prof Đuro kutlaČa, phd "mihajlo pupin" institute science and technology policy research...

““Circulation of Scientific Talent and Circulation of Scientific Talent and Communication with Diasporas”Communication with Diasporas”

EREF Istanbul Workshop on Knowledge Transfer for Development

May 12, 2010Istanbul, Turkey

Prof Đuro KUTLAČA, PhD"Mihajlo Pupin" Institute

Science and Technology Policy Research Centre11000 Belgrade, Volgina 15, Serbia; [email protected]

and Associated ProfessorFaculty of Information Technology

Tadeuša Košćuška 63, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaSkype: djuro.kutlaca

Research presented in this paper was supported by the EU-FP7 project: “WBC-INCO.NET – Western Balkan Countries International Cooperation Net” funded by the European Commission, FP7 Capacities Programme, January 2008-December 2010

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“How to Gain from Brain-drain: Country's Experiences – Serbian Academicians in Diaspora”

““How to Gain from Brain-How to Gain from Brain-drain:drain:

Country's Experiences – Country's Experiences – Serbian Academicians in Serbian Academicians in

Diaspora”Diaspora”

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Content:

1. Transition of S&T systems in CEE/SEE countries

2. S&T System in Serbia

3. Brain Drain

4. How to Gain from Brain Drain

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1.

Transition of S&T systems in CEE countries

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Western System Basic Research Cluster

Govt. Sector

Academic Sector

Corporate Applied Sector Research Cluster

Soviet System

Government

Academy of Sciences

Presidium

Res. Dept.

Institutes

Industrial Branch Depts.

Enterprises

Independent R&D Inst.

Dept. of Higher Ed.

Universities

Academic Dept.

R&D systems:R&D systems:

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T r a n s i t i o n S y s t e m

G o v e r n m e n t

B a s i c R e s e a r c h A p p l i e d C l u s t e r R e s e a r c h C l u s t e r

R e s e a r c h e r s m o v e o u t o f u n i v e r s i t i e s

S o m e s c i e n t i s t s l e a v e

N e w C o r p o r a t e S e c t o r s y s t e m a l t o g e t h e r

A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s

S l i m m e d d o w n i n s t i t u t e s

D e p t . o f I n d u s t r y a n d P r i v a t i z a t i o n

S t a t e E n t e r p r i s e s

R & D D e p t s .

D e p t . o f H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n

U n i v e r s i t i e s

A c a d e m i c D e p t s .

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Phase I:

Fragmentation

Phase II:

Restructuring

Phase III:

New Integration

group II countries

group I countries

Dissolution and fragmentation of old

S&T system

Reorientation and consolidation of fragments of S&T system; emergence of new actors, institutions and activities

The building of a qualitatively and

quantitatively new innovation system

group III countries

Figure 4: Phases in the process of institutional transformation of S&T subsystems

Source: Meske, 1998.Source: Meske, 1998.

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Slovakia

Hungary

Passive restructuring

Active restructuring

“Shock” “Gradualism”

East Germany

Slovenia Poland

Czech R.

Estonia

Latvia

Moldova

Bulgaria

Romania

Lithuania

Belarus

Ukraine Russia

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“To date, restructuring in CEE countries has led to a more autonomous and competitive science base, but it has not yet but it has not yet produced a science system which is produced a science system which is relevant to its changed economic and relevant to its changed economic and technological structuretechnological structure. Hence there remains a large gap between the region’s level of potential in labor skills and R&D, and the current low levels of growth and recovery” [Radosevic, Slavo, “Science, Technology and Growth: Issues for Central and Eastern Europe”, Summary of the project: “Restructuring and Reintegration of Science and Technology Systems in Economies in Transition”, funded by DGXII of the EC under TSER Programme, 1996-98, SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, 1999].

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Main changes in R&D systems in SEE countries during transition period is evaluated in literature as:

“… the Western Balkans, Romania and Bulgaria are characterized by national innovation systems:

• that are undergoing radical institutional and structural changes,

• a research and technology infrastructure that is largely obsolete,

• a disproportionately large amount of basic research combined with poor financial remuneration,

• a large deficit of industrial demand for applied research combined with very low business expenditure on R&D,

• an often relatively aged human potential in R&D that is confronted with the negative effects of the internal and external brain drain,

• and suboptimal integration into European research and technology projects" [GFF, 2006, “Research and Development in South East Europe”, Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Forschung (ed), Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag GmbH, ISBN 3-7083-0377-6, Wien – Graz 2006].

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Table:Table:

Researchers in selected CEE countries in 1990 Researchers in selected CEE countries in 1990 and 2003 and 2007 [OECD-MSTI, Eurostat]and 2003 and 2007 [OECD-MSTI, Eurostat]

Country Researchers 1990

Researchers 2003

Researchers 2007

Change: 2003/1990 (%)

Change: 2007/1990 (%)

Czech Republic 63231 15809 27878 25% 44% Hungary 17550 15180 17391 86% 99% Poland 41440 56725 61395 137% 148% Slovak Republic 15550 9626 12354 62% 79% Romania 38612 20286 18808 53% 49% Russian Federation 992571 487477 469076 49% 47% Slovenia 4664 4642 6450 100% 138% Croatia 5540 5861 11109 106% 201% Macedonia 1138 2589 2102 228% 185% Montenegro 349 265 300.3 76% 86% Serbia 7742 5364 8806.1 69% 114%

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Table:Table:

Researchers industry in selected CEE countries in Researchers industry in selected CEE countries in 1999 and 2003 and 2007 [OECD-MSTI, Eurostat]1999 and 2003 and 2007 [OECD-MSTI, Eurostat]

Country

Researchers in industry 1990



Change in industry: 2003/1990 (%)

Change in industry: 2007/1990 (%)

Czech Republic 26417 6558 12497 25% 47% Hungary 7629 4482 6986 59% 92% Poland 10629 4686 9848 44% 93% Slovak Republic 6984 1914 1599 27% 23% Romania 27375 10673 7754 39% 28% Russian Federation 814000 275333 237408 34% 29% Slovenia 1923 1620 2637 84% 137% Croatia 474 913 881 193% 186% Macedonia 491 67 23 14% 5% Montenegro 74 8 33 11% 45% Serbia 678 370 108.1 55% 16%

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Main S&T indicators – key figures, year 2007 Main S&T indicators – key figures, year 2007 [OECD-MSTI][OECD-MSTI]

GERD – 2007 million current PPP$

% financed by Industry

% financed by Government

Czech Republic 3813.8 54.0 40.9 Hungary 1822.9 43.9 49.4 Poland 3482.3 34.3 57.7 Slovak Republic 497.9 35.6 57.0 Romania 1433.9 26.9 53.5 Russian Federation 23482 29.4 61.9 Slovenia 828.3 60.3 27.2 United States 368799 66.4 29.3 EU-27 262986 55.0 35.7 Total OECD 886347.1 64.5 30.2 Serbia n.a. 2.6 41.3

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“How to Gain from Brain-drain: Country's Experiences – Serbian Academicians in Diaspora” Framework conditions:

Financial environment; Taxation and incentives;

Propensity to innovation and entrepreneurship;

Mobility

Infrastructure

Standards and norms

IPR and

information

Banking, venture capital

Innovation and business

support

Demand

Consumers (final demand)

Producers (intermediate demand)

Industrial system

Large companies

Mature SMEs

New technology

based firms

Education and Research system

Professional education and training

Higher education and

research

Public sector research

Political system

Government

Governance

RTD policies

Intermediaries

Research institutes

Brokers The potential reach of public policies

National National System of System of

InnovationInnovationConcept of Technopolis

2000 modified and extended by S.Kuhlmann

[EC,2003a]

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2.

S&T System in Serbia

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1.841.86

2.361.82

2.443.48

2.130.61

1.781.25

1.102.51

1.510.81

1.122.93

3.860.66

1.73

2.673.20

1.331.07

0.464.51

2.30.92

2.45

1.420.51

0.940.57

0.940.57

0.760.40

0.610.50

0.39

1.221.22

0.240.43

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

EU-27Euro zone

AustriaBelgium

DenmarkFinlandFranceGreece

NetherlandsIreland

ItalyGermany

NorwayPortugal

SpainSwitzerland

SwedenTurkey

UK

USAJapanChina

RussiaArgentina

IsraelSingapore

SARChinese Taipei

Czech R.SlovakiaHungary

PolandEstonia

LatviaLithuania

CyprusMalta

BulgariaRomania

SloveniaCroatia

FYR of MacedoniaSerbia

GERD, 2005

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1,217.5834.0

28.232.0

28.239.6

200.117.0

37.311.2

72.0268.1

21.921.0

109.825.4

54.024.0

179.4

1387.9675.3

1118.7464.6

31.90

23.817.3

88.9

24.210.9

15.962.2

3.33.3

7.60.6

0.410.1

21.3

3.87.1

1.48.6

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0

EU-27Euro zone

AustriaBelgium


NetherlandsIreland

ItalyGermany

NorwayPortugal

SpainSwitzerland

SwedenTurkey

UK

USAJapanChina

RussiaArgentina

IsraelSingapore

SARChinese Taipei


PolandEstonia

LatviaLithuania

CyprusMalta

BulgariaRomania

SloveniaCroatia


Researchers – FTE, 2005

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22,389.0725,576.50

29,894.5228,907.74

38,486.7530,012.16

27,478.5717,920.55

31,214.2039,301.78

24,341.2627,206.99

52,739.0314,136.96

21,108.0740,386.82

31,926.954,056.74

30,046.44

33,653.9928,671.50

1,379.354,282.35

3,800.3315,222.32

22,571.314,153.86

12,578.20

9,815.467,146.07

8,805.496,402.82

8,318.755,641.706,035.40

18,232.4611,754.60

2,819.503,672.98

14,143.047,034.39

2,297.082,742.66

0.0 10000.0 20000.0 30000.0 40000.0 50000.0 60000.0

EU-27Euro zone

AustriaBelgium


NetherlandsIreland

ItalyGermany

NorwayPortugal

SpainSwitzerland

SwedenTurkey

UK

USAJapanChina

RussiaArgentina

IsraelSingapore

SARChinese Taipei


PolandEstonia

LatviaLithuania

CyprusMalta

BulgariaRomania

SloveniaCroatia


GDP pc, 2005

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411.96475.72

705.51526.12

939.081,044.42

585.29109.32

555.61491.27

267.75682.90

796.36114.51

236.411,183.33

1,232.3826.77

519.80

898.56917.49

18.3845.71

17.51686.73

518.7538.14

308.54

139.3836.44

82.7736.50

78.2032.16

45.8772.9371.70

14.1014.32

172.5585.82

5.5111.83

0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0

EU-27Euro zone

AustriaBelgium


NetherlandsIreland

ItalyGermany

NorwayPortugal

SpainSwitzerland

SwedenTurkey

UK

USAJapanChina

RussiaArgentina

IsraelSingapore

SARChinese Taipei


PolandEstonia

LatviaLithuania

CyprusMalta

BulgariaRomania

SloveniaCroatia


GERD pc, 2005

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24.8026.49

34.3730.59

52.0975.59

32.0015.36

22.8627.14

12.3232.50

47.4419.95

25.5034.25

59.973.35

29.87

46.7352.85

8.5632.38

8.22

55.773.69

39.02

23.6520.28

15.7216.28

24.7214.23

22.308.41

10.9812.95

9.81

19.1916.07

7.0511.55

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

EU-27Euro zone

AustriaBelgium


NetherlandsIreland

ItalyGermany

NorwayPortugal

SpainSwitzerland

SwedenTurkey

UK

USAJapanChina

RussiaArgentina

IsraelSingapore

SARChinese Taipei


PolandEstonia

LatviaLithuania

CyprusMalta

BulgariaRomania

SloveniaCroatia


Researchers-FTE per 10000 pop, 2005

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S&T&I SYSTEM IN SERBIA

Figure: Structure of

Science, Technology and

Innovation system in Serbia

Source: Based on ENIP-PRIME NETWORK model of STI system [Kuhlman,

2003; PRIME, 2003]

Private sector- R&D Performers:

Most of r&D activities in private sector features in Software industry!

Small and Medium Enterprises

Multinational Companies

7 Private Universities: 45 + private faculties,

Research performers

7 National Universities: 78+ Faculties

Academy of Sciences: 10 Institutes

Scientific Institutes: 28 + 1 Centre of excellence

R&D Institutes: 30 + 65 Innovation Centres + 5 Supporting organizations R&D Infrastr-

ucture: - INTERNET

(Academic Network)

- Gene Bank - Accelerator - S&T Libraries - Kobson

Intermediary Organisations and funding agencies

Technological Incubators

Innovation Centres

Technological Parks

Agencies for SME’s and

Entrepreneurs

IT and Internet Agency

Chambers of Commerce

Foreign Agencies for support of Technological and Economical

Development: EAR, USAID, GTZ, CIDA …

Office for Standardization

Office for Intellectual Property Rights

Office for Measurements and

Precious Metals

Quality certification agencies

Administra-tive bodies

Ministry of Science and

Technological Development

Govern-ment

Political Authorities

Houses of Parlia-ment

Committee for S&T develop-

ment

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S&T&I SYSTEM IN SERBIASerbia - R&D system

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

4000019

80

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

Num

ber

of r

esea

rche

rs

Number of researchers Number of researchers - FTETotal number of employees

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S&T&I SYSTEM IN SERBIASerbia - R&D system: Employees, Researchers

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007

Year

Em

ploy

ees

- sh

are

(%)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Res

earc

hers

Employees-total-RDU Employees-total-RDI Employees-total-HEO

Researchers-RDI Researchers-RDU Researchers-HEO

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Shar

e (%

)

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

Employees in R&D system in Serbia

Researchers Supporting staff - UG Supporting staff - others Administration Others

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S&T&I SYSTEM IN SERBIASerbia: Income from R&D activities-Share in total (%)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.0019

80

1980

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1989

1991

1992

1992

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Year

Shar

e (%

)

RDI: Income from R&D activities RDU: Income from R&D activities

HEO: Income from R&D activities All RD organizations - Income from R&D work

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S&T&I SYSTEM IN SERBIASerbia: GERD, BERD, HERD, GOVERD / GDP

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.20019

97

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Year

(%)

GERD / GDP (%) BERD / GDP ($) HERD / GDP (%) GOVERD / GDP (%)

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3.

Brain Drain

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BRAIN-DRAIN from SERBIA – MSTD data-est.:• 1991 – 2000: 30.000 graduated left country;

• 2000 – 2010: 2.000 graduated left country.

Most of them are professionals from ICT and natural sciences.

[300.000 USD – cost for education of university degree professional

* 30.000

= 9 billion USD – loss caused by Brain-Drain]

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BRAIN-DRAIN from SERBIA – MSTD data-est.: Canada - 18.51% USA - 10.72% Australia - 4.5% New Zealand - 7.4%.

Push factors for BD – scientists: low standard of living (24.8%) the uncertainty for the future (18.7%) as well as the housing problem.

Push factors for BD – students: the low living standards (29.9%), the uncertainty for the future (19.4%), and the impossibility to fulfill one’s own conceptions (10%), economic instability (5.8%)

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Factors causing BD – scientists: high earnings (21.24%) and much better material and technical conditions for scientific

work.

Push factors for BD – students: high earnings (21.24%) and much better material and technical conditions for scientific

work high level of scientific research (14.1%), which cannot be

achieved in Serbia under existing conditions

The strongest reasons keeping scientists and students in Serbia is their preference to work in their own country, expectations that the situation will improve, fear of the uncertainty awaiting them in other countries, etc.

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Case – “Mihajlo Pupin” InstituteCase – “Mihajlo Pupin” Institute

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Num

ber

of u

nive

rsit

y gr

adua

tes

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

Mihajlo Pupin Institute - Brain Drain

PhD MSc BSC

1990 - 2009:

621

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Case – “Mihajlo Pupin” InstituteCase – “Mihajlo Pupin” Institute

Mihajlo Pupin Institute - Brain Drain

13

0 2

8 9 1011

171414

26

33

46

73

41

3329

3439

28

434138

30

1917

25

1311

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Nu

mb

er o

f u

niv

ersi

ty g

rad

uat

es

1980 - 1989: 981990 - 2006: 621

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3.

How to Gain from Brain Drain

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How to Gain from Brain Drain ?

Hard policies:• bigger salaries than in country of

emigration (China) (+)

• special kind of taxations or national service or repayment of scholarships in order to get approval for emigration (-).

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Soft policies:- use of “positive” aspects of BD (Taiwan, South Korea, Ireland) –

cooperation with academic Diaspora- soft networking with expatriated experts: creation of

“Knowledge Networks” – networks of expatriated experts in some fields of Science and Technology. Networks could be created spontaneously, ex-patriots could be self-organizing or grouped on initiative from home country, usually members could be emigrants from other countries; - Example: “Caldas network” gathered almost 10% of emigrants

who are not from Columbia - First contacts as well as most of engagements in home country

resulted from personal relationships and friendship, rather than from official government effort;

- Government could ask “Knowledge Networks” for expertise and benefit in economic, political etc. sense: exchange of information, knowledge, and working jointly in specific projects.

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Soft policies:WUS Austria – International support for

cooperation with expatriated experts – example: http://www.braingainprogram.org/ Within the Brain Gain Program plus (BGP+)

faculties/universities from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosova/o, Montenegro and Serbia can invite professors, assistants or experts in relevant fields originating from former Yugoslavia to teach as guest lecturers, participate in research and development, and mentor student theses.

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Soft policies:WUS Austria – International support for

cooperation with expatriated experts – example: http://www.braingainprogram.org/: o BGP+ Classic (the supported period of stay should be

between 1 and 3 weeks with at least 15 teaching hours per week), and

o BGP+ with extended period of stay (the supported period of stay is the whole semester, and the lecturer is obliged to take over theses mentoring. A guest lecturer can:a. take over the full teaching workload – at least 10 teaching

hours per week - and mentoring, or b. half teaching workload – at least 5 teaching hours per week

– and research and mentoring.).

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How to convert “brain drain” into “brain gain”!?o Make a strategy: Short-Mid and

Long term;

o Invest time, people and money in realization of such strategies.

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Soft policies:- MID TERM national strategy could be:

o Creation of Data bases of expatriated experts – profiles by fields of S&T and countries;

o Government initiative for establishment of “Knowledge Networks”: Initiative should create motivation expatriated experts to join “Knowledge Network”. Approach to experts must be individual, avoid “no name” invitation, strictly without political, national, religious or other particular implications which could provoke resistance and broke network;

o “Knowledge Networks” must be Internet based sort of communication, such as network of experts emigrants from Switzerland: www.swiss-list.com.

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Soft policies:- LONG TERM national strategy:

o Market economy rules are in force when expert engagement is in case. Therefore, offer should be attractive enough for experts to work for home country! Make them as “ambassadors” of domestic S&T abroad! This will be entrance ticket to the top S&T projects and achievements!!!

o Expatriate experts could make more possibilities to domestic scientists, particularly young researchers for PhD studies, post-docs, study visits etc;

o Expatriate experts could be members of domestic S&T councils, economic and social high level advisory boards etc;

o Expatriate experts could established first contacts between domestic and foreign companies – “economic networks should be preferred and carefully developed, even as a role of economic attaché in diplomatic area.

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How to Gain from Brain Drain ?S&T development strategy of the Republic of

Serbia 2009 to 2014: Focus and Partner:PREVENTING BRAIN-DRAIN:

Identification and development of talent in schools and other educational institutions: Science competitions (international Olympiads) Petnica Science Center, finishing infrastructure project and

stable financing Mathematical High School, new campus in Belgrade and

capacity increase Support:

Scholarships Noncommercial housing, 1000 more flats for researchers Legal changes to stabilize employment status Doctoral studies: solving the problem of social and health

insurance, more financial support.

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How to Gain from Brain Drain ?S&T development strategy of the Republic of Serbia

2009 to 2014: Focus and Partner:PREVENTING BRAIN-DRAIN:

HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENCE WILL CLEARLY AND QUANTITATIVELY DETERMINE BY SCHOOL YEAR 2010-2011 A MID TERM PLAN FOR ENROLLMENT: It is critical to increase the number of students

studying natural sciences and engineering A 5 year exact plan for funding will be agreed

upon The number of PhD students will be matched

with priorities.

43/50


How to Gain from Brain Drain ?S&T development strategy of the Republic of

Serbia 2009 to 2014: Focus and Partner:PREVENTING BRAIN-DRAIN:

PROJECT EVALUATION AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT WILL MATCH NATIONAL PRIORITIES: The evaluation of scientists will continue to focus on the

quality of publications but will be complemented with more qualitative measures

Specific evaluation for technological innovations and social sciences and humanities

Evaluation will encourage and reward collaboration between labs and institutions

Extra rewards will be attached to publications in top international journals and international editorial positions

Specific situations will be recognized: young researchers, those coming back from abroad, researchers returning from administrative positions.

44/50



45/50



S&T development strategy of the Republic of Serbia 2009 to 2014: Focus and Partner:PARTNERSHIP WITH THE SCIENTIFIC DIASPORA

THROUGH JOINT PROJECTS: Finalization of data base of Serbian

researchers living and working abroad An international refereeing system will be

established using the capacity of our research Diaspora

Possibilities will be opened up for researchers living abroad to be part of national projects

A human resources program for the return of Serbian scientists living abroad will be conducted.

46/50


How to Gain from Brain Drain ?MSTD – HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMBringing Serbian scientists working abroad back to

Serbia:

Motivating Serbian Diaspora for Scientific Research:

Such financial package may include relocation expenses, cost of specific lab equipment, if any, studentships /fellowships for the accompanying scholars, and appropriate award money. The scientific institutions within Serbia will host the potential recipients of the awards and extend necessary infrastructural facilities in areas that are of high priority for economic development of Serbia. The award recipients may be given temporary pointments and an opportunity to develop an institute in the area of their excellence,

Setting up of a Network of Serbian Scientific Diaspora

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MSTD – HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMBringing Serbian scientists working abroad back to

Serbia: Short- term Visits of Eminent Serbian scientists from

Diaspora to Serbia (including trainings, lectures. etc., in Serbian research institutions)

Attracting scientists from Diaspora to launch start-up companies.

Return of these scientists to set up start up units can be encouraged by offering a set o f special incentives, which could include tax breaks, reduction o f levies and duties on their products, availability of space at concessional rates, etc.

Other related initiatives that contribute in line with cooperation and creativity.

48/50



MSTD – HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMProject Budget

1. Motivating Serbian Diaspora for Scientific Research: Relocation expenses (bringing around 200 Serbian scientists) –

5 MEUR Fellowships – 1.5 MEUR Specific lab equipment – 2 MEUR

2. Setting up of a Network of Serbian Scientic Diaspora – 1.5 MEUR

3. Short- term Visits of Eminent Serbian scientists from Diaspora to Serbia (Including trainings, lectures. etc., in Serbian research institutions) – 2 MEUR

4. Attracting scientists from Diaspora to launch start-up companies – 3 MEUR

The total budget of the Project is 15 MEUR !

49/50



S&T development strategy of the Republic of Serbia 2009 to 2014: Focus and Partner:TARGET:

400 scientists will be back within next 5 years!

“How to Gain from Brain-drain:Country's Experiences – Serbian Academicians in Diaspora”

“Circulation of Scientific Talent and Communication with Diasporas”EREF Istanbul Workshop on Knowledge Transfer for Development

May 12, 2010, Istanbul, Turkey

QQ && AA

Thank you for your attention!

prof Đuro kutlaČa, phd "mihajlo pupin" institute science and technology policy research...

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