production and quality tools: seven quality tools and introduction to statistics
TRANSCRIPT
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7 Quality Tools
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The 7 Quality Tools for Process
Improvements
Pareto Chart
Flow Charts
Cause-Effect Diagrams
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Where did the Basic Seven come from?
Kaoru Ishikawa• Known for “Democratizing Statistics”
• The Basic Seven Tools made statistical analysis less complicated for the average person
• Good Visual Aids make statistical and quality control more comprehendible.
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What Is a Flowchart?
A diagram that uses graphic symbolsto depict the nature
and flow of the steps in a process.
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Benefits of Using Flowcharts
• Promote process understanding• Provide tool for training• Identify problem areas and improvement
opportunities
" Draw a flowchart for whatever you do. Until you do, you do not know what you are doing, you just have a job.”
-- Dr. W. Edwards Deming.
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Keys to Success
• Start with the big picture• Observe the current process• Record process steps• Arrange the sequence of steps• Draw the Flowchart
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What Is a Cause and Effect Diagram?
A graphic tool that helps identify, sort, and display possible causes of a problem or
quality characteristic.
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Benefits of Using a Cause-and-Effect Diagram
• Helps determine root causes• Encourages group participation• Uses an orderly, easy-to-read format• Indicates possible causes of variation• Increases process knowledge• Identifies areas for collecting data
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Data Collection
• Where• What• Who • How
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ShiftsShifts
Def
ect T
ype
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ype
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Pareto PrinciplePareto Principle
• Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) Italian economist– 20% of the population has 80% of the wealth
• adapted by Joseph Juran.• Remember the 80/20 rule states that
approximately 80% of the problems are created by approximately 20% of the causes.
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Pareto Charts
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Acme PizzaSlices Frequency %
0 1 0.31 33 13.092 65 25.793 8 3.174 12 4.765 0 06 0 07 1 0.3
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Acme Pizza• The completed Pareto Analysis results in the following:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slices of Pizza
# tim
es o
rder
ed
2 1 4 3 7 5 6
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Scatter Diagrams Slide 1 of 4
• Scatter Diagrams Defined– Scatter Diagrams are used to study and
identify the possible relationship between the changes observed in two different sets of variables.
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Constructing a Scatter Diagram
– 1. collect two pieces of data and create a summary table of the data.
– 2. Draw a diagram labeling the horizontal and vertical axes.
• 3. It is common that the “cause” variable be labeled on the X axis and the “effect” variable be labeled on the Y axis.
– 4. Plot the data pairs on the diagram.– 5. Interpret the scatter diagram for direction and
strength.
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Scatter DiagramScatter Diagram
.
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