professor benjamin j. eggleton cudos director school of ......introduction: basic parameters bragg...
TRANSCRIPT
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Professor Benjamin J. EggletonCUDOS Director ARC Federation FellowSchool of Physics, University of Sydneywww.physics.usyd.edu.au/[email protected]
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The Semaphore:An Example from History
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Light travels well through fibre
• High-refractive index core with low-index background
• Light stays in core by total internal reflection
(b)n n21
θ
θ
θ
θ1
1
1
2
θ1
(a)
8.3 m
125 mμ
μ
cladding
core
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Too much is not enough!
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was being
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Light propagation through atmosphere
• Light scatters when it travels through the atmosphere
• Range limited to a few kilometers
From: http://www.cablefree.co.uk/
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Examples from history: Internet and Cellular Network
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eTeaching
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eHealth
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Bandwidth demand!
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What is CUDOS doing?
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Motivation / Context–optical regeneration
• In optical communication networks, signal distortion occurs due to: Spontaneous emission in optical amplifiers, cross-talk, dispersion, nonlinearities, polarization effects…
• Requires regeneration– Electronic bottleneck
at 40Gb/s– All-optical to replace
electronic
Input Power
Output Power
Time
Input Power
Time
Output Power
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Using the Success of Electronics: Microfabrication
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Ultra Small, Ultra Fast
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Ultra Small, Ultra Fast
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Context and Outcomes
2 metres The present
The futureBits/s
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The Photonic Chip
Fibre to chip coupler
Wavelength demuxJunctions
Wavelength converterWaveguides and bends
Signal regeneration
Delay lines
Optical switch
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Introduction: Basic parameters
Bragg condition
Ln
Position
Δn
Λ= nB 2λ
At λB and close to it: Bragg reflection due to PBGFurther from λB: dispersion
Bragg reflection occurs for range of wavelengths:
10 cm long grating
Evan
esce
nt
nn // Δ≈Δ λλ
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Natural
2D Photonic CrystalMicrostructured
Optical Fibre
3DPhotonicCrystal
2D Photonic CrystalPlanar Waveguids
1D Photonic Crystal (Bragg grating and thin film stack)
Photonic crystals
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1. Breakthrough technology
Ultra-tight confinement
Ultra-dispersion
Δλ = 1% ~ 50°
10μm
Photonic Crystal: Ultra-compact & ultra-control
Ultra-nonlinearity
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2D slab SOI structure fabricated at IBM on a 8-inch CMOS line - "S. McNab and Y.Vlasov, IBM Watson".
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Chalcogenide Chalcogenide waveguide waveguide with small with small bend radiusbend radius
Bragg Bragg gratinggrating
cmcm’’ss
InIn
OutOut
YY--junctionjunction
Optical Optical fibrefibre
Inverse Inverse taper taper couplercoupler
Photonic chip all-optical regenerator
Photonic Chip-2R optical regenerator
Silicon Wafer
Silica
As2S3
Polymer W
hH
Ta’eed et al. Opt. Lett 2005.
First embodiment of photonic chip all-optical processor
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CUDOS device test-bed
160Gb/s Bit-Error-Rate System
(Dr Martin Rochette, Canadian Research Fellowship)
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CUDOS photonic crystaloptical switch
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Ultra-compact, optical switch in nonlinear 2D PC
Photonic crystal fabricated in chalcogenide film
C. Grillet, C. Smith, D. Freeman, S. Madden, B. Luther-Davis, E.C. Magi, D.J. Moss, B.J. Eggleton, “Efficient coupling to chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides via silica optical fiber nanowires,” Optics Express 14, 1070-1078 (February 2006)C. Grillet, D. Freeman, B Luther-Davies, S Madden, R McPhedran, D.J. Moss, M. J. Steel, B.J. Eggleton, “Characterization and modeling of Fano resonances in chalcogenide photonic crystal membranes,” Optics Express 14, 369-376 (January 2006).
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Hard to couple light into a PCWG
• Mode shape/size mismatch
• vg / neff mismatch
Coupling light into PCWGand how to probe these structures?
Optical fiber
Photonic crystal microcavityPhotonic crystal waveguide
2D PC slab
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Evanescent coupling
Evanescent coupling between tapered fiber and a PCWG or passive resonator
• Versatile approach (coupling to waveguides, cavities…)• Efficiency > 95% experimentally demonstrated• Bandwidth ~ 20nm @ 1600nm
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Silica optical nanowires
• Spliced Optical fibre tapered using standard flame brushing method (Birks & Lee, Vol. 10 JLT 1992)
• Fibre dimensions reduced by up to 500 timesFibre
Butane flame
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Evanescent coupling to chalcogenidePC waveguides using silica nanowires
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a)
b)
c)110 μm
300 μm
90 μm
Silica nanowires
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Excitation of PC mode
100 μm