professor: nabil elmjati ib100 introduction to computer sciences professor: nabil elmjati

Professor: Nabil Elmjati IB100 Introduction to computer Sciences

IB100: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE

Professor: Nabil Elmjati


Chapter 1: A Computer’s History


1-1 What is a Computer:

A Computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.


1-2 Types of Computers:

Personal Computer

Workstations

Mini Computers

Mainframes

Super Computers


Personal Computer:Also called a micro-computer, it is a small, single-

user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data


What about tablets ?


Workstations :A workstation is a computer intended for individual use that

is faster and more capable than a personal computer. It's intended for business or professional use (rather than home or recreational use).


Mini Computers :A minicomputer is a computer of a size intermediate between

a microcomputer and a mainframe. Typically, sold to small and mid-size businesses for general

business applications and to large enterprises for department-level operations.


Mainframes :

A mainframe is a high-performance computer used for large-scale computing purposes that require greater availability and security than a smaller-scale machine can offer


A large number of terminals connected to a mainframe.


Super Computers :A supercomputer is, a very powerful machine, mainly used

for performing tasks involving intense numerical calculations such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics, and complex scientific computations.


1-2 The History of Computers


1st Generation: The Vacuum Tubes

2nd Generation: Transistors

3rd Generation: Integrated Circuits

4th Generation: Microprocessor

5th Generation: Future


1st Gen: Vacuum Tubes (1946-1958)


A Computer using Vaccum Tubes:


Punch Cards


Problems with Vaccum Tubes:

Very Expensive. Produces massive amount of heat. Needed a large amount of electricity

It was time for something new!


Watch how punch cards were used to send data to a computer:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaVwzYN6BP4

Watch the UNIVAC commercial from 1950 by clicking on the link below: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25qNWDJBuks



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25qNWDJBuks

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25qNWDJBuks


2nd Gen: Transistors (1959-1964)


Differences between Transistors and Tubes:

Smaller Faster. More Reliable One Transistor was the equivalent of

40 Vacuum Tubes.


2nd Gen Computers still relied on punch cards for inputting Data.

IBM 1401 is an example of a 2nd Gen Computer.


Watch the video, below, from 1959 showing characteristics of the IBM 1401

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O-UaHAWVKU




3rd Gen: Integrated Circuits (1964-1970)

A single Chip that contains numerous transistors.


Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.


Computers of this era were the first to offer a keyboard and a screen as input/output devices.


PDP-8 : Because it was the first computer to successfully make use of integrated circuits, it was much smaller and cheaper compared to other computers available at the same time. When it first entered the minicomputer market, it sold for about $20,000. Five years later, this price was reduced to only $3,000.

Watch a PDP-8 in action in the video below: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPioENtAHuY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPioENtAHuY


4th Gen: The Microprocessor

The microprocessor gave birth to the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand.

In 1975 consumers were finally able to buy their own personal Computer, in the form of Altair 8800.


Altair 8800:

Developed in 1975 by MITS, The Altair 8800 was sold as an electronic hobbyist kit for only $397. The computer was very simple, that it did not even have a keyboard or display. These computers did not even have enough memory to perform any useful tasks. The Altair 8800 had switches on the front panel for input and rows of neon light. Watch the video below to see how an ALTAIR 8800 was operated:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAhp_LzvSWk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAhp_LzvSWk


Apple II :

Considered to be the pinnacle of home computers, the Apple 2 launched in 1977 and was the first computer to display color graphics. The Apple II was available to consumers for the price of $1300 with 4KB of ram and offered the ability to expand the ram to 48KB ( a first in computer history).

Watch the first Apple II commercial below: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxZ_Z-_j71I

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxZ_Z-_j71I


1981 and beyond : In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user.

In 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.

Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use them.


As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.

Our PC's, smart phones, laptops, and tablets, that we own today are all considered the product of the 4th generation of computers, since they all use a microprocessor to operate and process the various data.


5th Gen: Artificial Intelligence? (Future)

Many believe that what will make the 5th generation stand out is Artificial intelligence(AI).

AI means that a computer will self be sufficient, and be able to think and learn for itself rather than wait for a user to input a set data.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIWWLg4wLEY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIWWLg4wLEY


Google's Project Glass:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9c6W4CCU9M4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9c6W4CCU9M4

professor: nabil elmjati ib100 introduction to computer sciences professor: nabil elmjati

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