Presented By: Archana Maharjan Bishnu Rajbhandari Manish Tamrakar Ranju Silwal BE Computer, IIIrd Semester, Group-3

INTRODUCTION

an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer.

used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing and manipulating information

to express algorithms precisely

Programming Languages

Machine Languages/First generationAssemble Languages/Second

generationProcedural Languages/Third

generationProblem Oriented languages/FourthNatural Languages/Fifth

Machine Languages Uses binary system 0s and 1s for electricity on / off 0s is off and 1s on Alphabet A as 1000001 To convert decimal to binary 24 divided by 2 11000 Early age machines like ENIAC uses vacuum tubes where tubes

lit up or unlit which corresponds 10 binary state Early age there was no software, they uses switches, 3000

switches where they used to on and off for one program they used to take one week.

Machine code has one advantages as its runs fast and efficient as it is machine language itself.

Disadvantages : There is no one standard machine language

Assembly Languages For more standardization, assembly languages developed Also known as symbolic languages Machine languages 11110010 01110011 11010010 00010000 01110000 00101011 Assembly languages Pack 210(8,13), 02B(4,7) Pack 218(8,13), 02F(4,7) MP 212(G,13), 21D(3,13) Multiply hours worked by pay rate In order to execute assemble languages need to change into machine language. 15

assemble statement need to translate 15 machine standard. Advantages More standardize and easier than machine languages Operate efficiently not so efficient than machine languages Easy to debug programs Disadvantages Very long Complex Dependant with machine languages

High Level Languages

More Standard Language in text like “Calculate gross Pay”

Types of High level languagesProcedural-Oriented LanguagesProblem Oriented languagesNatural or fifth generation

Procedural Oriented languages

General purpose programming languages are called procedural languages or third generation languages e.g.. Pascal, Cobol, Fortran, Basic etc.

Advantages Statements are in English, easy to work English language so it takes less time to program Once coded easy to understand and modify Languages are machine independentDisadvantages Execute slow Less efficient

Problem Oriented Languages & Application

It is designed to solve specific problems or develop specific application by enabling what you want rather than step by step procedures

It is fourth generation language Application toolsPersonal computer application software: word-process,

spreadsheet, database, PowerPoint etc.Query languages and report generators: QBE, SQL,

answer/database QMF, RPGIII etc.Decision support systems and financial planning

languages: Express, FCS, IFPD, System W etc.

Natural language

Still in development stageIt is the natural more human likeAllow the computer to become

smarter Most popular natural language are

LISP and Prolog.

Difference between 3 GLs and 4 GLs

Third GLs Intended for use by professional

programmers Requires specification of how to

perform task

All alternatives must be specified

Require large number of procedural instructions

Code may be difficult to read, understand and maintain.

Language developed for batch operations

Can be difficult to learn Difficult to debug Typically file oriented

Fourth GLs• May be used by a non programming end user as well as a professional programmer.•Requires specification of what task is to be performed (system determines how to perform the task)•Default alternatives are built in; an end user need not specify these alternatives•Require far fewer instructions

•Code is easy to understand and maintain because of English-like commands•Language developed primarily for on line user

•Easy to learn•Easy to debug•Typically database-oriented

Compilers and Interpreters

There are two types of translators.CompilersInterpretersHigh level languages are called compiler language or interpreters language Compiler languageA translation program is run to convert the programmer’s entire high-level program,

which is called the source code, into a machine language. It is called compilationMachine code is called object code and can be saved and either run immediately or

later. E.g.. COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN etc. InterpretersA translation program converts each program statement into machine code just before

the program statement is to be executed. Translation and execution occur immediately.One after another and one statement at a time.

Compiler languages are better than interpreted languages as they can be executed faster and more efficiently once the object code has been obtained.

CONCLUSION

Consolidation and growth Measuring language usage Taxonomies

REFERENCE

Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2007

Computer Conceptshttp\\programminglanguages