lrn)dbn dminldRt ltraF.mr'9.4!1 tt tury Mantlehl ln t e lt lP

A leaD s 6LaUy runt.ltEd '" '

lEt d sbd.I bldk ol ftrury ' tnld:lly aI oI (h' ffte \Pd"! ;;b'Fd E; oe L!!! bld\ brr r.gueb (wh.rAk dpLo' !- imPllcl0 rot lrnrsF ud

'*<'*t qo": a-u**t a *(ry wlli .(.urxt Eelx in dt haP b'nls h'oLm

Frs It r..Fr.. r'i

FrM9.5(')*e€. 68 tis! rhar 6 hh|j dMtto or h.aP ln Fa 9 5lh) 'h'd'd

EalN* -:!lgr aLlift t !' *..n@bd ud v.t tDr &ed

nn- . *, ll -a" G., i" 'i, | "Fq' .btMD for ' bl*I oI a'Mlt' l@e

.uw -u xi"'a.r}A oitt-b r bto.r oi m'dvd th. dEir'd dt Fd lilERon

^"iir--,e' * O. tlt, ot t*

"p.* 6d lh &st u.d 'hi'I !r rt L"t E lr8' a dr blod

i&.a -* ''i*'r ur |d.'u.rrr n' d{ sE o{ ft|dhs ' brrr 'hL} i!a|ftn s

pGJ:ble F Lrs.asC bsddy tu '!.d' wr*r,-^ e*',io'.i".t'*dJv@!hMNrysbEdedwiuh"llo"r'4w h

ih. *mrind.r of L\. biock reftd b dE.b.t ol rsiLble sP*e

Unl6 dd ts uLtr rh! hoP wi! €muUy b.6mpa*d or srlld rnd rru'lr blc tror r|lrm In dd.r ro Mt rhis. lht os!6i* rFb w l ndnt]lv 'bnPr

b ffi8F d-ilo,iiu.,t tlar'ol to *o-'v ird wjl.t{€ ! bld* or d6ory b Edv b b"

;Ed b'dl hdo t! rdid DEsv lddd N@ded b dlEmi$wh'dsorv*i-av- *.li;pa.i-t u'+.; Idtts{dboo'}e d- d', c

'r63d srA Et

|w6hredpqrin|lEk PEm wh .4t6oa tk tE t @ sdt b@6 t's6d' s& ha 4 rEdt bt6l6 ol wtwv

b.i^B usza "Iktuh^Aun\

tdLblad. in h haq q@1'bt trdi" p'ott"".^ t F,at! "*"^uy

6@t^t n @! bv ad ry dt bta'It in e b w ado! -tu; ^d

r"n Mi6-'S ttt tt" ,tuini^g 4,u.11 @ @t tt & bt"t l\E oa & n eaPta

'ne podun in rtL ddb ELtlctrta in w w, d rPlt@

234 P@nntu r,q@-eituirL, , &fldilN

9.5 RECLA|IIA]ION OF FREE STORAC€

PGLdd.n o, fr*tuS. j. vay hF{rrd !tue i. @ry Mgdd w€ 6n dtvld' orred.Mnd krliqu n' lI'R Frbr

r &pncrt PcM b, ?6€Dmr d lFGn2 n t r.c666g

Bv.ry r.<tDiqu hs iE M .dvhtrgs .nd dsdvlnbg. ln Lh! *tion w willaielv Nlt* 0E EdsiqE

95.r E pldt Rclrsi by PDgnmms or Eyst4n

Sdtr IrEulSt (Iik FGL C drd C+4 pdid6 tr6{.1 chmeo or tu8' uitgoEt'lm lil.'6r'!d ".tLPd-

rd u E th. anPte o{c b uddbnrt tE @*!Ptet - rulle (6)j

Tlc rt v.lxi.tu .ne.teliixba.rFe&dftM.PoinE lo il nd L\is !iod8'504 my b..om i6i!i. d( to PrlM &nm such d t4lSnmir !o Pdnbt 'tPt'Pt]w,

Nd e MbiN dE rdds o, dr rnh* rnit 4* '[6d tt rhov' one{6)6tMtiF.Eiu...dhL.lla!dtlr|!tEoIn trd (6) lds c",'!' H'@,dEmiN rfi. pdibilrty {st th..Prc 6'Ioed i3.ae.ttL el' .d. orlE vanbk'CoNdir dEd6doI@drys ad8'lIEr'd6

P61. Pb;

Tln!.$tg@ntwdd er.**!p6.tld.bdbv trullo<r6dbLvir tl€v'tLbL Pt 1

sur w. h.v. rc dnod br w}'i.h M d *'d tDr whi.h ol lh. P.rh . pr.am *tur.lLw { ffiUtr, nn! @ ihr @d. b Ebih leP rFc oniol b.8MEd rt mpi'riq dr'lt. rk f..r dur brr. .8 ot tPe .lro6bd 6 ll. lsP d 6drv bdmL6:.ddb. lr!J4. c p'dida dr 6dhv b 6E rl* tpF ! lollos

ftE (Pk)

B$tha tl.d of 6.iti6e9!t. drddattLrb!*olEPddulilt 6 {i PFgnl@'g,tl,t Pr.blln.fof,d.e. t dDdgdig l'tE plldtAlbdud.

WrE dl dE.s pldr b t dab otial N dsbly€d bur d..Lb.bFt orinE b '\t'r

ded.b otl..r t! ldil r, !.3'r.3s

ldsE@pl.ofclrn€!:!.,

P r Nrl* (10)

s - Mlroc (6)

.m.tM.*&..i.235

ln rhow sde 'l''@r

incDDv p hs dr addr6 ol m.ud 00) but ehen P'q $m P ha

". Ja'...ii*.n; ; -'u* tai in dN ?d rrd*d bv drr'c (6) batrB 3edq?ln rh6 6* ooid 6n rc lon3s b€ ,lrs€d frcn otls ps ol lh' PbgFe to t or no

,"'4. *, i""*., ,r* u"ai"i "t

d,€ ob'ed E rb's' ldbd ha not bd trot!4 s tl€sroFse tr mt .vrlable fo! r.uE

i a^"t',".t',* tt"",*rp^$ thrr snr'nu+ !o '\irr E! rh' liJe b' or rh'*ea"anioi-r,r,,t .'aa*;ut€dtuordl.ob'6!L\sblerol'gh3'€ft'wredtu EjI@d6 {;tr tia Dofr h [orhd drb obid Horu' th' |wvsv oI th'ltt'grriJa* *' *'t a,imv rt'"sidins :g P{h t'io'\ !*t ihu the} ev Mbnu' b

Lr $ .o6ids ode *8nai oI c lrnguaS. -

x - due 16l,

Nowvbrel.mtoth ldridwl chdsnotdisrloitild$8lingrefffi!Detu* tftab R 1 prhdn *nM Ptu$ h' '@t1&'

tunrgrunt e@ wt hrt**iu, it"i,w"n a *i ^* ^n

dw 'tutu1

d"ins ?n8@ @'i6 ca'1is' tt IB;;' bd'hu tu;d;';.t'rlt'

^'I'brlid drtt@b'.tu 3 e8' tu',psbqrl''r4ir

ofituAE h. ndh@t ild @ctt PtPe

9.5.2 R.fr.!e Counung

Retc.d oudns is @r.Ptutlly tioPl€r t En 8.I6rge.oUd@ hutolFn M out b b' ld.m.-i"*u.rft a-t*'a;.t,;o6i,,si'']Er6.hbrarolr@orv!'E{iEdb'@'8bMrr'm'$ro{Fin6bnTnds6i6tdolF66.tttf,fomP -q!.rflbd tlF {E Ua} ot mbdv*Drp"re"'uip..i.t.t,""t *.od d.;.eid bv ok, sh

' th'r pdnhd b Dt q would

hive ib .ount tnms .t mll L\. ost on . blG' ol Mory is Educ.d b zrc, i 3lEuld b' rrljftd to ltE hop or

*.ir.Ur. "r*. tt".*., U ,t t'- p.;b b oL\* bbcrs oI mmdv rh@ bl6b lhodd rlo

haw dEll Efdlc @b rarcd .MdinglY.otu hr d@h.* ol th' t\akn B Eet ddlht doJ enry lttd&t sdt hd rrfrMt w

*in a"*.ua *Lr'-J*a w*.tu eitu Fdk^ 4 tt'sshu o!'krb Bb

ir* 'r

rc*rinz "L'e

o in axuu' utl elh i.6 oI rht lilr wlu t!v' rErhe irq or $' bdii in. b{, iiw dm it..ltrutu lid i! i@tibr.Ibm dr Pb6nn\ rhe

:x of ib-r'l[ lun D. psib'E.nd tt -i! d h€ ELin.d.

9,5.3 G.rbagt colL.6onGdbare ollelid is I nm otllM wav o{ hmdlnlg '

dn$' !tor4! iEbntlid Tn'*a. ia* i. n'ot --pururi.. *.t"'6 ;n l heE i6 no sb'a8€ Lh b allt"te Thh tne

.ii'c; ; *."1! "t "'.

b'-* or mesory rh{ f unsrlv in u* md 3'trtr* tt,. s(il\. si.b.s.) -b ** h-p dtlrbh

"P.e

236 P'@..i^r r,4@ Pnsd..i/ &EdnN

Tha perds ol garbaSe rol€dim o b. undd;!@d s tollows:

wr\a (Eapac. lid n stirtl, exhdu.ta lnd l]e srong! b neded)

I

(

)

Mal,d,i,qilnrhir.tspa he hhtirth.hsP{hichi!'.ri!.lAn€leh"nrts*ttv'{dPF

" " -i n' o it r.o. o'lsa" oh" L-p or bm mrhd rdiv! hoP clsMr) $r ryl 'h

Itd oa r affiibl. drb Ebfu4 h@t b. nEk d A btt EP ov be u!'d

'6binirEl"aiaa us t *-"a . -.t' c.tl r A. hap TrE b $p wil d h' pd ol lk lsPibeltbuthll b. drdiiirtm ir E dl hfi nttr birdP dv bla @ ddE tu vrl6

(i) Mhs tla oF3Ponding ndEry eu G d.ble ro b' aGt'{ ir ' DsaimhetL (!cdw .LllHg

{'t odins n\e @cPondDS r.hory eU nn be ff$ed tu ' P-%$n vtnabl'

eirt" m or o*ue -tr*u* .ll0E.lffiB of |h. bir rup win b€ Gr 0 tnd ficmldordE F;b4;uddd ilsortlu Pr%'€g vxiood'Dld ol th' b dP wiu

; d b r E;b.fv 'x

r* bir ;t d.;6; @Po.di"3 b @ry cu! rh'r nrdlubL vi. pogb v.rirti6 wiu lllw t ordb1S@ NM ,Ib .rdtns UE nsruns.tdhic e m uilv dliid dE tdiv' 'ld*.ii i'- **

"bi*u . * p'%-n io'gh @ $.-n.l &. -' -n ;dhdftrd ril th*

iu,"-", r'.uq i i'.t* "

,,.a --* o'. mmirv d 'ItFd

bv u\.* objd d be lhr'd b u*ne.D &4Fe Ult lor luJtne @

'n@ekodbLswi*ttutbchdCue TrFhrtbth..Fc'1@'vlnordabl€ldd! nwr rdEudr *ll d |d b. @ Dlt)

^ d@ t€rcq r6bkn i' dd thlt rBaa'rn

;;; pJ; i!"-sh;*4" rl' dd b '*L ed 0r 'drt b@ud 11660'1or

. ,dr;t *d; he ;.ti's ds d od Sitrst 'otLctm srnbt'h rr El_

t* *""u. n't aua"-ogr t'- bd ; dns n'th.d b.sB rt'dqid !v ndr Fdr'd

9.13.1 lnpat Nlt k adb.4. C.!4u.aT1l4 hd. b6n *v.nl l[ot inPt4Ml in S.:i68. olL'16 'bdthid lh'rirr i;,s.h'skM s 16fr6t du..tot

h dE .tr.rrnh dr @ ! 6d d'!#.d inb k h:kq t'' Dt'l| IaV !d l}t /ut lt wh6 !;la bqrlDcEit ii1nE dring h.U hErbdaeoPl6b6*r Im'ory..i t -L"r ti. *" tt"tt t''t* * b. &'lElEd. Node ort 0E olec@ d vLok!dlrE.et6, r.thd th6 .lL ThL lind o! c@Pr bld b wdk ftU wfth r rlrnrl mhory rvtt'h

,r""*. ,ru- l, "

* , **to*l 6l{tion in whi(h onlv borhE b 3tht8' olld

'*rr" .l*ta'ir"a. a 'i...v old.r bre!' t' hou'd Fb 3bble !ur!' md m

""{-tl* - aia. soao u*,t'i- rhlr lrt Id Gho'd !eh's' ffi 6os mFFd'dy.ll6l.a bb& oI Igsry

-.@ M.atuir 237

In hisNy pars!.I 'rchilEtrrs

.an h.ve gdb:8. cou.dion bt' Plae i' b6'k8m!nd'

mjiinizing ot .limiEnng d.laF

s,5,3,2 t E rau. tas.E.Icab.se.:o[4uonTne sa$rS! o[.cdd hrv. fouNi$ idvdbge]:

r ldoen..6unti4 ir. d)lMo slution ro slve e plror llmory droohonDbbletu ft. od.-b inpl4d th. i'RMund d@t oP6'riN wh'rderLt*t e mae ism sN oI dovaoh t{ai$ it behind mt Poinhrd;d d61hdP tl*

"Peaz D.se!tr .E q.d b d6l'dte 'Go!€ ..qrnid bt d o!i6i rq 'Er d.3g

rhL ffiilr.I6Ld @ h.hdv, wiih sub6ge.dha 'dtd..l:NGem 16ru hpty bd db. db6'd.d adErr.

J. AD |hq dEtudlEjngn 'brydbc@ ttSsilGnrsho ohi*@'UooEdq d, d..L rd !.dt oE;m trGlBd.n mur b ebblisied e $ti it:n a(Pdmh.pPN, but deducEB befrle iadevtnl th6 th'E i! no n'ed b ftP !F l'l ttrkh;;6 b hmdre d.etti@ dd 0E eds l@ rttin

4. C.$* oll<dd hak in ody wh.n Msv 8etl riShl Wha hddy t! mt tigfLdE E;h rB .r tu! sDed rnd dG NLp.nd

'nv titr tRiS '6o'v

5 M;- -.5.r -uE@ * I"r .lw rdv.dd nd *e ih"lttE doe oEi;*oi":, 6p"e o-m ai"'i,.E nu.n ol ut bi'f6d'i'r ol dt trtr rd

6. Modd F!.F 6lltu do haP 6psrd ]taP o[p*ii6 Ed lo Fdr dE

"",be;F;di"€lv@Evd btr Pdg@ whi'h ffitBrll.m'v re

m ow uitlv b b€ 6.h. hja ud Ls siPtinS7. Garha$ .ollded PDSEn do not cdf. I'on gEdu'l debioirtton dc' 60

'naeuubdon oi hhorY lak!

s. G.rbar. oll*lon E.laii unu!.d h.sdt, $N lor dtv do nol tuffer Ion'mm;v d? wiicndd@ldu ru,$bg.tPrduN6 sFdu'uv (Nue nort

"'d -; dd@ *ril d*v b"n'5 .iown rh. ttten carbaF con*don Ptogr'tuhrve ,o.F tsb dbility

9 c.r[6€-.o[.cton t@ have few lu'd_bfiId Pold bu3' Thi! it bc<'utl}*- !" - a..rt'i.e;"t* o 6R d mmrv nE? i' no od! b

'rPliotlrdlnFl:l@,hrcmbu$inechcod'D Gnb6; o ..iett Prcsm d lalb to ddlop rnd deh{, ba4 th@ ! rc rd

u ae"_aophg ar&d"s rdn& ' rul.bhins rhe aplo' dednhon "d'1r cu.brk ou;*d @F. on b€ ttrjtlc.nrlv h.ller, b€u* ths? B no odP b

--i" a"l*.oo^-,^a t* i' ;o Nd iot d.'Prion h|ndleB ro de'llo'de

9.53.3 Dtutb'a*t ol Atnase c./larttlGdnageolL.ddLmt. P6ll@ Tn@ e s.ddNid6:

L lr l! mr Drdnhbb vrm.6ll6rion !d@ e dt Pi aBmd dbibrnlv P6E2 rE trn ft ul6ld,.eD6rim ro En s d h.und.d khne u p*de it b e'rt quL

tnis.tur h. gu'mba

238 A'F^dq r,4w-Pii.rrb .'1 P.'di@

3. All lhre.de other rhrn th. .ollero! ihlod hsr h. h'I while ihe olldion is in

a ee;e oD(b,.m rls udnd !m D.hory $at @ 'rPhit

deau@ro woLld

nd In-d!dn. liit i! @i m(h of M llt@ tre dPliciL dEIodG u$'Iv tE\ €

m.rc; I4lt ..61s rhh b eveollv @ lo! M! fthory' and b'ae *pu'lld6uo6b do not;o6tlly r.rs d..Io.!kd Mory ro h"P'3ting svthmrnr*n fsE.t F l Eto'nig it to ib oM hkfur Poor'

5. G.rb.€ slldion d\@ld b. tnPl.llldd n r bdL oFrbry s'tu lcftl si"B( d,fu 0q.R *t, t !h.s...lldd4 Prc8rm ndtarv @uJn qiA rhd L\'FJ6rs..oui{on dpi.,Ebdon vq . uu s t€ $ed DLt- i B sdl !h@

9.5,3.4 I'jldfi,dtt AE b.CP Co\.ctba oUr{itu/,h Fodeicod2

Ir! Eh.E oUe.ro. 10.16 ol @b L lt .bdc dttr !8rts! &d dE dd6 'nd

re3bb;;6 ol-adr osd- tl du .r v Fd 6l s otiEi ! h.ld didd. ol ihE t5 olEc *iilni!.it&d&-tunardt TorwidthltlFah49-'ir8,

. Minbn' I td b tr* oud l! s.E tl*6lL.i6 dc s' rd lld

. R-llodE dr oLiat odis dr iotds d& t r|f 8..[6tu d un'g |he c mtim'lih.rY! rdlo./fte

95A5 h,,bL aul dE G.rbto. Wt6ddb, ; o d'vid. Fdib hb M 6tsdi6 thd dur Poui b 3'i'43' ollKid*i,-'aO*duraoororyUotthLcEPonbcdhtdlltbcsmnrrl Po;b

'..dv.d tq c litr8 id&EFnb b s6.d.t4 Ftu6 b did 6 tu

;'lu "l.-

r- d* Fhbl ."yid'.s tui i|.r'l !r c o t' dd *td' d^ r"' 3*h"8'd;d -d,,6 r; nf.'!lq h.ffi, d-r N Fd dilcdb'E Tna dirtd r;*- h,id* * iE d.d io*tL d.'uioM n dtilrvh8d'8'@|ld'd'4snTrr

1. w. storld not 16r tsl.b rtlh odE e.l@2. w. lhould lor @ dE xd tl.l b Mp tro Finld v'163 w. dsld lroF tohntt inb M'Pohb v.rilhbt 6iry db atd odle rid'1

rnt x = cG! (ri!) p; // .r!or: lidefrn.d b€hevldr4. w. shodd mt t.L. rdv.nL!. oI .[tMt .f Poin6 kr 3toe ttr n'83 ln 0E ld

dlr tvold r) (ca't lln!) pll), // .rror.bE lnio eolnrdr vrlG rh.t nrt P.i.t h6 d! 3ab.3t @UecFd

D - colr (wld ') 123156?3,// .r!or: u.d.rh.dA .@p*di8 g.rbr8. oncbt m.v.168. th! vrlua

6. W. dlDurd d troE d8tc v.lu5 it'ro toinbt orh'r th|n nullZ we dould nor mii. ponh v.lus olt lD dilr dd @d dsn t"k h i8'in

M.@ Maatu'i 239

3 we shdld rct ue Folnler valu* b .onpub a n:5n luL{im A coPylng Srrba3e6lle.d on ebltdily nove obie.ts .Fund in hemoryi thm inv.lid*ins ue6mrud h6Elue

9. w.3hourd d d?Fd h rlt ettenB ol Fnh:rf {P1 <PA) // erb!:

slffe a3rlr! dr gaba8. @lL.br o nN. obiKts dolnc tu n'mory10. \{. rhould mt add d subld m ollsd io r loinb such L\.r the dult Polnl! ou6rd.

ol tne roudr ol tu S.rb!S. onEEd object onginaly .lldt d.

char rD _ Nv cr\d t10l;ch'r r4 - p +6 ; // th|3 is okq-P+rri//ertdlq- P - rt // errcrl

1r. We snodd d hnsqgnd !.inkf if lh6.potutuytEhlinlo3.rb4!ouEdon

arl9n (I' 3tncL ri.L(

ch3r rpj // ni3al!s..d loi.t€r

Mi:.lignd p.itu my b. G€d if ttE unddlyiry h|rd@ .upt d rhh dd rh.poit{q ! mwr @d to poirt inb the 3'h.g..tiletim }Eap

12. lYe shdld d @ byh-by+yE@ry@pts b oF, t hhvalB Thi!Dy EUlirn hl€m.dLb Mdi.ioE she drE ! rcr . vdid rolrb, rd it th. gIh€g.olki6Flglh2 thnnn|er.h.didli@itddflPttr86ry.

N@ ht B s dt tti$s l't edn ."n 6 * dMr, v*au! on lo $m 3!0n3. witn. P.inEc

hior U I brd r D*r tn! valu.lusitr8 !u.h . un@ nMd.n 6 a rubdtut Lr r cd (int) ,iu Edt tn und.4tud

z A poinrs to th.sh.[. €r*%. onEt d oti.dn .d rcr6.ninbn!.d if. Fiebthe bbior ol *P obikt akb,

cha! I lP - nex chu lrolJclB. I lq - PI3 .., 6l;

ils€ q i! eflSh b rdd d tb d. ou6t .Cn t ',.€d

to tc9 96 sdl9,5,3,6 rr'Jr*ho ttulqebqs. ciue,tlG.rb!8e ol<don doa't elv. d6y moly dedld.tdn Prbld Fd d&ilc iI I root lo. LJa. d.b 3kucte Ir kep! rh.3rd%F otdr dmot teLiF il @ir i! n.vc ft{aredto.t.inTodibiul.dGF.bl4nb gadpn dc.ro*rr€ElerpoinEb!nobit{totull wts m 168? r€d.d.

t)ljl !d@ rppli!! only ro rod. r-e-lre or 'lds]E db.dd.d Ert otha obrdTher. E nor nuch_r;d Io-,ir.fi tFFd on the d(t b b€ nLlled, rre ihF couedor dci . enlor !@rs pasr rh€ top ol *E sk& .nd bda. n* shcx iElc u. iniiali4d mraeay

240 PEFnniq L!ryq.-P'imid , a^a to'adisnr

ln sr ltnru'qe ,ppl'.!rion lewl renory 'lrdggmnr poblm

'Tml!' nound rhe

d- addo';pmw rhep pmbretu bri inb tuo okedisli) rt?rutue de.Iocrtion (MuPted Pou@)(ii) lrs..rl& d@lloorio ('trory LaLs)

In 69 of ilnneLh d.ilFrioq dl

' uld hvdlv' 6c( )i'g 6CodrA bug3 e l.n8uge depodh****,i" i xa" -fiLi' c.i t'i. n shr iNolw lMg deLh h li'u of deld II D6gnffi; ir*;,ffina ;" -' d.Fnd- d *r b^surslr iiEqd' u*t inrcr* 3ihPr'

p6grm6ru34€N' -rot'**U*cfC" "tl*orvm'n4mdshtndLobyth(Pr%nM'sall'r

'* ^fr'"[* *r,.. *-'tu rt'.''%@ ha aFded mu'h €6rt b 6w h;;,i;;;-J d.d; L '4.c7c;

u*@tt b-'id *"-t L'ra o' "*fii".""ii r'ii"

" *iJ*"p*a p"-EE rnd via E;.

^nrl bv dh tlE ri!'r o{$ch

i'?,--.*, * , -a. ,r; -,i omPl*iry, e r?r d Bcuh ro plftr I(3' c/cr I

adl.rrioo non fi6e tyF or bust''

In hv.6 rh.ollm hld tu lvr L'gu8e {d ruh-bS'tlE abnlv dihituE ur*iii,-i-".j,iii'ia p."; *j."a.i;d;mrv '.|"

r,r EFhw r1!' d6l, wirt

tu1*ff""*.-"t**onrvb.bjs rr.*ilmdPrrdr arr6'rh'mory'

*,liJ''rio'1..t-a*"q*i ftn r* @b rnl" ttpa 4obt$). Th lrh Md* @tlor! | Stt'S' @U6E t'Er c.L@ ttu o*mrv mpied bv

;;ir-*rd*;'d;6.t.u-'nrcIonaacau' ftj3Nb{E Pi'g;. ;;;d;.,*t-"dsdob1dRfs@bduttted|8'oudtu!dcr rut 0ll!6 ih. objd iI ft i! lbll nFdd

'Le wlF th@ m [s m 6 q

l"irrv'e. ii *..a; ,l*' *e rN E 'i!r ol dardrdry tunorv

. frHlP.'"*tt--*'h'oIoq*ryetb'*tu,o.-drr'b''r3;t F n'nl lr; Fb.e! olldot -'n tun frbs $' ot''s (ullB @ :r triL*" * *a-.a .Li*r.."t n

" ie a lot @s* rh'n odtns ad or rhe objdr!

d;hdd b l.r so ol ib oB d'F1d!di6 ('lld b r 'dh3:Fd ProoEa un

c++).*" --* r.'r,' mv * o'*a bv P@ PF8hm d6ur ro h r'h dBtF

*"**"ry .tia *t'*'."g;-bng in t$gld'd Pd of the-tvth O*- * g"IFiii'J#" iL,,'r"i;q..ih";h t"i t rc r'nss @ded such "*d tvProrrv hrck';_;i; "n d" lo"F"-. p*t-rv .gFd'b oqdnl'w '.os nioo pd ot 0a-.it-ri .i- d;riin'* ;-;'. dc',n " { nEr'Er or I lrurtv

'kqrt'i'n du c d

6ldod otu in lud (:g wil rvPierv dg'dt N .lMas tu ;ruolosv rmPFv6, a tulbbk FPhftrFd JvM 0!% virtu'l l!kr\im) ould

*'. J,* ***i"1",1r' aan d h mtury hrk!bv 6ru *€g"b'stoutub h'IJuG***** rtu ga'sd. -'ld'ould rh'n F',trse obid in ffiv ledmsh; r'sh;s hcb b.rd m wh.n rtEY e Lir d.!!'@

. qMc"rs.d 241

Idodlly oI.ouE, progffi.E Muld d6iSn rPPIkatiN wii\ obj{b lifercle in nin4ninsdEn EIy mcleErfanr@ drbkt{GdryM implel@brid

9,5,5 Refi.n.. Costing B. AutoNtic G'bag€ Coll.cllon

I.rhLs{timwwlUonpdAutod.ri.Garla&ColLrtimwithRfuR.oundnS rhths.$mprion our Ffrc @sdn8 b not @d fd .y.!c dab:

. Tr! d€tudrG inrcL.d nledi:Lly uFn ttnliaE our<lroping b @.Tlrj3 Ls

bdE the A€ Erohe. It msh d6 b. t.b *o uinc Mun rdsti@siR r pEsl:rnE hiEnt d oPrihaly pIE der*.

. S.h. AGC knniqu. pr$ rhe pb3'.h whil. STbaBs olLction orur Ih*pau6 can virt { h @.oll ryebn .ondlnN. Tte suiuhitry of rh.* a6chc\ilqu. Id Eai-tllt€ d tnts*dw .pplislid bd, b b. ls d6 el0s dmordn3 d tlhr.l ELmiior

. R.tqeffi[nsi' Ia.I6ddtd idu.] Ehmdm Ifie@tt b.oE hadach tih. . R66e i5 daea d tlmwd. Ale, th€ !.Iffi ohr dr€ up lPeeidE,fth lJd poliE d 0E oF Fintd lo.

Acc t.hnqu. d htudw t(Frilicant dah. iib a Prcsrh .vm ir oniy u.d ld .sin3le objel Thi! i, nol efoit tr@ outn& whichlE mre of . p.kbied orerhe.d (witn$mobjebh:viqmr*tiv.*eaft turtunot!6).rn F{bjdG@orE @ountd ovdt!.4 .Lis *ith rn ii! nrid6 L bdBvior md !b.c b.Fa relrereout'4g and 'Mul Ed.@tiotr 016 ft la.ibl. io odda r4lrnd rm3m3

Cy.lic dal. would b€ lt\€ prim ondid't€ io t. Fuurlly ELln d. - r.i4! @htin3d6 rct work orErry *ith li Bui oL\a obj<t olld rlm be mtujlt Rladed 6n b.kretrld4.y, A prorra@ rwfit u Etu.N osdnS ior.bjE t duiin3 L\€ iddrl Phlg.Id*Iopndt, wiui L\. oprion ol hrainveting ti@ b @de deLt. d.t mhts 6ot m ot.I oI

SdE poSn'Ming bn8{rg6 @ difidt tpFoac\ 4p{ 6d'.t lic dat lbftqtla l{g!.gi ruromdely mn 8c atEnjdllt s6bd otiie.t] vtitt r.A@.Nfug udctuida ft . ldh ! AGc A3 *phind abow, eftu snnti$ d€ nd wd* coffirt w h.ydn d'b lhe d6igMem. rime db* b dn$.cr<lic ddhwlih Ml$d4rePAGC,iftdofIlr|NJRl|mtih

9,6 FDGD AND VARIABLE-SEE ELEIVIENT

To natuge lhe h.ap dage i! h@ di{trult{hd {c proAtamr Mtsob ihe alld.tion.nd Rowry.l vdiableln€.b6hb h gpit oI lhat,l!ct.ll .@?t @ lhe 3|*. By.ulFis of follow|g ponrb we m.r.,'it uid@bnd d* 6repr

1' h 4 oI6id4iz.l.1mb hap 6 b. dida.d ifr.qud d! tlo.Ie ! F d4 of.laHt. But in 6* olEi:Uesized.Itnt odpLbhap ffi is bH a dbhrnd.!y tre { (r rcr drtd it @ w. do in liFi{4 a.

Z Ti€ mjor di|ic' i.! wlu\ v iaDlsia elemnb @tlm Eue or reva.d 3P'.e!m il re EdE 2 tveword bhle o! 6p@ in d! heaP, tut be thPosible ioeri3ly , I,tu FqBt tor . sd-rord blek Fited{iz @ @d enffibEd siihs.h pobl@ tur.r€d ,p.e ould ar,rF h. ih*rtiltl, tu5.d.

242 Pq.mi{ r"4ur&iidd' 'i/ Pd'c4^

3. g60 4dF nrisdtsrr syrd Bing vitrjldz 'LMb 'd thc FobLn ol

" iiJ*i fo" *.;"-. d; I ! d pcibr' b $uded r r'qGt iGPh o{ rh'!

iiffiii iirFtr" * t'p'-.a u"a; which d noirdse ercu8h roehlh€d $s

r.qEsr wtho$ 6nP:.u6a rn;e d tu.d{ile.Lmds 'llF@

s wrv tinPL A' dt'equi6lc' ft 6 be

' lii"d.- '

wr-u sdv r'r ucr "t "1.*'v

on 0a ou' hrid u .* d vdi'br$iEI'i*i.liii* li.JJi"pt t*.tii Gh' nsPre rd L 'nd rd 0r 6rd

ffiii-'i*i,i' "*;i,a;" 't'"* ir il. !p! nq l nqusd sd y'd" !d

HriJ,'-r"*-r J""a -o' 6*"* Irltl q tar,t In 'hi:'

* r.p heli--iiii, *'*a t"',t'" tt*r" *$ tuj ud nu'$q d wd& 3EE er 0r

9.? RECOI/EIU IN CAAE OF VA$ABLE€IZE BLOCKA

c6Erltv rdr€y!d!€ n s{$ @ n'di6-do@ sre tdavha 6t fiica_

'* lT* n- *... "*-r'a' rwry ila, f,lnch ! n'inprd om Ha 'r"

rfii3

*Utoa .utt "

*0, p'ut"t * gtt'g" dd drn8riry Ee*6. lndof vli.bh{iablo'twdr'dnddda@hl. lJo -u*- o *

" tt'* klnqF 'ith urd' tbdili6lon He duin8

J"n;fi.'fiai*t*pl "'I''* bryrbt kthF o\slnq'q96d l'r;fi u-r t ,im ii *" *oE rd b slta 14{l riddb |P6nF3 tuka$n or th. uod.

9.8 ]'4E}TORY I'IANAGE|IIENT IN VARIO(IS III'IQOAGE

ffi:ffi$ffiffiffiHhffiffiH$iJIn;!, *d6 q. wir !tudv treorv @s.lmt i' vdioc bgut86

9.s,1 M4ory ltl4agded of ALGOL

ALcoL d6isFd in 1c5s rd :lrdrE @Put'urs' ed dt,6r 'r'dt'h.d

b"4t

s-*mrqffiffi'$#ffiffiW-qlllw 6$(dlula ltPld€goi

9.8.2 ittsnory ltaFg€.Fnt of BASIC

B,.src is r sDh ud 6ilv_L"n'd Ptue:ruuS Lr8uS' d'vdoP'd tt T E K@ dd l (

ffi;;;i;5iir; ",*"-;dmk'.*ptbodr/'c{bre@uda llldui

M6t BAsIc! h.d quik powdftn shingirndling operatios tltatrquiEd a 3i6plejdra3.oil..e. tn lrr4y idlPlddtio4 ln. glbag. o tudld bef6@ ro 'u bt luMiry rh.hFbiru erBio Fi! ct.9.43 /{sory Managcmdt in C

C n . rFlrE p!%66in3 Lryura. sci@ a 'r p.ftbL ashbls' b.oe it w{iniended lo be su{icimdy lowlml b.Iow F{.lnft.mP6bl. br3sdblc ormclinodq tdt!ul6.i6tly high-level ro alow prcgr'ru to beEaed o0EpLl.Iorn{ith liide d no

Mdory nln3dar n t$cnt bm!,r (dr $Jd:rd ri6r,ry fidid toi @.ym3.m.nt in g rirrd mdta, hav. bcft .ln6t rFdymoue with @u.l nEnFry

'@3@n0. ]n. h8uge L nobnN lor i*!h8 Ll8. rumbs oI n.mry tuMghot

1. A(t6in3 rnays rith lide€ 0u( e dt o{ bo6&,2 U,ing ddd{ld,kl ftutuE h.J@d rlreir lir9 fi,6.3. U*rg,'..prrb.d.r3llu.tc.ftarddtr!dEfr{. N.glEd$ b 6e h.lpauoc.id ot d wr6 Alt N rc lo.Gk Equn d5 F,tliry ro alodb mlmory r.r r F.htr MoE usinA ll6 AlEdna iBdirhr nemry t r dre inrdkd (mhb;Z rdding foh rll@td r6.ir tcfoE st!.ins n' b it.3. Dacfi.ftlng rcn'polnieF r! ilout *E FiJrre{

9.8.4 M.mory megmdt ln CoBOLcorol- ns d€l8n.d by rh. CODASIL o'trnhc in 195960 ro be. bcil@ p6gEtmin3lrngu8e and h:! be6 sEndld Dny d@ dm.

coBoL ha m krp dlldnd. ad dft qur! weu in ib dmin widrout it Tte Extr6ion of th€ Iso lhndai4 rhEd h 2002" i! hviry rriir.6 !d [.ip alrd{tiar rhf$hALLOCAT€.'d FIEE, ruinly j! order to b€ able k' @ c'$rL inbltrr It aho i^ ord' b b.3!ppo!t! . hiSh l.vel oI .brd*don dmuSh objet{i.nd F%Bhbn'g lid 34hr?

9.8.5 C+ + Mdory M.Egementc++ is. (wEr(ly) oqd dih.lrnCqc atadin8 0E.yr|.Dpr.8@nna b.8uge C wjlh. hulhpl.ln]ldte .Ls lEh.nrs .id simph n*rh.d di,rp.dr

the d:nd.rd level of C++ mle! dE boo*lieepiq ftquiEd tt nmurL n naty

'l'mt.Rar even hdd6. Although lh. sbrdid libEly pFvidd dny Mud 'rl!@ry

''flS.M! wilh ih€ laieftir olLctu, ll i' lw pdibte io @ 8arba8. oncdo.smd poin6.re mt€r popular $luilon.

Ihe laqurS€ i! rclortos for fort riry hr8 nueber ol ftmry tu rg.hent bugs,

' r. Usin3 td.r{rbdH rdtu€ b.}dd 6dr liL dm6,2, UsnrSh€rp{ rur.d 6tuc&E ait6 n6ing $d.

244 Pa.nnitrg l,aut FPdmrrLt aid Panaisr

3. NegLctins b tt iaaa]rdd oliEb wlrn dq m rc loss Eqld{. Ei$iv€oPYhlv 6PY .dmr5 UMsted shaling due b i.6u1fi'lenr mPying ro @Fv d$tu'tu6 A[e;6n. iddfti6tn ndv

'ot lhe inds&d onral'

Z A€drnS-dF tiol id@ dBl N dt ol loltds

9,4,6 Forbln ll.mory Managcdot

Fqhtr @ted in 1917, YA on. or i\. nnr ''ngurg' qdllJ}lng 4! ltr8h-levi Ln8!'g'-Ir *

#*rh#*'*m ***'*H$ tr'fs itl*ri :tri3fiiliil;;;y"r t' 't- .id.rt dv@k dtio' sin!

^LLoc^rE uit. '*d

deilocrds lgs DEALIOACATP

9.a'? JlE Mdory r{.ms.tMtlM ! r nodh olt6 dirahd lmgoa' hrh : nd oUe'b of utJul t.atlE TIP ltv:illi*-,i,"* * L .*-p, tv ,r; l'E spp rr lun ro *rutu $'Md hg@ingi-"ir# i'ifi'la iy c* x.; *; r; dF r&sursc' s@ .* 0E i(drtv noder

fi";:;; -;;k-d,;d .r'! I'h vi*u'i 'uch€ om'rhi'l'.*bd ' IdoI

--iJ ir ii- . or.*n t.' al."tobd @''Pub\a o' opo mtw'lr"-;".; ;;-,r; - "."",,bE

oidoahd Posnmn"s:nd o&t'r ta

9.8.8 J.6 Scrtpt M.morv lLnagm'nt

,ffi,stn ffi f.ffiJf*ff : xLH "..X#,]'ffi E :"f

'-ii* *.*"i'-, '*tl. u^src: di@ tr

'o wrv to 'dedrv

dFro<'h lbu'se

"*Ed bi "hsi*.E"rdo "'d

lEtu n6o@

9.ss l&P f,t mdY iLnas€tmtrjsr ii r hony ot dPlu lagut6 d$tnjng lutlionn rnd ?'o'edal f4tls dbtrfurkrda MSM|'_-i-" ** *""i w t"n" naorthv *ound 1e53 ior rh€ hrnPuradon ot qnboi'

.#'Li. iip.;i J;l ;e".r *li*bttn ot usP' h' invhd 8rr'r @l'^dMod.n tjlD u!.J .dv!,*d t'i'3! di!@

9.8.10 ML tlcmorY Mahas€n'nt

Lir? ol'@ lftdn bnSu.8' Ml, Pdids 'uhhi' ,ltdry 'tn4dr Modm MI

iodcnEbh6 'MUv hrw rd6ir'd 3ed3! ddb6

9,8,11 liodula-3 M.mory M.nasocntfijs bn8u8. i! objFtiri&t d dmd:nr of P!9l Moa!L., i:' trsdy

'a".rkdt t4

.ltho!*h it ts pGtible b 4 tui@l MrJ dnqdd, in (din hod!16

9.E,12 Pascal Memory Manasement

It is m inpdrdv. bnglagp.h!r*&riad by 6lod ch.t'@ ed | frhtiEly donS tbiic ryPe

rFren Pel ss d6'gnd by NL!.6 wirth eund 1970. Psd ls rurrd @ry'dr|'Et lrtrh op6,b NEW .nd DEPCE} TtE d6tbrB madon d rll llb.rtaturiMoryMqMt.

9.9.13 Pdl Mdory Mln.g.mhtPal ir a .6pld blt Fvriul ,M8u.S! ttd it &.letic hixbE oI EiPdng ld8u86 {d

Ped Plqt.lrllr6 d wdl w h *inti tmF rnd '$ndE JTF wio$r hlving bwry about dnu.l l]r€mry mm'3e@i Pal L w.I+ulbEd b ohpl.r hr fierurupubH, ru.\ 11' pptrt sffilri@ 6L fom.tolr6:oq lhd rab sdva CGI FiPS. lt i3

dlo !.dul fd rPid pd.rypnle, bot l,r8e pel *ripb R ofh un$lnbiEble Pdll ,'l@'yltur4Mt it 1At4d.4 blt n b.utl4 4ae det.ta gEA.e. cnuddod lt alt hB ffilE;L,la wh6. liniffi e thid b rI* Mr odt It n Po.Cble to t c dE l:l.mltEigEd b Enlt6lndldntg mF) olPkiv, by und.64 ltE only r.fem b ul.n

9.8.14 Prelog M€mory M.tugd.ntPrd% i:; l%tc pESruufiB LMgu8. t'qlrt bt Alian @k|Eud eund 1970, ProloA iE

po?d.r h tll! AI ud !}!boli. s@Plhtolr @mity. It lr 46tl beae dqh .tEdysth ELti.dhiF rnd h6fft nthE rhr 6lfuB d ffi'qltr

shgP ! ouut l@g.d Ldng. Sar€? ol.ft, bnt tr 6mPla Mbl dtr Plae,p.d.l Equj]i@nb d tI€ collcbi

9,4.15 StatE Manory M.nagimdtSdE@ is ! @U lldioul hnSu:A. blsdnig hnl)@ 6!d rL' rd dSrL r€y L.tu€ oI*iaE ndu& ryntol,nd lilt.p.Eria,i?

'r.onon ddgrq3. o{kria L'i.d -.Ping

with 6si.ls. tundion objEb (implrns clault, t€li*le ldl+[ €Irlnrrion (.uo,insnaa6ve preedu.E to b€ dsdH lril cudlvely), lhe atility to dymmielly otbin th€

.mnt di,inkrion s . lid{lc obi*t :nd I Lngu8. d4iP6d dEr induds . fotm,l

9.8,16 Slmula M.hory Meaglhdtgmdr w4 doignd as a Lngur€. forsnnuldd, blt it apanded ln b t tun 3 erenl-p!'F*psgrrrmhg l.ryugl dld rh. fsr oti*t{!i!nt.d lDSuage,

SF'll L d6Sn.d h 1s2 - t7 by Krir,b Ny8!d sd OleJolun Du}lL wa! b!!.d on lkol60, bst Ur *d.Jed@r dmplc @ Erla-.d by ! Mill:]etul/t+inr

246 Painnii! ral.drlFr'iddd ! Pdrdia!

trdF ,mule b7 'inprorned

(lsq6tad nt'rdero? Pr6' behrvrcu Thedod'ir'

obmred d6rsn w.s euPPorted bv 3.rbs3?(d[do

9.4.1? Smalt lk MamorY iqtdgeddtSml,d} ! s obied an.nrFd Lneus' w rh surgle hsenllne rd nsge PsinS

AJ'nrir /.;o'v d'L1S.air i' e rFdtia Prd or fi! r'Ibl} Phno$Phv

1. Diffdliak b.twa M4 !ll@ti6 blrnqw of c++ dt I:F2. Dlh* tha lolowi$ eiongallFhon strtgie

r n. L"cud h.t l6llc ir\ ir rnkh ftquiP hdp rl@ti4 $a FtuF dE ir rc- ^*ii i , !*r .i .r' a , '*t *rv tu;6rv rr rct psd' D hel"*bbon oI

run rim? 3brs. rllcbd whnh us dv r hap[, wtlt.E vadd phig h eb St matuSetMi? D€'db€

5. sdihnqt6@of Srbsge@ll€donismrBGt 6NdlvPrPotubt@3'tuvdd. why ! e' Ei"lrin

6 n r Iuru€ h.. t6t1E h ir whrd rqujE IttP dl@rioa rha pstEpe d4 i! m- "*iiil,'kr .,

"r' t

" '*r *lv .*,.rv? Ir rcl- Ptrd' 'n Impre*brid or

run ritu 3br3. llldaiim *hl.h a6 odv ! h6P7 wlur B lE:D? Erol.ir how ho, d b' ud b LnPleffir 'bd8'

ruBs'rdr. m

fin.ond ddain uE mi lbbl€ ttrb th(@ b loPLhat kP sm o(L-t"# -rii [,,'a *r a a-g's dn.* i! di'd

'ut "n'iadv" [ ,,i.*"* -.r.*-r-.o* ihbs] tr to hrv. M !bnt' 1.' D.^E *r" i ':;-;;.";it *pv .'ch rer;;Fd obJ..r b 0E tud or fte od*r donge

,-'n ii,i-ii.i^* "u

iio* ""a.{

.F nrred, 3ark3! @rrdion r' @Pret'ii!-*!ri*i"ar' o***a'-.se@ wttntl*riu'6dPx'th'd'g'h*- . 'i. i-i- c"ip.* *,1' .te.;*' b ri' @pas dr'Gp

'lsordiht u *- a*,.*a ir' ,h..rtuo., ,r.r -Rf'!R .Mb * dr Prd'rEd h t@['l'' p,-*re.pprnm- t , i "*{wFP

alsdhim L derkctE h du! avllm'nt10, Dlsru$ rhe .dvrnbSls and dildv.nkets or:

(i) Edi.r( ftmort AIrt rri6(ur lmphdr mmry ,\Ioc.bd

rr. wlui.F ihl mMv l@Ls? D'ss tlt mturv lc'te in c+ii, ;ft"1"6"

"i 6re -u*r:- s bud LB lur6bt' to d! sr rm !vtb" rddv

L R.frff 6un'inS Ehniqu. dd rur sor o cy'li( drb"' 3:r ro $! iikm+r'[. How aumdd d;6 r €* o{ F*d md tsbl*n' ebdnE?

Dbc |ne mm.ry n.ng.l:mt in 6ruding languaSe:

(iij) BAsrc(i,) c(v) CosOL

(o) IlsP

C HAPT ER 1O

oblect orlented languaqes

lo.1 lllrRoDucTloN

h8!ffilt d h.re folitwilg q?. oi Posnrnrt\8 'dh'doloi":0 UNEutu dtqr.Mdng(ii) ?q.duor Fos6Mins(iii) ModuLr Pr%rammhs ed(iv) objd{imd Pngl.ffiiry'

10.1,1 qnstruducd PFgralm|,ng

u'@uv Fople 6m lanlns PFsFdu ns bv mdns rmrl rnd 'inPh

p-3:Ii1T:iq""i' i i* ..t. ".e.^

fi; "din PFgB" dnd 6' I r'qurc d o'*noe !riliLiii-*iJ'iii& Ji-n"r! gt i.t i"""gn"d'l' *hor'p-GFfr hsb?€t'v

rb io l UntuGd Prosdnnirt

w. kmq thil rhj! proa..rorhg Ehnigc PP'& l'€MdN dedtrbgd oR $'

Fopd 3€E ruftici6rt |dle

10,1.2 Proc.duhl Prcg6nnhgw'|h Eedul PFs.hhliS vs,F rble ro ombrc ntu"lAg !'q*'* "i"r. "r.*lr

i'"*a";..t1 t' ed b nvok' dE PKrduE AtE d'e *qu.R B

;iGS,fi.'i r -i*r r*.0. nstn 'b dr p66on *t4 tu 6n ws dd? (FB r04

c[jt tojdaltal{4' 249

F|r'lo.zE6l{do''Fdud

It tu d.r non dE rhow ftc rh:C rfts pllcinS 0d of MtFrr Frced wh@ ifi.dU ws tude T1E ndli pr.ABm b €Frstl. ro p.8 daL b t\. hdivtdu.l oft, rhe dda nFcea by th. pt@duE and, oR Or pFgFn lIt linishe4 O'! aultinS drra isp'6rbd- Th@ tlr ilow oI drh 6 b. illed c , hiardnel 3Ep& | tq a .hh in

Tt| h.h prqrd oddh't6..lb io p*dl@.nd lurdi r..pplopiiare dab as

Fb.r03 PF€dud@Emmh!

10.13 moddar ProgEtur nsWidl noduLr FlaMhg pc€d@ of r @md lNd@lity de gDuped toSelher in to&pGrr irddr, A psShn rhe loE tu lon8e @NsE oI only o* rhgle pd n G nowdMd.d inro *r!d od4 Frb w&n iri.a<t *w'l8h Pt*dE aU!.rxt wl'i.i tah rh.

In nodullr Fogrmmn€ the h.li FoSM .ddirkr carls b predtG tn sepotmdulBsdlurd3oElppEpi .a:bap!l|dk.E chtudule.oh.wiborndab.tni!arbs-.firiduL to dfrg.sntuml ff! *hihie nFaided by olle b prGd(E oIrhisnoduh.Hffi,Orpis lymesbhFfrodde{dadrrreduL.xrbrtMtoc

250 A'!,^.i( L!@dr.iPntitL .il PmdiF

I

Frs. to.a |lodllt t.qtnnh!

10.14 ODiei-oddt d PrlgrdNdngobi*rai.nr.rt eFF'lnns &lv6 lra PEhLd ot PEvlruFo3l:mnA rethodolods I"i.ii-ii"o'"i[*kuq;,,""* *!Rb;rrmldnrsd';r! d'hhr"*rc'prgiEou 3l.h a dlM in Fi& 10t

Flq.lo5 Oq.dabbdnlr.nnri"0

ohiRr oI dr Md inkr bv *ndmg @!6 ro 4h oo€' The PFhld wrdaua^--it 'ir"t r *

^ia..P'j.idv 6t.t! d6tsy e wv hdftd

;;-Lh';;A;;i;.s."-'i'sE-sdnir h.E!"'v di6bdFd'd &r'obi61;;*l;i;Fo-fi.rJ;1d-d'ayffidv c6*+citv rh@ ir tu ImEq dP

;;i;;; ;u;*.d- - &! dbon p;dur' ohFd t! @ ra@ or oud-;;;;;;;;t i ih.' * Fm drid r..t!E which dr€ objd{nahdFrcglorur3 b' 'w FoSENdgGMlE

Otjktolikl tzaa 251

10,2 OBJE T.ORIENTED LANGUAGES

Ttu prgnruhs hn8u8e whnh loDes !h. ffipr ot otjddffir€d Foantu8 rF6,jd io b. dhKr.;enEd prcsalmh8 A 'hgu8e E ohiet{nmFn u

L lt4uppde oq*b thal sr. d.h .b6Eachotu

?- ^n.$je

hv. m 'sirLd oliet rt!€ {o!h.arbd.l's6),3. CLsGyi E dalD{ts 6u suFdrg.4. conPtbdon p@d by !adi.8 n.g86 to oDi<B

5. Roltine ny b. .pPlied to oljRt whlch ae v.rianG ol L\o* they i!. dsiSr€d io be

.ptu.d Gut{yF polt.DrPhln!.t Suppod dtruat nrh.dln@rid

ail rlf objEbabd bn3!r86 bul' .Eund the oGPb oI objd ffi34.1.*lNbw, melhad. lbtwe (polyndPns) ,nd lukbs (nh.!lbm)

Sinuh 67 ! r$t ohjftridd bngu3., which wa d6i8tud tu di&nb tuuhtronsC++ l! obj.d{dmtd atui6 ro FEI C, USP ah

U* of lhe ni.6t is Eiff.l dd sllE I'v. b w b*ming t* n6r PoPur:r oti<!

IO.3 CONCEST OF ABSTMCI1ON

S.ru ritE we a*db. otiddiaei pEgr.Ming 'hrer d'e iyPd.nd lhar El|dorahlF

t t ur coroio4 d eMDL b lrdsbnd *€ o@Pr oI 'UtElcrion

SJppoe wr rE leing a

mbl.m m ou -E l.liL; ud w. wut b slw thlr pnbld tlwgh L\. $ttutF So ve.t fi6t;,r i! b uid.d.d dr Drtld b *FE d*rt 6d unn#rv.t.bil th6r e. h!v. FFbol*hIrydwnrb.Edvid,d;rcd.lo,th!DEbLh ft!plfi6oldFdeltn3boU.da6,kktid 6 snoM in Fis. 10,6.

FrC10,o C'.rrln or nFdu o rM r 9rc

252 A@Mq r'i.ryPndtb ril P4Edntu

.ln. Dodel delins an abehd ]ia lo tt. Probled fta iTPlie rtut the bddel Imus

only on probl€d rel,ted duff and rhd w. trt b degn. PrcPerties ol rh. Problem Tn6!

1. nr d.b which e.t1.ftd adZ TtE oFriod whkn e i<ta$n d

' A}tnr.tuan *( alltntot '

n brbi pobtn ti butllnqh'.ddtinah! d4a^g Lk t d'trdaDraetu4t.aeqAtty. &ahti6 6,tttk d'@ ddoP,ntuE 1t'!atut d2@t tI'ffi

103.1 Prop.rtie ofAbst cct Data lyP€w& uE.tltsfttd w. @itd 4llndin.d.ditv wtdci @ b. PEPaly h'ndLd Tl**6tir6 ddtu Lh. d.h ltsltu of . &r od tl.G Fot e6PLt 6d adurdtt4tldplovehs. @ drb ol bJth ud siar N,!06.

nr &b itfu d d{v }e...6..d sith &6*d ot@6(K lttlt * ol'F$N G

@n d inb'fe ad n qFba by d! ddty. An mrfty rtth ore PFPdia iud d*tib'd itc .dd$.!d&htn (^trD.

rotbwiJu ti@ rhoy !n ADT whnhone&ts or m rb3a*t d'b rhtu tud oFEb@6lv e.;dG d v@rbL fors th. oubde ud d.lh! fi. hhnm

Fo.loj tueHdq$.

oIFr tl* sphF it'@H'o:&la s@ ! 6lt'd wih rtul v'iG w'twh,ve !. tdkft oi ;4rd'.r air@ w. cu €( d Dny Ntrrc ol .n rbsddemplor.. B Red€d b dddibe ea€ry r.rr.mpL'€d Pdon'

o,fua^ 6aa^a o,n rw,, t".bsFld d.t tvF (ADn ! ch.D.Eid bv dE

2. It .@'b.3.1o1oFn6@ rHt d l! 6lld irq,c3. Op.Brid .f ri. lnterlre * the oro dd otlv (*t ntdEroF ro 0E q/pdr tui!

E*h aDlr d*ir6m 6cira ol |,o P.trt:. D.r.: his tsd dsib6 dE JtwtuE of tlt <l,b u*d in dr ADI hu hlornrl srt

Oriaro'hrd L!it@ 253

. Oarolimr Il !i ,dt d*ib6 valid op.nliN lor d$ Am. haa it i6ib6 ibi;e"r. W. ue ffiirl o!4aiim ffit do7 6 d6elb. &. tctiffi Yhi.h e ro t€p.rfor.d @ ;6dty i 0i!

^m ! dEed sa /4r!.b b de..nb. dv a.dm

which e lo b€ Frf.rn d oR s.ndry dsbt€d

10.4 CONCEPT OF OB.'ECT.ORIENTED PRO(iRAMI'{ING

objxtqidr.d !n8ur8€ bdu .@nd iolowinS orr€plt

10.4,1 Cr.53

A .lG is th. ibrLhddm d u rh.H d.b tyF (AItI) Ir d.6..d fr:trb .nd rud,r'rwhldrhDkmi!dEd.b Elfu.rd ope.doN!f 0EAm,EFhv.ly Inrtndo/.lM'4

slld;rfte. cffquady, ci.s deitr proFdie 'rd

h.luvitu or &t ol oqsb c R lonodrg arlPL b ue.tesbnd rh. ctuPr ot cl|!:Inraldld A@myt rt Mds of ollla bnyde in aidsa aI6l rll. @ dr.

rld nod.I E:.n btvd. rs hrttt t@ tp !|E !.1 oI bh.?lhb nd rha€r@ sbirB ih€emomporunb laob,6rdilid atft. w.ey rbtdrbtcyth bti l$bR ol lh.ceolobk€ knen ! bisl6 A .ra & rr, d!.p'int lrtnbrd' iidivdutobj.'b na tut a

Tre folrowhs Bl.yd€ cL{ ! m fGdue itPLrunbtio of t'ic}{l€ in lrv! brguge:ct.,! BrcFrE I

(!nt ned.Iu.) I

I@rd sP.edtP (r* lnce€.t, I

)

4eed-3F.d.d.@i!'I

.lIn rbow ,rvr ods !.8nd tuiAs sp.crl rd 8d FPenr $. oliet, lb!4 ard $.

r*rh.d! d.6n redt6 w h dd. @ld

104.2 Obj..toueb m rey ro udeMdin8 oqdr4ridted t .hnoloey

"an obl€l L rn !6trc of .d& Ii6b. hlquely idodfi.d b, i6 l'oz md itdJiB r,r'& di.hi! Ep@Ed b, tlE v.lG of iB !6ib{t6 at Plrd.uLt dft."

npld'!rir!' o, d otid a dlriJErl by dE'l oI ft$.as wiith m h. .PPlild 6 it

254 Pmsiniia t ^Pq3-Pii.i&r di/ Pcrr'iN

Real.word obiP. R .l5o lh,re Mo .h@bEbc: rnry rx h:v' $P e 'd

b'haqoul:;'';-;; r,";, *". .uhr Fdi od.N. .*r !P"dr dnd r'h'viou

r.iii* *i,, o-i'e p.ddt;*.PPIi"c bdkr) rda'drti"g !h'sb19919!-'i- i.l.i"ia "u,*-"i

g"* *.v . b?8$ tt'inhns h tu oI oqa.ru Pqi"*gs.re.F oUEts M oRpd,-tv dNltr b rrl_world ohdd dtv to (w3 or *ats md

-""ai;;;*i,,q""q*.,;^.hrrntur'ib{vs'br'in3mPro9dniryr'nsurse)'.J -* o u.r'";J'- u"-+ mdnod, (ftrxtu in @ Ps€nmnsg bsu8Es)

M. uis ME d d obiklr rbn l'btstlld*!otPturvhffidore

ffiffi .::r *Xtr":lr'::i,Tl.5r,Ti;&f ST#.1x1*' i""al"J."a.."l'*'B'n.ftwroridvFvtde''nub'ro'bddE"ttlldnE:

i ^l,iir,"*.

n".*..". t* "n

obd db' hb dnd drnbmd h'LPsdddv.ioi'',o";*-a.ro,.u*obFo ow@tdDob6kmb'dJvPuld'osd

t u,,t"-ir""i,l * r" i"*,i^s o'lv 'iti 'n otid! r{hods dt ddib ot ib

.i*r *pr*J,o,i- *' htaa- I@ dtr oubd' vdtr cod. {.@i lr rn ouar oL 4dt sb (FifilPt urlftn bv an'$n err*t' d*'toPd)' ;l;. ; ;t*,..; pq;m rhi!

'u@ 3'6'rs b imPr'rovbt

ilu.ii-prq *i"*-t* "ii.e sru'h vou d $6 d b M h v@ .*

L Ptuterbitit! @d &n4a$w ln ! peculu obiRr tlm od b be Pobhrutiq vou

."i_"r-"* "--"*ir ri". "* tpPlLrtion 'nd Pl!8 D I dllffir oblsr rs iu

;fii"iJ L;;;;.," ';;!'s "'*tu'j Fob'a * d' dr *-rd u'

blr b[dc w @ha il Nr tttaHF N(,@

A l]llm. @rm s . Fd or obiKb wh* obiEE E @Ed'.d6hFd bd lnradj4fi;HS;;;L*a'* *; ehi.h d 6' 6@ d ohier d

'dhd skjns P

nidat b r@lY r drhod on lb.r,' L", -l "i** *r,* - "bi*r to lPlv. hdrbd * llmrlu b i Prc"da 6r rn

,'.ai"ili'*Jl'-i-i',,ii #e.,r; H";'; i" o!i-k*'hh- tt- i" ' 'i"* d;;;;;"1 di*! *hr"r..";;6t wi*' dh orha bv dlsne"g lw86 obi.B"Jiiiii-t':i;l;; *.'.g- bt lpdvt"s trrt.d! d 0'arv6 l'v i$ dv ddv hl-*-i.ii

" i*ta. r", .6p;

" ft 6u'"s 'hid

j' d "n"-'d

6 dh d' nqu.fr

^"lf*o * . *"., " *

"oe*o invot' m or ib ndnod' "

A tl*$8. rh.i.foF.dbiB. Tt€ tud oI l}t m.hod and. ln..EMaeo{6\.6.rhod.

-.*'"i rt, n'-"r". a ' "otd

is

'cr ' r*dor dus€d bv d Pr ol

' ftsse m!

dnrv Bsbl. 'i

rhe mdnod 6 ictu'llv hoM b @ obFt

Old orlliad L.irrqld 255

A rur,{d is Mi.&d trih a c}.$. An otj{tl invols a b.rhod a a @hs to EaPr ol a

10.4.4 EnoDsulalioD"In obiRtdidr.rl F.S::lmin& th. hhr qe ol r€ping ho8.lha 14r. tR.ilE ed .rtE?*d, (r@i!6) *.hi.h d m d@ is kioh ! .€Fulabm"

V/.ll.M93ul.t.d obieLad. r "hlekbor' roi orhdPtrt of dFProar:nwhirhinbi.twit]l it. they ircvirt€ I !die, bur the c.llins obj.ci do nd nced ld tnow th. d.t i!, h* rhe

EsFdriim n dfticil b 6!ndh6 LrS.6dphr $hrdd vhirh u b. tuinbiad ad.n nd.a. Mmy.hdis luw,los that th.86d.6t in 5ftwd b d dt i.id.lda.lopMg blt dE dF6di olho6 eFt in dinbiiingtf, $fimt€, W.ll rcFdaH

Ore &Is& & ln pLcq 'dhd 8Er apoc tt dbdlna li! fdioullty. Ar yo! rddn& totu6 th4 b iilk rh.t Fu wiu bEl dltinA Pftr oI dE app!6rim. A8!inffiP$hdm h.lF b ninibn! o: ii'k.

In ! wel deriSned p6ean e(h obje.t rhouk h.v€ a singl? .6 of ffiPdsibiItt. fiitabi.tpMbnirtdfe lid1/416tu !fliu.tueietpt@ida,Nob rhlr r snBL obid 6 o6ra M th.n @ inlr'r€ c++ doe rct3upp.rl or dr€ptoInulrjpl.

'nbtrc.! {ds€h J.vr ds).

5o, ftiFuldi.n l'lrt6 rhe ihpl.llldtim rL.ujle ol th. otld aftt tlF .rJt dlhg rnttEnal$ .xk ely vblbl. b L\€ hterl* oi tne obj..l (ihat b nE !.r oI.ll M86 rhe olier

10.d5 lrnplemcntalidInphtutim & tp!.r olcLs r€0rdswhkl\ pFvjde tlE @ie prnit€d ty dE inbl4.h. w.ll deliSned obJct tne impLrenhtion ir htrdy hntdm Im you clienb'Ihpkndbtim i:' htr se palm d€ svt € ln ou inbfd".

l1nr i:' tlp @ of iA6n lin ,irttrl, 11l I dE FndpL our you .Ls 3h.uld rcr

"tp* its d'b, but Edq 6l@td o{s r l af.e alrowinl dimb b ra6 II€ drt.i nkdy. Tlts auoB 6 b !Ed1t h@,. ep@r rh:r d.L b dE.las ut{Eut bEatlngt\etnk re. DoinS & deupl6 L\e lmpiehdlrdon of our.l.$ IFn ib dlm& Flnch I.lFwidt eling @ 6d. @t'le,

10.4,6 PolyrnoQhlsmPolymorphin ru@! s sti9 (or.snpLi vfthble tuncdm d obFd) b bre r vdl.ty orFpltFhrioN Th.E we h:v€ !o didinsuilh dift.dt 9?a of poltnolphilm which will br

llf, fEr .jF. ii sihiLi b d! eEpt ot dyDdc b&'di"8. H@ rh. 9p€ oI a varnhkd.!.n& m ibdt nL Tn!9ib lyp.deFd!d dEmhr.r. rFi6c dd:

256 P@f,nhs LaqlqFPidtl. ,il &6di.ar

v, - tabc' /r v 'srltch.'" to srriig "//r Ne v .! 3trins a/

D.f^ido4 tlot:lro-P1ita Ol 1'? .aNF oI dvnlhi( binding rllos a vrirble 6 Lr'a,rre'or rr pe iei"^amr * u,e co"knr tt ! P'i 'uhr

hh' Th! thLiv or 3 v'ri6h i5 ('rlPd

d!ffiprEnadha w o, pdvturphnn d h. d.Id'd fd l'mtd ror .ffPq tuppG' m

-...-JiJ,JIi-i.i ' i luo *hxh ,* rRU! iI

'b ra*r i5 0 (*.) Dd rAIsE

orievise, Fo' intgd nuiba tlG i! eter:

booloan is $J[ (rdt ll I

D,(d kind 6l oW olFn h:E i @Lln |mu! h (..lnn w dn o$t MdJ*tin

iri-_-iur., .ia ".a- ur* Id..-pre rtl lt',E rh"ne.*tq oI bicvd6

i.i*i?Jii'.iiiJJ;a;.*rs;i4 Yd a'h rr!' dd* addittnr r'a*lii *# u? a,I'.".i'r

".a"' h./&r hlE ko k'b Dd t*o * ot haJdr'bE @d

i't-iii i- r'-jr.L"; * *'i.b'b 6h'v"nedditiodrchdn dJ's' 31v'ns km !

'' oi*.ao-e -""*o,,e.ll- d's b hhs Mnm v usl eb ind Lhviru

- -:"0-"* " * .*r'.*. .hlch rnow . ds A b inhait P'lP€nid o' r cls 3 w'

sv ";"#Ii;;l.6ifu or .bs a rru h're ,* b lribu* ind @{hod' or 'hs

D

*;dmt oa 'r.d

b Fd.iE *E1''-rid-l ^*"ot-.L* u,d*rbored'Fs|!'^ A t'otLd i'd"to{s ohitb

a.i'i ii i'-" i-J -r'*;u*or i! d';Fidns sp"u.$ F aFEd n'' L'

i* il,r" ri.t o'"r "u*" "t "* -tir!. lh,E da sm! b'hviour n otidor tu

'ucn@i,iF:ff,J#"; ; ;;;;;hi* sukras ruv 'i" b' ou;d drd "!; 'r iud

,0,17.1 MutW InhdrttEo* r.-,onr "bi*_.i*kd "*1"ru6

s EulEph il']ldlrft Multrple lrfenhneJci.i-.ji o-i ^iut" -u.t"* "t"E

0* @ luFrrd Ir .llo iio6 no{ bu tui ilJiJi-"-"'uii;.a.*.I"*reni:'.$t.rr'or DdEdls__

r',,r-r. ttl**" -* *r d okl:s dn hlw ll]fl tne m $Fda Tn!

-"ii5i'i"-',ii.J il i**' r.'"*d o{ '* rh:' @ suPdb' Md b "'\da'" 'r*r

Obk'Oi.*i &qa, 257

"if cb$ A innedb Iffi lhd om cLs, dui n A inh.;b rsn 81, 82, . ,., tn we s!.* oI

'dtpL irAditu lllir try inbdR 'mi{ drr?a in A ir.t lcrtt Mo oI ib rFftLsg

d€6'r p:oFt'B witi rt* eft Mnl..n€ rboTe defrndon ink due nining.ondktr whi.h dru iI Me lnin de eup*l.s

or a sutdrs E. dE $N nme lor .iL\a rhibut8 or @thod!.The ononb d h. $lled in rr lear *o srF:(t Ttu dda in wfikh t}! ruFrLs d ttwid.d ddim whicn PFFdy rill he

re$ble by tl[ connid..!rinS n*. Odu vill t ",idr!r"G) Ih. subcla$ nsr €olv. rh. sni.t by F6!'tdins a pFPsry wi$ the na@ lnd by

d.tubg 16* b @ lne oE 8od ib rup6d'g]Tll 6d sludd i! tut r6y @o161 6 it lntldr iiplidt d!.{w d.FainS

m dl dac in whld.lrs i' Eir &d adr oria. Fo! ill. sd ca ruLle hudoqlJcldy r.d.6c pFFrti6 wtd.h c ,nrclvei ln a Mmingoinid. anothd tind ofn.singcodi.tlnt6du.€dbyr ed 6updlas ol luFElig u*d $dtn nddplo lto\edt Me.lzt

H.E . epeial tyF ot '€hin,

6n6id i' it&lduc€d lt r de D Nluply inlBib lon.uFid.s B and C *tndr rh.4rl€ e dsiv.d 6m 4 luFtla$ A. ft* L.dr b 6inhelt.m gEph ! rhoh h Fta. 1O3

1:h. querim ai!6 wh.tprpatter d.$ D khrly inlstr f@ lts tup4las B lnd csda.i.dng F.gnmine L$u:8a ilre dJs lpei.l lntEdhG 3Dph bt deit$g D uidr

.IluPl.'p6d-ofAplu

. rtu propdtt . oll rnd C wfth.ur lh. F.rcirE th., h.w inhait d trcn A.conequddy, D c.Nr innldue mhhS onnicb wiih l1fu of.las A. }los.cn ll B

ardcdaFlpdn wur th. &h. trhe D tu6 hb a Dahg udidAsrAa p.6du. tsl{dd 14 rhrtDlnhatb l'lmholll n rdtu P.tht,In rhjt $luba O

m rwo 6pi6 ol rlE tepddF oa A: @ j5 inlkibd bt l.rd ft by c,

104.8 Abst6ct ClasgAds'A n cal.d.krtur &3 il tr i, orJy urd B. slFrlo ld ot'a cLss6 os A slyspeifiB d: pmF tiB. Ir i; tur u*a 6 ft . obie.rs D.tved d6s sd defiru rhe

258 A@mri! k.,-..-P"ritr. !i/ P'ilir'r

L'r b *e !n Mple tn shrh R tR loKinS r drM shle obi6r 6 itrlud' s{h m$od

,-ri iii.-i,i lir,i., i "r""

o'"*H. oqd h; *Nci *E v orh'' ds r Nr MPr';tuna ssE.l PoFds or dns.u. oqRa

$d..ct clae. Drardr.obt"t I

w€ incldc rhe lw }.vwo'd '!'rd tEE h l! ed bspE rhe ld tt'r d{r6la*. il'f'llaii"l ui i-p.ti6 to rurdl rt. {td'€d.h'cdosrrtv rnu 6m ttriiila-i*

"an a

'r"*, ri" i""e.t- c dnt

'P'dft'd ld-d lunt d6'Ed trr ldl

ifi,'ri"i "'"rii* t" *i'.u; *d* pFPaG .u b' P.vrd'd bv d.iv'd d'g

''_x.*w !.i*n o O-r u- r;r Erl ndh* ue qlsuld @ dorha onr€r&on

lf (!<00!&dt>0ee) en

ln bod\ Eg s. 6t *: frsris b h'F *t t@ is Nln rn prqraMrl3 qEur86**.,i""r-*4.r,.t.t"*"ddd'drErlEhfirn{dbdeenrdi,lirii'i".iiiir""ur a*..a wdFrrPorvnorplM 6'tutrr'dq ddbrvddid'.fu*'"*'.:;t-* rt""*,,'ru-rhdrs."ooHhre !pr|ffio'rh'tudjonhblJii,i'ii iiii,E *an'* ;*.n d dd.d!)

'R uru{rrv td6'i6'd ry

. T 1,lreo{&tur.tdr(6dtlEd)ed

.Ihe@ofl!Fn!@Bt*" *'.'J-** t, a** t

'lullludN &rhr' 0a onp d i3 lbh lo fiscout

lI[ @d tuErion @ll bv utnS tF r.i!i t?e od e 'ryueE

.../. u3. r' tu1r (rnt) '/,,,/r &e It ulr (rc.') r/

06'' Oe'!d 1''ls4' 259

Dtfsitia,(potlnatphit (2)):11.lsctim (or neLhod) i's delined bv the osbination ot

.0albtottYP6olibPMhew. rtE! .r mrDo-fifl IhE tvF oI polv@lPhin !U@s s

'- ;;ii;.;;:ihi.;; i;;c i,l rrr'p"i"mti* m a'tt * c'me'the! rI"s rvpP or

potdoDhin is can.d ov.rlo6dhS'Ir! Ld h oItstffiPtufr ruo* m objd b d@o,n"idoi oa,*"tt';t Alt c[i,* o{ tuPdbs (s be 6u'd with obi* or rheu

-uir.''""' oi!i,'*"',.a "",r."a;or

stkh;e6 m be d'r'tud t b"v'rJ/hd 'n

two

L B!.d o obid tne L.d{S b s d.luri'n eids *t sp€ ol *r tup'Ehs, s.,.d - ;d ;bL h.d-s b M dJu&n sithin tlE sP' of ltf, onb'Fd

nt sdd rtF lt 6ld PrY'64tu,tkr q E sm oI th. obi<1{d6d r,igu.36

10.5 C++

'C widl cl|s" vs Eld*d h 19s0 s $ a r@d @6 ot C (isPhIEEd E'ng C

.""Jr"- *,i. '"D!!do *t'"tt brlud.d d.s Jd tbE 'bdrda

( wiu' 'ns t6ds;"d 6 lnd ' ;p*' ould hrt drd Mvdloc 6en (lrs6 b ttqcB' bv

iiri""ir*i*-.li J.-u. t'*"N sroblL tuning th'm ro mrud! the 'r'$

mme and

-a,ri"i-u"-.:'"-' |.r o .a'de ;@d .suvr'nt oI *r FFdbdi cbs s 'h'

h^r

*ffi * *, *'* "

*. *s €r.r'd md M dtsEd obid o6bd '{ahcwdnDldlv unbl1995 when 0t fEtol:ftrlrl wim q4 tel6d

105.1 R6tlF.nd DelgltC + ir..bs ba3.d Lnluse d.!iS$d b,IM rhe ptgl::ffi Y'ry l@ Lv'l mhl @.n*, 'i*ii" *a ""-*'

-ori*,;mcd t iuF or c++ lElude v'b'l da*a Pubri4

"iii"-i',ii.J ;*.--t "va

md,vrdu.r ftmbs rudmc 'nd 'tEGuE!

Head

ir,I.;:ta;s. o.rup'. ''l-a*wiui*drod Ed.rinida ind MPr'ed boanr

Othe! €n6al f..l!Es iftlud.: ei conh[€rl n'morv (the h'rPt didr m'morv

."r#,G* G d.-r'.e *"thod overbrain& .RPrioE, tr*'de' 'nd 'xPlicitlv

105,2 hherltane In C++ktl 6 wnIt a ,lildirS .lst Ir sill kde a6 th.6.F ld Mo deriv€d d'ser'

class b{trdiq i

260 P@..i^, r.|4"-Br*itL, "i/ P..dird

vord !er-r@n! li'r nlnrr1.1 9.c r@l );

)

// Phi t d6.ivd frfi blild P$Ird bulldnglcr!!3 flat I PDrt b! doq (

votdreL-D.d!5c(!*ns';

tn t.rcr.r *. sFra: t3:

// bdy or .d .ra$l-

10,5,3 Conlttudd and Dstru.tor. in C++

"A @nade b tedid i!tutbn sd btM]&' oJ r a@ ttuIt" ut w @ Bd't da"In 66rl . Fior b rh .g!M ol tu F danr dElNd boa, @litu oI

ewry;po{l.g N 6X.d b iiidtli, rhd' F R oI rh' .EH oDrd

hL rtcr lsttEli

vold p$h (r.r t);Inr pop ( )'

Ir m obid ! dd.vt4 f.t .,sPL bv leaving 'b

d'fnit'd eF da 4itd ol th€roF.nd;l8d6 N;!.d utiir (Ls l, ddwd lm odE 'l's

@du.d. leadh8 ro ! 6Ei€ orr .br

In rhov.d6 *e d *n|. d6t(h s3dck I )r // &3tocLor

Olid O'ni''d l'^ra'l 26t

Prffi.ki*d @E!.tot,lt Edpoabk ro F rt8lertbotubucrdtrfthon! Ille*

-,'iJJii.rl"iiiiij,lffJi*;u I ;' tiota 1' ee r po"*tu"a coutr"u

aidy.aa t'. .t o*o**"v EdobmtoG|1llr!4

lh rjnt i, rc l) // pT dt'rl'ed drtEtor

10.5.4 l.titFlc hlsitrnc.c.r 'Ios I clrt L h. ddlttd t@ M 0u @ dFda ! us tkqdv brLov

i[,"H: ;f;";ffi w;stdaw roddrnadsh a'dt-gfte rupdLs tnr .d@ *PdF uc

.u!. x: .tblic r, Nbric Bl

tie€X date 6dn clae A ld B'

rO5,5 Fobtrm4hism lr C++

^ 'itu t ,tr.nd ! | n6!d n'r{o'r !d r! dld'Ed tfihnr ' ra dE tld rd'fird bv I

idi"-:-6*. ii.-i " "*.t r-.r* * bd 4 kev{dd ddu'L

vrd6t rcrd vlun I ); // vlrtut f!ftth

.ot << tnt. tr $ibr" vru \n";

cl..t .ub2: P'$lic btE tvotrt vrln I ){cdt vrun( ) I

.dnt << "thr. t. .e2,! vfuo \D,;

Hd tur:rio wi6 3:R tmv tunO ru in M mF F lt l!P4'datllnt n<++

262 A{rid{ r"B-c-AinirL, !.1 &'/.!fl

10,5,6 Absdact Cla$ ln c++Ab3hd d|s s dein.d tEr s oldiMrv dd6 Ho*as, $ft oldd@bd b b. '@r

y i!6rEd bt rubcLs w. id mbo^ df,nsigrE@ ltiDdingrtreu-mm wx, mm

"id pa..a.a blt d ' d.hflhm orc uld tv w' omi u\'

m[]od bodv;; in otr\s 'dd! -F y 'ro$ins" ]xE is.xP6.d bv aPPsndiry "- d 31b

vh!.r rcrd prin! (l -3;Trlis ds &6orion wodd {N.v.t dslad dd 6!d,hldr otid tnodd b' dltd

ro ddift a ftrhod print( ) TlEs ndhod d*lanrid !E,L$ el|d r'lE rusdd'FE tr*thod! nd d!. b. d*t!t d vitul" t ..e re d y wdb u obi* eom

dslrd drg. Chs wllldt ddft P@ oEdEd! 4 all.d ltsa"l d66'

10.6 surto|]q

Snuli bndF B d.rl4d rt Kri:'h N%a.'d .nd Oh Jobn DaN 't rh' N(r.3riLc"'lP"t"S-C;b. Nfsdd ."d O.Ll PtbPed rfi.|, kL. for: nmulrrim l$8ulF in 1963,

ud il$N:n *F dd did mt Eie mqd\ athui.,4 Poud.rl iau6:r rll Ncc €']]Fdtn I dt;6.l@ fte NCC.nd Ur"'rVAC b prDvld. i llmui. ir.Pl.r:1@8m&d cmPilcri" rggs+lcc aa -, -a rr. *u} I" Lsm 6 "tioul}r' &6!@t @ rud. b sinuh I

r;a h 1967'dNlr€' ,s rdad. Tlj. 'd Ml $nd.rd i, dmui:s/

10.6,1 F.6tuE.nd D6isrlthuh tu d od s { rovity/F@. hud pEg@in3 lllgsg. in whLh dfdortulE trnd L.hlvioul d &drti6 e dcLFd, rnd rh6 muliPl. pro* d h 66 b;'; ;t ald -d-da rh ht F@ h u! 6enbr d.rs B nut h

'ddr{6 b

h!;ro bb or .crift b b. ,.rlqn;d P'@ wF rllo d.b !! tu !d etiviriG h!!.**ibd *or"a. n*i*'ltl- ;d pror h.d e huch B bdlde,or dfl or

3ihd2tu t[t riouh+7 ws Eleae.d, tll.t n d b.q '!med

"d|s" fd "obltb- (tu0! btdr ot "otFt oi6d" PrDe.6'it'8)

Its inFBhn3 bnoi.d{rs th. tu'rhaoIobi..tomcd bn8u863|[ul 7d€mr!u@r <lynrhi; .|isp.th omednng Mt FoPI. o*id.r tu@q ror "Ee- objet.';Ed 6e.*i G. L.kd, - obrd !u br dom dt {'ftr .har'd rt rs rim)

'ndlrl. rplrynE rbihuE/Nt'od 6 uE h|lx*{

IO,7 SMAIL TALK

I. 1961, Al'n ky ws i PF8la@ Id t€ air{oRw6 ndeli*d ftd stth i! 1972 on . h.! (rh.t

od deldoFd ilE lingurge Stunh*lay cod.t ddjm dP "m6t Powdul

O!i'' o'nirrd L'4"'rg 263

n:iffi il$ii'"'ix,[,i*s,"::ifi IT;tr 1#rdi:Tr"ffi':Ti,#s':T19s0 jst b.Ion it w6 Fl..*d b th. public.

10.7,1 Fdtures and Design

gnru bL D rn ur\p.d, da$ bae?d l,n8u'ts lo bstrs mod' th! dllfdM! I*@h*-ri-r"' .i- .'i;* a .q*". rn , :l"dd 'bid.

mrr blr dB'JE 'bibub rnd

lili.a.-,3 u.r.J" ""at-

t'i a... d b nsbx; aB tu$od! e loetd in rt. ddi"i-u"-,.J i*i',t" -t "

aa afrbu6 {rr<o rdFd in dF rub$jE b Pdideli'.l""illLlili.ir Jlii.", r"'""€ h"rh.d! mre/ d.rrv berch obJdr sdonds bi.liii! .r.,1 i,,-ur. .J o" m"N ndbL. (whid, p'vi& roar !LE) Ax 1'1h'* *oublt ehik 'I rluitatsl e FtvrE snd nit tibd ! Psid'A &itg ss U'eav'ffi;i;; ;;;;'d^s c;;i'd!'s js"@ h'di56d@)

^rd.'c @r

-ir't '*J n " *'r" "w* "l

;di.nbG is 'id

j6t o& 'hdi'B

rhe undrrvins

id"a'r. il''J, r -utvp;s . th:t prcsrrmmd ehourd @ i hb* b P.videi*.iL-o *.u-t, .,u'i- i"t .q'.ndvi-l s d.r i *irr h€ &r' b @ u LEft"i " -ar* *

't r i,* - ^bN or dE $Fd:s w'*bd hrv4 b worrv rhr M Me

r0.8 moDgtE3

Mod ft 15 d.rlhsd bt Lucr o d.lll,m Don:hue Mrk l6d'h D l Krlls GFv N'[!.n 1}rilllii.i.ii;?, *tuJii*tt" Crsrun udc*sNlr'on rt. im'r rssu'sed'6nitonii p"iiiii.a r" ,t'g-i a tgar ud *s wi..d tt*a * ilu ffi"-"a'd'* 'tlhDLttr@) in l{urY or 19@

10.8.1 Feahrs and D.sign

Moaub3 ir !.rs b!*d Lll3ug. h*h.nds mrc *r s $?€ llr#dE& mm 'xPldr@ d€di on c d*I.nt N

cla3t d.finltiotu rft'Fe6l oP.quc_ n!M8 oEr dlfd! dnd rtiblB nv o' mev

"", r" "-i-r". ",rr..l.t s*n num tr p-.a'a a ' rore or ivp? tPd'l*Foa

i'iil*r"" i,ii"ri* . -..'a"-tt'. trdsd! .f tielr suF{lr$) wt'r'i 'Lo

pldi't€ od'I'i.. Jai-LJ.u*. *.tt -.d 6. "*dbspai tr6(whi'Aonhho'nt mlthod

;;;;,t; ;J JF tu,*r -h-! 'mpraenEd; In rddiid b In'rh

'3 ' mrhod ol

a* ""r""n* i"a"t,j p-la6d6k mdula whkh 'E

6P||s 9anmkri'ed bv

ryF. G.nsi6 s nd PolyndPhlc 'nd PFqdP onlv lffi 6d' ts@ ltur 6t3er ooe

*r,t'r..: r",o*r, vp< *rrr' rc &o-ric M@4 d tvF L\rs.* h rddbo^

md'la.r defino twi.i;l,tt had o t?€/.lac 5h'toE ad nd tF/crd! nme

10.9 EIFFEL

fte OO rsFr! ot Brrel @ c didrlv I f utud bv sul' 6Z whil' rh' "DBiSr bv (onkl.ii;"-" i." il ii** "* u'ov inrue*d bi'rva 3 e{rd "ad.* wo L in

'oI* re

264 Pn@sh. L.@F-P icills 4 Pdrdi8tu

vmncbon lne inhtl id€ ror llk h 4 @awd h SePkmb€' ol l93t md 5dbs'9u4[v

-l*Ji" ru'.uri. r.. -l c'ta t, F o.mbc or r$t r r'l !'bx Polvir3'id dt iL s

10.9,1 F.atuGs and D.5,gn

Etlld !' . .lB !c!.d hryuga In winh th. ddir'lbd ol 'TyF2" and "rs"

e ld6ti'rlTn vlton ilr bE€d o.hs l].ft.qlivaim' cr""*t -r" -*.- r."tnol"t p.ltus cl'@ wtuch

"n in ruh 6nbin multlple

.uu,Li'i'!,"a n "i*.1i,-..auE ttu d,gtbr!6 or a cqd r&M GouriP or

it,i."j"r"-*""t-o';t tie,a*ib{EorryFrhatps':PPa'F s! Rouriewhidrbld rca4nl:ur sd tuo 'Md rvP' I

Etri.l rD6ts huldpi. t$4bs. (hrlldins cod' EuEr shh !@Prd sllbrcc*; ;'G'n il'" 6"i In .ddiia E.tt;r 'tto*! ']E Prosn-ry P 19''+lRld!6ftid Und.6ft) rh. impL'ftbo o{ FnicrL' tt'@ bd e dlv rMr M

Th! Enj!. rd i,vr !G! 'om

Jr@ cos&rs n 1'q91 baau* dr ih' tBb'dod he l'nd,l-"Iiiil "i-i- -*aa.i *'"* si{r d 'n'r 'i.*nc dds ir ssI'id*c*lcirry u** a.*i'lns |ne l,ns!.se -o'r' b h' ote ob'4 drent.d

",*-l r.*** a"iggs-o.L h.d l;n 6dd',:8" !d ssll PdvP"lcnodcii*"- o'"ir.i *1"

"-..".* *rdl j.vr w rvril,bh' bur u' ruId drdn r 4'n

r--* ii'.: s" *1. rii * * d;*t tEas4hq 'ndrdbsdb R G

iiiiiii*ir,--ll u.;; .a.*"a6t bv{ ..d. i, du ont"* ffimrv o''iie lelii"G"s,'i"?* 'ai,La.,'a.*""]:uv

Frc.*d nr "*i610 r lees kuPd*(r I) w'r

10,10.1 Featlto End Dclign

I.v! is. cls h.!ed lmsur3., oEr wu @siruDt d6is*d lor Prsn*5 -)f"lj;,;"i-*.{ d\i,,-t -id@ d tp..d- ehdm nd€Fd.@:"d M b'r d, cliifiliia*-.,r,G ',- *r.'a o* Lnsu's"hu*d o d" * u' io* oI--ii illii,iliJ.,-**. -a slrv EtuGd, bli $! idd or drlbbtEd Fosnm*-"i'*"-u" -l-.. o'.t tu ,,*,6rGFs porida b rtu E'*

'ed$dii-.ioJ inut

"j,l^ ;*r .u* *mib'F.indl€d hvdhd

'na *IF8' o{

.bi*bh.lren vfiul hd F(RIn:dden b Rlvtr, o$* s4'!l PrcgDmtr3I"Nd dp?dr'd te d"Ptio@

6rh.F o[6rion {wnkh ! d 6 v ePFbd[ut oNd'Fd o1b'4' ltr d YE-En"(.hki -l'd.€ i. d"ity .r . d* pro3@t 0rd4 m'tud ortlMn€' |F P3m3'(ror .Etin8 luhe tP:.6)' r. - "_u-t

a^ta r,rlll@ rivr lupport ndriPL lewls of imPld4ldm hiqq

-.iiu',u'i*i.i*-. t-iLa'; (wh;i' €n d b' in$abd 6mr M3 'bk GI6l

Ii"*_rj i'i"r" n .'"* ; a'* 6 pEvdd rs,ubtvFrn8 rrt od" 6tuin& s 'ddin6JiJi"ii fr*i"i.:" J;r"'*r*r ;r!ch

"d s ryp dkrd'b.N. d rmpret.rv rhhd

i*: i"J*--r '.t,". **,1.6uPPd ced !d r*'..urcug

o4d o'r'.d L.qui., 265

r. wh'i e vtios d tPens u4 h objddmFd Fos':ru'i'€ Lin3uc6

Disn6du Din rote ol.whrltr d @dffi,. iii?.i*""^"" *o-ust*dskbd.ubpcdu'xPdio*; ;;.;;..;.;; ;"s'6 supPoi ltr.dhd hidms rd di' r&E&nd

Expliln in d.hil SivirE tutilble 'snPL

iii O@torov.rlodlJrgconrFr th. obj€t ddlPdon oI c++ md lrvtrao, e lrv. obidt! b. dl@td7Hd r hE oti<E daltodd?wrut 4 ri. ditu oT.. P.!gFm!'in3 ndMoF8r"?wr'',

" Lt 't'*"i'i **.ptr .t

" di'M da PoF rB or :b"hd dltr tvP6

wEr rE th€ atsld.t clrg?1,vh.t d |g of @dcb rd ddsh'br h c++?

wlft .Ibd Fb m loushg oliEt ori.'Ed bnsrS€

($i) EiJIel

CHAPTER 11.

Functional Proglammlnll langua{les

1I.I INTRODICNOd TO DECLARAIIVE I.ATIG{IAGES

h dlc dEph R h.v. '6 rPs.{w LnguSe ntd.dr tEv *. G rU' b dftI tboutI vd ht* lev.l lrnrup wbcn uill h. looliry !r h.t G ba$d tu mots .rdlv m

^o;d, *d -*-u^io L\" '*ou hadns, or rPPllcrdw/ de.LEriw/ d&PtiwL'is-s..il* d48n.1d*. h.es8. B tur e nr.n h0iiGd hvn-n*l' tu'iim dail!b"i-{E bv a d.;, m0tu@;l 'id-,bdins

oI dd.'lpdN A PEgi'Mins !4!'3?whid!$pp.E d* hisn'le'"I'id o{ Imsntuingbrhs rhe rhenEddP.fuu!'gvis,

I TIF lm;us!.hodd b€ qPsiw e dsr delPdm ot Piobl.N 'tu6@dlDd! rd Eluh6 m nor b dlt6o2, In€bngu.8E*Fuldal$PFtectr@f'nmljn8blmv.Mdllt6Pc'ibla3, Ii sholrd !. p@lble b wit P@sntr wih lh. lr.g!.8. wr'ldj M .fii.ktrtlv d

.lnndyNdrbt ''ad'lEr, M:{d yro8rnnft8 &d!rd6 tun h. $Ppdbd hy md'dEsol Fntdpl6Tn4 @ M 4if. .hs oI d.dDdE l-!g{rr. il cud r Eldy Fer''id

tn'l,e8' a A bSic-pi'ffinir.3 btrr.86 Ha. in rhi! clEPb " 'ill oHftb on

11.2 FONCNOMLPROGRAITIIUNG

Th. frdod pFrtrIhinS F digs i! om ol the tuid FEdiga €ff8.d in trF ailt1964r lb .fubd iu tutiEFd br nRdr ol 'EdE in di6.bl htrutSoR !d tb sIi.l& Ill. 3ynholic ompuhda rirom Pdhg nljF6$.d E &a ud ndnr bn8caS'

' ln futrhdrl DrcBtlllll@ DdldirF .ffi.bon i! on d6o*y, ntha the the

rulrb aof d?d@;F,oi$ih@d;dopd TIE daiSn o{ *F tu'Ed@l Lnsui3d bb.*do;NoEd;61-tuxdd Tnn Fndtt it t 'd d eud trd*al h@ wtrk{0ut i3 landa ololult which !; d; to m. llg, bll &lrtivet uo'w:l v h d€;d{t6tEoldp n dnn6 orwhich PDEE6wiltM

F -d'61 &'!"niq L'i'!'rs 267

when u'4 rundional ldngua36 we do lwrv s$ no0N 3(h x v'nrbl6 rd!€s'M r ! rllows b mile{in. pro$m hdlh tuv b' $hjRkd b 'ult]j!

ndsoE;,ilv hnEn t vcue b a$ sFd n a€; rol chlnge ddns rh! erfudm or lhe resMir,l,ii;,I*.';+'-a *r;?'.v ri*is no$ie @Pondns b nr eloblr vMabre!

a. ir,itu<iEl teue - or I'sr.n€ ol ohjcb ln M oqed d'mFd bn8!t3' Inr**- "

rl9 r,i*i* "ppt -tr srogmGs ''a 'du*au Po€EFhnB Ih'

;Ftunt ld'gus€ol dF PudlSn e. u!P, ML n ek'rr' d tuF

11.21 Cb@ct suq of Pue FPLS

U fi. d.iF d r filtdon l Ln8uS! onPl.blv b$.d m tll rurhmdGl tutrfl dur..mon'rLe.aec !'.anea P'-E autrdo; PitSFnMs huurr ud bv' r'nodr'8

. t{.ve tu 6lde{ff4b

. tllw m BigM6r tbLlrErt

. oh6, h.E rc vd.tt€

. Bu m r !E!. cdEs lnm *o*

. Hsve a rhpl4 unifoft rynbr

. B. inpl.fubd ur inEP{!a: EdEr rhs cdPib

. B. Mrh.dlelv @is to hadl€

11,2.3 lmportance of FP

I}E lrrpdR ol lusml PdddrSn .ar be undeBbd bv L\' loll@iry poiits

1.' ]^ts,tudbdFPL.dteee'tteri.'ol4t'.6r n!6id b ffia pFs':Nbt

,- FP; ^N^N en*ia.,id* L'r o/tlsd'b FPrr tuPpod lEdilvn3 'nd*Ji"i"s .id,,c p';so*; 3'.. rer, .*-s. PFF'* o *r ' *i!r* rrrrirrumins or tmvmt.,l ldus36 'ft%rrmmln8 in rtc lt$''

z rpL p*'a, "

wa'm f, p*"ad @druri,8 lb6.R ol sigMenr (s '3dgleftturl. iid;od@- or ;lalurid edd rd lbli, b aF E on otiP d't'

&tu @id6 h.!is 'or

FEIld ftlEdEl PngEAlitr€a. FPIJ ffi ;'ibk in d'eaopi^s ffi tdt..P<ifdtitu a' pab W rqtMbtu FPIt

i.* "".-* -.rt"*'i.i to,na.b6i $'r'v b op'rE on se dih lhchr.Thev ; L\.

'd@l !€iide ror crPh'^3 rPkifiodtu

5. FPIJ fl E,r rsFl fu N 'ni ols .f1lt@iM dtidt tqwd aEatd *ahd

6, ludi.tull!ng!.g.tuislj3P,MI-.ndHoPe wubd4eloPP68nft which

wil $bd!t loqic'l .n lvd! 'd.tivelv

.dtly7. A fitrbdl I;nFq. Ik ML 0163 .[ d Ll* f.rtls tEr *e hrv'

'om b e'Fr' ;;;;ri"#*'st""rs-saob'snvb.Fcr+tdwi6dd'khdd'n

a. Inut dd ourput k ro b. 6tnd ':c PiibitiE thn " n'jgnt Apel llorws

t E4p*t;sd{hjchnbwMllohtufdor&'hsxddow!

26E Prcrr.nniii L!44$FAii.irl.J .id PandiFJ

11,2.4 ComDrslon of Inpr.Uv€ .nd FunctloBl P.6digms

w. 6n @@ fo@l hdMs Dd lndlDl proAn'tllmg sth $E hdrbotulmpdtiF FlcmNnS.Jd hdlddl $hmE aEiffiry'

llEhffi!g4.s-fubffibdbb'lie'U|llqi@&b d4 dbd6 w d

urEb*nr&h!o@idY.UrEi|lrleEqb*b'u'dFw6dql

khd !!]dd 'q|mheo'

oqdcbddd$..Id^lggd,w! sdd FEdrrE d otldffifdFehFdn

u-{turqrmh.ddl.cc|ddd$|h'esmqlic:-r.t{.ddi,16dbfu'ird.hrffi

Prdd rredhe h d @u. !i@0F4GUhqb|@

fu'aid'qhide,sd!4dbhhdhrdg4!

11.4 REFEREN]IAL'TRANSPARENT

Iru 6mr or lurtdrl PFsrammrns B rhar 'll

vrlur Produ ed rn

;M*j-t d to.tl- e,;!;r. ptoilm or't bt th. E oi tuftrtm rPPlkanm (?l x

11.3 IITAJBM nCALRt qT|oItS

Inmrlwt'n,uE6EatoIlwbmh$b*.nefudlh"rtd lnlodll,IfwtidieRns I orEsdtr h.ds 4Mr v!lu6 ird E rlt v.lu

InilEr ry, r NdE:r.bl i!. 'i'tPri8

o{ !E$Gol@-t dlltd ill dmrn 'd

buror"r,.*a'.ns. *t r-"t- d.A^lim e odtr hib s

' iw66 @ 6olo*!d

by r ht or FEffi-h F stdlE (ddFd bt d* dPdnS lxpELa rd 6ihPbsq@ (r)rr, wrm xilaEdn6ter

I. abore f6citd d.4idtion toth donnn.nd 'rn8' &r3 d' rh' El nuhbeR IX'

"|@- L d rdld 4 Ddta ot tt€ doirh aL but b &'d ro '€?mr one

l!*i6. d.-; dd"s -d*i- d dr 6!dio .eEdd ftie & Iw tu P'.ftEr ot

ridl.fuhal rutu rlit 6 66 th! vttub h nnF.lw b8ugsA ttrtu ! @[d &id it 8&&bd 6r'{v ln al.lFr in th' tr$r eith eh qle@i

b iE rcllR rdoslnl.lfutu hdd flt d dv mt !..o!h s ellMr in tlE blEPr wnh

.".i a*i t *" "i"'".

.,a "

.|d b * uddnrd to' th€€ dsmhb 'hld h dd rcr

*o J. *'1. ut-uv, "r- *or.-d.i{6 sp@k rhout 'urdioB

utv '@

sl tun.@;;i ;*irl;d;-.*pdlrurrtiauhidrh'rudsd!Psib itvotL'n'8

frlfut Aqind( r!{r4s 259

ddFhlr and r6ulr of lul{tr.s) tt$ it h@nF|n b t}|e oMrr .rtionndlunis usdsimFndw IrnSuS€ whm b, 8lob.l rhg. vunbl6 d uPd.ka rnd Pad oI pFgrhmr. @ or lht lhr.loerim of ecn vdr6 b $!F * ftt d e uPdrF

Tle r\Ee ',rEiid Itsst at t uted !. ddoibh mbdN wh.P o y rh' lMirg,".kr i h*;.Lr .-m;r .:@d- i:; s{Frdr n' d€b'nn'iis dE dlein3 d r;s;.d ad.dm l$i.E/ Ph;E) w*Faim&'qu'lor rdoJv ii thlt hlw lrE*; !B'n'; -t nnit l hrynev @ ri flb6dtodvlrv ol.quiiv hor& (i. cqu/l

sb -r*r;"* b.l"k d';5d,;0E ond o, r kaEaPrstMb 8iv' €gud suib)tl€@t *{l b. Dtm cle.t tv lollortB dPlc Id b lndrid

' frNiof,dd'Edh

-l'.r' L d.6'; -. dn6ido. ; d* rd.do oad .td dF EeLa di.iffi (o) , tdrhi ior my inrl3d : .nd_Y:

ei*adh (&y) - (dar) { (*dY)-e6Etv)'.6Fld {&Y)

HGE. r*Em {d .wrF.d dsib. dE se auftdd.tE *q rd. i,E @dtmlbelwiarrh.€6w9tsb.vi*btt udhg66c

Frs l! 1 n€ i,cron .lt Mn = mnpd

wp$rite d$M. adpFd !o i tisE Lf,! rhev dstbe oE &N vde (lfttis).wn rt[u<h th. .t&ipdm e +rrt dj{6Ed

11.5 mE SYSIEM oF FOIICTIoN PRO(np$'IING I]ING{IAOES

'lh!dsili..limr.dhiqueoId.t vds .@ding b thelr w it ksm a t

"inE ol dah"

r. r typ€d FoSrMing LnS!.S. od v.lu. rh,r derl wl$ in ' pFSnm hB r.si.hd l; ;h,ird.{6-ns hd i|. var'r. a b. Li.d A P6lr.mins lr'{u8' which

@iorft i; ch.ldns .nd th$ 6uE rh{ tvP. dc do nor lad b .mG.ohllbtiN ir !.ld b be !t63ry l?d

2?0 PE@rd'q la^$a,,-&idds .i/ Paal&tu

u rh. $F ol plo*nn 6n'Pomb tu b. d.lmicd b"oE dddha d'e ritu d-;;i; h*;r,& bv t# d'**''s d*e * u'.db'mrd ra kro.-,! Ji. ""ia,.r'*

."a it it " -bl6 m.nv pog'hnu,.g nnbr€ b b"

'ou8hr much

;"rl"-d;6;;;1-ii""u""*, M-v ;;"; P.g'6^ns r'$'"36 -" sh"erv

tp.d r h.bd. tlF crt .liry''' h Dn Mjt'r'tst tlnn 6 .tudv tffi,t V' iFtt4 @ b' PNiM ht ltn*iondu'";; ;d-l * ;*.^* n-wh-'ps* na 4e 'J

wtv d'f'nd -t-' \1H"r"

-ii#iri"* *ii ri, u.- -""a4 ; u;;<t iit &".r ffir FosEtrins Ln3!.g4'r'iL'ain" rii.aia ult. ur".u"r P!'rd'8n tun(dont Posriluhs bsu86

'Eoi;P.i'iryt t aroiype.rutuiFqb.brnrlmdeFin'inwtnd$uesr6dnnl3 !?..Fflh:

Ilr.-I;T. nlvE d@ O, rTJ it th. tvF ol6D'rim ttc e@@nb o(hru6*.*-iLJ i"l#i''*r *'i* ailru6 t,? tt?.r, 9 rd ddPlq e* mdd rtr tvF**Siiii r -nii

;fii n * . Lc.'r6'.^) i;'d; q?' 'm'd

r"' 't"

tvF oI 'le---*i J,#,'". r"'*i" ft pdi (i h.) hs te i : Delrcth!ryF;"'

"'ai-[nEb@tlE-'t tvtci'.b')i,heqh!eF(nixd'dxFd'ldl*]:! boL whd hd M omFFaed utss ud !6r6tr EFndt' dc wre lF-"imr i" , roi' o*!u'e a - lnEls 'd " "tu'e

in o*',,i E i, * ^r*'--i ttrvFT, Et rdpruimol teT, :!nd En is radiion w h tlFr' (n >, t) thdfrq IJ'!mAPdLmdrvFrr-tr' ^r'

' rr"*"a*n-r.i*er! (_).nd'hludiimtvFlot:r6trld6lLdtvF.Ebi 'n- dit p'.d@ * tF r'"- .rd

tu tund.mbl ruL ldr ftuin* rvP€ (@lt6 c dE LllowhS

IF E& D aPreM de1tlry r Iurrim frh-

AND d i:' m at€dd deilhg r v'L' oi ttF Ti

tt{EN tIE.@ltdl6 or E b E (*ithnE'd 3(6')) ls MEdv tvP'd {td sin ht rvF

' g,t * o*t .rp*ot* B t" sdedv iy?'d wlth tvPe T b tt'r n e 'rn

b€ M

6:T' rTr E':T1

w" qdn huhdv c? rhB s4 ol FPesnin3 r Nre wha dr $Mhr h'lor 0E liftr.d.--idiii.yi*r, r.r"-i 6* tE*b;d'bde-tr*rN adrthrsnPrew{liil' u" "r*-r'i.t i*-t- o! 1116 .r 9?- .r bPI6 ft6 {. vDa or oI

. E''TI E' Ti - BLfL(ryr. dk rd tupkt n :, 2 G-;:-r-i-i:it;i:/ .. , I

or, rh. bsis of.bow di-Gid n d h5w lollowiry bttL b 6ara d* 6GPt 'M

Fadrcdl ftosrdniq l,uats 2?1

II,6 NAI{83, BINDNq, EdVRONMEITS AND ACOPE OF FPT5

w. kw rhd 6lEdoitl Psg6ls n8 Ln8ug. F%lis PLF dud vrl6 Bv EnnBoa Rmld6dfv tEi.r; tn Bb:t Arb'tudsthIrlEIrEmlsdro h. ,'el to ttr viu. tt 0: d.6Blin ftt aGPk in ML

v $e Pd.. Gize'rtC,gta ".h.rLr)H.n * Cm r 'l|E b Pd o, hbg6 v.l e rd du.bdrd ML Mbhdn id

mhdcin8 ddrtrioE (o(vdrc l@)A olddoi o! bindiE (ot@ 6 vdu6) L ..r&d m ddffir 6ne d nodtv

envFdEr $d 4 a;;,n w. mit d;n ff oniv b. 'valur'd

D rh' @nbr oloslql'urqlq!ili rll|I'E h th dpr6i6 c boqnd b valB

TIE laud sd ot dr iLtulib! b d.d'Ld bt ft ,o'F of !b a'lido', *rr i:' rirexlrdnffi lndoo@d.ir{t'@whthcto6.Esrd.asw }tLrh.sdd0t Sivadillldd rd .snlpla dE 6P€ ol th. 'st ot o;deiiiiloM lnt'drad in d? bt 6n 6€

blaiot du r6t ol ttboo* (Lred ttu de6ntrioli d, in c Pee a '@ 6 lbid rorindld@eru *&s.lr., op b ttt pohE *la Or. t@ i! r.d€ftrd

272 P"annh. L,@6-Pndrlt,.iiPdrdigd

11.7 SOME FPL.S

N@dLlussbFirsnesty uL@fioulddi*@!rh.$mo rhcd nPletolfPk trP*IErc Mr- ;d tl|rlex R rh. @mPle! or lh. lwbon l Prc3'ami^3 rMgur34

. la9i.6EtFPLdr{tE:ltytoh'Mccdlrin1953!rlrnSu:!'IdAr-oriSnuUv'Lr+ '! r ryldd Lr€u;s. ntl dlv No drb tvF:

'bF md Ld usPr 14 u

roFd h#;ny d nid;.nr.d lB; LlsP use, I'nMr rcbtion b sPfr(v 6eIuftdd. Pudotu rui.bn denDmB ldcan

'PPl@hN sd dab all htw rh'

ll Et tist (Ll,q k j:kv.td G d'b n it dql' ldt 4 d'd 'tt4 4 B 'nn

Ch't iJ

hv*"i-i t"*w "tpt-*" " *4 tt't ttt f 4timno'vd A8lPPt'2d btutua

cmffiUlP I' rk Ar€ dndtrdkP +.d6€6on. Sd6E w.t deEftn bv 3@bri dd *..1. (Mn) in ild 7g! d r n# LISP-&e

lmrup. Goal ws b m* Urp b6.r b-!rd lr! 3ihPLr @b 'nd

t@rPdlh ld@sdci iud h.d d*loEd r u- PL omurtt M 1e60 sclf* lg o"lv sftsnu rd doF u,rlim h bdis tutu s fit'dN chJd whld' m b€

-it'oI m*,w -a ot--c;l llb sisMd b vdl'L' ud pE 'd

a

S"r-. n*rta* *'. .Uritv o *t 'd tMipd'h 'to'E lnd slindrioB A

.r,."- ;. i a.a 'wu it',t ua" t .'F6;d !d d dviroll@t ol Ent'{'

;;;d h wldcr ir! b !. ddub4 ^

;ndnuHo ir !'r@ n r &b rhtuPhkh;p*nE "04 '€1of

I 6npulat'o6".ScIEft h! @Uv b.a u.d ! a laryuS' foi t'rAiig mPub Pb€NG'3otgq ends:M L? i!widdt utd 6 rFxnd Lryuge

. l/tr r'* trF.F) ! ! ii.r 'Bd@P.d

hldNl Lt*u€t {i6 ! pEuik'

"d; d'.r w; dJftd bv R.bn Mil,* h i973 h s$ tP r'6t hquse to Eud';u-tr;.t""I"d p.'F;rhk ,t?-t No- "- tvF d.'Lndoc tor:Lo

'to6 tvF

ir--6- o a.i"i*. it. tri;; urd.drrd vdi|bia ML i' tudv vFdr*h"* -t"t"* " *"t"ui-Wd) &d h:t no rvPe G6oB lt Itklud6:veDd.n lundlnr ud I noduL h. lry ld mpllmndng rbtt'rcl d'r tvP6

*uio ir."r---a , Id*t *t; Md '@on dlrd s 3bid ML

-|Mr: {' d|ml? lu db. k ino = r'" r'' ir^dr

" '".v 'r",L' . run- t+"n" "bbc

*"P.4 tu"st 9C:ivE "'r'mr'E)iJ ! ;dv lwb*l (jffI.m' Iron M1 .nd ror o$a FPk) Irryu€' - mwnb&+ ; sisEqr ,bbMt{ :nd F $4"{d ot uv kirtIta}?u @ ba slll.M (.vrlu! N utsFEdm u dr v F i:' na<t'd) Ir

hB "fin omi.doJ, sruc}l .no- n b d6l v,L\ t'JwE ulbFE &aple 6bo ' 1,lib 1'1,lib (n+ 1) - nb (n+ 0 + 6bn

11,A COTCEPTS OF FPLS

DrlnE Ua dalulb.n ol FPl!, i !'6t t oi il1kljn3 Prcsrffitrs )'!!urSBoR'Pb hiv'

rrtutio"r P@miq Li3qs 273

3. HiSher.otdE tu.d@

5 !w6ml &.trrdioF

ra @ddda ddtL o{ &kndtv hdim l 1* d.&ddon o{ I !t rinPlv tun 1 r' I &d *rlffidm|.tlmlb.!:ud 6 6lll fti.$3!stdd dE tutu i.quibS'n"'l ud odde.6li!dbotrdamvtv*fh!b@Lefi&ll{r.nhs,ek) sowtuti!rh'tlFor l?wti roaradrtueiIr|lltmdinLss(Ll{!16-6).ndwha'ppu'd!omttttftnq ii;tud .n tnl ';*"s ([Bt L | {6, 'i!"1) tn 84El il T i!' a $Tc tt*n 1 fiould t'opdilrtt" o oq*s a typ" i...,i,,8 ob;r ol tt?! r whnh !u836& r thould htv' rvPe

T + Tid .U tyF T.

B4 | q r rofeerr]d. witr. "i'SL dqaii.r trl r tut Sotddl tr* d $F tAiM"ld 6 c &4 ftE eaDh,3 roron:

cdNidd dr 6nd6 h Mritun '9la

(&y) - itx> y lhar.r.v;Slrtllnta! hy d it e negd rRdG nn r int

hD d9M(:El,r' llr>t tha r els' FSM! it'la by|s b elso h@ st'B L P.lyMPh. hetioi

1 1.8.2 IYPG InfcHdngx n th..tIlg ol tlE LnsmSF b intd typ€ *itlsut bvinS poSrllMa pbvld. tnesrSruhld For.rdPL ln SMrr

6d udn (.: dl, bJ - ir r > b tha bd*.TIE tt?€ ot! h8 io!. sta! bol ilto th.f. ai6.brt !o h8w dt tlE tvF ol b rnd

'he

In nrkdl (rr sth ML) slldB tF t ldv (d it osPil6, ds irt 5F !:b) Fq*-DL i,\ Hai.n a - G . bii.. Polvmrihi.6s.rion tlEtr8 R{m tvF ofbml slmd yi* eo llguMb c or th. Etr 9?. {'i d h.v. nf,

'qutrtv oP6tu rPpF b

Ova@o{t}T€lt@ndnSinhodrldgurSobitbeu ged

11.6.3 Hlghq-ordd FurE:doB

Absd.lL.tqEol'Ddanfrsdon rPnSn'E n8LnSqg.baf'ciXryrotFtf u'xii@s.labohietswl drdt u!.dhPd€riNhlco$;d.holjd rslidllPDSr'turiI8F€ b<y;d icr lh. inPL visk ptoenN mFndb 6 iatudal 6diN x

274 PqMniq r,"!",eP'tuidd .i1 &'r'id

involves tie E oI tun lDre b MDPuLE, @k and SeftrJiz orhs turdid' Trn! in l1m

Fovid6 Id a hishd Lv.l aPPb'ch b Pro3flm cEbnIl turcriotu e io b. h.t€d 6 dda dqdk wq siauld :Lo .Dow:

G) tutrnoN b b..isud rd oths t@tioB,

P) IldiN dt.i PsdE iutioB a 6dlO) dib 3h.ffi ('rn a NPL) srh fi'dd a dnpFsi r.*o *iu n'* p*litib. it !rdr) ox'd t'8r(H&' rd R 116 rrn b

r'(;*-.r',a "r. t-u;.'s"*E rnd/d Pmdwturdion'l cdb ! I'18h6 ods

ne oe oI! Nri* orde fitrrim will tTntUv tnrclv' s rt:d {rr Dbrl elnhln th'rtorT ;#. wET-' - T, FdMplq F i- itt)r {ml.b@l) ! d'' tvF'f

'lughscdat*i- -rtti apcttr - -rlll6t. tutEM o{ ttF k rituderr(sJdl6m-.r"J.r're*d-n *;*}.id'rn6.tpti.dio,!.lmo{tt?'Htu'tutrt'Dnot

TFonditid ope6lor n vsrv,ood @nPle ollngltlqda turit4fo' dt$'ru

(l o3) (r) - r G{r)Th. ryhh.l (o) ! bde b dhd t hsht ord* tltu<ooF ition oFnbr' 5d Oug

.v6 s ; dnd -rv .t o''bt'ins lh.ilc w ldr Eving ro d Fbre'w. 6n .h. d!6m H'{tF{'d? rli.intr in dtha wrv w" kl@ tlur aqe

r.**i.La." -eai.'.tF4Gfltns6,tuoFrbmzloddtudio6md ffid{r.la ludiffi opdh on finr oda

'Btthd.i?hn &^on &!e*,t n oFtE@ lutrinolnvndz 6taSaryPdaat'Ao;beuw ptoiruhornu hd orcn b.fl @rqddd th' lPPI$dd ol flt!'dds

r."Jl1 i'i.t"i"t iry"*"gh- ba@\dddd b !Eru& ri8hd dd6fr'En6

11.4.4 Cuilcd FuncdoNrre roricie FJ* rot'd h $€3 rh.t i.snv Ea fudit{of@ dtr'6tw.e;EDhe. tudon,E , bv r lw 6srim ro) iht *l'a@ned plldw ! nlrdo ot

.moE JsuMt b .WPlte l(a t)tlEt l' | ('(:) 6' = I (& t)

'r6im rhi.h a deli".d b *pd 4uh€d m-tt r ttus $d d*y s b' oPPled

. a*-t *s - " *p'um . Fos;h e dn'd dddr'e''

ft:' bdtul4 E dovd &os dr ddtdddo 'id ltttdn H_B Cu'v {no 6ifiirhe' dda fun.;6. .\b6vdv b $. Ndv ol d"ii"o'v lor?r' tuv toPl€xpstngi; idt;iq"q' ..i-p $t h!! a @Pdauu nri'd @im'urt r (et

"ftYEq -(;- . id":pr ',,.dvlcr.6 AnvsP$lonllttFlom'(El E EJdn$sbe;lLctd bvonv E" E2 E Ddvte"€s

ro drry: (r b) ' .) J (. r b r.)ro udr4: (r r b ic) J (. b) J c)

Fm&&l P'Fhnia L"aqo 275

11.4.5 Function.l Absb.clion

fu*hoMl Drcsanmbqrllowrt roi,l tldndor br Bnor luPPotFd in mp(ts'l"nsus.';h,-ely rhp d;ltr,lnon dd L* d l4@Nrlu bLe rwrio a a sdm{ ro

Izt u d r limple ln-tstuc nrdi.n lkh o:IudolbLr-r+t

n s U\€ t\aft double uhi.h h b.$g b.ud b: value bv lli! d'6niti@ ud th' Mh'6-;Ji';,**'id.,n o6apho. o{ Efu'*'ur vru w' ltodFq 0ti;Iowiry rhdrrrive Myot wddng this:

valddt'L-hxrr+x]l]lhtudr !h! @ le. rrdrble it slw 0d dolble B tn' ll!*b'lng houd F t vrl'!

whdr k d;dib.d d du dl,inhrd iid. o{ th. d.fi,{h &d dur : I Fd d tu vi4 rdsrtuTh.a$*d;r+r+ 'Ean d u.bh.d6 [n d b. Ed a Au fNdon

11.a,6 Lry EElelionSo I@, w.lN. d b.av€ry.rp!.lt$dtho{ dPElimdbe 4rlurha W' h*e llb nor

di-ns.d hslun tiG sh;uld 6e h2€ wh.. th.n.ryuG s.E u'ddiEd UPb mw, w'i"* .".*.a o'"r q*l* -. b. .nlui.d .iFPIv Lv aPsding de6niriN rnd

€lcdarinS rhl @lb oi Pdddv. r!trdm .p'lidtlmso rci it i" i^p'ur o''t, m rrro,aa L@ whic,r.rs@B b

' lffidon s *alu'l?d

- A^ dJ".ta^ stn?Ay i u\id1 'tg!ffiE

b t ha&, '4 @dukd dLv dn adtLd fu--iit^ ",aut

u'l-*L-r",t 'rhn shcsv i' tupPord bv Nnv FPtr ftludhgrna@ nd.n nd @ ljlP lry erdu$6 It verv hPoE* d d@g wn vav,.R d iri&nt. rtutu or dt lt i. ui!.nv nndmtd 6n8 'lo'@ '

dd '!]1l.l1Eoiblningr rie inf@don nquli€d b.rdut rh. aPI6i'r

ld !6 .oBids.n dnPL:h' v.l y = 3x2h 6' +v) - (4 ! 4 dld

II s. einDlifv 3 x 2 tiFt 6nd Ok snbsti\r! 0E EuIt Id v in 0c tuin '(PtEih w' 8'l,6, d -a'ri T; ftolili6don o{a x 2 b36dd rrE s@rld e fdloa'd drie*p ot @L*'h;d; -,ll;*.'tv

b F(6 r 5)x3.d @tu rv. ^

L. ohrrffodd n'j3hr

i* u*n to wt"true I ' u tiyair'iwuam"oor."t eprz'3'4-(r2) oFcouldrtiw.dt ramlo hesP@idwilhrFstoindiots6...M5ExPi6$neth:r ib arlution ould be .ld.y.d blt dft * nolt oft:

(t)-(4x2)Lr_ax2l

Tlfi hrtel t€obiou. {m ttu bsn of wn:t ! 6U.d L'y 'wJEttn

In oppoliE b la4 .vrlurtiotr a8P dlBroi i! ihe 6ul-d'{tulr ;n a PrcSnmmiJtg*g.rg: in "t"- -s"*nr to. t*di,n rE

'lwrv! .\

'l@Fd batu' th' lurdN u aPPI'cd

276 riF'urn L.weituDls .fl| PcDd&ru

I1,9 APPUCATIOI! OF FUNCIIOML I.ANqqAAE

'ncb.i.dr.!bollumrionnpi BMinSongiFtrd,lurr,rsr.Fu.6mrlprognminglaryu8e e idporrdr .rd h.ling tonding dpplic.bm:

. uspis u&d to: difti:l n&ltE.n rPPli6dm. I(mwlcd8r !6hing' Maclllftlennng. Natu l L!8uge p@stru. ModdhS.a sF€A $d vlam

. Fudioffl poS@ing ddg6 rhinhns .r h€js Lw,! ol !b€h'rio' bvpDrdiru ish.FddE tuEdN - IldN *ut nodifv .rd ohbim .rl&ne

. Fu.tidul pr%turing hs Men inPld4|.liN in q'.!fu PtogtaEbln8

. FurrloDl p6!Mrn'g ! uldd 60' d*do?ln8 aeblk 3Fdti66@.$ PndoVFirnd@hqm. Fudodl Mr'Mnu h{ . clc rlitioNliP b (sPuk Kiau rhorvFlMdml ;b;ru'nu i! br!.d on the Lhd.dLui$ qEcn n M Prcltd'! a

I-ft "oi r;.tudylis d*id,biLty quedo$ oI prsnmhins nE @eN oldmbhdd '€Md;

i:' dE hNbM of 6vdNl Prc8,'N inro equivdat

. Pu FPk lik Hr cll e c*iul in Mbb Egliri$ t.e deeR d PElr'h

11.10 THE LAIaDA CAlC{ILllS

FurdddMrs a |!@F RD...d m uE bhitrst JBSpdro{a.dalPllvadlu chiEi'&d si.rio ilE;p !l ttE ab r93& b toEdia rk mdd oi dPubhilitt{i&.r-ll.me@Elcdhiliydd.flcde..ddbbilily) ltisaromliaridoIdtrn tidoIilddoE d 814 at wth o;d*h*iol aplsia ir i! chdr.ftdzrl bv &. Fitdple tlut rh'rrlu.ol m 4Ed d@dtodv 6rh. v.u6 o, N subaPdko Tr* Lndldol4 i!| 'i'FL bn;F 'dln id m;d hd r sinPL bdi6 Bur tt ! dPrsivc h ls

s.radaq ilnit"t o -r'e "tt -npubbr. nnriNL.nt& €lots L ut€d e . bddg! hwa nirHdel illdiond lr€s.84 sd iheir

losldl inpLnHrrriod, Tk ffin ielnd.A!.ing $. Lmt t! olculs 6 r lnr.n'di&

1, Itbr:tupL rrngulewithd y rGw strb.dc dubKrt.rd tinPLo'it2 tr L e dpl@ L.g@8c rrud E suEod y Powdtul b 4PE.! fifttloiDi

@hK lfi.'68*Et 4hF D ihpLnhbtio ot d! Irnd. cdrulq m dim;ad .nv o*s luftbon l LnsurE! Lt @Ldns ir db tlE lhHr c'lcuiu

A! u inlolml.rople oI ilE l.mbdl€lcult .@idE the lwtid detftd by th.

J +3x -5

Flddl A'td"ia b'.al 277

'ri. v|llDb r ir. oa6dE ln th.lmbd'tllculs, dr. not.lion\x M b $cd to d6ore a

rldio.eirhp.@;rxandrrdyM Tlutis,I!rMPp€dbMwFsihoutlutrddnI

\x.(*+3x-s).na Erd ii s "dr tu Elid oI: wlt* vabe ie defimd hy t'z + 3t - 5". The l.hH:alculurlE F.6r lom md $ rc ffiE th. t d, inPEtrt@

\r (- (+ (xz) (x 3t)s)Th.lhbda<rldlu d;6 it tuftdd olm(th6@ !.rbbb tnat i3 (+ xv) i,*iti4.r

( + 4 y), o*lutrdN (+, i. lrE fltlion wr'i.hlddt t@eo i8 L! Re*;thg our eFPl. tn

\a (-(+(dyD(nqxDtTo dmte th. dpp!6rid of .6!Edo l b rn 4lll6t'J E wibTo lppt N duple b dE vdu. t we wnk

\i (-( + ((xrr)(r3)r D91To d.luab dr lKrion.Ppliori@ we mm rh. _x..nd rePl*. .kh l.8inln3

@lljl!* of x wlth 1 to ger

(- ( + {(x1) 1) ((! 3) 1D5)$a€v.lut tlE io{ mdriPliorid aFEid

(- (+ I )3) 5)

(-.) q

-1,

11.10.1 Us of BnxkEts

In e.ih@ti.r ii n MBdlnl to omit t€dud.d b .rci'l .lltbinS uP .rFGiN For

ffiplc k 'qd\t

6it 6F.*.b tFm dE *PBtd (ab) + (P.)/d) 6 siwrb+ 2cld

ni. *ord ('!lsd 6 6i!' b Ed du. dE 6^! bor ih* ir a d.n8a ost I' mry be

.oniNou It ir ;d.!.d uEFDtx@u bt 6bbl'tldu dhtlm about 0u PEld.N dihe v;bs fttu (Lr c:uPh,;uxiPtidrid btd! @ crghdv dEn rtdi6m)

Sohtnms blr*€b.almt b€ onltr.4 d in 0E arPEi6:(b+ c)/.

Sidnhrly olbdm c u*6! vls t ryaom aPr.ldc in rtE LnbdldLalG

(, 3) r)

Bt€hudinS dlMvdtion d{rrc.iot 'Prldrin.!*i,B b rA.l.ft E d Ejb tne

278 Pq6n.r^t 1.4'.r'Jiturd! r".1 Pc'drd

(+ 32)

W. pdloittrd ffi {ch ibtrell|fm in rh. 6npt" livq 'uk a r mEMPlidied ex.nPL, th: .xPraiN:

(r(+43))(sx)L 6nv h*l.i.a .nd st$isid FonMins ow d€6@ *' my dit Edut\d&r

t *.b; nar. th. a"dio. Bi6 b Er4 siv4:(+ 43) (F)

No i!r{E br&a d b. @iit d Exh lftLB ruy ol 'ie h' tt*rhd fctvrlttdtdEnsiisdP16 jn8dtudPra@ioratlPL

( (+ {3) bx))

11.10.2 lrmMa Abtt_..ddTtu hmHac,ldl6 F.vlda r @dtkL colled. k,iM"&t64'a b amt. ns (ffitdlt_

t t G oidds m dnPL ot la\!a..h.l"dim0a *r1)

Ih.l $s'h.F @ | futu{En , Md E rn'di'alv tuufl'd bv vr||u! i ln rhi' <udEolE r llll@d by *t body ol d, fifttDe (+ 11) h 04 G tu vdbb a ..k e;.j F6"rr', sd;. -y u'i d- t ttndi iL w. s rt,iJ o{ ir r*" rhj'

0 x'+:1)i .I ,ITTT

Itui filErion o{ t wN.fi .tt& i b 1

A Lmtih rt kdon .1*.t5 @itb oI 'l ti' tou Pd !6rimcd: 6' I dE ttrmddnm€td, lrE . .nd tF tEdY'

Tlu hod' ol I hmbdi rLtadjd dhn G s f.t b d! n8h! s pc6lblc s our ln tF

0l+n){Tre dy oI l,h. &.bctrcrim is ( + 11), not is! + Ar 6u'1,

'e Ev

'dd 'xtta ba'r'b b

(r. (+r1).sl{n .l'mHr .bsturid lPF€ds tn bolrlion @ wly wrih |! *tt-h@r

'ny Ddkeb

F*chodl F,FM'a Laqdr, 279

11.10.3 Bou.d and Frce Varlable3

r.r u.oBds ! LnUr *Pnss0. +,y).

In rbor 4r.3d@ r n i6t.lch.l FnFe& b ddoh rhi'€rF6ionsPleblvr*;;;;;;;;;: "sth.r ',t* G r' on lll. othE h.ni E i.en 6 }lD* d!'3robr

Ha. o@ oIxn bourd wilh ho: i! cll.d 'o!t'mi'lL

ed4h'! bb' rPlr'd

"ro' i aw *a*u-.t.'r'o;on v ! d bouJd tv M' L ii/ !o

..p'"i1"^ il- y " ".. "

x,+1" -a,t&: In tha{ rh. v;lue or $ eiPEcim deP6d' dlvon ti. vrlo6 of lE tre vdiabld

coNldd i}. fouflin3 )'mbaa apsdonl1* + ((IY. + Yz) 7) r

H4 y i! holnd rid x G al5. bosd ne nsrk 14cl6iry\Mbd'rb!tu'tknukiihkdtlt

Sob. rin. t vdiable lay h.rc both r bound cur.E 'rd

f'a 6uftN 'n

ddpdim @idaru enPt:

+ x (or. + 11) {)

in rhth r ! b.rIi 6- andt orl c,..rlv dE Lf,sto!'/ 'rirtr'la b sFd6' @ol rtE vni.bl. in m aFsim

11.10,4 B.ta-ReduclidAl.6H.+rsio.lr€xKulrdk'yddubolt EvrluddFs*d!hvr€Facdlvdkd'$. Jiiiii".ii*i-i- "a-l.ia

Ed*ins it Fdo*PE tru apred'rd(+ (t 561 6 33)

Fdue b 5a tr rha lotowins !€qll.R of ndlcliN(+ (xs6) G33) r (+ 30n$D

J (+ 30 r4)J54

$hd Da 6q€sd h tne.PPliodon ol. LhUa lhthclion b t ba $e tdm b

*Ui""a oii u"*,a '**t it'. lub.iitub. ! BUd h'l2 Edudon In the bllding6.*-"ii.a"*.- ,r'" t'- ,"p rn dnpl! o{ b.b *ductm rh' *"nd ibP i! tt.'Fd_udion Equs.d by dE d.liuo .pdrhi

(It.(+3)n1 J(+3)1)

ta G s sN tu adPL6 ot !i6PL Ddi{'drdlo(i) lhe lo'trr Peftb Dv o@ elErl dG ln th€ dt

0n + n)s J+5s+10

(D TnEe tuy h€ no trrens ol lrr ldml p'm'ter ln llP b'dv]

0x 3)5 J3

280 hw.d'i l,itll,F&idtla r"l P.idn^

(iii) 11l. body ot a lanH. .baE .ti6 hav c.rejet oI anotls LsH"&tdim(u. (Iy. - yr) 45 J 0Y. - Y1) s

J_5{

(iv) Frdiotsdbearsulmrrs:0r.13) or+d) J(k +n)3

11.10.5 Slntax of tlE kmbd.4lodGTtu pue hnbd.<ahns rE iu4 th€ d!hk!: PlinftiE

"bhd4luEdm "?!€ti6

! ln llnbda ErPEnd

rj:.v(L!)/0*L)(Ir) lr.@dh rpdi6d4 r'dort,) I!. b$dft**r.r'6 wr't n d.6€. turdion tirfi.rgmt t ed bodv LW. .dopi lollsi'g FtaddEt sEtN:. W. di6d EE lar$d:-Lulu w i dt GDr ll'rs|* od ftr.dc F n dlow

0i ((+ t 3)) io EP*nt th tuMtio r + 3. W. 6usny d'op 0c d@t P.mtls D w mv qiL

r{ ( + 4q nEt.do{ 0n (( + x) 3)) indr* ( + x) 3) Lst..d ol (rr' ( + x) 3) a)

. lurdlon appliids asod.E toth.leftoreDvwi|e:(+ q nubd of ( +r)3) thi i' we sv wikl!+ € ichd ptrr. K x) 3)

' R.pLatpbodyofaLrtdld.*tm tt@adcdt^&dt'eb*mv

0t: + 3). IFbd ol0r + '3)

.. Mullipla FEr€id! E witLn b8!ds - re dy si|e,

rrY x+ Yiroted rr rY. r + Y

1r.10.6 AlphssMFlonc@ldd d! tuo lanbdr $3h.ds

0v. *v1)

F"dtul Awr'.r't Llt!@ 281

CLrrly L\€y'ou8hf k' b..quival€n! ad Gmffiio a ow u !o.h.ntE tE neol tl$,orml Fihd or.ny I'hH. .b6Eeda

0x. + *t) t+ 0y. + yl)wI4 th. .@ is de@bd vih f d b lP.dft m o;@4toi,

11.10.7 Eta<MBlonL.r6.wid6MgP'..'|.N;

(+ 1)

rna o.PEsio b.h.E h sdt dl9& *:t *lE opPlild b$ r8uEt dtrt tdd1 i. || r.ovdio ie. ror..er.!.nlg d!.t.q!ierl@

0( + 14 .-i' (+r)

MoE SsAaall, M d dpB L\€ tsv.t ld nleura d e:

I".vid.d r dctutcu&rinF,$d F.t .odd.turdonlE.qd inrtEudcFt@tEi!FF*dbr*MEld! Fd.'epL,

(+,b<ru r @ 6e nt (+ r).

rr.r0.8 ttoE El Fom of Eq6lonA lrrnldkrF.ldolt lt xld b 6e h "'drm It m hadeiq . sb.tPr6i6 or dl.

So tlE dal@d6 ot rn .:prsdon cNitE ol r@siwly Fdu.tn3 Ed*a uul rh.dp8lo6 Ir h Mlrl t@

Nd.fuGrt'4g 6hpubd@ eehph ddFBiN dutdo noduw ffi nd Itu

doarcth.Ean@Il .ob6ond€FtdtdoErlybsirPodEln8@inbrn

An .x9Bi6 6ay Mhnt ,M ih{ @. Fd.& to Rdwdd on F*.d bt albdEiiv.sr' Fd &hel. da .rpwl@ (+ (:34) (x t3)) u be Edu4d h lml fofr ,lh th.

(+ n34 fiu))J (* 12) (rz))

282 Ao!6-ii. t aryPnetb d''/ Pd'&tu

(+ (r 3r) (' 78)

J (+ 1256)

ll,lO.9 Sulstltutlonw. ddrFsuh.dblR B[, M], b b' F ldngroj 6e oc.ffiEolr in B$L\M Ld

6 d48 0' l.@l d.6nidm d db.{x: U _ ir (3'!) t}6 M

'r* t

(AE lr: M - (A k: MIBk:Ml)ll:$h r'{l - Crt B)

['. iji* I'i'ir ""'v.u"t**nBdM)danl! (Blv:41: M)

w|dss.iBhoLI"1 A, 3rLhH"xPsN'' -*" 'y"JJ i',r*-.t't'

r'shd'dF*nd b' dM d rouoe':

InEp|@ E tE o.Pr.tlo E b Mnd |@R.dE JT!JL

R.du6 lrl BMI - RldG lB k : MlRd@ Ir' Li - IR'due lLl x'dw ILtl whft

I l, a synhol dd t Lr Ir ed M d l|I$&sFdim

11.t0.1o llotnsl Oldd Rc.['udlci6 ! Lmbdr .:p€ri6 ttu Db.lilulio &d b'b_Edudm ruI6 P-S: tu b]";l;;;H;;ffibd.-p,*d Ednd ronbur d@t cI @$tur6'da b rpPrv

ii.'**i-*""*'*r,.' .* d* "tu

Fda L dnhbr' llSi:,1*ffi"i'lffii.mb.n6iEau6dNdtuo'Ufd r'dd(tun!'ql.Ieeriifi,il iii-- "'*' 'r,' i! ' @t'e"* or r Pr'rouid ' d po"w*d pan oI

*sffi t}I.hurdlRM Tr@ rd rAmrdirqb ol!'dFRE ?tu'dJi* - ri *'' o* *"t - -p'-td &sud' thdq r E'nd q r E

,*,"*mm:U:t- tr u, ; t *d q !.

" -*t t"- dn' rhd 4!! r MBul ordd redktd *qlare

'-i,--i-* ""-

*_o, *d rbF0E dE in n Mt tr Po'd' EurL 'dMr orda Edcrid wil6nd n ir ttadlb

Flr'ioMrrrlranniaLqeas 283

rtofl1d od., ddu.tid n?aia ttet tu bl tut 6tu1 ad2' 't'!ub' Ed\dd fd Il\' t'il

-"'iii,il:iii'-J';;?;;i..r."6;d@mr 'hr€sv B ou'd t":v due b'os ir

iJ"l*i#i*'i-" rt ..i-*' u.t tuuustos th' ds*u 't,'drv in F tu APr66n

EaF adu.r'or B Hhm tt. r€lnH' o r"*,r..i""'i.,irliti,*"*"aibasuMt Ialdtroni! no'{htt "svthlttt

- ri ,r," -a*io" "**"v, pu'ffi Pr$tn! mv b€ bv v'lue' bv run' d huv

Ctu b! tua. ddr.bd .6Pg! d@ dE L{6Gkut.md Ed^ :Jd d$ EtsEd b **-iiJi 'ii*i-i rt

" cii'*ed b Ea.h '

n"*r tom ir @ sE tf,t E !* 'nd

Grt :) : N = (IY z)N i (rn bt dn')

Tl' 6[+v.v,t'r Fdu.cm ihbgr dl@ du Lfltdjtffir r'd6 in r Nb Em N

-u..ir"._ji* - ov a I u J*n lbdna rm N do Nt Enirub rh'n "'l_bv'

i,.l'* .rr, r"l . ** # -i*l r.* 4ex+r_nlu' o mr slehRd b €ch rh' 'Eftlldnl. su(h e N u 0r *) 0d '4 whj.]' rd*6 ro i !'u:

0y.4 0'x s) 0:. *) g GY d (0] a) 0: n)

g OY z) (rx u) (ri u)

9,, -!_br*:Ircc.rutdr dt ,ollo*hg.stkd*i.* p r" o'. *i n'. l*r..,ron or * ! qPftson wourd

'ot ksnrme 6rR (PP)

Grs)(!r) rG r) O(:)r 0r !) 0*s)

Trn! 'luti6 l:ffiPo.b diEdv b e idp6'riw f'!€nn Eoiis in ro intrnit looP

i"',* *. -*i"a'.'". *i* tut Fch a mr lm whie odr do 'or'

Fd

ButthnNbloab.*ld6'dttn@dorddFdu(lim'n'bowdmPle*'3hdldo,* u" ii:J. i*,. -, u" tp, ri nt ote *uoau ttr-inr'r* tst

'auments b

;,;;;;;;"iJftd -.; +iua.pprv rr* r"ti* o' r) t''sr ndu $$ rrFr

dalu ins lhed8rlMr (PP)

11.10.11 OpGcUo lSedanUG nd D'notadon'l A'manti6

w. h.E 6 trEt.,Luht'o. ir L\e Lnbd.nr'dc is hv.ttmhs (*dufig) r bmbd''

*ifr'- t . *-r t* r* o' PuE L!$dFkulq L!'bdt+P6iG rE d@i''iiiAi.# n'.'. *nor *: p.,.muin tJEb'dv m*pr*d sih (oPi6

li iri".,iiLi iti.nJ "r

-u.iion n oir'd or?'!'dl mhc or dr hmtdi<rkurur

iiLll.a 3"*i*r u..*" . . avtumic ir 46 ' ruJrrion s '

equ@ or opd'hoc A

284 P@naiq lallila6-Pndt&t .ii tuE itru

hmH!.xpdid ws.valsEd by PlEly ryn&.lc bclorhationwihdur Fr€r€m to vid

n'. ffidrh. rld&iid4l ffiti. olr l41g!.s. ro e*r a valu. to 4dv dPtai'nin tlE Lir;rse. w. on aPlE d'filrt@ Ev4 ed.'p6im b hrd ror @Pe

Ev.l I+ 341-7

deln6 da vale ol dE .rpt8id (+ 3{) to b. 7 A.tu.Uv @Lhn'g sor. i! !equjr.4 in t\..e .l vliible .nd tuircdN sffi, tlE rffidd Evd Equn€ t isd Par:dt-^a,r* -*t'e **r *@ End.n b.trBr vdbl6 rd lhdr 616s*. p-?* g. i,,o n6r'it loorq rou.!od w*h r MbP ffi' r' hT

'dr' oe

3iubon E mbduc th. lymbol.t pemud ML.l u F Jollot'tq dfthtid'r mnda lor ihe hmbd!{dculul

saMdcDodEht sinDSanr$.Fucdoc EvrlhLrDS@wd.rq!|doc

!v!{!l-3rval lox rl{)l - EEI IBtr : Ml

Eul I& rrl - (Ev'l ll.l Evd tl:l)EqEl-l

*lw96.rbol 4 L'I,sd MdoF6snEIr ' [{) s suL5tub@ E i! an sPGimvlud d€ ;t h|€ | rcrrsl da hd I ! FmdEd b.tu

Ti. $ov. d@bridrl *mntid dadit r ruPptng ol ldHt exPEi'c b vrl6 h

11,10.12 RaGhE FulEtonolr L.@ d aI tukijodl P..AM it tui4 itd d ! t|!w tlE vnblitv o{ 0r $tuL*; l" . a-r u.-* il" -tu.Ur okdB 'PFi b rr.h evtlu!8 ffipmdinS b

R66ive fNdoo will b€ ntLtMt d 5v nodiftlu dE imPhMltdd oI l.dbd!

A fftdd Esr nuldgt6 ib Pon6.td: bt i*ll s b. wi6 EnB bllbd! dnG(rdhdr (t) {x r))

ftt, e&r*lon hr t\e tomGn$d.(ro@L)t dY)

Avrn of d\it rchlio. trlurL. lur I drt 6 rPFtr Miv.lv *i6in rh' bodt

(c t 0dbd. (l@E&) bodY)

uslnsthbs/nlrrtEl!."tori.l6ftddi!dc6 dttlE td (Lhbd. (r)

(r : (rrct {: x1))))))

fleIb/l tueoDDi{ Llalar 285

11.r0.13 rlriol SsP. RulsBle* *irn lcl d.nniiiN h.v b. deitrd in dE LnMr{kurus We inbodu'e t-o *iftb olbl-ks,trandIe.xPrdioi NonIsiv.d.6tnnGdi.E du"dki$ldd?lsim:

l.r n: ! in B ie s,bbdi:rion tn (rx BE

Hm is rte.!'npL lting ler+xbidkt*3rn('r)

lpb nay be 6ed whs..v.r i I'b$d.{r?r6rio! b Frturtrd FdeianPle,

rY ldt3n'{xY!)

rr. EF)Simph tuiv. d.finjh6 .t indlEd wft kft 6pr5rm whjch t' de6i'd in

hd ol l€tcxD6eoN dYmbinrdleh{ n E in B k tn abbralarion lq l€r

tY(lnE)hBld md ltu dlErioN My tz GEd The dlliniliN or the ld rd leFd

'xPKio aE

rd4!in3-0n.EElek n: EinE - ld n Y(\n qinE

what is tusd@l F6€amhlng hiAu.8e? Dild aE Inpdbne ol ruErioml

Dzw . omgrulon bd@ FwtiNl md ImPeGde. P&.dignwlEt*t to.i.lt iEPrm.y iI Fg3? ErPbn it bv b!$g a dmPb''Fudi.n lpo8Ningb.€!is6 u slonslt !'"€d-, jstit oL5btutwnk dn r,016 d loll.M4:

(i) PolymolPhis in lPg

(ni) Hthd.ddd turrios

0) FuErionn rLdhctioE.

r{/hardtt vri@ applierid ol Fu*doNl languge?

ExpLin rhe.Kphm ltr in8inMLThe"91.lun tion' L d.fin€d,stun t(, - iI x> lm then x _'l0.lse r(r(x | 1r))

5.

288 AF m.i! 1"4'dol-Irl''.ld.,4r eE tflh 0& mte.t dbM vdtu |PPlD.ch. ro .:9tsid 6dodd &d d'lurh tr.brcnlrddrl.'la!6aldtutldr

t r.d@6e 6Ltwltlgld|ai.*t .ltd@0 0i+:) 6

Gt Or47fio 0* Ot -yd.5G9 0|1cDOr+'1)

CHAPTERl2

loglc Programming languages

12.1 STTRODdCnON TO LOCIC PROCR MMNq

b6c dsr'M.nq trs.n ln rA. dlv r9g3 ! r dn<r dr 8F*h of @Ld mrr in

-,;-:d.'d* d"; -d at idrl intil'n* rt' -*cpi or toen prosEmmte 'admlor€d bv r.v'bri; coldldwr' Th. iiolcE i! fGr lotlc Pbg"unie bnaE8e

-ai#n* horoc -..o* * lnPla6ld in $' Lr8uis' ^tcot'\4

bv Rols€l r

A<ordi{ b din ida o{ ldgi.. PoSMinS LnguSo m rl8odl'in ffiilb d MdnFmtsniMu, *P r.&t rnd dtol

. n*bd.i'0Es;gd.,.h,r t pFtLd is ditt hs b b' plltd

. tu @rbl s 0! l&j@r dbp n i! b b' slv'd tt *Pnt'n3 tlt* t*o @P'tgr'*-i* * *-; -ry - loli Fd sd s L:E shl Pd on loeir

i.h. "e t"t-' I*u h d. .-d!" M iddl l%i' Fot-*"!'8 r'"s*8' i'Frly ilRb'.rin PF8@in8

r,'* * * *ia oi*"l |%j. F.t 'hn€ Ln8lrss (ll]fntlv

'E{bu':1 s6h ldd'g mrhsit m AND-Pldldilo ddl {e non d*m nisb :nd- ;:&";D;s".- (o., L"oes.i,on) Inaa lrsu3F*sFd Enlbl6 *be

-*"'ii..[.. cni*b b.**i p*a6 r$* 'E d'r'r 3vd!o br'3!a3'rvrLbl€ It PRotDG, C.mlllMr PSOLDG lnd GHc

2 Atuttd b^ tntuar46lx Egrd.d s 3m( ?eP* Prc3'lmtug bngurgca-

"iii " "ra. 'i."! a "mm6o

H.E ttE 'nph"rs

E d or'P'?r'erson dorrm- .*l*"ii,". l"a t*;ced/ Prcglrhs (thd E lne bodv or ' pro3' 'ft..i.-"* I * *u""o ti,^.tO Es;pla i(lJd6 quinta ?Rot-oc m'rmolnc .nd NU_mOI-OG

Apd6bon bn8r.3e * b.tu Nitd F d.dcdiv' dtb bE evdsn 'd '^Fn 6v*

rii "-*"* a o* *. ua, a kSic prosdnnu lusu86 ha-(mPl oEd ih'ahrdv rubsbjtirl Et o{ buildn8 PDll.l logE d"ns6 E€ut ot tM 4_@r nmw*

^Ji.*i J rr" u. a* o t fuu8c, it dE dit I d'tl.dn''hdd h'r rc be mde

In.onds,@ lotr pddd | linSle lordlis Io! tPPtdrlv div'F Frts ol (od pdrd

€6;iiN .d. *;i' g*l pui*. Probr.hslvins un3u36 'otr",* b ls!'rs

288 Pq'cnnii! Llaa-FieilL ii edttu

r-'#{trHr":?:}ffi iltff i"f,i$1::f.iiT1s*,rH{:ffi ;

;i: prosFtrrntg d$G i' oI 'n

dPdmt lnd drlhu Nrur

r2,2 INTRODUCTION TO PREDICAIE LOOIC

s:ffi ;i:sf ::f,"*"ffi*i:::lf.T,:ix*il K1xffi fr 'n'J#dodiriN tuch at .qdvlre''"ii *-"" *.l'..* " "e"{d

$mr' wkraB'En'br4irnda!tu.'id*'""'"T;i'ii "ir;r'",**;,

s nu! ot 6r" unr'r wr ko* tl* varu' or x rha

,@botn Iogic 6 tut d6l *l$ tu'n FE|@' '*'" * -L -" "*-I"r

r"d" b d'rl wldl ** rd od*! PrdeG Itu FdnhloaisNd!ud,lossirlddl*thah!@!tury@ -.'\i')^J. i't a'*,,vw, tut teltu' P4ns'l w d 1

"r'o*hiP Mg

d&ts AedW 3t wi,[bt'IdB€rdlo*ins.'bPLi--*ii"* _n'i-. rJ- o a*.s b bt*"' Tr.

'*v i! bluc'

'r'a _rh' .* ol 0d!

o-ii'ff"ir.ii ti. "i'

i^pr." "! 'Ji'!'

bv Pb'i+ f "PrspBE

tuunr'ehre in rFd

ffi l'f;mff r:'m[,*q.Ttsl#*:'ffi"::B G) Edt s'r i' Uu-ffii r,rvr;::-,s y:ffi fr +iff #''" ('"'-L€i6RlotrElrtdrm!iollo*-t. r"'-. +Ot*". U- *'*' L tEst ol otid ot h@t Th' Flrci4 d dr' iJa"'r"..*,"*"oq*t'rr'ni@lrFiv.e6d'odadohrnr

;(6" {fd dDD vrd.H6t. i)r'.Ii-p,i,p n" 'e'-'6 YrPrx)

-d@b 0E uhq'r qmhn'ldd

' ;riri;;i.am'LP(*r'w.;nFdrtuk''F r il &.P(xl hokls" Ltred&P{:)

nT#,':'ld**.1*n;#'turx.til*fl :#r{,iiii.-ii i-i ji:.,

' . 'r" ^* Fd d!'Pre !u dd h:w wrerc ourd b€

hs{omldinb n\e PEPelddd fod\ *N m:. POO i! th€ Ftdkub d@d!t x h! $tFlt' drd

' r;6iv*oldlE utrt!' YPoPlbEdR6

" ut ,i. .i,-" r * ,",* a ai,o* -u ue nra tr* tr" u-uo"l

I'1,_-"i1"- ", 'r.rr r".q'r'r"u bft'oqkdm Pld v Pl' " P(4 v vP(q)

il. --d" 'l "Jui t' 't"' 'av

6u s it' rbov' etMplP ( q' b cr md ct

r: P(!) I' PtJ ^

P{ct ^ rO

^ P{cd

'tudtr@ @^ 8! di' lnig'd4@$td tuasE bnd' ' sbtutu ddt'dldri'r

1.4 &qami{ r-4v4d 289

Y I et 00 r ftnh.r (x)

y x rrn\d (BilI r) ,. Mother (Hlllary, x)

Ato,Bill!kld!Gri.oI l.{tli&3. E*knu.l Qumiiricahort alow s io ni.ln.t ' oud das e']&r (with utsg n)

srd(x)-Mon{i)n@di.rrMdt

E x Fathq oin}) ^ Modw (Hin'rY, r))

IIEF b . tla wne farhs b till .nd wt€ Ftlt & lnlur'U rll ilad.ffib in tlE udva ol dbdld eb b' lLh4 thrn $"rttt*i'lq *i.i". g" pt r b.s"t'.t',. t}l?dljwbn P(t w lx, P(\J v vP(\)'3r

12.3 RqLES FOR COI1SIROCTINq WB!-FORMED FOR^4qLA

Not aI ltlrs crn Ep*nt pnpolidm of th' PnduE logr' nF* whlch Ptodu'e ';;;;-.f,;- :t;d "i"

Dbp"dld -;t r.ud t* *16 s'vd h'rod 'nd

tlev

;;n d wlr o{ d. fisi-da P'.iit"E b8l"I -a*" * tn*"a tv , r,"r o, ;rl|lbrd lun E P({ v)' *ha P r' r PEdi'uc

@;nd r rnd ye ri'rie 6dld $'l!nitib"d'tNfr fr Mnve G" stJatm'a8 ata:r T'e.nd Frls. E \rlft.i r..r, *.ooan"*r -*o" (n'r t' rFi6' P'oPodM)' 'nd

4d PFPsitiml;;.dr. r'r1''r l" . -*br. -F*b! lsPonbN) R wre

3. E!(h rbnn( loduh ( th.' s I sPeiJtc PRd@e slt| vxi'bl6) i!' r wff

4 'J

A.3 ddccwfi thm s 'F-.a (A

^ E,(A v b)' iA rb)''d(AHB)5 x r n . vrirhL (t Plgbis ob€! ol rh' si@ d di*olngt md A i' rs wrr'

ihaFe*A,ndixAE:md.r2,i kr p{\) b. ltt $t!td 1! hrppv', sh'F rt€ u'v'* or dlsl* td

' i3

s. JJ l';i d.i'; ..h a d'" r.rbqbt qu'dt'b in tn€ri'll

(i) Ttu. i!.5tudd srs ir hrPPY

(it Ev..y dudor i! mt bPPY

{iii) th6€ ir'. ttuddt,ho is tut n PPv

(t) Not.I *rdab e unhPtY

290 PrFndit l,Bo&FPni.,LJ .il l'{/i@

Ermrt 12.2 slppo* rh:rrh.dwd.tb@iFortlt '6niclomulr P(( v)E {1'2'31

wnb dt dr Lllo;ni FIP6bN un8 dljNid ud oddb'E

0i) YyPor)

(t P(1,4v?(22)vP€a(D PO 1)

^ P(3,4

^ P(r,3)

04 P0,1) ^

Ftl,4^P(L3) ^P(r' 1)

^ PC2' 2)

^P(,'3) ^P(P,O^ PO 4^ PF,3)

tv) fitr) ^?0,2) ^PO 3)vrC, ! ^?P'a ^P8'3)

wPp, D^PP,2) ^PP;3)(v) (P(r,1) v PF,1)) vP(3,1)

^ P0,2)) v P(,14 v?p,2)

^ ((P(1,3) vP(? 3) v Pp,3))

12.4 IRAIjSCRIBING ENGLIAH TO PREDICATE LOGIC WFFS

Ersl8h s!.F oppatE ln l%i6l Ming d be o('lexd d I wf Ttu5 Dra d!aisgoo meii -a pl* tt thu .lj'l'ub P6ihiliu o! nitirbPdt'D' 'r;bE tl. 6; oiry-blr b8r.lF dL tsms 6orNl rdo..h.ni6l, mhhub$b d. iltplili..dm t@u'g td dtd'8lt k! poM b @.

To hedb. I pra.odd tbFd h FrSljlh u'L . 3ib s od Ftdidh rvnh.lt fldsbb L &Sx.h dl. itrop6ibd uli! dE P'ldoE ffinkdYa !d qmti64 rlxnFplid rh. hslish plu€ w h dP dPodhg lytubE$npl.i2,3 Ia L(& y) 5e ihe ppdldt. "r lilG /,.nd Lt 0E qu$e6 !o.xpE or $.

(t Ercly @1e66€y @.(it) Bv.ryRnra@G) sdrNdcd[k a,twtv) EeE, clil6lt:nF) nE!i,@mw16dayft!l€(D Trlat!rc ft xhm.vat m !k6(vii) Ev.ry o. dd nd lle she m

(i) Y:ey{ny)

t'ti' fuldnfltit L'4!4s 291

(vD rrx'yL(y,x)

Ex'mele12.a ra sG) Lt |h. Prd6E "r i! I tudh!" B(\) tu Pr?dk'k "' ! r bdl(''rd*-"'__ "-i-:(i"' v.r*t'* da udvd* or 'rr'ou'

B0r unrvs rh't l! dE *r

"i'.u otr*r ir" qu-u* o .tp,* @ch or rh"olldhs !bL@lli) Ev6y frd.inh8r bLO S.n rtudar dF @r h.w rY boo&

(iii) soft !tuddt hs t! tla bool(

Gv) Not er.ry nddr h{: too}'(v)'nft n. boot shi.ndaY rhld'ithi!

(t r x F0) + 3 y (B{t ^

n((&v))li) 3 r €(, ^

Y Y (B(Y), ilr(! YD(ijD 3r(s(r)

^ Y

' (s1, rn(& D)

(iv),r (s(r)r 3y (B{r)^ H(!Y))(v) s I (B(r)

^ Y y (tu) + H{& v))

Ermd.l2,5 &r u (@ida th. followinB rbi''€B

a Measa. PonPr.n3. AlPonFirE sdRoNa. C.awa.dla5. AllRo'@@dt*Ioaot bog[dbldhh6!qenb8dlb!o@?. Mmd yntbred.t l6rh', GFtlolql b& M2tu ti.dtollsdEcatW.6wnt rboE ltE h Wtr! ! foUow!:

2. PomFi-(M'fu)3. Y rFnpd'(r) - Rodi{x}

5. y xRodrE{x) € l,}d b {& .€4 v H't. {{ Gr)6. Yi: a v: by.l b (t Y)

i. ' - ' rl*'ifil " n"t-tl

^ r.v..6dl(&, + -L'v'r b (& v)

3. Try,situte (Mc!t c|6r)

12.5 DENTTTTE CLAUSES

Ila idd ol loF. pFFmni'8 s ro @ | omPuer Ior drdwiq 'daurbn lEm dnhEave

jli.i"JiJi.ii]'ili;i;;: l"r"d ro8i. P''i'"! ffiFt or rinik srs or rosc rormub\'

292 ADF^ia Lra"!r._P"stL, .i/ Ptfti&N

$q T1€ ide. ha @te in 0! lg4h on lubmb. t*en Ptovi$ Hour,"i""ip.i*."t u*"- p."".s b rppli.d losr P;tEdKlns rqul! imPd'derndw ol th. st@ T1! l, !dtj*.d bt inbdurtng Flts'doro on m bgua' dr"-utJ-ul* r1'rl -ro U pot"bL to c dt ELdi.lt ldsPh Dd Po*stul !'t!RruL6U.d 0EslD-talucM Fdrrcth lntljl knon* *rI ldedR' dk!!d L$u8'

i. * utr. iut* -u *-tt'.ea b I ttGtd tvF oi.lcbndE bt€ ortut4'lLndc our deib. dl!v. ,66 .d n a A 'dE ot $r t'?. 6rIE db td Iriri.ir,aa *t"- r"lmaui t-c ofu l*r), d thlt r *lrtloo hold D.ks ldlvidultd!'t t d **-dodE tritlon tFd G' c otr ni.). Fd.unPL, sid!' tt hElE:

0 "Td lti6l6!.njld'ar'Asbiootddd"{in) " IoIb r.6d.d!ld"0v) "Alia L i*rr. d{ld"(v)'Tlr gn'nciildot.FenudidolrdtttdolrAi'F&t-Ile.ni6..d b.fodlj:.d |I twotl9l nd.iod{c tmuL.daibfignde

o\ild Gd Jol"t

odld 0oh4 Mtr)off( !4Fld

AtplyirE tli! Fb66 b lh 611 5uE yiddtl

'r.r dl t.tny, 8tudd'ld (& Y) ulrldarir.rddrd chld (& t).td ddl'l (a y)'T . an h. toiha tolflliEt 6it6 qon8dat ud dtr

dp6id tk nnpti..t'd ! s!*.l.nd wdua'ts':

...(1)

...(r)

...p)

'''(')

...(s)

vtvyGnid.Nld(&y)F3r(.hld(42)^dild(ayD . (6)

Tns 6dd. d b. hrdodGt n& $. touowhS .qdv.Lat ald uin8 th' lo*rl

yr y y Gld.l' d (4 y)v _!. (.rd!t (& 4 ^

dnB (avDer vy (!tud dtld (& r) v v - (.Ilild {)c ') ^

6ild (t y)))vr vy izGn i ctdd (&y)v-(.Nd(&')^d ld (a vDvxvy y rGnddtld (r y)€ (dtJd (a d ^.rild

(a vDW. M lEs.bne on tl* L.gu{.6t lms .I6Pund try oE.imPL

'bovalr @lr! d ld6ul! of *: ndn

/ccA^.^4(,h6r>o)

\v-4v...v-^,rhc A- .. , A e rbni. fmuj|! 6d .ll vdrud M! ln I lmuL F (bP i'ilvl*d ;uv cu;hdrtrd oE th. tr6L lmuh tlf, romul. or tru ton N oll.d d?t'it

L'n' P'ot"n'ra raqra6 293

Facts.r d.llnjt? clals! wh!re n = o Fa.E en emdime "lled

Fit<bMs) The {omn

r",-,r"e-i.Jr"arr'"r.ra*mdN;wherd41^ ^A!iB"[cdlbbodvrh. i;tuIeunoL 116$ ut detuiE .huF wsP ' $mdd lorm o( disenh'l

"-iii".uii-ir'l;"u- *., * onrv s bodv rr@b d^atibrirDv qub6€d ovs

iil"a" iii-* r*rry *'r' ".q,rwbi

b unEn:r qu'nri6otin on du rRd or di'g)

Aclau&isrlomdrr(Iav v LJ whdE 4h L' b rn 'rodiclmul3

(t Pcrdve libal) n oE

tu6n6 of d 'hic loduh (' tuEative ljteil)"i. *r"* 36.t * o',, a"rt'r" d.@ ir r cbu. rhar cdttrtu drctlv ore Pdi6v'

[Etrrl Tn't 4 a fomuL oi lt! tmr{A!v_Av- v'^J

lrE dd.rulollrdd is b hb sudr t d'tunF d:@ 66,\e4,-,rn(n>o)

lr rhe body i, emPty (ih.t i! iI n'o) th. inplcliion tlrd is Bullv on'itr'd

12.5.2 D.finlte PlogEngA d.& t prs,n ! . I6E *r ot de6'nb d.@ to apho rl1. @ ot l4i' lomnlrt 6p-s.*l,dd'-*at'e.p-s.DDU€i! P'*Ed in Fig 1zr'

q92 f-l tst Fl\T,Z-

lls12l csffirvh* orrooro Fwlmho

fte @Bnh* .ftmpb b d6nit ft l^bded md'l by ra ol d6llrh@

-"e; aliur b .16 *i'i.B "

p'os-m) h. h.t in nnd { tr8'bdc 6wau' u'3un v

iii.i*"'r'*- *mr.* * i. ;kid ou PFdhk ivmbor' or th' For"m) rh6'L-'J** *l"tt a,'*r*".'.a 'ii.. Tll-pFs@ i:'' *rot loSEiorrrdh' !d ftDvfiii" '.a.rr-"a"a-s

0" itu'd.d !E&l (Fit 1, (4) rll dttPr oI inE 'ded '$d'lli.r--i Gtr. |a;.-** oi losd i%,* PFg'- P b idd 'l dr

i,iiiJiJao* moaaunordi..0E n' ordd b pow PEstd b b' ffir oi b;;' ;;;;n;;;.', . nv. s ,rtnhv. dsPtron 'r rh' rnrad'd mdll

ir. ".damme will br used bv dre ohPut r b dnq smlusiN ahour $e i'hd'd

*ad 'iJii.irui

n"..*, "r";dv

Lrlo;$tid rviihtie b ih' smPub 'bour

rrc

iEJi *n i ;. p.g r, ,":t s. da dd6$c aFh nsr b€ he in 'r'v

noder ot

o" p-1r.. - g*-i--dIl u*v*tu? o du i'bd'd oodel (F{ 121(c)

294 P@'dI. l,$ds P'iM.!r.r d &€diri

Tne d orlogicl os.qffi oi! Pb8tui, finii.. Ti{d@ rh€ llg i5 a*.kd touafth. Pros'2h s€ldiv.ly lq vaiou rEpcb ot the inhded tud.l nw is m dlo81 tihEbrionrl dab b*J..b *plicitly d.sibd plemls oI th. Elati@ wNle rule! 8iv€heNiml o\dactrdation of s@ otlE.LlMb. SiJt.lhe Nls ny be reudive, rhe

Ehdm deiH dy b. inlinib in 6ntut b tlE bdldo!:l Ehional d{$.*. AsL\4ditim*n t|. e ol vsrblB ard cdpdnd tatu. Thi! o\|P!r @id* only "qei6" ot

Ya(&^ ^^J)sucn Irflula *. dlled ddri! 8dl, md d 6',lry uiM.3:

FA''\*h@A,irae.t mi(l@da6 €d.ub8@LTreSoalwlst6'oi!d@Ldo..d6lLdtu aptt g@L Th L8al Mins oI . 8o.16 6..d,in d by ttung ro dE.qrivrlorhiwly qr6ri6.d (huL

'{..ri"_{ar^. ^^-)wher:,...,4@ I vdrbler t ut.M in rI! 8od rhis.qulv.Enl h:-5r.,3\(^1^..^AJ

Tnis, in turll, cm bc *6 6 s erLtud.l q!6ti6 ana th. rylh rthdPb b dhy X by.wddinsa.ouE.xnpL.Tlur!,.&mPthIndtflL ri sti tlur L\. fomuLobbind 6!h A!

^ ..

^ a- shaEpl'.nl3 ttu mu€\by \ 0 3i3n) ! tuh.r'y tud€l

or d! Plq.e ihat b t) @tu e L'8n l dr*qll.lr. d tlc Fg@ stdr i! N i@re.r.6idh ot.ll Nb6Ft in d! 3dl,EInp|€12.6 w.luv. Rn oEt lollo*lnC stu d h. totmrizld a:

_Ion bjc,rht.IUId" cnft Go( Jolh)"atr b l6t dind" cniu (A4 T.m)"Jolu b rur..hild" .hnd 0ora M.ik)'4i.. n iohn! .hild' .Ndialiq John)

..0)

...p)

-G)...({l

" TL 8tudd &totr peFnb.dnuol..I ldollllj! p6m-@herctld qloroE:"For.n:rtut,8tud.hild(!t)ilORods.z,uchd ddd(lz)rddnu€y)"

. (5)

w..m.bowdbitr!n seivr yy y z Ctuddtld (& y) e (chlld 1& z)^ dnd (a y)))

Nw lg ny .* dE rdrowil€ qu.dg

Ttr toDowin€ r'!,6 c orirnd:. snE dsr G N Ei.t 16 in dt nct 3oJ tE .tM ir !i!'PIy'Y6'"

Lqr ftoacnih! r'i€4r 295

sine L\e oroe am ortrB no $Iolsanor tb'ut Srii'hiar ol 'r n I *" 'r$* to

ii-;*".i ii'i i':- *"" t't'r.-!\ m, p*Iae inPre"*br oa'i bourd inlwd

iin i* it,r'" "onaa,ild

a *r $. lMr i! x = Ed i! rePrv to rh' Tttltd 8o'lj

Th. frd Sdl yierdt inE aw4:

Ir t! D@ibl? b rs* M @P!6l.d qudLl for @Ple'L dd@i.hiLc d r.n &d

^ri6r,- e smd.nnd GoN xr sNddild (alie':)wl6. G:p..ted) al1rc i5 r'G'r'

12,6 SLD.RESoLOTION

h lnn *hd w. wiI lnbduF 0t in6t@ mrhsih whth s the baie of rhe n6r loSic

;;; ;;;.n 'L B, "p.d.r

G. or d'. o' rb id!'.* sb drar rh' *'r!f i'i.i,1Ji:-''i'.i ir''i* 0,"' -,;auad 6v

^ J Robi* d rh' nid snn€ td ' 'ns

Lrgu3. lhln d?tnb PF8I:GTlljs l, .ko ciLd dslD-€durln'Iru SlD-lelutd PtupL dr6 Pdib'l b dr'* rcd lsd6l6 ft'h rh'

p.#i'-t'"' ii:"Gi;o',1a.* Id. rlsidnv Md oP66'i ffik d d'n^E

' -ai^ *r"n"" n ton, .a b d rudnint NM fo, pmrt 3btu88 in ldh'n,n"'..'ti'"-a'i;iii i1L

'^'* ai@ naw !mi6.t^ { 'ln

nla a h@t L\at atu'

'Anu in.;i.tr8z

'rd E84nw i otrt"

' A ltd.l d*ed nr $;'ftedd ol d inPlodd in tuStlive t<a!& m lhPliohm

P - Q,r.quvrLlt b ' PVqr-a"i.. l' * *-*", *

't b . F adu wi$ sinSte PIEI 6'rlbd' died dt

bv. slEL oFrdd'with dMb h prdidElogk ln'€oruhoPdlMn o€PE m

'i..""'*i "n t' * *"-"a - €v rhd.td lbn (d:@ Ibl

i"i;.*. . "-" , "*,

v.lr4 .bPB b 3ho* trEr rlf ralLnon or 'n'*#iiiJ-,ii. I **a"*" wirh n* td;bMb (du' is nt&6ibr?) Tni!'

b<rniq* i! eid b b. lfuehnr- u'.n -u."i ir r*'v o.t rI llrtm{ hst be h

'raus f'rn w'6nfouow'

lollMiN!E r ior L\e.6t/@ h tocl:s lm:r im*t.rro*^p*t *., ulq the rr th't r'b 6 b wnrb - dD

2. R.dua {* spe of.n - b singl! h!r" utlnS the f''b:

(ri) -(.^b)=-av-b(iii) -Gvb)"-a^-b(iv) - v r: P(xJ = 3 x: _ -P(x)(v) -3r: P(r) = vx!-!a)

296 Bqrnria L!{.ag-Bii.ida r/ &i,/rtn

I M.la.ll v.n.bk uR u$qu.4 Md. qustlll@ l.rt widl our drnriry L\dr Elrriw dd?.

v r: r Y: I.P(:) Y-q&Y)lt, Elislut€ lntladd qudtBt

0 Ant vd.bL tut l, edlt ndrly q6d6.a N r. e uvntr d@ L $tu!rlu.61 0d v.n.bL oEt d*6 rh. aFaid iE

(Dl To.l|n!ut th.qmddz,*anEplerh.v.rnbhv hrluEt'Dr6ii) w.ddib@.lottuht !dI',KiutltEwil.d

For ahPh, a d*@. 0')$r. nplra s wlh. w I'!di& ie

duitM(friff {)Fur{ ) bo!.d r!6Ltt'.d4.I! 8d.l tE n!866 hllr nr* {l cE

'lMba oa !8!l|d a t* n@tba ot

uwqalquntnarhoEdrE FFIasG rNdEadPlc

YrtYr.uE0,x).l@Rwt!d&r .lalurrrhrn.dr.Pleilwiliv

r I FloE (t(r, t)6. Edrh rh. Udial Qurda47 c6vd !odiftnbnord$|6{.v (bv+ (. vb) vc(.

^ b) vc'G vc)

^ O v 01.

3, ds..,Fb d.4 tdad d{'!rl

26.r R6otutto.! ln ProPotltloo t glc

w. d.ro {l lr.dudon b Peroddd lotk fy tolowl'l r.P:1- rit.tft hr* b dwatdr & !rcPdd6 ro d.ehdz J.!.r.r ud sd dEt6 tbdrutqs w. toY.& d,4 t! lll nr o{cl'!!'!

ohin dlntrdd.P,t W. hr* b It@t ut{.I I d!.dien b fo$d d E P6aE d b' Nd':

(t scdMcLsaFE$.lt@fio r&lw dh ttd llri 0Er$l6t(||s nE s lt b luitc rdludm0n) r 0r rEld b tu.r9rydre rt'a. dtsrd|d.dho b€r fo!'d I i:r

not rto dd I b d*.1ol.L'g .v.tLi'L b ut PFqduL.r6G{ouwh6adPkGtmAriomR CdNEtdb.L*lm

(DvE)JE

I-!vB

L4n F Edd{ r'@r 297

H@*@n grling C- ! -C whiah!! 'tsdv in'LE to4 E ft durnjng dut - C i3

Ns -Av-B v C sd -cae@lel !P:rGl d!@'

t_V

I

V

t__V

I

V

th.12: R..dudd h l.F rh r'sE

12.6.2 (ld8@tlon

As ddodhhd 'n tlE pHio6 fbo( N oI lh' mh in8Fitidb ln b\' lnl*c

i"iiJ--iiii. p'** i ""r'"g

M rbn';. ionub! lvnkti'rrv equr*rniLLs rit tbe EN Alub.titutioQNdr thrs0 tnd be iddhl (dh'Ed s3 - sl G

-I"a-*Ir. Ji .J n" -,r-m 6 b. d@ bv r tbjsh ron"d cutw pFedG6leddEqllnqiiq4godirl .

Fdcr@l€ ft wdtiounfYttE.+alds

t . M.;;@ ol P Nd w dn 6ntpd '

!nab, dd ddide t lsbtht brdaheyouldNkh,t/t *illtttbrtst$].ritudorc

Alt.sukdirddaPlsdMr

N* * - .{.FDr b u" .rB'l|d b rd c, Yhidr {G!€d! w fi {ttdto'h (c/b)

n'"-*,i,n-ii.pi"*r'';diK*d..rdrhr t'iitoM dut s tll @Pddo or

rb M 3ut6tjbtion * found E wiE tlE d podb s

208 Arlr.hdq rlqurs-P'ridlld ci/ &E/i3n,

"A !'df,€ sid !obe nsl E.ddl uxl4 (ry!) oltwobG ifi 0 b hoE 8d!.1$ananv

Ddi.irid (Ud66ticn): Tr. rFd ol trding 'v&ntu6on id /.ni6b Praeet n daditdri'. We *€d to ltbw rhi:

li) 2ijhL6b. mth.d.{D rhe flhdituEon is th.t 0u lihr.b

'daudl thc is a linPL ltdttih.:ll.d

hi66dm.lsorlt'im dlt dE 0E unfiarid

rZ63 odfi€tloDAllgorthltnw. on do tE qifr..d@ by 6o[,}r']n8 flta

L I i:r pr€rtidt€ tFbol hai mrch2 FdadtFnolpEdidt dStddltl

. diff@t cNbnb offit Mth

. . vtiabl.my b. *Phed by r.or€rtnt

. . vrd.ble s'y h. F?l.cd b mdE vrn bh

. ' vnirbl. try h€ r.PLad b, . 6rd.ion s lou a th. tuebon ds rcrlfrin a iroi.tE d AE v$$le

3. n ls ahFinS ro mtdr 2 !hl4.tl tuhcrituEd aq.t 6. Dd€ b dl hdr nhlL Th@ @y b. mny rt.ritri.nrld unit 2lih!, dE lsr laml siia i! !!w!F

Lr6*Ntlbttibb@dhPl6: $lolloG. E4."dPO, {h.rihd6"(Vy)

($t3dbc !fdt)P{&r!idR,z): l./rw/,)

(Y ror & db t [or Y)

P(&t{y) !dt(R.a4 | Au/&f(Y)/,)P((x).nd P(r) | s&'dtun66nldmP(x) vaom) lna &lul) vao: Gdn/&j*/y)

12.6.4 M@tG Loglc RedudonW. d Ffdf, Eoludmnr pEdirb lo8i. ty lilosinS 3tepg

w6 m dpty d.@ di5r5 !d lh4 c d.lg dur dnbe r&lvd:r. S.L.t 2.L€ dut d 6. sdv.d.2 rgolEdrt dru(JEdn6dt'dt.pplydEuifariddb.ribrno.bdE'ali

ard sh nr LiFrkde. t 'i3

N@ t*sagiinat ru tE ri$ hcL@ldfr

,. PohFbn(M)3. - ?@pds E, v R.hd (x')

5. - RonK (r, v IoY'r b (r, ces) v luE (t, cezg)

lat Pad'riaLll!!@ 299

z - n6 (;.) v ruld (tJ v nyBidE (& t') v Lv|l b (& v,& rry.sirEE (@,cdt

t:E(marw6s)We d ?e€ .bore Soal bt dt h.lP ot @hfm 81olto6we wi[sdnm-h.t (h.a.Brt

-tu(M!q,c!{)I

l,-b-(.rvr.tlbc'tut!b3'tu!)V ctu\ t'

-r@(ttu)vt46O{!q-a}I| .h+!rc')v|fuc,vtu\o)

r rqtnor!q) v lqJ.o.4 (b)II n4do(b)vpl

r.r..0b.<!r)I| --bc')v-Eo,)-rb-(,"t,)v'ra&6.t)vbd.dttt4

-i&oed)v-&(-)v-tn&0-atu)II boid)v t1l

-;6(c*)v-nrddo{.acr4I

v(l-14@o.!4.r-)

II ir|@oi4or.)vpt

tb r?-! Attr.rlloPd

12"7 MGAT1VE II'IfOR'{ATION

W.ldD' oBt onh . pc t{ Llodtl.n d b' ! bti6i orE ql* oi ' Fo€@ sFi'lJ-. * JJ ri all* *et* n{i!futidllr @t inPo'tur or de nr6edo'dedn &flvd'n (drQ tta,4,t4 6 hrln ^b

300 Aw'niit L.B4tF&idtls ri/ &idi!tr

ltr.SLD-EFlutid lppll6to*6 of Hm clhF wi$ da.rlv otu So.l.l.s UsingSLD

@brioq w. an t*r dduc *;.dt ir'iddtld.kl a oltda or ptogm:

NMn'cEsihto€t*,t t* tlrv i! 'Et.

ttrdar th.t i, r.nld.h (!Ev) AtKh:w aff rbE trudo{niry) re mr loSEd 6dq@ of tI( PFtndd ruri6. (ry1 n dto d I iosiol @sluaE of t! pto!@ Wl$ n o do lEw lt

r2?.r q@.d U'btld Atqrn|ptlotlEirlsqErulalnrr du..dt,yR.l!,llotHft do..rt{&i.lsllPdd(cwA Utul6in'n ae nrLw d.|dr; bhiE ada{ (drv) d 0l sMlldl tur ltlda{nuv) bn t.h!i.l6t q6eoltut68m

TIICWA!otErrE dMt EL b e h. drbb... d@ Ir drdsd d.bb.4rtrb nllrLwrllvDold-ifddd.nrctdChtt Plar h.ll.trht * Lbld 6n oI@ hbnt;;d, dttltu don lMplbd b d* PEE ol dHrnfi cLq Tltcw^irui;eLofrmffibt in gtdErc9r.hrulEemdvo{!t-tidrtlin Ar rt^t a;a d. h mddrd.n.aR.n@ d d* rtu d o{ tA.dtu du

'Eilurly h.!C. Nd r{ u dli.i.. F.Sm P la uhdr UE CWA tl.Pdot{.- l,.i A E BP

ild $!(; E rhh b hb u,t hdt b c dr ClvA E hrw to ds tt*. !d r

Unhmblv hau o{ th. ud.ddi.Ulnv oa t vdrdq ptl6d oftu ddd htk,{st!m.lFrdilxl dr b}. Mruhr' A;YhdrE^ b6tdr ht al6-q€Eo{P tl A ! d-r lo*rol d!.qll!E I DY r-P 66e'12,72 Ncgailoo !! F.llur! tu|.tr ! .L.t fr@ .bo( .trroid thl r Fcdc. rL .PPli..dd ol !l Cr^'A ! rshltstrkdbdc^EE xrc.itlpdF..Ilhn6rJE rAEsuLd ltdaFd&

Pd r ddldE !r!!F P, tltslD 6dt tilq d.l PL E d 6orlt a E lP fe ddn lha.d. hii.lv fi ;.5xD*4 wl .rt i!ft{G rid d{r&! F@ta.ndE

To de.l 4t tiit EltLd hr w * .ttoliE trcmlq* tnla* ruL, .dld trEdtu - ,tt!E uL. TltL rul. bn ftdH ln.k|0 bY.lrrl( b.Lo r b hrd '4diE'iitic,i..Il .bb drr lI A lr h tk sLD 6'rb hll@ !.i or P, lna tt{q u& s@ rh sLD

6;j! hn@ d it db4t ol tll olPLdtl ot d* tlg ai w 4 our ilt t srt'd ahiluc I! L.r @stul ltd tlE Ct{A

Los e@ndq ri{q4 301

1. Cmvd !h. foll@in8 foru d PEdEk l%t inb(l'dt f(mYxl vy?(i,4) r r y Q k, y)i R{, y))l

1 M.!.jnEsof Sl'Dleluddprcv.thrrL\!Iollowhgdglll$tivaridwh6oG6€disnbdTiLh E mt bcniaSor! tibrrr & ni.n*d

TlmfoE, sF who c itlliSe{ odl ud

Fr*E(aY) x i, rh.6rhd oIYMorAd (, Y) xi!,rheeth6or Y

F@le (x) xisrhlf@leMde (x)

DefiE th. rdtiion ol lne fonwrn&

(iI) Negatton.s fail@ dbEion5. Dlrdo dE.on€F ol l%ic dd lrr @ ln Fo&rn'$8 b4lagp

(ii) lrniw* oI diNuft({t) TIE 6iver6l qu.ndEd

0v) EdtE$nqu466a

z murhu licarim id vhy E nquitedr3, wdb tlt uiriobm.lgorihjn.td .Lro JEd4 dn *P witi d &aplc9, Wlit do you u<I6!6d by n€rliw lnid.do ed hot it is le d?

10. wdr.E.dErlllc6:(i) (]6.d woda |snPtion(ii) N.g.tion s lailur rule

CHAP TER 13

Data-flow Languages

13.1 INTRODUCTION TO DATA-FLOW TAIIQOAGEA

Ehb FlN M8!.36 daiv.d l6h I b!* Pnritl8n ol $. drb flw SnPhi]':t in rh.m<|elnrs or , ;@h u r *l or orb nod. hhffiud bt H d d|b drFry 6uhdd dij F;d,; tR ! m dd6, oFrrio( !d a.h otdrb i!,6e io d@b urs

'bdrb mE Ttu ie'9Fbdo or oE bn[uS. b Mhnny i:Jll.'Jld :id tP o'fllmrq E

Tte dab-{d n6d.l h.! th. dnsl+.!(9dsrt tFFiy vdc e dah brsu drt &hsrd ed dd, pro.luois ndtb l}l

'Ede L\.r <wd6 dl@ &.E nE omPr.l.

wi.u. ddl. st du.6 h. [tdrveilt updr.d .t r lrb deln d:b-nq, ilardd.E mv b. r-d b dD [* dah bdds $dr id6nfs3 e uiB

.idEuidsi'Ed{etydp'!du..d)4dty|linghulqeElqd*yorctt upd'bd

Tt@issb@nutu'li'dll.*h.n odd-notudturdon2llr8ua8€ap!€s IniB Nbhly ddr; $€n MGp ty d.ldotnaL ore rhrihs or @din luJrnmdpn;pad6 int 5bd n Mdr b du FPul* hP6,bw luSuage o, then bn*, rnd sdut;DobG of edtdci hpllt@hnon.h4d Dy Lrh L4u3. dr*

Mcr mdm d&lrow L@tF 'io

mr h.w th.tr leMnb€ rhnmd h M olposEn s{ptu. rrEe e fundr;;61lIiibb@ or ru.h ! *icr d*n hr nr d'b{dw

1 cen,in pFsnmmi$ langutgt lNlihk dBt h.ve PEwd ro b€ Edul (tuch FrFraroi ;nd 6rt Epnxi&d s r.n ot r {bric dab ,l@ s'Ph

2. Tlr€ €ffi.jdr lmrlennhdon o! .!*:in opdadoN, lrdculdl $@ lssilhd wirhffirinS.ndtu;ipuLtinlarS! t|rbnr{ilRaisImda@blydiltrcllthPedab_

13,2 DATAFLOWCOMPIJIERA

DrdnM onpuier e -didUy .li6dat 6om th. Mjdity ot Pt altel oE Pue. AniElMtNGFdy Io' addon wlu iBotd,rd3N.Yailirn .

. AI fthdiN R fu*tio. (dur ! dk e rc sde.ne.t)

. Th@ L rc @pr oI qhl nov, rd 6 . cdi agP is D n'cd Id r Pr'AEh

Da4lh! lj't"tg 303

, lnldmrioris lrn rnitd E|lu da rbr.d h |!@ry'. k U@ G r .Iob.l !r{Gd |'6|j@ *s' e N LohldEL! out'd bv ffi

li-t",. ii":n- *p"," * D! l."* *i*nr th'h o- *ry 4tdridil*@ d1666 PlobLd!)

133 FEAI1nES OF DArAFl,olrV tAll( rGEs

D.b-dow |I€686 hle lolowllg e.rlE1 l!.ddr 6@!id. dt rt

3. B4'iv.i4 of i$b!.d6:lddii8 sirft d'b d'Ptddiaa satd..sltuFt Er lir orinoglu-pr*lwtEbn d i4ltqrdd tdu ol t"hR I rd {i. ir* r. r-ia i'-v -'r*rv hFlc.t-*F6@'Fdd w hd6bdd- r.''s-;id.';'&. i.€..!! ;*itt ro ft

'orown'8 F Frra

. D'dddd! Hrd t@ b "dE 6. dFdlY b'dr

. nE! b m llo* o{d|ttl d. dubdtil,tbtur b'dtdtubc drJi|.(t n ua,.t tto, u,r ooo!.ddhr b d'b d'?adad6

. rr. -i,arr. ",,rt a ".a'r.ti.dm

L tu tu*t4 xhidr in .oMn w h

iifo!; rifii-"r i o.'g. r -"-rv 'q'd"rat b dE vdu h ds*

' iL-t-"vr,mpat.'ao*iordNtN8htdlntulrtus'. wrd.turD.dft&b orvovq iod|lrsus' b lnqut49 p@itim I

dift dt .is du L(} ot d'r6'tlEd' .Elddr otlE dE Pmqi*ii Vo - '.q'r* - "'Plidt "gEdis

gEhitt rn & l!!ut'NME8 ;**Lddh!!duddb@ollhd'lrlrowLnAtF

13,4 IDEL OE(rq LD TAnllV LtrcU fES)

ffi "-H*ffi * Ttffi $Tffi ffiF,."'H"5j'"r$i5ffi",fd;;r& ;;#t,.q .id dddrcr orrd .*.rr* r'* h' 'r rl'urf#ft'lliJiiiiG;da.llo* d"* s ib Eud' b"b !d xrirvi'e 0*

m alihd.tsrrt lmt b.LElldtddtii o"'r,r. t*.r'.* o a-a|dl *ro' p"'"tu'lll) SaQda dltph durn b b' IdDl't'dltYr PatuE or !!.+dldtl cqnFrdt*)"i "-i* **-. -; d n@t'd n'd!h' (d P.*) tur''' :";-",i-!t;d.fo\s'd.b olFu8h@lur'otrd'r'mlrTlt 6itE ol.ttTand t.b-Ibr Lnerf. GFL) x N di'td b d'btrljl'i'

o.Uti, -a in oU a." tvpo 14 htsad ltd x'ola& No d|

304 PreaMhr ratrtry-&iMiPl., aii &r/itru

In mII" a pr%nn s6iet d of! Ln olmdule&tujt@ tonowed bt I listot3bbdbs.Frrld by *nicolone A hodulq iI ddiJ€d tffl!€lt $ed modul. d ilt h4din&orts*le rDdure *s urd. D! htii... to ! h.dule @diad ihe loftEr FilEt G by.,pli.idy <lituirg d€ inld.nd dttdt idadia E:drhd@ F6lEqunld b hrv.r I6tfl irpur rnd output idoriftrB Th. tF d idabnd E rpdiEed 'iolro'td by r typ. .i E inEsa(h0 e B@ld (b@D All tdhffiG in . hodd. Inb6eh|d b b{ 9?€d, whle de lci& th.

'EduL Rald orJy b h. Saped wh6 6 .dri8vity

,rDF ,hE'@6 {a. .n u\Blffit, I nodlb 6n, d r .ond iNl lbhMr (iflb$nai). an asisnmr espu.d wid ttE $slFlsrgffit Ere ud ru diilienl 6ddu'l.tfilenrih,tnEid{ti6dL.hgd.6i.dwa3o.turight llntiswBdPdid.d

(i) It did not a hiv€ @poidin8 mtiMdcrl notad@ dd.(ii) ninrcl*dthelpdrt olrLtmuiE!driisdjdnolenloiniolingLr.lanohtLa 6 k a siisL lslw mduh h TDFL b skulaE itE 3@6 @m dlvlton

n dre k:int ger,y:r^t.t.r, gcd :inLe<rer)

Eucrr& (yrzl ->gd.

Eucrids lx,z)->qcc

lDF! w inpotulc hb LngurS.daill6 a it rE die 6ct dd b a€ibc drdllow gFph ld.U, rnd it pFvid.d . dlkudd oI

'lljhbl. tnddio t..iriqla .nd

inpl.tlldum d.r'n 66 sdac !d 6!tutti6er8 tEdtn6

t35 t^qDunJu dp led hrX or tn 19/o{ UE ffip{b ltrfuEb'P otoERA.cERr iJ' Frrmhs ro'hrie o : l4slrse hd 64prl6 Ldrd o th. rlti &b-flow trsd.l. TlI 8@PG@prLhs cmte, Dsi.. c.ll, tur .nd 3F) sde3iuliy @pl.i.d ih. Ii6tmultipmM dab.fld frrcl{rc in !.?thba 1979,

Dobr& L,i.@ 305

h! laU om (dsffi b€lw) $. tdn Din thhdB rtar 'ould

be ad w4 tinple.ssrct, prrii.l GtrsiFmr (dP;d oPe.td), deE m (d? oFbbr) 'd

xddn 0ooP

A d,l, Eoducbon Rr (PDG) t.H s m ltiglffir tEFme& effiPuLlin3 i nuhbd o{

jiErned'.; sE'mb ncsy aor rhe Psjuctlon d lh€ 6nn d ot obikbr2t 6 * L\. loUolhs Pe8tu in b LAU:

(EN) : CASE OLD N

(sE): x = oLD x+oLDY,

13,6 tAPaE

lvld LIE erly vort m rh. &Bn or 0E tu*lBF drh_now mrch@ sd b€u\goF d oulm dsurnt h;d ha Bi6 b iE lJjbbil*v ol

'b nttutdd d a rr€ 6ser or ! LngutS'

*arj'n'.,.loe li-o,uot '"adi io d.i8n I hjsh l*l bnsure' rnd oRP'la "rhie Nb deSE. Ttt €ulL bo!€d m P€61bd lntt 'dr8@dMMqsdF

13.7 RE&II{E SYAIE{

Thali'Bl,dElirl.ndIn@tutstclot|ntl_t,msFb Tl@t tbhEPodb

' -i- dI dhnd ddd wldcn &dk b s mpr.dicrbr'b ixhjor Ihe Ft tn' !'tttm!;; d"; ;;"", Lt" ,rp."p'.e aouon ana *o 8e:ge otput ne*'ry to 6nhrih. diDh@L!;Ma-Ed ; dF;

^l defiftd bv Oduld GiLt" A tsrl_uft 3v!tsmi! oPb

;h:lr d.-tu oirr.@p"bddddiv d.Pad'uPon @l%ulffittF orordhFrbbd but.is. uPd dr t'@ h *hich rt* @lr ! Plodudn

-

n i! e3$rirl rtur rhe hins dBbrina o( .h. rFEm m tllnt"d b b hdcxmnkr.3 bnlng bdunu quns d.r tn. ry*h b. F.di6hh

300 A!.si'nit r,ry",F-Aimd.r.', ei4d

Itu d.dF o!. duiE .v!Er dr*.!.dt lh. tinbS dqurEslb ol trE.vtu tdrud ri. rFb FldnN I hdi .od rd 6dlv fia u rhd ttF oI lie

r. XARD A Lt spd- it i,Et*l.trt i6Plir t !t!En i lw AnePr..(Nd|w.b b oI rEdi'l.qulpMt lEnbng vtd 6rEdd oa.luls todv vlRtItb l!.'@ w.uld D.dddard o. LilE

Z S.rt Tl'dlrs qundtd 4 ir.Ai.d tt qins e $48! r.4w lim U rdn.h osDuhrim ! bi.. Ir ! n l usdly 45nifdl, .lrlEur! EPabd Lho;abd.;aE nt''v*at il6Ara!hd.d$.hItvM&dud...ltu,E

t Ftm TIn. L r .dtDhrtto! o{ b.r,i htd .dl toR tttdnE tqdnEGd TIrdlrdtfl hd I rlldt..{ E|Un@t rd r lort h.d Eqt&EBr Fdo;rlo . rd.n vatnlrd Nr rsrudalt hdlrb t||. Frrat . ei.bM; e' iriE dm Ftod. A i.w Edi &Ly h tlE tudL. od k-tlt b.llow.J, bul rEa m a6fit

h i, @ lndd b !ti.!&d dr difi.lE h.r€ tl xq5t l F.ttultlrl,cMr i!%;da!g.n '-!d!t Pt!€tusfi8, Trr fr0.strs bbL @lFE Fl o,

rr Lr ft.h6 ol EL6'E rft E ry|6. dth odE dtantoDl.ofrIu.trtds

13. E D.d.hd Srltqnt'bt dd.d b. drdbl.rtb! 4. dcoF@ (u!{t).id M !d!eG rt 6I a.|l d |l. ft!.dd;tltt'rjrd ot.y.6 ttiEt|ry d.d . d$dtq & dd hvi$ itldtr

(t cdru'a.y (|6sd P6 stu$.r m d!E)

04 cnEltld@iddutbt (6t|P[b.td@Fu!)k$..tddrybtdon rPr!d,r.ddrtl6pr!,!8Evk-rdtEdlr.ddaPd

d Hs mb; A @b|rd w.tlt\a !.Anl L e 6!PL of & 6h.ddd tvra6'

'trirr ilhtyu stwta r urdpttltg eftlqtd'eE ddr) llfi b IdP.n u

li!dotrrdlllr.F UqEdl',rnldtr.vrbsodtte4ll'td lttt dErtb$d mt ol rL db.dd.d'';E! rm Dlrllt p|n lths r.dt gi.h !oA,.n b d!..1RalaircBFLd.t.t D{i'GrYtta

T]ak l.dPLddb.dd.d.PPlrad4tdud.lisw.rcoryardt'G .I at lNMu{d36 quiP!61.l..

13.?.2 S.lectlon of R.al+lm. Oplating Ailt.mntod mod.Eb+b<mtld I€l riftslh @. ul{tb!oP@tinSqrtd n RTOs Ttu r;"'jh b . t.d.l p';1@ op-.dt\s tsb {d Pdid6 rudift 3d as:

(i) ht dc ot tl. uddlYins hd@(!l Tt& ld.iuijis ad PE 'Ptu(id t"{d'dy u."rgd-t

(v) suppdl !d tN Pc€d of choic.

(vl) Pbrbbltr1 b 'wPlM(v$ s..h!i[9 b tuEh v*i.d rPPu.rhon !qu]i!d6t'(r'lll) MddpF dspPd(r) E:hd.d Fic.s luci s fttsuk stPqls.n ol dc Ne wlrft dE RTCa diftr nd onvhrional opsaring qBhN d. Sci.ddi.6 pond6.. scpPet Ior th. db.ddld disi la dvtFtMt. Udln€.r.ttg*t aid tlte' D.wlordEr wiffi

So.r ..hp'i o{ RIc6e e:1, vrclo.nd Ps bY sind Rrq

3. LFsttlFu]fr*t,a, Oeg by tn@hve

13.7,3 tlnq End ReFl-time

Uu i. ! r.nml+urrd oPdrins Itthb rnd L d4i8n'd ror tv@8F P€doto|md cs b{i tdtotlrutr ty: bil drnryor PlEsr rmJ's h Pr@

Flg'1].luuR..rddasMd

308 P@rnl{ L.adelPnr{|d tid P.'./r.d

Th. linu qtuil hdry inPllMurim 6 &rP oui mv Prd* tinu F*rs rL"'* ,*r$ ua t'a ar oi,t*inr o€hddt i^ PG4 lv'diry' Th' tda *:m'l i! @'.ii'ti. ,r'.i

" . re*; . ,t'. *tt ol r l'!i6 or s rcr h€ PffiPbd L!^u rr$

ii-b* i"bnoer i a 6k.l '..d@

oI i\. ra.l od' D!' !o he '..es su m

'.*-L' ; '.riiut "..,,t'. ".ins

dqu!.6B ol r htd €l t'@ ry'bT R. T'T

--nii-r."'ii .aa* *' p.u; li d'pPh8 ln . 'mx

El'd tnl 'md@thr.r'* i.a ""*irt t".". t pt; *i G ib;ni'l Th'odol ! hrdodro 0ELjnu#*[*.i rt'.^ i'.i p'o<w Equrrdar to ' ^rruJru FG rtu

'bov?ansm iLpicb 0r oF.dng rEdd ol RT_rnu'c.*-'ior.n t t'MOu tt-t xl Rf-unu Pl@ r! r@nt 'dir'€d

u5i'rg

0r.F$O dEri@ d d.Ed MrY&S'EB

13.?rl ILdlluncnt of lldltlt|. Enb.d.hd Avdam De\tloPmdt

Ralbcrytld rluly hlv. trtd EqL'l'.tl#. ru*t'ml /hd€ '!qun

ttdof oEtY!t'@. Idui'dtbrupgondlff:S.thrFi:lhtrdweoftu'v'br. n^,r'.*r o "-u u. "n-r

s. io hr* tLi,rintu doM td o(dE rvlhsch e;.rl quit.l|nb sa60/ lgibb ft c o' n'ndd& d4'LPld b's

Tll iondid tlDdd t !al6.d ld@ *r !'.1! c 6rdittd:d! In;bn o{ vdou boL *idr rrc !d de inxAtu ol vntE d'v'loFd'' birmd th6td€ losP.dililv,t$ 4h oos)fil sd* o{ d; bL s M m dl lwt mdnr &d hi dEfi *, drdr iftE ha' sldr ft h.d oP4dn! ltdo 'd f. t Ptn' tufiri Rsd4@iEu ol *adbu€SdEd btd€ d!ir"i nu wy nq'i'.mt a .t'. *.Pocnb tLdH b' wn widun ttr dann

@ n 'bL

b 0l.tFhIlE ljd o{ d4lo'Mt blt !.lud!. i|l h.d.liig bL (!*PL!'om d:wLp6r

boa F.sm6!g l;n8utc IDE, @i'68u'h Mt.I6r rooL d od8l @@ryL.lrL*t trtoorad.

13r.1,1 oo$-dqM D&bYaItu d*DL6ors d.rtlopMt meE tn.t 0E dedoPlffir b tto* u t l,llGmr Pl'fdmr.u.a-e.'-* *r,*' i.g..t 0"" @ on 'hifi dr rylb will ictu vh€d(c 'd

-.". .ln; . *tt n it dwdotcd d eldowt NI ud r ! tho doM lood'd db !dhh}d;dE; iA...FERrG ror d! P?pa d ilttins

tudrdod d*loDtffil bill Eu. EhE l b dtlls'€ ln tu |o'K "d

bgrr

-',i;"i'. ri"a.*t yL 'n"oa

i.v.loP d!4rrd s F! rh' tEl i6 MiLt'L d t'ior -'l'**t -a tior *t'tt

" .lihbh m r& h4r Fo' ATElPk A'trad Rrcs Dv

ndimvi& rU rbnddd c/c. + lilf.d shkhrE odtrMi*rhrrbE de tvPttr luaw'/Un'i!rD.to6u.hUbrtri.t6@rh.cd Purotr' rh'sd'Mb&tur(6mP!{'rcIrlcd ld dE t 4Pr mvkomnl.

Fl!, B? cr.$d.br'm d'dos€i

tr?t2 ttl.{'6lAtxt IoPdrL F'tuMr|DqIDt n*ludE Lnsu:3p @FiLtt d.buga4

'dlb, ed

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tlsP opFE rb" ddFir

Etti'rrtL&r.atstnhDlf.dPe"i!'{ 321

. Abc irrlude nudba indjvititL "rlntCald :: - <sdD / o's.rt<dD :r = <cha- / <-6D <h.D / <!dD <&iD-<n@ rr = <diqiD / <n@ <drqr!>"tl5P ir a srld. for EPl€6chS dt tardrl ffiiw tutrdore of i @tain ofsymtoli. dp6im-

(i) cor€ptot.onpuhbL(F ul aunv.) nr.(liwriit fltrbd .rl'ls16 b.&.t.n hnbdr clLds (ldhds crlculut ! eqliv'Lnt

b Tuing b;m!ll@ but Fovid. u4l!l rFb ud codPubtid oL!usP pnrldea tolt*lng |tsd.don ln lb D6,8t

. ElPr*id{'nnta U*. tudton.rPsbo? 6dlH@l dplsirc d €lJtive

. Abswct.ia twty !9 s,tPPfreltltliadoImvolronba'dld&KusP$PFB 8db.g. o[d{@

. LW s,Wdt Fogm a@b

. Eilb-6d,rt&.r'8,

143.1 LISP }lerrry lvtod.l

AroN.rd [* N r€?t*ud tt dl s rou@:

lli.la3 LlsPffiYt'c'r

LEP do tE DEvJl drESld by u*S.ljt!dd. r8t'8'olkdoil Ak 816 poilrr

h tllddm or. p;Fr P;r !E;v ldn n ' b Ph'8' U D,66u'd a.lrim o{ P

r'i. ru J-r - J.J t"-t-. LEi s.'b8. @|ldo Fo6tu dg{* 8rt'€' duirg

F.sdaddmnd ilEfim l5 E& tt edc ttd.d? dFoFd

322 P'ltrnr q lri.dsFPndtLJ.i/ &EiiF

14,32 SFbdsa shld i! id r rtiru ot.h:t{6. Tn4 e cbidim d rtbt w.6 i'dude n r symtoldi wh.r tE ld dlDe o b., bur u ldl3 o ( drr b ldEi dlSilt !d hyPh4 Pwillhs e{? l! ur E !@.1upl!t:

kucalMtLFocluolllsD> (..b ! s) ; sror. . hd.r ar th vlru ot . .y*ol

, ! ; Lak Eh. v.rr or. ss$or

lnlboE pqEa 6hgr h rotd.ItE | > prmpt m wh:t R tF b t}! 1,ISP bb 9nbwhile odte n$86 de uhat du L6! i^tuPkle prinls b.c* ro u, Thei b USP!.onu!

'nlIEbo'p6 lyhtolr, t.nd rnl Tt v.lk.fIrrd.dn ddsrt!bheIDd drv.l@o(nM.hn dnkF b b.dl.

An ituEd lr | .ttn8 o{ diib opddlly pEcd.d bt + d -. A Ed nuoba bor6 Ik mitusB, *4t {ut lth6

' deqn point $d.pdftIy d b. f,rltlsr ln *iendlictut lM.A

rariml bor !h h{o lnESer wltn a/ b.nM ln.h.LISPsppoir.mpl.rnubo,wl .tEwnMIc(ri).

t c(1.722 e 15 o,?s)T|e $rdld tdthtr6c t!ftdoF .ft rll lvatLblei +, -,', /, nd, cilin& D\.d, ria t,tr

A s b j4r . twcfiH lwd Trf, 6.[ar e oll.rl "6" .n l'cd/, lq hu.rior lE6@

> lcoN {5) ; Arro-b . con

11.5)

&.|tt^'li3 liqvtis /nn DiItmtPd'ittu 323

> (@G {coG 45) 6)

> (d. (6n! r5))

14.3.5 USTS

F:HH1ffi{*WiHffi-tss1trH*Irk'i*rTx>(r$rls6)

143.6 nmdion ir USP

W. sw tr t!trrimcalai trr tbovc H'E e FG |lffi''--_

' r.:. 5 6) ; rn!' lunctron L'k! tnv ndh" ot 3@nr3

t. x r 5,,: &fi.rg. f@Lron'

> (dsfln fad (xr;

(r: (f'ct (_x rt))

143.? ftirtdgS.ft luttiddN dFuLTlt imPktrN |l!'inL whidrFhE iB tgonnr

'nd tha

th. 6d3altr€wsPtn!.4n* F d@Elll:d

14.3.E BLding

*n#-1Ttr##tritr*'*iKT-:,*J$Ht"{sitr"#ffi [l

324 Armdi| l,rcRidd. "J tui/ila

rh. duds oI rh. f!dr4 6IL Yd n blnd vd.hld syrl@ in r Prqtrm ejin dr l.lsp.drl ldr! hlncn roolc lila:

ll€l ( (va! 1 %l I)lYar 2 v,] 2)

lrtli.d! vdr bv.l1v:r2bhl2rd F 6orrh) Th€ €@i6 nE lh|.trmr h 16 body

1a3.9 DyEnnc Sop!€h USP, dytulndly r!f.d v.rLtLJ e 6!.d rFid vni$L. W. o dcie . 3p@alvsiltL *trh .IE 46F lFin Idn H.n ,i[ * .n Mple ot LxLdly drd drffitelltsp.d htnble8. In rnir' *.mplE Th. tNson .heck-E3!ra! ElMc . r!3d& vaftbLSiGchcr-F8uLr b l€'i6ny d!td.ol rh.l.r whkhhnds r€glar,.r**+8ub Eba d\e

> (..iq !€sd'! !)

> (&run lkr-reqr r (, r.s!le)

> (r.r Gesul.r 6rl lchek nglrarr )

b dnr .umph th. ft4don dE**p(hl E(ffi . lPetd (rh.t ir.tyMrdc.Iy 3coped)

Ir!turdo r.r.-/y !Dl6 m6y, Ttu G ncs6@ itr.t@n All.La6b d{ ey c,r!1t d b n[ Fd dlPL-

> 0ul.-arE , (3 3))2a ( (xlr NIL N!!) I ilIl xll NI! ) (M! m! xL,)

> (.rcf r 1r)

> (s*. a!..y 4) , I o .rsyr {NIL NTI NtL NII,)

*@nritt 'tr't6f!rDlir. P'dr.tu 325

14.3.11 StringB

A ftnE L r Etr 6d dr*b h.t'g' douti. q@b USP EPrFtrr filng d Iv. H;'aE6 ;l duncb w. o 'rlb. rb,$ Yl'ldr 6nb ' ddd' qsE !v

e.;di;'! d; q'... *tltt . b"d.Ltt" . dNr|l D-*rrt r dtd. 6t | fitl' b&Ltl! Fc

'!&d- h.r I ch.!rcbr

Ha. G Fd l6.dd Iq aa[ra rih |nirgt!.t!ril 'r!.d' ".19"'

' l la\!l r.bc. r)r\b ; tIsP EIb. dsr'c'G Pt'fl'Lrl h4 r\>{.-l '.n€' !,

l4-!.r2 slurch.r.tIISP |tEuE G.ndosN b c tEucb or Pdl t6dr tla! ! .dPra

> (d.ltttu. d-s

$L.'@L dfrg..bb ttF..Ld &, shrhb ' tt{d@otrtnr'83 6ddr lt'15

a.el-r-r*i* -xa' .r-.ii - db .trb rvF : "r+&" (!ur- r w oti*t o{ ttF

ae), d!@+.2 (rs d* ad4, d@qud

14.3.t3 a€[cditr totDr L LtrP [!6llv d.6r | lssy loaddt la .rnnL- It rll. rdr o{ I it r#,filii#iii'ti-rai. u',) d.6d !* bd 6dd ro d* vd;

'dr' or' .l rh Y'r@or

;;:";:i;A;i;i;,i.,{'4;.esdr!*dd@{orv rturte d'lt.Fu?'i'- ;'g*-;&*-;i{*;d'Edt,d'tu'B'b@*r'!uG{'rd'b.urEdttuv.l* h nx d|!nlrFdY g@

326 P@ndq LsD$ai6-lnidds .ii &E1itn'

14.3.14 BodBB dd Condltlonals

LEP pEvid€ r st rddd E€t ol loti..l tuGddt lor MPte and, or, and noi. Tr. dd sd d@a{v6 G itddofirg ..i wil n l.EI!!. .ry .!3umoi 3 io llE dSlt o{ th. 6t@ whrdrsluE b dl whiL d wo lFt nl'!ts

USP rlo Fwide *rdl4aid nd i4 dditiml gddm ft.tnpLr ol te ir,r.llr 6d:r!'l|d odild.hts vMha rh.@n d rHrryllld 'illt d6

>llfnus6)

It }!u ned b pur ffi *u oE dtu ln dI thd or d*.laue o{ ah fr.teml w.s E rh r,Dg p.dd lorn.

lflE E 'tt b do s'!rlljr'6 nt-tdt, u,r et'lE 'rc Etu.l b E li..dd$s'E[idr Thn h''.d6 'E do b Fhr dt tlE rq'l,€ o{dE in6td r'@ .hn b 64

(d.ru Er'd. !ll,.s,, l.r.* 6d,tdo iG *d t+r I'l)

{ orend ) (&mt(fo@l i'-a -r -r ir tir!)) ))

1lr rihpLd idim 6st!t in Le b bp: ! lo.p ctut r€pac{lt lr.b.dy undl it

(ft. (>!?) (r.ru.n)))

(etqa(-a1,)(ln n (< a 3, l!.t@)) )

!ruat linpletb dolbr: doll* lthd!r vd.th ro$.€ldatl ota llrt In oder dd lroF

F dinrqliitl@/inDi/id tddlkru 327

> (do ri3t (z'(abct) Flrni i)t

Dotime is lil€ dolBt 4pt {nt tt lEnt! M lni.ls> ( doifts (! .) lPltDt) (r i r )) )

TLlstoedidt d ilf d@Pr!'ttwLoll.d do a do lbbd'-l€lilad'is:>(.io(ixl(+x1,1Iv1(eY2l)l

@rr.t'stline',,

The tiEt d oi r do FErd vhr @u. L blrd. whrt thar ir$lrl vrl6 @ 'nd

how

.'ii."-,i'li *iip.r'p.a*rEd.ldonsnddddn ' tu 'rrk rrEt*{

NM, in tl&sedmw w{ R!* oI t}t.lodwnbl ol *P 'd'

LnSuge FidtLlsbw'HeUo wotd" .tbpLt€d 6 th. ffi h Ad. L$utq

Pro.edw. [.Ito l!

rnl- t (_ro tur ("fl.llo stld"l;Ad!,T€*-lo'Nd-Ire;

328 Paft64 raitq.FPndtlr.i/ &lrlrn

Tlu dtprt oI tni! p6!m fiould l@k lir. lhi.l

A (!Mr D.8iN uiL\. Pe dht?h.d qhao6Pirr sr F d lryPhd it tinPlv

'gl@ ttr 6 ol-rlut !'. An^ tEsm sui.ib 6I r d..dE d.tui,B r rqlle oI

;id E b.cMi.d dl.In ttit@ rlG D so.dtoD sl'ldre.t 6r'.d bt E! rttuEdIircnunHI.ndI[ea* .tltpLydrM.8!H.Doffiltl.ndliM5uilttbnr

14.4.1 Ada D6ta nPc6Adr Et@ E d di(6r vp€ lo Ehabld obid Elit dlsds!

'rt& l/ta Irr

bu0tin -d.b ryF u d.tu d tn i Pid.8t o|l.d 'hdrd wNch ,t dntr rv.ibbb.utGuriclyhdat A.t Fo'rd

Lt u F .d o{ &. tdIEh rltb lyF in Attrl1. lit!'E: Th. bcdc bolx6 .ho l}F ,! Al|r L ot.il lntra Th. dd E!g' or

mito rt'.r tvx tntrg * .ocr wi$ i. lhPLcnbtid ddr.4 rL dJvE||fuft bEi! tut*wtu Ildt .U. bl5!vjE nl dr q. r 3267-ht

Ss tyF m hdt | tuI *t o{ .rilhrrdc oF.d4 & .a wl*h L hE

irE;lo...1[t!d

2 Slltyp.i Ad. dtor 6 b .t ft* st yPB d @rint tlT6 ,l dr bdr* Jd Lr:dlsh.l tyFaapr* dlyhrE.dnhdE E otv.lc

sllbtyD.x.|u$Ir!I^t.g.!n3ubtyP.,o.rtrFr3l.!.9.!r.

Tha. d.duti@ dt6* h etiyF o{ VF ItttB@ Nrturl t' u tnltq whidffirb.L* rhd Eo,ed Podd*ieht€dwhj.i..flbth.L.. tsl litttd,loth Ue 4ttyF e u!.tu1@th lht tLt d .ltrdy lFvLLd! b'dEIn 5Fd.d.Ed h uEiiEhS..bdi4 rn t|l.iPomd.m oF.b b d.fitC & 0!t itiqurr- . Mtud d@ e lb r\a'' hrd l&.

3 D.rird tlt . tuE lt b utdul b Cdin I w tyF tn bd od r.d.tnt t?.,

l]it d.tlrs r ftw ttF.nbd ehobNuhts wh.lt hs sx{y |I! $R 'r.Ft€.5 trtega, Wholetnt gs L $ld b b. dalKd n t tft36

rhti'6t{!'q,.sn'nDVlL'd?'dii!6 329

L ld, id: AdrDol:t lMwlFqf d.etlSdl tvF H' d6F tvpobw r'!w;r ks diiliEd 14. oi t lu6 bur e d t d@tbtttdF nmEqEiliiEiir,'ap","i ip-t'.*. '*ridti nng' but d @c b uidun r

r #JH:-*^".*"&@dEri'ro'EFladnBtrrivForaiEUn d bv.D'!o;t Cotd.lE {i 'Lv'

of de *td ! a 4rtk w'Mrm.'iltot o o6 *i oz o.p*'t Ldryr oldlw'd! t{tdat 61N-!l.fl'Ebdunudv ltldhtrrlw.vbt Fsi &y' olrlrr* b E!!rll lrluE(Mddry,Tu;.|', w.&..d.Y tds'd)'' tFoy6f..*r 1' i..{. 0..6, - 6! "Ed 7" Frh'P!

..d: co.tbi o.rol_€r: d;fbu.cl ietD.ytl..ct:-.,ftr: @.6. bv-ol+k: -5r

" * d, * r*

"- r-r-' it Lr "drs d o{ Ad" 6d'rd

'Irt' lvt4 t d

' r'-li'*J{;vri'a-t ,.a ttvF P"Lrdtdd rbuln:trF bI.F r, lhlt, tu,;

7. TtuCrr -rrhn lt drE drtud ItF i! dr*E 1ljeL&dMt'6tvF' ;-; di! ['t o( Gl'.t dat deicd bt d' bra 'on'l 'dd'i"dmH--;-&di;;;,'d.d !so4!5p rn; c 2!6 Podt& ch'r'tsr i^ thi'

lffi i:i iiiii'-t'ir.a. t"^ dirru Flrt-sn 'Err* drr'l-lar

'vrtortiffi*ir ril.r r ua r wlor n Fqu'.d h @ B{'e'n l'icusFr

14.4.2 CornDotlt Drt IYF

^I lh. lYF d6:t d n' dr Lt *$m 6 ut'd b nFEt l'dlvBun rlq ns c

ffi .iG,r'iil-or-,r- n *,hndsl'lr&dturdd!dr'Lb*'k'rM1i-^i-'raw i*r.."'fin-mt-"dPdt,rv'16 r't\'r't'b tlmFEh

iliEii'iir-iJ*o; * d!'prs drh nE! r'i u G r'rdht -.Pd.' crb

"';m.g1 *";"*ffi * j,li$i!E$#,g"flf"TlyF hb-tv!. !,

orY: o.rTYF;b'th: |bitn-'yF1..!.!..rTyp.

330 FltE-t L".,.c.-&i*irLr rd P.dir2 Sti'i!* stng i, a Fd.6!d my itPq m rrat n. o!.dd ol id of ttu m

D€ratk: 8rring (r,,100t, -a 100-cluct r rtrrng

trF r4L-e'ay r..rr.y (r.,100) ot rFotnrruni_trle;

Iruamo(dEdtubh Adr 60!dE*q@dl!!i:1. Y rblral H4 e e di|od|l! . drPk, in trndr * nk @ th.tu ft

tutut o rlblnl md *E Epli6'Gdd lwii^g d'G@d .rtun' 6|'FIFLb llddr Etd ir looL llt

putlirs ii rcrnrit ({) o! afremd (r)?")rc.t (tu5mr,;

tut-Li,E (!(j.d F!iltl'!1,

tut-Ltccc.od rlt ffi!:);

t rrdSiMrr&lrdti TlF Utl'llld m.to cn t€ dotu by uiry opd!b:-. a 6do hlfowernple

X Ongood ed6,rw.6 e e'p.udddlddrl rt hr.te

E*mi{ t!i&s I'D Dffdt Pd'dirru 331

TA?@s&hrr:wsths.elotot.lh6triv.valu6ot0!Fdend:t ebb'i,ai'i[ 'i' **lrv -* *-m ot e. -- d'tdmr ih' m ir"*mrHd hoB rh€ p;N ould b. tlmM uin8 .a rbr@6r

$.1d.'I.r!-!o;

tut t!r3 rt mornr (n) or !!r€rn6o. (!l?")r

Ptrr_lte feood m!nrig1"),

tsL !in. (r6.d rfr.ri@nl')tr

plr_Lic CP!4!. !YP. rn? or "'1");

Rda trb ln iuiffi uts! R Yd uv oP oI r ffiriw 6ng' oI qlc bJJi"r"i-t '.t'.t* * *.x.ttv. nna' ol vrlua o: -- lbtur uins6 indi..b th. abr of .h. r.!lc!.?tu

'd l&imt car tbhdrr hd oa .tl l}' PcibL vtlE d thr dP'6in

ii,* *..r a rl'i * u", *E h! uurriv b b': si6 dd' &-. bur

i*EJ* a* , *, t a. -'vtt't 'g ll *' v'lo' d*.r Dth sv ol rt* c{hs

*lE{oR T1€$lu6m ir b 4 $. n!! t!!'ar:

' '. tu rctlngr]td Ar tlc ft'Mt w! onlv g.t @ chrR o ltws dE qu6tim d15r Pngmfriii*JJii"-u*.iir*n.*L\dGrhp' rr d be dotr bv u3ing

ProceduFGr€.1!mlr!

5.

332 Awnfts r.aaeP'tE l!,.id Pdrdid

Quire a lor ol rh. titu we wdt to.$t tom a looPwhen. Pdi.ul{ odition b€offihr€ w. ould do tld! lsiry h ir tLLmolr

144.4 D(ceptlon Handllng ln Adr

Ad. ,ltMe s to pwid. a.tr'lbE ft,trdld !d lp<tt shi haPPd if s septio rrosW.6p!t m*lptmhlndler inb dy bldkof !t haI ad@d bt ra$n and ard, $ar

^jl .lloft c b d.fn @ .m .Gtti(rc h Aaililim b t}l 6hrtard aaPri& like t'it

s*$r4-,!oig:.i4lt!d;w.dnn ra.lpt'o.o ioU.sl

1,1.4.5 ivLmory Al,oedd ln A.trAdz ^p!.fr dy@i.',.nrX.Udtiu.tt,]otty

r:- Er &.rndnt_ryr. r

,, .st r ns ^PF!.l$t-tvle

Eco.dtLE lw bI€ r iF tlat ol 'mcy

l@ r ,r.d8, tool ol r%i6bL llgMt (o&n

D@uoen^ al ^nary

b kqN].nd wh.n w! dd't Ea it my ffi. Il re dm't haved@Id?b it, it wijl b€ lh.t M ll* dd t hav. tnt w.y ol Mir€ ltmv mr.n:t we siu@duallv M out o{ nendy. th. mFory D only qutd b te dcLimed wltn the aGrryF g*; -r "f '..F IJ tr re$ lyF ! dkb€it In libEry Pacl!8€ rt{! sd'l hspper Nlafkr $e mrh prcer.m h.! tdnlnrhd wf'ld l! PDh.bly b LF b b. ot My u.

orE wry to dal wiih Lt! pr.Slem t! to l.ep ry'a litrj dut b , r lat oI itu whkh h.vebdr deLr€d hd !e &.. ro b. !*d q!in.

th. @bLh hrh rppFrch i! Lhi ou ':mdy

srge wiu only dd in@e Ry singtudard a.L pr*dE A&. uid@kd-Ddlbdh'4 w. ( kU tlE Vlb b deloc,E *ehdory$turitmh.tu d by rnyd nSrhltned!lt,

F{!i'lit Li..cr.r ttu Ditlni' Pa dis 333

r4,5 PROLOG

Pblog G losicrl pFgt,min8 lrnglrg. md * rll .b.ur P'ogrthnnrg in loSF ComPlae

P]dog E wtrke 6 r..b, rur€! M qus6 rd qhPe:

mrt.Ilx):- unlxl

rcitar (ter.r.r)To ffir dtr* pologRttdladhouoM'&Lt .c (Pr%m) inev 'aibud

Ew it s d o.t, wfth . tl qbie HtJ. o'.66PLt F68M@n GocrAt$) IDelGt:- @n{rr

ftdd r! omutlt !|gxt*.rd lo lnEPiis s iM|.d bv ttPb8 d6G Then

"ituT; E b:d ou p'"lmsslt Cddl P' }Th6 6nlt R.,r d qu66m t 'fi'

arbr {3*ra@).

145.1 A Sliple Prolog irlod.lPEIoE Dl@ 6 a sh rhj(i lE! . d.bb.* omtG'd !o heo qpdEl3:

tl r,ri.rs, oua.uour m. '.trdd ihdr hold b6/d Frt'Eullr obis in t'

wt\4Id dnPl.:!.rui(l&t r, tbr.): tc.' t! : Fr'nt of

'ble'Parent {eE, .b1.): .s l. ! P.!.nr 6r ' t'r''bar. Irdo): 'da $ Gr.

(ii] RUIES StrrddB rb.ur ku. FLtiod whlch holtl b.Ma objs in E @ld' vhkh@insener arioa.:Pd.dttwu8httuuolv'li'bLi Fqeopi ln'

lr, v), nr. (x)

x l. rh. frch.r or Y 1l x i' a

A FoloS rul€ i! ellld . .rds. A .he nr! I lat{ r dk "tl E Mv:f!!h.r (x, Y): Pmn! (x, Y)/ M).'lxl

Hseb6dita 1!onduio&d 0E body h. Nld' PsBis de'ditiod InProlo&

. rNlk Ehe .d.f rnFr).

334 P@miq t @-PnitiDLr di/ Petdirtu

14.5.2 P.olog Databa3.

ra u € d dple ol PElog dlhbu:

nkarrFbnuefiI

ltE teE ertulml 8d hblorl E Lftw€d n n rh. l,!Brg. Phlo tuPhat'Erbd'nid€ir t vlEtu atar& ltlt lt'& qsnd6rbL ih 3pe a wll ! h rihC

I'!60' E u mbl3o ol abtde Etung b 'drr .lis .f sdrER dtLl my b.c6$Due h u@ bltd hft blr d hr?e-

Not itenml wid|r'f,*lt hh!bito tllh'wl4hliti.4 denepba- "IrwE dE pt!r% gdon tha n k'<*.I*c

:$e. (rr.ne t !d.r, .DI.,)

\?- *$rt (P.F t (le, rbl€))

/?- ars..r (nr.l!d&)),

/?- p:Ent (d.6, x)

/?_ Pareit lx, .!b)

rd53 Go6l &tsfyH6. h m i.tdml d*riPdo. ol how FoLt.lit6a:3o.l0!c !aL\s ('&!'.4) $Ptc

f6qi!hdbH

Aatrhnr{ |!@|.l tcD D'tdlt PriltD 335

. ft G - B a thm f6t ?, @v v.,i.bL btilnt! Iwrd io o 'nd

th6 et6fv L\t Q

. rf c=eQd6srisfyP IIt|.1 6ib,lh6 dy b *risfy a

. ( G - mi(p) tnd by ro s.htt P Il6it, tt6 bv b Drilfy O

' Iri"'"ior"*"1ir'-r-rt"'.h.islh'drbb'*thttd@wllthGImrro a

rub krld oduion mi66 w h G .nd ht ro sbtv rB MvGMb .$ s!'Iy be Pedwirh &y ol Barl '6b|Ir'on

ol vlritble ed ..Ebns

. Pad (& Y)

14,5,4 T.ms in PFlog

Ttu bh ir the baic dab shcoe in Pslog It l€m i! lo Psl% wlut $' *?Bb ts b

(i) A ffih! rlut i!: iorw 1'3 ral' +,'r @hf6l A vdiablq $.r i': i w,1_a$.e -"r",na *** u-it a. r !d!ti6 t'tsh w onuE bN:

Frlol (6ngs, tand)

- nE ldirim @ (6U.4 th' FnxiPL 6lld) wld'h nd e a @d- An rE!N*- An oF FFMB- TtE irgll@ts oE c n@ *Pnldl bt @t- adGi&P.str r!

'T}r nun$er of ds;6r ol. ooFund h'N |l aiha tB oiv-Td ldq

(a) rl0" b)

IGG) b)

145.5 0ni66tion tn P.olos

]! s s 3d€ la.t lbor ?rlog qifiord(D unjttodon ir wld so d nSr'td!E d"Gt uflnoEd i:; ldnd oI ttc 6l8'lmr'lrl Unn6dmEr:i'd o{iit .qultt^dFhriri unitl-ton L *lv tt ** dthinS, Fc dPk" -i* n- 'r

* i"'rv -ir, o* (R'a lbr 6d ir t'E P'G rEs ui6ed w'rh

(y) Ant !.ru d be ui6ed wirh ibdL Fq edpLwalhEGNY) "wadE (rN,

*+r* No p.opL h!v. . Prmr/.hnd Pbdon chiP?

336 Pirrdnnlq L,a!.rd-&hd&, ,i/ Pad{n,

(vi) A vdllbl€ cm be !nl6.a wift rnoLl€! vlrtrble

(vii) A v.d.bl. crn unni.d vlth ('rrut nd.ted d) Fy PFlog vtlu.-To'l. . w*rw (tldYl

(viii) lwo dilrdot *!.r@r.m b. ujlied ( lhB. .s6tu6b on t' ud6'd-mtlEr (d4y, X) - tutls iY, Lrltl (A)

(4) A v.d.bl. o b. ultied r'1ti | !t .tu!.ohiih8 th.r s. v.ri.ble Tt&&@ary

(x) Tr..rpli.i dilioson oP-rtor !'(4r thin .tm i'' tyt'ntdc

MorEr-t hE{ tu)

rdrE{ N).Mol4tn0 M6l liJ6dilon lePFs tnP!.ttl, s r €ult ol pffi bd€d'm

145.6 Chuea C.gA F€di6c @n!'6of auldPL.tru!.t..dr ol wld.h EFstr r'd" fd dltlie

gland'd {i, y):- &i lx, u ), u(., v)s.a&oi (r-r',- rd (x, 2), d.r?re.!(:, v)$r(x, Yl:- x < o, Y 1r -:

145.7 Orddlng of Chud. InpdogcLlgra.l*rF!i.dn'ddd.rdo''PL

but(x,: qEd(rly(x):- chdPlx,.

chaP( r Jt$ 2 cdPr.r.'lsood ( rhrnkr.g !n J.v. t.

Nw 'uI* rcl ! buv kl rlun uh.t win buv (') ch@ frdf' ln Polo; E1*rF tt b hsdt !w tP.dtu c@ (Lle h:vtns ie vdiabl'

iEt|ntiled) n5t For.!spl.drrlrx@ (johi, bu)dld]!r..ljohn, x),- rllh lx)dts is!(r, y):- Id.! (x, :,' low! (2, 1)

. 5om'*hN'..mrh€und6.byb&lErhngdarh.n

. Do h*s h.ru we do mdotbL rcliNi

ar {a, ln-h.nd)vrrt€ (i!oulr. ..rr..dv hordrne 1|'),

e'Fnniqra^F@ !o' Dtl''d P-d/td 337

14,5,8 Bad( Trackhg

we can do th! b3(kE cksg *rcugi dre PEdiob , ..d rar rler,'llI p;EuE ! Prcad'd bt pFlq r{hen it tr olL4 r ou* r}F frll@'''

"t *'. -r.,c,d d1i' *D b. ri,, *6, rc$Dg on

'h&g! rhe lbEm'nt o( dn\ p*d(dte

liirii"i.-iitlui;-i.;;;;pFd;F we;@tu*t!r! witr'rtE'h'n

n-r r'r,- t '..4t, " t' '

u-t c,"-s"-^** * o a.t*ur". *ldtively @ off b** Ett\ing ftolog Podd '' ' i-a'-JGi ".a.* rtu" r,*'ron jt s .'rhrt tt\' cur/l' 'ePE

nd bv In

n -Ur, &.*av ur, P't's b tea uI ur tt6i'i@ tude s'rd ln lhb

;d;i. rh.a; n''.q"ki ';'rbk ft wiu auMtrdlv I'lt wiadtvtrg

w. r'u wiE sft tlll,h PE&xb tlut lee d€ b'Iwi's of th' ol/1 f61

.dding soft d.b !o bek ha'k dad&a (Fnriw llrl,dr!. (a6&.r.

lh b tF 6Et Et d*,Ir 18tu ot/1.nd t tEGedrorohP.rffDup6"cdF.re-cut-l (x) : -

TIlt ! tE onb.l d., whj-h ':l bi

?- oP.!.-.ut-r (it, ElE(x), nr? farr'

{iiir N;;id * rhir.", h p-lo& * 6. wnh ' Pmis or th' im rct (!(/" v' a) rltl'

" ' il1"-iliiiiirii,irii;&.u" biuldrv ttr v..4 In o** sdd! Id6o\ Ebdd;h" "-.'i*d;dld'allabm- 0r rules Dd t*! dlEudjvclv b'tmimIi['fr*-J*. *t u"."a.i'vrt'.r dur k rcr one{bttL a bory-Fn or dE

nmdmis our ol rh. v.r.t'd ftj! 'pr'6'd'

i!olh -m8rM s dw

"- i.I",,^]" p""a n'" *-a-in Mv lf€use sr rdlondur Gnq!

'b'! util

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i.i'Ii"rt so rt -ro * auo* R*p ' dr' du' mt*r rura or orl lbu

14.5.9 U3ls i5 Prclog

Li* .F Ewstul dab !F,6 tu holdins tnd MPuLtinS SdF ol lnin8' In P'olo& :ii-"l,iii,.-"'-u*""".t*- n" hJT-@r be lnv Poros drh tvP€' ndudins st-xhu

338 Paimia L.I.arAturlali/ A{di.d

hd onE 16. synh.d€r, a llt & d.nokrt b/ lqllm br..l€b wtth *c tu rFhr.d by.olljfu. Fnr *mPL, r urt of od6 ! *F6ted ar:

I .s4, s.r.llly, elhi, NllPull

14.5.10 Prclog OpdatorsFddraitidbc.F.t(6 Pro|oanadrady.lirof F.d.6&d Pldiok 1r*n:

> 1 -1 -:=' ltIn Folo& th. alcdriioB ffiien o in biMr, tre, Tdr ! ro try lh.h

prorq r+(x(y, s), xo0, x))

14.5.11 Prclog ^r|thmedcitriogE|Ilh8r.'!s.t''i/iori*{inlt.tsddErd.oF.dmb.tdt u.i.

?&1,o9 F F.!d3

Wl6 d! Sod oFEb'is it @d itu wnbb on th. ttni hGt luw t a ut ild bnE$stdd.Prd.sErdorimddLlrLticso'.h6!Grdrpoint tuaFodd|6lrE..hdrdG.na Il dotr't d6 $. .d n6ber,! hq rPFoddd@ fdabttc

h rdor !d ln ry bjlgu4 ! t*qiK d.ftdrid dMyt h.r rt l4i Mo Fd A 6drd#rdiEr..&rfuEixirrdrrhrEr.oDr6lli!i!||n d tuad,I^dddidd!d.i&drror lnJiandi6.d Ar *.ht4l dr6id hdb.trdld t rt:Ld,.tu ttadrtru't n.rdr ItmrdE@is.d inu

A @rnv. rnL sd @ oll i&If wisi dE @ lr8uMbl It lhit luF! tF ar

La6ar!.4|ampleolprlogPo8'db.icul.t CrLctL'{dIRriv.[yf.ct6!hr 101).frctolr.r c,9:-

r.@ !1 (|r, 2,,

?- rlcroriar (5, i),

lndex

akr&r d|l| TyPa 15,{, 25r, ?51

.ac. tuEd.i.r dddpl+<lilbrdonrl my 137

kdnne or {. n!.idw ab

Aud& C{h$! C.lldrn E

Edldhr r.rubr Fjq6bn4s

340 n@inrqtotu!6-PndDLr.

c4*!{do'Pd'n'aryb164.10

c|iniliodm !i Pqrmning l,Jt3!is6 5

codn{6Grlun n, {tr 7

c(@hrl PFgrN'ins ld 16

Gd phuom D.nloPmt3{B

c@aiEnvr:lidp.d'b(c!42r3

cunai lrlndim Fin6 {or'1

o'qli.s Fhh rn Gibt rrltxDrb b.* $6t lrq!'cF 1 5

Drb Flow CdnPub 30?

D.b.Flo* Lrrur!.3@

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hPLlldh.f dr.|* 'ti's

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t,,iu 341

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lh ^ta.q

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t{.!@y r46at Pls ,29

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Nodl d.dd R.&.dd ?32

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oti.t oi6ri l,nsur3E 2,3

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on! Pd c.hPlld 69, moPaioil sdund4 27

oF:{c m Poii6 rzoP.rboukdrula

o'ddrn3orD€(h rhnro3o'eildio oI c..i..^m D

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rir'.: 343

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rdabrd Pr.tnrEdrE r:,ruFz r

sclrm lto'6r r,|naffir 2a9

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3'14 Porr'ndtr3Llil1{rPnidtL,4/

sihu]| M.nrv l,{us.d 2{5

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sfurdsubl'lgtuan,,06Ser*&d r.sr. lsrs€llEt 230

sldd. &i s@&ri Ltslpdd 1I

s/id o{ I!'rddE LJ'ar4e cstiL.r *tr ld$d.<.Luls !0rytrr v' s6&6d oI r:i3!:16 26

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vlui lbsrmlu Lrelra! 15

wdltu Fdnir2rtwid6'inc(!]ltfur?