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Ball games have been around about as long as people. Archeologists and anthropologists have found evidence of games involving groups of people playing with a ball for earlier than mankind’s recorded history. In some societies it was more than a simple sport. A game of ball was a means to solve conflicts between clans (a very alternative to war). Or it could be a society’s rite to propitiate the gods, gaining their help for successful hunts or good crops. Football games today still demonstrate the power to strongly influence the behavior of people both as individuals and as groups.

American professional football can trace its origins to a group of men who gathered on September 17, 1920, in a Hupmobile Agency in Canton, Ohio. Numbers of semi-professional clubs were springing into existence. These men, forerunners of today’s millionaire football team owners, had decided there needed to be an organization to regulate competition among many of these teams. They founded the “American Professional Football Association.” There were ten teams in the association. The legendary player, Jim, Thorpe, was elected its president.

Modern Day Football

Two teams control opposite halves of the football field. Each team must try to score against their opponent while keeping their opponent from scoring against them. The playing area of a football field is 100 yards, divided at the 50-yard line. From that

point, parallel lines are drawn across the field in increments of 10 yards. The final yard line (0) on each end is called the goal line. The scoring or goal area at each end is an additional 10 yards which is called the end zone. Each team has to defend 50 yards of the field and their end zone. The team that has the ball takes the offensive. The players have four tries (downs) to move the ball 10 yards. If the team succeeds in moving the ball 10 yards in four downs, they then get four more downs. The team without the ball uses defensive strategies to keep their opponent from gaining yardage or try to gain possession by taking the ball away.

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American Football Conference

North: Baltimore Ravens M&T Bank Stadium 1101 Russell Street Baltimore, MD 21230 Cincinnati Bengals Paul Brown Stadium One Paul Brown Stadium Cincinnati, OH 45202 Cleveland Browns Cleveland Browns Stadium 100 Alfred Lerner Way Cleveland, OH 44114 Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field 100 Art Rooney Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15212 South: Houston Texans Reliant Stadium Houston, TX 77054

Indianapolis Colts RCA Dome 100 South Capitol Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46225 Jacksonville Jaguars ALLTEL Stadium One ALLTEL Stadium Place Jacksonville, FL 32202 Tennessee Titans The Coliseum One Titans Way Nashville, TN 37213

East: Buffalo Bills Ralph Wilson Stadium One Bills Drive Orchard Park, NY 14127-2296 Miami Dolphins Dolphins Stadium 2269 Dan Marino Blvd. Miami, FL 33056 New England Patriots Gillette Stadium One Patriot Place Foxborough, MA 02035 New York Jets Meadowlands East Rutherford, NJ 07073 West: Denver Broncos INVESCO Field at Mile High 1701 Bryant Street Denver, CO 80204 Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium One Arrowhead Drive Kansas City, MO 64129 Oakland Raiders McAfee Coliseum 7000 Coliseum Way Oakland, CA 94621-1917 San Diego Chargers Qualcomm Stadium 9449 Friars Road San Diego, CA 92108

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National Football Conference

North: Chicago Bears Soldier Field 1410 S. Museum Campus Dr. Chicago, IL 60605 Detroit Lions Ford Field Detroit, MI 48226

Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field 1265 Lombardi Avenue Green Bay, WI 54304 Minnesota Vikings Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 500 11th Avenue South Minneapolis, MN 55415 South: Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome One Georgia Dome Drive Atlanta, GA 30313 Carolina Panthers Bank of America Stadium Charlotte, NC 28202-1502

New Orleans Saints Louisiana Superdome 1500 Poydras Street New Orleans, LA 70112 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium Tampa, FL 33607

East: Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 2401 E. Airport Freeway Irving, TX 75062 New York Giants Giants Stadium East Rutherford, NJ 07073 Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field One Lincoln Financial Field Way Philadelphia, PA 19148 Washington Redskins FedExField 1600 FedEx Way Landover, MD 20785 West: Arizona Cardinals Sun Devil Stadium Fifth Street Tempe, AZ 85287 St. Louis Rams Edward Jones Dome 701 Convention Plaza St. Louis, MO 63101 San Francisco 49ers Monster Park San Francisco, CA 94124 Seattle Seahawks Qwest Field 800 Occidental Ave South, #200 Seattle, WA 98134

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DEFENSIVE: The team not in possession of the ball. DOWN: A single play. The period of action that begins when the ball is centered or free-kicked and ends when it’s whistled dead END ZONE: The area at each end of the football field from the goal line to the end line and sideline to sideline. FORWARD PASS: A ball thrown toward the opponent’s goal line. FUMBLE: To lose possession of the ball by dropping it or having it slip or knocked from ones hands. GOAL LINE: One of the two lines the width of the playing field that separates the 100 yard field of play from the end zone. HALFTIME: The 12-minute intermission between the second and third quarters when the teams leave the field and go to their respective locker rooms. INTERCEPTION: A pass intended for an offensive receiver caught by a defensive player in bounds before it touches the ground. KICKOFF: The method used to put the ball in play…from either a kicking tee or held by a teammate…to start the game, the second half and overtime play, after a field goal and following an extra-point try after a touchdown. The ball is kicked from the kicking team’s 30-yard line and the opposing team must line up at least 10 yards downfield from the ball. LINE OF SCRIMMAGE: As the ball rests on the field to begin the next play, the line of scrimmage for each team is the imaginary line at the point of the ball nearer each team’s goal line and runs across the field from sideline to sideline. OFFENSE: The team in legal possession of the ball. PENALTY: Punishment imposed for a rule infraction and can include loss of yardage, a down or player disqualification. POSSESSION: Legal control of the ball. RECEPTION: A forward pass caught by an eligible receiver. REFEREE: The head official whose duties includes indicating, interpreting, and announcing the infractions and penalties. SACK: Tackle the quarterback behind the line of scrimmage before he releases the ball. TOUCHDOWN: The six points awarded to a team when the ball is legally in possession of one of its in-bound players when any part of the ball is over, on, or above the opponent’s goal line. YARD LINE: Any line in the field of play parallel to the end line.

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The defense is made up of 11 players. Generally, four defensive linemen are positioned on the line of scrimmage. The number could be three or five depending on the potential offensive play. Defensive Linemen

• Defensive tackles are positioned toward the center. • Defensive ends are positioned on the outer ends of the line.

Linebackers Linebackers are positioned approximately 5 yards behind the front line in the formation. There are generally three made up of a combination of:

• Outside linebackers who are positioned toward the sidelines • Inside linebackers (toward the center)

Defensive Backs Defensive backs block or tackle the opponent who has the ball, try to prevent reception of a pass or intercept the pass.

• Cornerbacks line up in front of an offensive receiver, hoping to out think and out run him.

• Safeties are players who roam the center of the field. They are usually the last chance for the defensive to stop an offensive player who has escaped the linemen and backs. A safety can help the cornerback cover one wide receiver

• The strong safety is located on the offensive “strong” side of the line and stands well behind (15 to 20 yards back from the line of scrimmage) other defenders.

• The free safety is also a position far back from the line. This player can observe the play as it unfolds and move quickly to block or intercept the offensive player coming downfield.

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There must be no more or less than 11 men from each team on the field at any given time. Every football team has 11 starting players who only play on the offensive team. Quarterback This player calls the plays. Play begins with the center handing the ball to the quarterback at his signal. The quarterback either passes or hands the ball to another player or runs with it himself. Running Backs These players line up in back of the quarterback. On some plays the quarterback hands the ball to a running back who hurls himself downfield to gain as many yards as he can.

• The halfback is the fastest of the running backs. He lines up the deepest in the backfield. He is often used to catch passes.

• Often physically larger than the halfback, the fullback will guard him if he has the ball. The fullback also catches short passes. He lines up between the quarterback and halfback positions.

Receivers These players are usually very fast and good at catching the football. They will run farther down the field to a predetermined point to receive the ball the quarterback throws. Offensive Linemen These players block the opponents and try to move them aside to allow their teammate with the ball to go downfield.

• The center’s position is in the middle of the line. He is given the ball and “hikes” it to the quarterback to start the play. He then tries to protect the quarterback from the defensive players.

• To the right and left sides of the center are the guards and tackles who also block defensive players and try to mislead them about the play as it unfolds.

Tight End This position is on the front line between the tackle and the wide receiver. He can block for the running back and is the only lineman eligible to receive passes. The side of the line he is on is considered the “strong” side since it has one more player than the other side which, of course, becomes the “weak” side.

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Special Teams At the start of play when kicking a field goal or extra point or when a team relinquishes the ball to their opponent, the special teams players take the field. They have several very specialized roles to play.

• The kicker is the player who kicks the ball for extra points and field goals while someone is holding the ball.

• The punter holds the ball himself and kicks it to the other team…usually on fourth down when his team must give up the ball. The punter tries to kick the ball both high and long (at least 40 yards downfield) so his team can run down and tackle the opponent who catches.

• When the kicker or punter kicks the ball, the kick returner’s specialty is to catch the ball and return it as far up field (toward the opponent’s goal line) as possible.

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Latitude: The distance north or south of the earth’s Equator measured in degrees. The lines that measure latitude run east and west on a map or globe. Longitude: Distance east or west of the Prime Meridian measured in degrees. The lines that measure longitude run north and south on a map or globe. Time Zone: One of 24 areas or zones of the earth in which the time is one hour earlier than the zone to its east. The four time zones in the mainland United States are: Eastern Standard Time, Central Standard Time, Mountain Standard Time and Pacific Standard Time. Landform: One of many different surface features that cover the earth such as mountain, valley or plateau. Cardinal Direction: Any of the four principal points of the compass…north, south, east and west. Boundary: Lines on a map that show where something begins or ends; a border. Peninsula: A piece of land nearly surrounded by water and connected to a larger body of land. Reservoir: A lake or pond where water is collected and stored for use. Capitol: The city in a country or state in which the seat of government is located. Scale of Miles: A series of spaces marked by lines and used to measure distance on a map. Kilometers: A standard of measure which equals 0.63 mile. Approximately 6/10th of a mile.

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1. Which two NFL cities are about the same distance from Kansas City?

2. Name the two NFL cities farthest from Kansas City and their distance. 3. You have won 2,000 flight miles on an airline that flies to all the NFL cities. Which Chiefs

away games would y9ou choose to attend? Note them and the round trip mileage each will take until your free miles are used up:

4. Which two Interstate highways would you take, driving from Kansas City to Seattle, to

catch the Chiefs and Seahawks game. Where do they connect? 5. Your fan club has chartered a bus to drive from Kansas City to San Francisco for the 49ers

game. Note the shortest route on Interstate highways. At a speed of 70 m.p.h., calculate the approximate driving time.

6. Which two NFL cities are the farthest apart from each other? Approximately how many

miles? MO Show-Me Standards: KS Standards: 3.4 SS5 ∆G4 B1 I1 application 4.1 MA1 ∆G6 B1 I1 application 4.1 MA 2

Approximately _______________ miles

Highways: Connect at:

Highways: Driving time equation:

Cities: Miles:

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1. Name the NFL city closest in longitude to Kansas City and its approximate longitude. 2. Which two NFL cities are closest in latitude to Kansas City? 3. What part of a football field is similar to latitude? What is like longitude? 4. Name the two NFL cities located nearest to 45° north latitude. 5. Which AFC city is at 26 ° north latitude? What is its longitude? MO Show-Me Standards: KS Standards: 3.4 SS5 ∆G5 B1 I1 application 3.5 MA1 ∆G6 B1 I1 application

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1. As you drive to Oakland for a Chiefs/Raiders game, traveling on Interstates 80, 580, 980

and 880, you will pass by many types of landforms. Identify four of these natural landforms you will experience.

2. Identify three distinct types of terrain you would fly over on your way to the Chargers’

home city. 3. What is the highest mountain within 100 miles of Denver? How high is it? 4. Three NFL cities are located on peninsulas. Name them. 5. Name two NFL cities that are situated at the mouths of major rivers. MO Show-Me Standards: KS Standards: 2.3 SS5 G4 B1 I1 knowledge 3.4 CA4 G4 B2 I1 application 3.5 MA1 ∆G5 B1 I1 knowledge ∆G6 B1 I2 knowledge

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1. Using the information on “NFL Teams”, page 2, list the AFC teams, grouped by the four divisions. Then research and list, beside the team name, the time zone for each. Use the information gathered to complete the following activities.

2. Name any divisions with teams in only one time zone, in two time zones, in three time zones.

a. One time zone b. Two time zones c. Three time zones

3. If all NFL games started at 12:05 p.m. local time, what time would you need to turn on your TV in Kansas City to watch the Chiefs play these away games?

Broncos: __________ Raiders: __________ Dolphins: __________

4. You are going to watch the Chargers and the Patriots home games one afternoon. Both games start at 12:05 p.m. (their local time) and will last for 2 hours and 45 minutes. Will you be able to watch part or all of both games? Why?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

5. You are driving from Kansas City to Indianapolis for a game that starts at 3:00 p.m. It takes ten yours to drive. You want to arrive one hour before game time. What time do you leave and why?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

6. Reorganize the AFC divisions so the teams are grouped within the same time zones, if possible. Will it be necessary to include teams from other time zones in order to have each division include four or more teams?

AFC North AFC South AFC East AFC West

MO Show-Me Standards: KS Standards: 1.5 SS5 ∆G6 B1 I1 application 3.4 SS7 3.5 CA4

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1. What NFL team’s home city is under 250,000 population? Identify a location feature it

has in common with New Orleans, Seattle and San Francisco. 2. As a fan, you travel around the country to Chiefs games and also do some sightseeing.

What teams’ games will you attend when you take trips to the following:

Pike’s Peak - Team: _______________ City/State: ____________ Statue of Liberty - Team: _______________ City/State: ____________ Golden Gate Bridge - Team: _______________ City/State: ____________ The Everglades - Team: _______________ City/State: ____________ 3. Identify state capitals that also are homes for NFL teams:

____________________ ____________________ __________________

____________________ ____________________ __________________

4. A family from Atlanta, GA is driving to Kansas City to watch a Falcons/Chiefs game. Identify the interstate highways they will travel, the states they will visit, and three landmarks they will encounter.

5. Football stadiums are often considered landmarks. Some large metropolitan areas are

fortunate enough to have two. Name the cities and the teams that play in the stadiums. ______________________________________________________________

6. People use landmarks as mental markers to give themselves an idea of their location when traveling around an area. The Kansas City area has many well known landmarks (Liberty Memorial) and others that are known mainly to individuals (the tall brick school on the corner). Brainstorm with others to create a list of landmarks. Write them in the space below. We have gotten you started with one famous landmark in Kansas City. Also list structures which you consider to be landmarks in your own neighborhood.

MO Show-Me Standards: KS Standards: 1.5 SS5 ∆G4 B1 I1 knowledge 3.4 SS7 ∆G4 B2 I1 application ∆G5 B1 I1 knowledge ∆G6 B1 I1 knowledge

Team: Feature:

Highways States Landmarks

Well-known K.C Area Landmarks Personal Landmarks

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1. A ticket booth is located on the corner of Lancer Lane and Chiefs Way. Draw it. 2. The bus stop is west of the ticket booth on Lancer Lane. Put it on the map. 3. Draw a practice field east of Arrowhead Drive 4. The parking lot directly south of Arrowhead Stadium is quite crowded today. Draw a

“full lot” sign in that parking lot. 5. Parking lot H is located southwest of Arrowhead Stadium. Label it. 6. Three trees are growing on the southeast corner of Red Coat Drive and Chiefs Way.

Draw them. 7. Draw a Chiefs helmet in the southeast corner of this map. 8. A bus has stopped on Red Coat Drive just east of Royal Way. Draw it on the map. 9. Parking lot B is located northwest of Arrowhead Stadium. Label it. MO Show-Me Standards: KS Standards: 1.5 SS5 G4 B1 I1 application 3.4 SS7 ∆G6 B1 I1 application

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Put the team names listed at the bottom of the page into the grid. Our team is already filled in to get you started. Each team is listed according to how many letters are in their name.

4 letters 5 letters 6 letters 7 letters 8 letters 9 letters 10 letters Jets Bears Browns Bengals Chargers Cardinals Buccaneers Rams Bills Chiefs Broncos Dolphins Colts Eagles Cowboys Patriots 49ers Giants Falcons Redskins Lions Saints Packers Seahawks Texans Raiders Steelers Titans

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MO Show-Me Standards: KS Standards: 3.4 SS5 G4 B1 I1 application 3.5 MA2 ∆G6 B1 I1 application

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Page 9 – Working with Scale 1. Indianapolis, IN and Dallas, TX 2. Seattle / San Francisco 1,500 miles 3. Open answer 4. I-29 and I-90 Sioux Falls, SD 5. I-70 to I-15 to I-80 1,500 miles divided by 70 mph = 21.5 hrs. 6. Seattle/Miami Accept 2,700 to 2,750 miles

Page 10 – Latitude and Longitude 1. Minneapolis, MN 93° 27 min. 2. Cincinnati, Washington 3. Latitude: yardlines / endlines Longitude: sidelines 4. Minneapolis, MN Green Bay, WI 5. Miami – Longitude: 80° 11 min. Page 11 – Landforms 1. Plains, highlands, plateaus, basins 2. Prairie, mountain, desert 3. Mt. Elbert – 14,431 ft. 4. Miami, Tampa, San Francisco 5. New Orleans, New York

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Bonus Page Answers – continued Page 12 – Time Zones 1. Have students use “NFL Teams” on page 2 2. a: AFC north/AFC east b: AFC south/NFC north/NFC south/NFC east c: AFC west/NFC west 3. Broncos: 1:05 p.m. Raiders: 2:05 p.m. Dolphins: 11:05 a.m. 4. Patriots end at 1:50 p.m. central time Chargers begins at 2:05 p.m. central time 5. Leave at 3:00 a.m. central time 6. Answers will vary Bonus Page Answers – continued Page 13 – Landmarks 1. Green Bay, WI Is adjacent to a bay 2. Pike’s Peak: Broncos – Denver, CO Statue of Liberty: Jets and Giants – both near New York, NY Golden Gate Bridge: 49ers – San Francisco, CA The Everglades: Dolphins – Miami, FL 3. Phoenix, Denver, Indianapolis, Nashville, Atlanta (Washington, DC-

nation’s capitol 4. Highways: I-75, I-24, I-64, I-70 GA, TN, KY, IL, MO Nashville’s Grand Old Opry, Kentucky Lake, St. Louis Arch (one option) 5. New York metro area – Giants / Jets 6. Answers will vary

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Bonus Page Answers – continued Pages 14, 15, 16, 17 – Mapping Things Out, Team Names Puzzle, Plot the Points, Word Search