Proficiency Review #1

What is the best way to determine how two people are most closely related?

• DNA

What best measures a liquid?

• Graduated Cylinder

A hydro-electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

What is the best way to reduce the amount of waste in a landfill?

• Recycle

What is the best way to predict the outcome of an experiment?

• Make a HYPOTHESIS (educated guess!)

Boiling water has the most kinetic energy!

How would you know that a prehistoric shark (Megladon) and a great white shark are related?

• Comparison of skeletal structure

Why is the Green House Effect called the Green House Effect?

• Because it keeps in heat and gases (carbon dioxide and water vapor) just like a green house does.

The gas involved in the nuclear reaction of stars (nuclear fusion)…

• HYDROGEN

Nuclear waste is the most hazardous to store.

Levels of Organization from smallest to largest:

• Atom• Molecule• Cell• Tissue• Organ• Organ system • Organism

How do you increase the rate of a reaction?

• Heat it!• Grind it!• Stir it!

Covalent bonds share electrons!

• Two or more NON-METALS!

The molecule produced during photosynthesis…

• GLUCOSE

Electrical impulses travel in…

• NERVE CELLS

What changes scientific findings?

• NEW DATA

In order of increasing molecular attraction…

• Gas—molecules are not attracted. They are in rapid, random, motion.

• Liquids—molecules are attracted to the point they flow past one another.

• Solids—molecules are very attracted. They vibrate in a set pattern.

Energy from the sun is needed during…

• EVAPORATION

What happens if Greenhouse gases decrease?

• The Earth’s temperature would decrease (it would become colder).

Oceanic plates subduct or go under the continental plate.

• Where two plates meet is called CONVERGENCE.

What force stops a rolling ball?

• FRICTION

Greater variation comes from plants that cross-polinate.

The moving of plates is called plate tectonics.

The Universe is expanding!

Scientific advances are influenced by the costs and benefits of those advances.

• Making unsubstantiated claims about results is NOT part of the scientific process…you can not make things up and call them true as part of the scientific process!

Radioactive decay occurs in certain elements at a constant rate.

• Carbon dating is how we know how old something is.

What is the primary energy source behind the water cycle?

• The Sun’s electromagnetic radiation.• The Sun’s energy is used more during

EVAPORATION in the water cycle.

Geothermal, wind, and solar energy are constantly being replenished.

• THEY ARE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES!

Cyanobacteria affected the Earth’s atmosphere by gradually adding oxygen to the atmosphere…

• This led to life on our planet!

The two most abundant greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are…

• CARBON DIOXIDE• WATER VAPOR

The force that dominates the formation of a star is…GRAVITY

The CORIOLIS EFFECT is the movement of fluids (gases and liquids) on our planet.

• *from west to east in the Northern hemisphere!

• The rate of fusion of high-mass stars greatly exceeds that of low-mass stars. As a result, the high-mass stars spend less time on the main sequence than low-mass stars.

On the periodic table, Groups or families (columns) have similar properties.

• Same number of valance electrons…

Ionic bonds are between a metal and a non-metal, or a metal and a poly-atomic.

• In Ionic bonds, electrons are given from the metal to the non-metal.

Valence electrons are the outer most electrons that participate in chemical bonding.

electron

neutron

proton

A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

• Enzymes are catalyst in your body.

Endothermic reactions take in energy—get COLD!

Exothermic reactions give off energy—get HOT!

With any chemical equation, the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products.

• Same goes for the number and type of atoms!

Gaining electrons gives an ion a negative charge.

Losing an electron gives an ion a positive charge.

A generator is an example of electromagnetic induction.

If electromagnetic waves reach Earth from distant parts of the universe, you can infer that

these waves can travel without a medium.

• Sound waves can not travel through space because sound waves need a medium in which to travel!

Objects with the greatest gravitational forces are bigger, and closer together!

A toy car with initial kinetic energy rolls to a stop along a flat track. Because of friction, some of the kinetic energy was transferred to the

track as thermal energy (HEAT) .

A thermometer measures…

• Average kinetic motion.

What role do electrical generators or batteries have in circuits?

• They are the source of the electrons that move through the circuit.

What molecule allows hereditary information to be passed from generation to generation?

• DNA

Which cellular organelle contains DNA and controls the functions of the cell?

• The NUCLEUS

Gametes = sex cells

• Egg or sperm• They have ½ the number of chromosomes as

the parent cells.

Somatic cells = body cells

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

Transcription is when a strand of DNA is matched to a strand of messenger RNA.

• A-----T (u)• T-----A• C-----G• G-----C

Mitosis cell division is exponential.

• 1-----2-----4-----8-----16-----32-----64…

Cell division by mitosis is growth.

Greatest variation in the offspring comes from …

• A heterozygous crossed with another heterozygous individual.

Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of higher concentration to lower

concentration.

Prokaryotic cells—simple, no nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells—more complex, have a nucleus.

Top consumers in a food web have less energy available to them, so they have to store energy in the form of fats.

The two most important factors in determining what type of vegetation is present in an ecosystem are…

• WATER and TEMPERATURE

Abiotic energy source = the SUN!

• Abiotic factors in an ecosystem are not living…soil, temperature, water, climate, etc.

If different species share a common ancestor, they have similar DNA sequences.

The theory of evolution best explains the vast diversity of life on our planet.

The best evidence that all modern breeds of dogs are members of the

same species, but they exhibit a wide range of physical

characteristics, results in the fact that some modern dog breeds are poorly adapted to living in natural

environments.

A population that is most fit, would produce the most viable offspring.

Primary succession is where plants begin to grow after a natural disaster.

A benefit of artificial selection is to selectively breed organisms to

provide farmers with higher yielding crops and possible more profits.

A parasite in the small intestine will interfere with nutrient absorption.

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, and animal cells do not. Plant cells contain chloroplast, animal cells do not.

Skin cancer cannot be passed to children, because it occurs in the somatic cells of

the body. It is not inherited.

What happens to particles of a gas as it changes phase into a liquid?

• They slow down and become closer together because energy is being removed. (CONDENSATION)

The moon has less mass, so gravitational force is less on the Moon’s surface.

• *That is also why astronauts weigh less on the moon!

The Big Bang theory helps scientists understand the origins of the universe, and how the planets in

our solar system are formed.

A non-sustainable environmental practice is the burning of fossil fuels.

During it’s lifetime, a star’s brightness fluctuates.

• Stars are classified by their color.

The flow of air around a heater is convection.

• Hot air rises, cold air sinks.• Heat always flows from hot to cold.

An Earthquake is most likely to occur where two plates meet.

Sound waves cannot travel in the vacuum of space. Light waves can travel through space.

The denser the medium, the faster sound travels through it (particles are closest together). So…sound travels

fastest through a solid like land.