A Novel Dry Toilet Complex Design for a Market Community in Nigeria

with Diverse Cultural Practices

Professor M. K. C. Sridhar Professor M. K. C. Sridhar

Department of Environmental Health SciencesFaculty of Public Health, College of Medicine

University of Ibadan, Ibadan

Contact:08037273836

Email: mkcsridhar@gmail.com

Clean toilets??

Nigeria

Nigeria

Abuja

Why toilets?

About 1.1 billion people globally do not have access to improved water supply sources,

An estimated 2.6 billion people lack access to improved sanitation that separates faecesfrom human contact,from human contact,

About 2 million people die every year due to diarrhoeal diseases; most of whom are children, less than 5 years in age,

Federal Capital Territory and the Kuje Market

In Nigeria, 34 million people still lack sanitation and toilet facilities at the end of just concluded Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

They practice open defecation which is deplorable particularly in urban areas and public places.

The common faecal disposable methods accepted by communities

The common faecal disposable methods accepted by communities are ventilated improved pit toilet and septic tank system.

The dry or waterless toilet and urine diversion toilets are not yet introduced in the country, though they have proven advantages in terms of low water consumption, better sanitation, resource recovery and effective pathogen removal.

Nigeria today

Diarrhoea kills about 194,000 children under five every year

Respiratory infections kill another 240,000.

69% of women in Nigeria lack a safe toilet 69% of women in Nigeria lack a safe toilet – increasing their risk of illness, shame, harassment and violence

These are largely preventable with improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene.

Toilets can be…… political bases

Toilets in Use — Are they sanitary?

NOT

NIIGERIA

Faeces Disposal Onto the Farms

Kano

High Tech Toilet- Not Yet

Faeco-oral transmission-Common

Flies

Fingers

Food

Soil

Water

HEALTHFAECES

From Professor M. K. C. Sridhar

Helminths?Yes

From Professor M. K. C. Sridhar

Ascaris? Most common

Kuje Market At a Glance

There are 199 formal shops, owned and managed by theLocal Government, comprising 145 lock up shops and 44open stalls.

The main units include OK (Okrika), Ngwu, shoes and bags,food stuff sellers, oil dealers, hairdressers, minerals, meatsellers, tailors, provisions, etc. Market is open access with no opening or closing hours. Felt needs: security, water, toilets, drainage, and tarred Felt needs: security, water, toilets, drainage, and tarredroads. No public water supply There are 3 toilet facilities owned by private individuals. Women prefer to use open areas for defecation due to lackof privacy in the existing toilets. Preferred toilet seat type- Squatting. Preferred anal cleaning material: paper and/or water. Menstrual pads are disposed in bush, roadside or into pit

toilet.

Problems in the market

Lack of security and fencing. There is no fence and people sleep in the market uncontrollably and mess up the places before morning.

The market remains dirty and an open drain transverses the market, despite our efforts

The poor states of existing toilet in the market. The poor states of existing toilet in the market.

Nearby residents bring solid waste into the market without being checked,

There is no water, sanitary toilet or tarred road in the market

Existing toilets

Odour is experienced from time to time

Users see maggots due to pits filling up

Most of the time, the toilet pits are filled up and not evacuated to time

Wastewater from baths and toilets are not properly channeled and in many cases causes odour nuisance in the marketchanneled and in many cases causes odour nuisance in the market

The toilets had odour, flies and are dirty because they are not adequately maintained.

The existing public toilets in the market are not good for use by women. I can’t put my legs there, the toilets are unisex and people use as they visit and none is reserved for females.

The pour flush toilet beside the mosque is better because odour is reduced while others are pits and smells a lot.

Community Expectations from LGA

Construct good car park, fence, borehole, clinic, police and fire service stations in the market

Maintain peace, security and infrastructures like toilet and light in the market

Manage the open gutter that runs through the entire market and possibly cover it with slabs, at least, nobody will be able to throw in faeces and dump nobody will be able to throw in faeces and dump refuse into it anyhow

Open banks for us in the market Clean the open dumps from time to time Bring bulldozers to remove solid wastes from the

reserved open dump site’ for final disposal. Relocate the open dump site so that more shops

could be built there.

Expectations from Composting toilet

ensure use of the toilet, the following should be considered:

Establish a Monitoring Committee and the toilet should be segregated into separate units for males and females. Also, a woman should be engaged to manage the female toilet while a male should be engaged for managing the male toilet

It would be successful especially if the toilet is constructed alongside with borehole

For the new toilet that you are planning, there should be a ‘sign’ against dropping menstrual absorbents and fine-charged for defaulters.

We need wash hand basins, mirror to check if you have packed yourself well before leaving the toilet after pads have been changed (female FGD request).

The operator of the new toilet should draw menstrual pad and mark it as bad. The operator of the new toilet should draw menstrual pad and mark it as bad.

Provision should be made for disposal of menstrual pads, and not dropped inside the pit

water must be provided for anal cleansing

The toilet should be tiled, anal cleansing materials tissue/water provided, including air freshener and izal to sanitize the toilet.

The toilet should be fees paying to ensure effective management

Trained operators should be there to guide users on how to use the toilet.

There should be sensitization programme in the market

They should be operated by trained, same gender persons for the male and female sections

Sound hygiene is required to attract women because they have sensitive body

Separate sections for each sex is required

Women speak ……………… ‘If I see my period while in the market, I will carry ‘okada’

and rush down home’ ‘When menses comes, I will go to one corner in my shop

and use always pad, put it in my body to hold my body until I reach home

Even if its tissue paper, I will put it into my body and manage until I go home

Some females visit the pit toilet just to drop the used menstrual absorbents into the pit toilet.

If my period comes while in the market, I go to the partitioned/privacy section in my shop and use/change the pads. When changed, the used absorbents will be wrapped and kept for disposal on returning home

As for me, I go home to use the toilet and either use or change my sanitary pad. I have never used any of the public toilets in the market

Composting Toilet Units

Features of the Composting Toilet

The Toilet Complex

Front view of the facility Primary treatment pit

Central processing unit The storage facility

Management Structure

Responsibility of the Chairman of Market Traders Executive Committee

General overseer of the entire project activities

Dissemination of site report during the Trader Executive Committee meetingExecutive Committee meeting

Release of funds for the smooth operation of the facility

Any other function as regards the sustainability of the facility

Chairman’s Responsibilities

Developing monthly report of the progress of the facility

Giving monthly progress report of the facility to the Chairman Trader Executive Committee

Supervision of all the workers in the facility Accounting officer to the recycling enterprise and a

signatory to facility accountsAccounting officer to the recycling enterprise and a signatory to facility accounts

Community mobilization and sensitization of market people about the project

Advertisement of the fertilizer product Giving directives to the Chief Operator Any other function as assigned by the Chairman

Trader Executive Committee

Chief Operator

Secretary to the Project Management Committee

Quality control and save warehousing of materials and recycled products.

Supervision, administration and welfare of all employed staff

Attending to visitors Attending to visitors

Community mobilization for community participation

Overall in charge of composting operation

Attend stakeholders meeting

Repair and maintenance of structures and machines

Replacement of deliverables

Any other assignment emanated from the facility

Assistant Operator

Issuing of tickets to the users

Attending to the toilet users

Cleaning and maintenance of the toilets

Cleaning of the entire premises Cleaning of the entire premises

Procurement of saw dust

Any other function as assigned by the Chief Operator

Serial

No.

Trouble Remedy

1. Augur may not move smoothly Check for proper greasing of the moving parts;

Ensure that the saw dust and ash will not have larger particles- sieve the

material as soon as it is brought.

2. Smell -Check whether the cover is fitted tightly.

-Check whether adequate quantity of saw dust or ash is covering the faeces;

-If the smell is rising from the primary tank, add extra saw dust or ash;

-Check the cover and prevent any rain water entering it.

-All the surfaces in the toilet, urinal and bathroom should be scrubbed with

bleach every day to make them hygienic and free from smell.

3. Flies Flies are attracted if faeces is not adequately covered by saw dust or if water

enters the toilet;

You may also use mild insecticides.

4. Urine entering into main toilet Educate the toilet users. 4.

5. Leaks in the plumbing system Call lumber promptly and rectify.

6. Overflow of Urine tank Remove urine into kegs and use or dispose. Ensure that the urine tank is

evacuated at regular intervals.

7. Water accumulation in bathroom Check the plumbing and repair.

8. Smell and flies in the secondary

composting pit

Maintain proper C:N ratio and ash will reduce the problem.

9. Overflow of menstrual pad

disposal tank

Depending on the usage, fix a regular burning at intervals.

10. Soak away filled up The land is a filled up area; if the soak away fills up, try to evacuate the extra

water and regulate the water usage.

11. Clogging of urinal Urine on long standing produces a chemical which is hard and stick to the drain

pipe preventing free flow; periodically wash the urinal with dilute hydrochloric

acid to make the clogged material dissolve.

Lagos Assembly Gives Guidelines For Public ToiletsPublished on May 16, 2012 by pmnews · No Comments

The Lagos State House of Assembly is currently drawing up guidelines is currently drawing up guidelines for the building and management of public toilets in the state.

Good News if these new designs are introduced

Conclusion A novel urne diversion dry toilet ws designed and installed in a

market at Kuje, Abuja Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria.

The design was developed basedon the users’ perceptions and expectations.

It is women friedly where gender privay and special needs were taken into consideration.

The facility is ecofriendly as it incorporated toilet, urinal, bathroom, menstrual pad disposal, collection of urine in a special tank, soakaway pit to receive small water used for anal cleaning, bathroom, menstrual pad disposal, collection of urine in a special tank, soakaway pit to receive small water used for anal cleaning, and rain water harvesting. Separate male and female caretakers maintain the facility.

The faecal matter is converted into compost and used on farms along with the urine harvested.

The stakeholders played very active role in developing the facility and for sustainability, a structured management team has been formed with ’pay and use’ revenue generating component. It serves as a model for other public institutions where sanitation is compromised.

But… But… Do not

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