Product Specialist for Major InstrumentsFlorida Headquarters16 years @ MAC, 5 years @ Leco,

15 years @ BuehlerASM/ ASTM Member since 1980847-682-1628

Walt Wardzala

Materials Testing

• Tensile• Charpy Impact• Fatigue• Ductility• Corrosion Testing• Structure• Hardness

Indentation Hardness TestingResistance to Penetration

• Brinell• Vickers• Rockwell (Superficial-Microficial)• Scratch Test• Durometers• Birkovich• IIT (Strain)

Resistance to Penetration

• NOT a fundamental property of material• Rockwell is a unit less value (like percentage)• Vickers Load over Area / Pascals/ MPa

Hardness Number

• NOT a Fundamental property of material like density, ultimate yield…

• Derived from a SYSTEM of Force, Indenter – And Depth (Rockwell)

– Controlled, repeatable test

Example of Properties of Metals6Al-4V 316 SS (A) 4130 6061 Al

Density kg/m3 4420 8000 7850 2700

Young Modulus Gpa 115 193 420 69

Tensile Mpa 1000 570 785 310

Brinell 360 217 197 107

Rockwell HRC 39 HRB 95 HRB 92 HRB 60

Many other kinds of hardness testing

• Pencil Hardness for paint• Eddy Current for case depth comparison• Missle Hardness (Grass)• Pill Hardness

Hardness History• 1812 Mohs Scale - Scratch Test• 1897 Brinell 10mm ball Very Heavy Loads• Rockwell (1908***) 1919, 1924

– Ball-Diamond Medium Loads• 1925 Vickers Diamond Medium Loads• 1920s Durometers Steel Point Very Light Force• 1936 Micro Vickers Light Loads

Modern-ish History

• 1975 Leeb Ball-Rebound Light Force

• 1970’s Marten’s Hardness (HU)– IIT-Nano Testing– Stress, Young’s Modulus, Yield…

Mohs Hardness (minerals) 1812

• 1-10 Talc to Diamond• Lead (Ice)1.5• Gypsum 2.0• Gold 2.5• Finger Nail 2.5• Silver 2.7• Enamel 3.0

First Hardness Test?

Early Man

Gold Hardness

Why Check Hardness?

• Machinability- Tool Life• Wear Properties• Corrosion Resistance• Fatigue/ Life Cycle• Annealing• Cost Savings• Because you have to!

•There are no hardness testing Police!

- Tom Farrell

ISO/ASTM/JIS/DINAPI

• Universally Interchangeability• Certs are usually good for 1 year• Direct Verification from the Factory• Factory is ISO 90001 Certified• Mitutoyo Service A2LA Certified

Lug Nuts!!!

The most important question!

• How hard do you expect it to be?

Test MethodLoadScaleIndenterConversions

Mitutoyo Hardness Testers

• HH 300 Durometers• HH 411 Rebound (Leeb) (HLx) Type• Brinell Finally Discontinued• Baby Brinell• HV 100 Heavy Load Vickers• HM 200 Electro Magnetic Micro Hardness• HR Series Rockwell Type

Resistance to Penetration Type

Durometers• A & D Type• 12 Total

HH411

• HL(scale) D Commonly• Mass sensitive• ASTM A956

• 500-3000 kgf.• 10 mm Ball

1900

Baby Brinell

• US– 500 kgf. to 3000 kgf. and 10 mm ball

• ISO– 1kgf to 187.5 kgf– 1mm, 2.5mm, 5mm and 10mm ball

Macro Vickers

• 1 kgf. and over• Common Euro and Japanese test• Same Time as Rockwell

1924

Vickers/ Knoop (1937)

The Vickers hardness number, in terms of gf and μm, is calculated as follows:

HV = gf. 1854.4 3 P/d2

HV Hardness Vickers

Newtons anyone?

Micro VickersLess than 1 kgf.

20-100 micron d

Case / Gradient Hardness

Low Power 50X

3 d

ASTM E384

• Currently Under Revision– No E92 Macro Vickers

• Much different than ISO• Conversions (E140)

Key Points of E384

• Minimum Thickness 1.5 x d or • (1/7.11 x d x 10)• Minimum Spacing 3 x d• Minimum d = 20 microns• 20/80 Field of view Magnification Ratios• 10-1000 grams force

HM210 Micro Vickers

• New 210– Closed loop force control– Motorized turret– Up to 4 lenses (Retrofitable)– Up to 2 Indenters (Factory only)– 10-1000 gf. Adjustable– LED Illumination

HM220 Light Load Micro Vickers• New 220

– Closed loop force control– .05-2000gf Adjustable– Adjustable Loading rates (11-60 microns/ sec)– Motorized Turret– Up to 4 lenses ( Service Retrofitable)– Up to 2 Indenters (Factory only)– Standard “Package” 10X, 50X, 100X $25,975

– Actually $2.800 less than HM221!

HM210 Automation

AVPak-10

Automation Highlights

• Accurate and repeatable measurements• 3 Mp camera (.06 microns/ pixel w/ 50X)• Focusing stage .1µ step• 50 x 50 or 100 x 100mm motorized stage•

Met Supplies C

Why Rockwell?

• World Wide Standards– ASTM E18– Very Common Test– Fast cycle time– The Scale defines all!– Minimum Thickness Charts– √ The Prints!

E18 Key Points

• Timing!• Test on one side of block• Spacing of 3 diameters between indents• 1 HR value is 80 millionths travel• Tighter tolerances on test method

• Rockwell History• 1919 Rockwell Test

• 1932 ASTM E18 Originated

• 1988 Commerce Dept. Interest

• 1991 NIST purchased Machine

• 1995 First Test Block

• 2001 National Standard (HRC)

• 2004 Carbide Balls

Rockwell HardnessStandardizing Machine

Rockwell HardnessStandard Reference Material

3 components of Rockwell Testing System

• 1 Load• 2 Displacement• 3 Indenter• 4 TIMING!

ASTM

ISO

The most important question!

• How hard do you expect it to be?

TestLoadScaleIndenterConversions

45.8B 45.8HRBW (12) 45.8

Customer Call Out:

New HR-Series

• In General:– Economical Testers-Made in Brazil– Better Electronics-Conversions– Includes V and Flat anvils– Carbide Ball Indenters– All Dead Weight- Except 521 top-o-the line– Brochure 2025

HR-210

HR-210MR

• Replaces AR20• MR only (Rockwell Only)• Dial type with Zero set.• Motorized Loading, not an oil dash pot

system!• Serviced by Field Service.

HR320MS

• Replaces ATK600/ ARK600• MS model only - Rockwell and Superficial• Simple scale conversions• Add a weight system**

HR430MR HR430MS

• Similar to ATF1000 • MR Rockwell only model • MS Rockwell/Superficial model• Auto-Brake/Start system• Simple Conversions• Dial a weight system**

Closed Loop Tester

Indenters and Test Blocks

Traceability can be achieved through the use ofreference standards (blocks and indenters).

Rockwell measurement

SecondaryCalibration

Agency

NISTPrimary

CalibrationLaboratory

National Institute of Standards and TechnologyTechnology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce

Rockwell Hardness Traceability

Hardness

Anvils and Accessories

USB Input Tool

• 06ADV380E Fits most hardness testers

• InputTool.xlsx

Upper Limit: 32.5

Lower Limit: 30.8

#1 30.9 31.2 31.1 31.8 32.6

#2 31.1 31.2 31.2 31.4 31.5

#3 31.1 32.0 33.0 31.4 29.9

#4 34.2 31.4 32.1 31.6 31.6

#5 30.2 28.0 31.1 31.4

#6 31.0 30.7 31.2 31.4

#7 31.1 30.4 32.5 31.3

#8 31.3 30.1 31.9 31.4

#9 31.4 31.4 31.2 31.2

#10 31.2 31.5 31.3 32.0

Avg 31.4 30.8 31.7 31.5 31.4 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

Stdev 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.2 1.1 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

Max 34.2 32.0 33.0 32.0 32.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Min 30.2 28.0 31.1 31.2 29.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Range 4.0 4.0 1.9 0.8 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Series1

Series2

Series3

Series4

Series5

Series6

Series7

Series8

Normal Data

32HRC +/- 1.5

30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33 33.5

Non-

DP-1VR

Uncertaintee

Hardness Tester Cheat Sheet

Scale Conversions

Minimum Thickness Charts

Cylindrical Corrections

Common ASTM Standards

• E10 Brinell• E18 Rockwell• E92 Vickers (withdrawn)• E103 Rapid Indentation• E110 Portable Hardness• E140 Conversions• E384 Micro Indentation

Join ASTM ?

• Save $305• ASTM membership costs $80• New book of standards cost $385• Vol 3.01• YOU are the hardness testing police!

Many More Types of Specifications

Portables

• Webster (sheet metal)• Barcol (plastics)• Ames•

UCI

• ASTM A1038

File Hardness

Others???

Microscopist - a scientist who specializes in research with the use of microscopes

ThenNow

Conclusion

• Choose your test method to meet desired parameters. Rockwell, Brinell, tensile….

• Perform the test according to the definition of the test. ASTM, ISO, API…

• Calibrate the equipment accordingly. It’s an instrument, not a rental car.

Thanks for Attending the PQI/ Mitutoyo Hardness Seminar!