1.Thenewarchitecture ofincarcera/on: humanepunishment, hiddenpain? YvonneJewkes ProfessorofCriminology UniversityofLeicester

2. Fear-suusedenvironmentsorpotenBal torehabilitate?Prisonarchitecture,design andtechnologyandthelivedexperienceof carceralspaces[hJp://prisonspaces.com] ConductedwithDrDominiqueMoran,UniversityofBirminghamandfunded bytheUKEconomicandSocialResearchCouncil(ES/K011081/1).RESEARCHQUS 1) howarepenalaimsandphilosophiesexpressedinprisonarchitectureand design 2) howeecBveisprisonarchitecture,designandtechnology(ADT)inconveying anddeliveringthatpenalpurpose? ToanswerthesequesBons,thestudywill: (a) examinetheprocessofdesigningnewprisonbuildingsinordertounderstand whatitisthatarchitectsareaskedtodeliverandhowtheyachievethis (b)exploreADTsimpactsandeectsonarangeofendusers. 3. InordertocompareprisonpopulaBonlevelsindierentcountries totalsareexpressedintermsoftherateper100,000ofnaBonalpop. USA743 NewZealand199 UK153 Australia133 France96 Sweden78 Norway73WorldPrisonPopulaBonList(ninthediBon) hJp://www.idcr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/WPPL-9-22.pdf 4. AestheBcs-anintrinsiclinkbetweenbeautyandbeingjust;thepotenBalcivilizing,rehabilitaBveroleofpenalaestheBcs.Basty 5. AnaestheBcs-thedeliberatedesigning-inofugliness,bleakness, vulgarityorindierencewherebythesensesarebluntedordepressed 6. Designelementsthatcausepainfarinexcessofthatengenderedby architecturethatismerelydrab,insBtuBonalandgrindinglydullsupermax 7. VictorHassine,aliferintheUS,saidthatmanyofthecrisesfacing penalsystems(includingovercrowding,violence,mentaland physicalillness,druguse,highlevelsofsuicide,self-harmetc.)are intrinsicallyrelatedtothefear-suusedenvironmentscreatedby prisonarchitects(Hassine,2008:8). Tofullyunderstandtheprisonexperiencerequires apersonalawarenessofhowbricks,mortar,steel, andtheendlessenforcementofrulesandregulaBons animateaprisonintoaliving,breathingenBty designedtomanipulateitsinhabitantsPrison designersandmanagershavedevelopedaprecise anduniversalalphabetoffearthatiscarefully assembledandarrangedbricks,steel,uniforms, colors,odors,shapes,andmanagementstyleto eecBvelycontroltheconductofwholeprison populaBons(2008:7) 8. HMPOakwood 9. GraterfordStatePrison,Pennsylvania1929 Itwasntthestrip-searchthatdominatedmymemory[of arriving].Itwasthenoise.Becauseconcreteandsteeldonot absorbsound,theclamorandvoicesfromwithinjustbounced around,crashingintoeachothertocreateahollow,booming echothatneverendedOnceinside,Iwaswalkedthrougha gauntletofdesperatemenMostofthemwerewearingtheir GraterfordTan,anashengraypallorTherearenotreesinthegreatwalledfortress ofGraterfordandveryfewshrubs.Infact,there isntmuchofanythinggreenthathasntbeen paintedgreen.Also,theprisonhasbeendesignedsothat youcannevergetanunobstructedviewof anything.Wallskeepgetngintheway. 10. PhiladelphiaCountyPrison(TheBurg) 1896-1995 ConstructedenBrelyofdarkstone,TheBurgwasadepressing worldofgraysandblacks,itsbleaknessmagniedbyanabsence ofwindows.AprimiBvesystemofskylightsservedastheonly sourceofnaturallightElectriclighBngwasanotheradverse factor.Theinadequatenumberoflightxturesproduceda perpetualgloomofshadowy,colorlesstwilightthisconstant dimnessnotonlydeepenedmy depressionbutalso obscuredanddistortedmy vision,increasingmysense ofvulnerability (Hassine,2008:9). 11. Albionisthemostcomfortable,bestdesigned,moststructured,and mostaJracBveprisonthatIhaveeverlivedin.Itlooksandfeelslikeit canactuallyworkasarehabilitaBveprison. Albiondidntlookorfeellikeanold-fashionedprisonbecauseits architecturecreatedanillusionthatmadeitshardandgriJydailygrind ofprisonoutwardlyappearnaturalandevenbenign. 12. SCIAlbion,Pennsylvania Restassured,Albionwasnocollegecampus.ItisadysfuncBonal, mean-spiritedfacilitythatcallouslysteepsyouindespairwhileit lavishesyouwithphysicalcomfort.Albionprovidestheinmatea sterileenvironmentwithfacelessbellsandvoicesprecisely controllingBmeandmovementfornoapparentpurposeother thanorder.Itisaplacewhereeveryoneissuspiciousofeachother andsupercialfriendlinessisallthatcanexist. Thismanufacturedeectiscomparabletothatofastore-bought antfarm.Thevisibleorder,regularity,androuBneoftheseemingly contentantfarmfailstoexposetheviolenceandcrushing hopelessnessthetrappedantsareactuallyforcedtoendure. Albionisacrowdedandviolentplaceand,inmanyways, paradoxicallymorehopelessandindierentthananyprisonthat hadeverhousedme. 13. HMPWrexham,NorthWales thenewplanned super-prison 14. HaldenPrison 15. Family 16. Familyandlegalvisits 17. Art 18. cell 19. Living 20. Surveillanceinthepod 21. PleasingaestheBcs 22. Light 23. Exercise 24. Faith 25. ScandinavianpenalexcepBonalism lowimprisonmentrates humaneprisoncondiBons alargenumberofsmallprisons,ovenhousingfewerthan100prisoners InEngland&Walesthebasicprisonocertrainingiseightweekswitha focusonprofessionalattudes,interpersonalskills,security,controland restrainttechniques,managingprisonersandprofessionalstandards, searching,diversity,andunderstandingprisonersbehaviour,including suicideandself-harm,substancemisuseandmentalhealth(Arnold, Liebling&Tate,2007). InSweden,basicocertrainingis40weeks,withanemphasison criminology,law,interpersonalskills,workplaceethics,behavioural scienceandworkplacesafety.InNorway,prisonocertrainingisatwo- yearuniversityaccrediteddegree. 26. [Halden]embodiestheguidingprinciplesofthecountry'spenalsystem:thatrepressiveprisonsdonotworkandthat treaBngprisonershumanelybooststheirchancesof reintegraBngintosociety."Whentheyarrive,manyofthem areinbadshape,[Governor]Hoidalsays,noBngthatHalden housesdrugdealers,murderersandrapists,amongothers. "Wewanttobuildthemup,givethemcondencethrough educaBonandworkandhavethemleaveasbeJerpeople. Time,8thMay2010: hJp://www.Bme.com/Bme/magazine/arBcle/0,9171,1986002,00.html#ixzz2VLzk5GQzThere'splentyofenthusiasmfortransforming lives."Noneofuswereforcedtoworkhere.We chosetoOurgoalistogivealltheprisonersa meaningfullifeinsidethesewalls."It'swarmth likethat,nottheexpensiveTVsets,thatwill likelyhavethemostlasBngimpact. 27. [G]enerallyspeakingprisonsworkbeJeriftheyare smalllargeprisonsneedtobehighlyregimented andlifewithinthemhasanassemblylinequality. Individualneedscanquicklybecomelostinthe drivetomeetinsBtuBonalprioriBes.Theseare dehumanisingplaceswheresecurityandorderare diculttomaintain,vulnerableprisonersbecome isolated,andtheslimchanceofreformisfurther aJenuated.Tominimisetheharmsofconnement prisonsmustbemodestinsize(ODonnell,2005:65 hJp://www.iprt.ie/les/putng_prison_in_its_place__ian_odonnell_nov_2005.pdf). 28. Fleury-Merogis,Paris 29. MaggiesCentresweneedmedicalenvironmentstocureus,butwealsoneedto feellikepeopleagain,ratherthanpaBents 30. RoovopprotestatOakwoodprisonendsavermorethan5hours 'Jokewood'-HMPOakwoodcondemnedbyinspectors HMPOakwood:Britainsbiggestjail-runbyG4S-istooviolent InAugust,Oakwood'sIMBreportedthat: A"veryhighlevelofsta"hadliJleorno prisonexperience,andhighratesofsickness levtoofewstaforfront-lineduBes. Cellfurniturewasmadeofcheapbre-board thatwaseasytobreakupintoweapons. Thestairwells,outofsightofCCTV, wereperfectforassaults. Hooch,drugsandmobilephoneswere plenBful;itwaseasytothrowcontrabandinto thegrounds,therebeingonlyoneperimeter fenceinsteadoftheusualtwo. Self-harmwasaworryseveralprisoners hadjumped(orfallenorbeenpushed?)over thelandingrailings;therewerenonets.