prof david dowall - "reorienting cities - effective land use policies_part 1"
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Reorienting citieseffective land use policies
Part 1: Policies and regulations
Professor David Dowall
University of California,Berkeley
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Its urban out there
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Why reorientation isnecessary
To move away from spatially andeconomically dysfunctionalmetropolitan areas
Increase sustainability Responding to demographic change Responding to structural economic
change
Physical decline Poor functionality Motorization Income growth Enhancing quality of life
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Responding to demographicchange
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Cities worldwide are addingpopulation
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Most urban population growth willbe in developing countries
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: , , .So urce Pen n W ha rton G D P Tab le 2 0 09 W orld B an k Ind icators 2 01 0
Income and urbanization arehighly correlated
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Phnom Penh
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Hanoi Urban Land Use in1983
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Hanoi Land Use 2003
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Urbanization trends in the JMR, 1983, 1992and 2005
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Metro Manila urbanization
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Seoul, South Korea
2002
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,W orld B an k D ev elop m e n t In d icators
.2 0 1 0
Responding to structural economicchange
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Urban Development Trajectory
Trading anufacturingoriented Services AmenityMonocentric,small modern central( )u si ne ss d is tr ic t C BDelatively high density %0 informalsettlements
-eri urban drivenrunk nfrastructurehapes form-t ro ng er s er vic eriented CBDub urb an node s
dge citiesi gh ly a tt ra ct iv e/ulture tourism CBD
:xplanation,In the first stage cities
specializing in trade andadministration tend to be
,monocentric with a smallmodern CBD and relatively
,uniform high densitystretching outwards until the
rural edge of the city is. , %reached Usually more than 50
of the urban fabric isinformal in construction and.economy This landscape is
punctuated by a few formal- ,high end communities often the
.legacy of colonial rule
:xplanation When cities become
manufacturingoriented and
associated with- ,middle income status
the periphery becomesmore important and isoften the site of
importantmultinational
corporations or.domestic plants Trunkinfrastructure is
increasinglyinstalled and shaping,urban form often with
a weak urban planning.function
:xplanationAs urban economies become
more dependent on the,service sector the CBD
becomes more service,oriented and often lessoriented toward trade and
.administration Althoughthe CBD may strengthen
,during this period thisgrowth is often tempered
by the rapid growth ofother urban subcenters
,throughout the metropolis. ., -i e multi nodalism begins
.to emerge
:xplanationAs the city s economy
-becomes more post,industrial based on
- -amenity and talent,sensitive functions such
-as high end medical, & , ,services R D tourism
, .,design etc the CBDbecomes more of a cultural
,and tourist center andthe environmental and
design quality of the city,becomes more important
with signatureneighborhoods and
.buildings emerging
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Size categories classified by agglomerationtype
: , .S o u rc e R U D R d a ta b a s e 2 0 1 1
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Physical decline
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Poor FunctionalityShinjyuku Fuku-toshin, Tokyo:
1974 and 1989-Present
Mumbai: poor metropolitan spatial
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2_7_Desember_2003.jpg -
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Mumbai: poor metropolitan spatialfunctionality
entral BusinessDistrict, ,Nariman Point Fort Cuffe
Parade xtended BusinessDistrict, &Lower Parel Worli
Prabhadevi lternate BusinessDistrictBandra Kurla Complex
econdary BusinessDistrictAndheri Kurla Road
eripheral BusinessDistrict, , ,Malad Powai Thane Navi
Mumbai
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Motorization:vehicle ownership and per capita GNP
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Competition for talent requires highquality of life
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Planning sustainable cities
Stock taking and benchmarking
Use visioning and scenario planningto set strategy
Thinking about spatial form andstructure to achieve objectives
Regulations to achieve desired land
use outcomes Programming infrastructure to
support urban development andconnectivity
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Stock taking andbenchmarking
1. Intellectual capitaland
innovation2. Technology
readiness3. Transportation andinfrastructure4. Health, safety and
security5. Sustainability6. Economic clout7. Ease of doing
business
8. Cost
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Use visioning and scenario
planning to set strategy
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Metropolitan structure plans
Jakarta Metro Area Kula Lumpur Metro Area
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More detailed plans andregulations
Typical zoning map
Milton, TOD
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Urban design regulations
Height and bulk Floor area ratio (FAR)
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Sectoral approach to FSI, focus on transitnodes, improved infrastructure, and
enhanced public revenues
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Conclusions to Part 1
Continued urbanization will challengeAsian cities
Metropolitan areas are going through
massive economic anddemographic transformations
Planners need to reorient cities tomake them more sustainable,economically competitive andpleasant places in which to live
Effective land use management,
planning and adequate