prof. dr. jürgen scheffran & prof. dr. udo schickhoff · climate and environmental change...

Prof. Dr. Jürgen Scheffran & Prof. Dr. Udo Schickhoffincluding slides provided by Prof. Dr. Jürgen Böhner

CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEM.Sc. Module ‚Global Transformation and Environmental Change‘

Prof. Dr. Jürgen Scheffran

Abteilung Integrative Geographie, Universität HamburgResearch Group Climate Change and SecurityGrindelberg 7, Room 2014 (Sprechstunde nach Vereinbarung)

Tel: 040 – 42838 7722Email: [email protected]: www.clisec-hamburg.de (Courses)User name: Course No: 63-181, Password: Climate2015

Part A: Climate and Environment – Jürgen Scheffran

I Introduction

II The Climate System

III Climate Change

IV Environmental Change

Part B: Human Impact on World Vegetation – Udo Schickhoff

Final Exam



Literature:

Barry, R.G.; Chorley, R.J. (2003) Atmosphere, weather, and climate, Routledge.

Schönwiese, Christian-Dietrich (2013) Klimatologie, 4.th edition, UTB.

IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of WG Ito the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WGIAR5 4th Assessment Report.

Gebhardt, H., Glaser, R., Radtke, U., Reuber, P. (eds.) (2012) Geographie - PhysischeGeographie und Humangeographie, Berlin: Springer.

IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of WGI to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press, UK und NY, USA.

Oke, T.R. (1987): Boundary Layer Climates. – Wiley & Sons, New York.

McKnight, T.L. & D. Hess (2008): Physical Geography. – Pearson. London

Hess, D. & T.L. McKnight (2009): Physische Geographie. – Pearson. London.

Aims of the lecture

Knowledge of the fundamentals of climate system dynamics and factorsaffecting climate change in present, past and future;

Insights in climate and human-induced environmental changes andpressures on environmental resources, ecosystem functions and serviceswith a particular focus on human impact on world vegetation


Content


Introduction into basic physical processes causing fluctuationsin the Earth's climate

Evolution of the Earth’s climate system and the climate historyClimate-determined process domains and environments Impact of climate change on environmental resources (soil, water,

vegetation) Interdependencies of climate and human induced degradation

processes and deterioration of ecosystem functions and serviceswith a particular focus on human impact on world vegetation

Scenario-based projections of future climate and environmentalchange; climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.


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observation (global mean)

Global Temperatures 1860–2008 (SCHÖNWIESE 2009)


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observation (global mean) statistical simulation (neuronal net)

explosive volcanic eruption:Kr = Krakatau (1883)SM = Santa Maria (1902)Ag = Agung (1963)SA = St. Augustine (1976)EC = El Chichon (1982)Pi = Pinatubo (1991)Ka = Kasatochi (2008)



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observation (global mean) statistical simulation (neuronal net)sulfat signal




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observation (global mean) statistical simulation (neuronal net)sulfat signal


El Niño



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observation (global mean) statistical simulation (neuronal net)sulfat signalgreenhouse gas signal


El Niño



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El Niño



Left (a): Comparison between global mean surface temperature anomalies (°C) from obser-vations (black) and AOGCM simulations forced with anthropogenic and natural forcings (58simulations produced by 14 models).

Right (b): Comparison between global mean surface temperature anomalies (°C) from obser-vations (black) and AOGCM simulations forced with natural forcings only (19 simulationsproduced by 5 models).

According to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the IPCC (2007), the likelihood of solelynatural forcings for the warming in the last 50 years is below 5 % (IPCC 2007).

Left (a): Comparison between global mean surface temperature anomalies (°C) from obser-vations (black) and AOGCM simulations forced with anthropogenic and natural forcings (58simulations produced by 14 models).

Right (b): Comparison between global mean surface temperature anomalies (°C) from obser-vations (black) and AOGCM simulations forced with natural forcings only (19 simulationsproduced by 5 models).

According to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the IPCC (2007), the likelihood of solelynatural forcings for the warming in the last 50 years is below 5 % (IPCC 2007).


Multi-model averages and assessed ranges for surface warming (IPCC 2007)

Part A: Climate and Environment – Jürgen Scheffran

I Introduction

II The Climate System

III Climate Change

IV Environmental Change

Part B: Human Impact on World Vegetation – Udo Schickhoff


II THE CLIMATE SYSTEM Basics

The Earth-Atmosphere System Components, Processes and Interactions

(Source:www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate)


The Earth-Atmosphere System Components, Processes and Interactions

(Source:www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate)(Source: http://co2now.org/Know-the-Changing-Climate)

Scales Spatiotemporal Dimensions


Time and Space scales of variousatmospheric phenomena accordingto OKE (1978)

Micro-scale: 10-2 to 103 m

Local-scale: 102 to 5 x 104 m

Meso-scale: 104 to 2 x 105 m

Macro-scale: 105 to 108 m







Synoptic-scale









Climate change



(Source: BENDIX 2004)

topo-climate climate zone

regional climatesub-regional climate

landscape climate

micro- local- meso- macro-climate

climate of a forest standvalley

climateclimate of the lake

districttropical climate

weekdayhourminutesecond

turbulence thermal lift

con-vection

thunder-storm

local wind

cold front

cy-clone

rosby wave

Clim

atol

ogy

Scal

es

Met

eoro

logy

micro-/ local climate

Earth-Sun Relations The Solar System


The Solar System (McKNIGHT & HESS 2008)

Earth-Sun Relations The Sun


RADIATION: Transport of energy via electromagnetic waves

The emitted radiation of the photosphere of the sun is called solar flux. The Earth only

receives 0,000000002 % of the whole energy emitted by the sun

DIMENSIONS

diameter: 1.390.000 km

mass: 2 × 1030 kg

Erdkruste

Ozeanische Kruste 6 km (0-9 km)

Kontinentale Kruste 40 km (10-80 km)

Dimensions

Mean Radius: 6.371,0 km

Equat. Radius: 6.378.1 km

Polar Radius: 6.356.8 km

Equat. Perimeter: 40.075 km

Merid. Perimeter: 40.008 km

Surface: 510.072.000 km2

Gravity: g = 9,81 [m·s-2]

Earth-Sun Relations The Earth


Earth-Sun Relations The Earth's Orbit


Earth-Sun Relations Insolation


Average Temperature[°C]

Earth-Sun Relations Irradiation


Solar constant

I0 = 1368 W·m-2 =1368 J·m-2·s-1 with a range of 0.1% (sunspots)

I0 = 1420 W·m-2 in Perihelion (3. January)

I0 = 1319 W·m-2 in Aphelion (3. July)

Daily sums of incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere:

13 kWh·m-2·d-1 Pole (Summer Solstice)

12 kWh·m-2·d-1 Mid Latitudes (Summer Solstice)

8-9 kWh·m-2·d-1 Equatorial Latitudes (Summer Solstice)

hIhII 90cossin 00

Lambert’s Cosine Law

I = intensity of radiation for a sun’s altitude h [W·m-2], I0 = solar constant [W·m-2], h =sun’s altitude [°], 90 – h = solar zenith angle [°]

The Atmosphere Structure and Composition


Composition of the atmosphere (McKNIGHT & HESS 2008; BENDIX 2004)

Acceleration of gravity zg 922 101cos000000059.0cos0000267.01806.9

g = acceleration of gravity [m·s-2], φ = latitude [°], z = altitude [m]

Mass of the Atmosphere: 5 × 1018 kg (5.000.000.000.000.000 tons)



[°C] suface

Left: Principal layers of the atmosphere and vertical temperature profile (WOFSY 2006)

Right: Structure and layers of the troposphere (GEBHARDT et al. 2007)



Principal layers of the atmosphere

Layers of the troposphere

─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ Turbulent Surface Layer

Forms of Energy and Energy Transmission Overview

(Source: Jensen 2000)

II THE CLIMATE SYSTEM Energy and Mass Exchange

nhE withCn

E = energy [J], h = Planck constant = 6.626·10-34 [J·s], n = frequency [n·s-1], C = speed oflight = 2.99792·108 [m·s-1], λ = wavelength [m]

Energy of electromagnetic waves

Forms of Energy and Energy Transmission Radiation


Emissivity values (OKE 1978)

Stefan Bolzmann law

A = black-body (grey-body) irradiance orenergy flux density [W·m-2], ε = emissivity,σ = Stefan-Bolzmann constant = 5.67·10-8

[W·m-2·K-4], T = absolute temperature ofthe black-body (grey-body) [K]

)(4 TA



wavelength

ener

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[W·m

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Earth

Sun

λmax = peak wavelength [μm],T = absolute temperature [K],2898 = Wien’s constant

Wien’s displacement law

T2898

max

Stefan Bolzmann law

A = black-body (grey-body) irradiance orenergy flux density [W·m-2],ε = emissivity,σ = Stefan-Bolzmann constant

= 5.67·10-8 [W·m-2·K-4],T = absolute temperature of the black-body (grey-body) [K]

)(4 TA



wavelength

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Sun



Comparison of solar and terrestrial radiation intensity (McKNIGHT & HESS 2008)

Erdkruste

Ozeanische Kruste 6 km (0-9 km)

Kontinentale Kruste 40 km (10-80 km)

Dimensions of the Earth

Mean Radius: 6.371,0 km

Equat. Radius: 6.378.1 km

Polar Radius: 6.356.8 km

Equat. Diameter: 40.075 km

Merid. Diameter: 40.008 km

Surface: 510.072.000 km2

Half-surf.: 255.036.000 km2

Disc-surf.: 127.518.000 km2

Gravity: g = 9,81 [m·s-2]



Energy Cascades Short-wave Radiation Balance


The generalized energy budget of earth and its atmosphere (LAUER & BENDIX 2006)

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SI SD SE QS

QS = short-wave radiation balance [W·m-2],SI = direct solar radiation [W·m-2],SD = diffuse short-wave beam [W·m-2],SE = reflected short-wave radiation [W·m-2],α = albedo

Short-wave radiation balance of the Earth‘s surface

Radiation Balance and Energy Budget Equations


1DIEDIS SSSSSQ

Albedo values of various surface conditions (WEISCHET 1991)

Solar Radiation Spatial Distribution


Average daily solar radiation at the surface (www.3tier.com/en/support/resource-maps)

II THE CLIMATE SYSTEM Energy and Mass ExchangeSu

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Energy Cascades Long-wave Radiation Balance


Energy Cascades Absorption


Absorptivity of selected gases of the atmosphere (www.ees.rochester.edu/fehnlab)

solar

window

atmosph.

window


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SI SD SE QS LE LA QL

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Energy Cascades Long-wave Radiation Balance



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SI SD SE QS LE LA QL

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Energy Cascades All-wave Radiation Balance



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SI SD SE QS LE LA QLQ

Energy Cascades Radiation Balance


Q = net all-wave radiation balance [W·m-2],QS = short-wave radiation balance [W·m-2],QL = long-wave radiation balance [W·m-2],SI = direct solar radiation [W·m-2],SD = diffuse short-wave beam [W·m-2],SE = reflected short-wave radiation [W·m-2],α = albedo,LE = long-wave radiation of the earth’s surface [W·m-2],LA = downward atmospheric long-wave radiation [W·m-2]

Average annual radiation balance of the Earth‘s surface



EADI

EALDIEDISLS

LLSSQLLQandSSSSSQwithQQQ

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Radiation Balance Spatial Distribution


Monthly mean net radiation [W/m²] in January (http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu)

Radiation Balance Spatial Distribution


Monthly mean net radiation [W/m²] in July (http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu)

Radiation Balance Isopleths of Net-radiation


highest altitude of the sun

lowest altitude of the sun

Energy Cascades Radiation Balance and Energy Budget


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The generalized energy budget of earth and its atmosphere (McKNIGHT & HESS 2008)

Energy Cascades Radiation Balance and Energy Budget


Q = net all-wave radiation balance [W·m-2], QS = short-wave radiation balance [W·m-2],QL = long-wave radiation balance [W·m-2], SI = direct solar radiation [W·m-2], SD =diffuse short-wave beam [W·m-2], SE = reflected short-wave radiation [W·m-2], α = albedo,LE = long-wave radiation of the earth’s surface [W·m-2], LA = downward atmospheric long-wave radiation [W·m-2]


Q = net all-wave radiation balance = energy budget [W·m-2], QH = sensible heat flux[W·m-2], QE = latent heat flux [W·m-2], QG = heat conduction to or from the underlyingground [W·m-2]

Energy balance of the Earth‘s surface



GEH QQQQ

EADI

EALDIEDISLS


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Forms of Energy and Energy Transmission Conduction


QG = heat flux [W·m-2], k = thermal conductivity [W·m-1·K-1], T1 = temperature [K] atdepth z1 [m], T2 = temperature [K] at depth z2 [m], ∆T = temperature differences [K], ∆z =thickness or vertical depth (of the ground layer) [m]

Heat conduction (ground heat flux)

Thermal properties of selected Materials

zTk

zzTTkQG

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21

21

QH = sensible heat flux [W·m-2], Ca = heat capacity of air = 1200 [J·m-3·K-1], k = Karman’sconstant = 0.4, T1 = temperature [K] at level z1 [m], T2 = temperature [K] at level z2 [m],u1 = wind speed [m·s-1] at level z1 [m], u2 = wind [m·s-1] at level z2 [m]

Sensible heat flux (gradient method)

Forms of Energy and Energy Transmission Convection


2

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2

12122

ln

zz

uuTTkCQ aH

Latent heat flux (gradient method)

QE = latent heat flux [W·m-2], Lv = latent heat of vaporization [J·kg-1], k = Karman’sconstant = 0.4, u1 = wind velocity [m·s-1] at level z1 [m], u2 = wind velocity [m·s-1] at levelz2 [m], a1 = absolute humidity [kg·m-3] at level z1 [m], a2 = absolute humidity [kg·m-3] atlevel z2 [m]

2

1

2

12122

ln

zz

aauukLQ vE

Q = net all-wave radiation balance [W·m-2], QS = short-wave radiation balance [W·m-2],QL = long-wave radiation balance [W·m-2], SI = direct solar radiation [W·m-2], SD =diffuse short-wave beam [W·m-2], SE = reflected short-wave radiation [W·m-2], α = albedo,LE = long-wave radiation of the earth’s surface [W·m-2], LA = downward atmospheric long-wave radiation [W·m-2]


Q = net all-wave radiation balance = energy budget [W·m-2], QH = sensible heat flux[W·m-2], QE = latent heat flux [W·m-2], QG = heat conduction to or from the underlyingground [W·m-2]

Energy balance of the Earth‘s surface



GEH QQQQ

EADI

EALDIEDISLS


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Examples of the diur-nal course of compo-nents of the energybudget (GEBHARDTet al. 2007)

a) Coniferous forestnear Freiburg/Br. –28.04 - 30.04.1976

b) Desert surface inthe Gobi Desert –11.05 - 31.05.1931

c) Tropical Atlanticwith cloudless sky(8°30'N/23°30'W) –06.07.1974

Energy Budget Examples


Radiation Balance (Q)

Latent Heat (QE)

Sensible Heat (QH)

Storage (QG)

prof. dr. jürgen scheffran & prof. dr. udo schickhoff · climate and environmental change...

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