proclamation no.1 1995

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OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

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CONTENTSOf/{&65J.

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Proclamation No. 1/1995Proclamation of the Constitution of the FederalDemocratic Republic of Ethiopia

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PROCLAMA nON NO. 1/1995

A PROCLAMATION TO PRONOUNCE THE COMINGINTO EFFECT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

WHEREAS, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples ofEthiopia have, through their elected Representatives, ratifiedthe Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia, on the 8th day of December, 1994; it is herebyproclaimed as follows:

1. Short TitleThis Proclamation may be cited as the' 'Constitution ofthe Federal Democratic Republic of EthiopiaProclamation No. 1/1995".

2. Coming into Effect of the ConstitutionThe Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia has come into full force and effect as of the 21sl

day of August, 1995.

Effective Date

This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the 21sl dayof August, 1995.

Done at Addis Ababa, this 21 stday of August, 1995.

NEGASO GIDADA (DR.).

PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

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Federal Negarit a.p.G.Box 80,001

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PREAMBLE

We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia:

Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to

self-detennination, to building a political community foun-

ded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace,

guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our

economic and social development;

Firmly convincedthat the fulfilment of this objective requires

full respect of individual and people'_sfundamental freedoms

and rights, ~olive together o~ the basis of equality' and withoutany sexual, religious or cultUral discrimination;

Further con vinced that by continuing to live with our rich ,and

proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited,

have, through continuous interaction on various levels and

forms of life,. built up common interests and have also

contributed to the emergence of a common outlook;

Fully cognizant that our common destiny can best be served

by rectifing historically unjust reltionships and by further

promoting our shared interests;

Convinced that to live as one economic community is

necessary in order to create sustainable and mutually suppor-

tive conditions for ensuring respect for our rights and

freedoms and for the collective promotion of our interests;1'''''''''~1't . ODlI;J-~1'i' ~if~;JwT11 O;J&- "Ij

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11..J:1"hA.I\1.'1"" 0",-, ; Determined to consolidate, as a lasting legacy, the peace and

the prospect of a democratic order which our struggles and

sacrifices have brought about;n~"1\~1«; Ob~/.\ '1m-0014'1'/):",'1:"'-t1T(Df-11.'fP

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Ill. ~;&:CID+1 liUn"* t"+~,,/.\ II

Have therefore adopted, on 8 December 1994 this Cons-

titutionthrough representativeswe haveduly elected for thispurpose as an instrument that,binds us in a mutual commit-'

ment to fulfill the obj~tives and the principl~s set forth

above.

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Ethiopian Territorial Jurisdiction

The territorial jurisdiction of Ethiopia shall comprise the

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CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1

Nomenclature of the State

This Constitution establishes a Federal and Democratic Statestructure. Accordingly, the Ethiopian state.shall be known asThe Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

Article 2

Article 3

The Ethiopian Flag

1. The Ethiopian flag shall consist of green at the top, yellowin the middle and red at the bottom, and shall have anational emblem at the centre. The three colours shall beset horizontally in equal dimension.

2. The national emblem on the flag shall reflect the hope ofthe Nations, Nationalities, Peoples as well as religiouscommunities of Ethiopia to live together in equality andunity.

3. Members of the Federation may have their respectiveflags and emblems and shall determine the details thereofthrough their respective legislatures.

Article 4

National Anthem of Ethiopia

The national anthem of Ethiopia, to be determined by law,shall reflect the ideals of the Constitution, the commitment ofthe Peoples of Ethiopia to live together in a democratic ord~rand of their common destiny.

Article 5

Languages

1. All Ethiopian languages shall enjoy equal state recog-nition.

2. Amharic shall be the working language of the FederalGovernment.

3. Members of the Federation may by law determine theirrespective working languages.

Article 6

Nationality

1. Any person of either sex shall be an Ethiopian nationalwhere both or either parent is Ethiopian.

2. Foreign nationals may acquire Ethiopian nationality.

3. Particulars relating to nationality shall be determined bylaw.

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Article 7

Gender Reference

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CHAPTER TWO

FUNDAMENTALPIDNCWLESOFTHE

CONSTITUTION

Article 8

Sovereignty of the People

1. All sovereign power resides in the Nations, Nationalitiesand Peoples of Ethiopia.

2. This Constitution is an expression of their sovereignty.

3. Their sovereignty shall be expressed through their represen-tatives elected in accordance with this Constituion andthrough their direct democratic participation.

Article 9

Supremacy of the Constitution

1. The Constitution is the supreme law ofthe land. Any law,customary practice or a decision of an organ of state or apublic official which contravenes this Constitution shallbe of no effect.

2. All citizens, organs of state, political organizations, otherassociations as well as their officials have the duty toensure observance of the Constitution and to obey it.

3. It is prohibited to assume state power in any manner otherthan that provided under the Constitution.

.

4. All intenational agreements ratified by Ethiopia are anintegral part of the law of the land.

Article 10

Human and Democratic Rights

1. Human rights and freedoms, emanating from the nature ofmankind, are inviolable and inalienable.

2. Human and democratic rights of citizens and peoples shallbe respected.

Article 11

Separation of State and Religion

1. State and religion are separate.Ii- 001..,P':"'i" '/ ,eDl/if-"t fi't\!f. 'i"rCD- ::

2. There shall be no state religion.~- 001"'P';J-CC '/,eO'/if:" h,eifC9" :: jIi

r- 001..,P':" O'/,eO'/if:" .,..&;.eIl)A:J> h.e1f19" :: '/.eO'/if:"9" 3. The state shall not interfere in religious matters and

0001..,P':" .,..&;.eIl)A:J> h.e1f19" :: religion shall not interfere in state affairs.

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Article 12

Conduct and Accountability of Government

1. The conduct of affairs of government shall be transparent.

2. Any public official or an elected representative is accoun-table for any failure in official duties.

3. In case of loss of confidence, the people may recall anelected representative. The particulars of recall shall bedetermined by law.

CHAPTER THREE

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

Article 13

Scope of Application and Interpretation

1. All Federal and State legislative, executive and judicialorgans at all levels shall have the responsibility and dutyto respect and enforce the provisions of this Chapter.

2. The fundamental rights and freedoms specified in thisChapter shall be interpreted in a manner conforming tothe principles of the Universal Declaration of HumanRights, International Covenants on Human Rights andinternational instruments adopted by Ethiopia.

PART ONE

HUMAN RIGHTS

Article 14

Rights to life, the Security of .Person and Liberty

Every person has the inviolable and inalienable right to life,

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Article 17

Right to Liberty

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Article 15

Right to Life

Every person has the right to life. No person may be deprivedof his life except as a punishment for a serious criminaloffence determined by law.

Article 16

The Right of the Security of Person

Every one has the right to protection against bodily harm.

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Article 18

Prohibition against Inhuman Treatment

1. Everyone has the right to protection against cruel,inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

2. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. Trafficking inhuman beings for whatever purpose is prohibited.

3. Noone shall be required to perform forced or compulsQI)'labour.

4. For the purpose of sub-Article 3 of this Article the phrase"forced or compulsory labour" shall not include:

(a) Any work or service normally required of a personwho is under detention in consequence of a lawfulorder, or of a person during conditional release fromsuch detention;

(b) In the case of conscientious objectors, any serviceexacted in lieu of compulsory military service;

(c) Any serviceexacted in cases of emergency or calamitythreatening the life or well-being of the community;

(d) Any economic and social development activity volun-tarily performed by a community within its locality.

Article 19

Right of Persons Arrested

1. Persons arrested have the right to be informed promptly,in a language they understand, of the reasons for theirarrest and of any charge against them.

2. Persons, arrested have the right to remain silent. Uponarrest, they have the right to be informed promptly, in alanguage they understand, that any statement they makemay be used as evidence against them in court.

3. Persons arrested have the right to be brought before acourt within 48 hours of their arrest. Such time shall notinclude the time reasonably required for the journey fromthe place of arrest to the court. On appearing before acourt, they have the right to be given prompt and specificexplanaltion of the reasons for their arrest due to thealleged crime committed.

4. All persons have an inalienable right to petition the courtto order their physical release where the arresting policeofficer or the law enforcer fails to bring them before acourt within the prescribed time and to provide reasonsfor their arrest. Where the interest of justice requires, thecourt may order the arrested person to remain in custodyor, when requested, remand him for a time strictlyrequired to carry out the necessary investigation. Indetermining the additional time necessary for inves-tigation, the court shall ensure that the responsible lawenforcement authorities carry out the investigation res-pecing the arrested person's right to a speedy trial.

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5. Persons arrested shall not be compelled to make confes-sions or admissions which could be used in evidenceagainst them. Any evidence obtained under coercion shallnot be admissible.

6. Persons arrested have the right to be released on bail. Inexceptional circumstances prescribed by law, the courtmay deny bail or demand adequate guarantee for theconditional release of the arrested person.

Article 20

Rights of Persons Accused

1. Accused persons have the right to a public trial by anordinary court of law within a reasonable time afterhaving been charged. The court may hear cases in aclosed session only with a view to protecting the right toprivacy of the parties concerned, public morals andnational security.

2. Accused persons have the right to be informed withsufficient particulars of the charge brought against themand to be given the charge in writing.

3. During proceedings accused persons have the right to bepresumed innocent until proved guilty according to lawand not to be compelled to testify against themselves.

4. Accused persons have the right to full access to anyevidence presented against them, to examine witnessestestifying against them, to adduce or to have evidenceproduced in their own defence, and to obtain theattendance of and examination of witnesses on theirbehalf before the court.

5. Accused persons have the right to be represented by legalcounsel of their choice, and, if they do not have sufficientmeans to pay for it and miscarriage of justice wouldresult, to be provided with legal representation at stateexpense.

6. All persons have the right of appeal to the competent courtagainst an order or a judgement of the court which firstheard the case.

7. They have the right to request for the assistance of aninterpreter at state expense where the court proceedingsare conducted in a language they do not understand.

Article 21

The Rights of Persons Held in Custody and ConvictedPrisoners

.

1. All persons held in custody and persons imprisoned uponconviction and sentencing have the right to treatmentsrespecting their human dignity.

2. All persons shall have the opportunity to communicatewith, and to be visited by, their spouses or partners, close.relatives, friends, religious councillors, medical doctorsand their legal counsel.

Article 22

Non-retroactivity of Criminal Law

1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence onaccount of any act or omission which did not constitute acriminal offence at the time when it was committed. Norshall a heavier penalty be imposed on any person than theone that was applicable at the time when the criminaloffence was committed.

1K" t t..1..t./.\ ";J~"" ;Jtl.ffJ <h1'C{i ",h/\ l?i .,.1 lillY?; Ii."" Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21,(August 1995 -

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2. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-Article 1 of thisArticle, a law promulgated subsequent to the commissionof the offence shall apply if it is advantageous to theaccused or convicted person.

Article 23

Prohibition of Double Jeopardy

No person shall be liable to be tried or punished again for anoffence for which he has already been finally convicted oracquitted in accordance with the criminal law and procedure.

Article 24

Right to Honour and Reputation

1. Everyone has the right to respect for his human dignity,reputation and honour.

2. Everyone has the right to the free development of hispersonality in a manner compatible with the rights ofother citizens.

3. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as aperson.

Article 25

Right to Equality

All persons are equal before the law and are entitled withoutany discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In thisrespect, the law shall guarantee to all persons equal andeffective protection without discrimination on grounds ofrace, nation, nationality, or other social origin, colour, sex,language, religion, political or other opinion, property, birthor other status.

Article 26

Right to Privacy

1. Everyone has the right to privacy. This right shall includethe right not to be subjected to searches of his home,person or property, or the seizure of any property under /his personal possession.

2. Everyone has the right to the inviolability of his notes andcorrespondence including postal letters, and com-munications made by means of telephone, telecom-munications and electronic devices.

3. Public officials shall respect and protect these rights. Norestrictions may be placed on the enjoyment of suchrights except in compelling circumstances and in accor-dance with specific laws whose purposes shall be thesafeguarding of national security or public peace, theprevention of crimes or the protection of helath, publicmorality or the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 27,

Freedom of Religion, Belief and Opinion1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience

and religion. This right shall include the freedom to holdor to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and the

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freedom, either individually or in community with others,and in public or private, to manifest his religion or beliefin worship, observance, practice and teaching.

2. Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 ofArticle 90, believers may establish institutions ofreligious education and administration in order topropagate and organize their religion.

3. No one shall be subject to coercion or other means whichwould restrict or prevent his freedom to hold a belief ofhis choice.

4. Parents and legal guardians have the right to bring up theirchildren ensuring their religious and moral education inconformity with their own convictions.

5. Freedom to express or manifest one's religion or beliefmay be subject only to such limitations as are prescribedby law and are necessary to protect public safety, peace,health, education, public morality or the fundamentalrights and freedoms of others, and to ensure the indepen-dence of the state from religion.

Article 28

Crimes Against Humanity

1. Criminal liability of persons who commit crimes againsthumanity, so defined by international agreements ratifiedby Ethiopia and by other laws of Ethiopia, such asgenocide, summary executions, forcible disappearancesor torture shall not be barred by statute of limitation. Suchoffences may not be commuted by amnesty or pardon ofthe legislature or any other state organ.

2. In the case of persons convicted of any crime stated in sub-Article 1 of this Article and sentenced with the deathpenalty, the Head of State may, without prejudice to theprovisions hereinabove, commute the punishment to lifeimprisonment.

PART TWO

DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

Article 29

Right of Thought, Opinion and Expression

1. Everyone has the right to hold opinions without in-teference.

2. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression withoutany interference. This right shall include freedom to seek,receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print,in the form of art, or through any media of his choice.

3. Freedom of the press and other mass media and freedomof artistic creativity is guaranteed. Freedom of the pressshall specifically include the following elements:

(a) Prohibition of any form of censorship.

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(b) Access to information of public interest.

4. In the interest of the free flow of information, ideas andopinions which are essential to the functioning of ademocratic order, the press shall, as an institution, enjoylegal protection to ensure its operational independenceand its capacity to entertain diverse opinions.

5. Any media financed by or under the control of the Stateshall be operated in a manner ensuring its capacity toentertain diversity in the expression of opinion.

6. These rights can be limited only through laws which areguided by the principle that freedom of expression andinformation cannot be limited on account of the contentor effect of the point of view expressed. Legal limitationscan be laid down in order to protect the well-being of theyouth, and the honour and reputation of individuals. Anypropaganda for war as well as the public expression ofopinion intended to injure human dignity shall beprohibited by law.

7. Any citizen who violates any legal limitations on theexercise of these rights may be held liable under the law.

. Article 30

The Right of Assembly, Demonstration and Petition

1. Everyone has the right to assemble and to demonstratetogether with others peaceably and unarmed, and topetition. Appropriate regulations may be made in theinterest of public convenience relating to the location ofopen-air meetings and 'the route of movement of demons-trators or, for the protection of democratic rights, publicmorality and peace during such a meeting or demons-tration.

2. ,This right does not exempt from liability under lawsenacted to protect the well-being of the youth or thehonour and reputation of individulas, and lawsprohibiting any propaganda for war and any publicexpression of opinions intended to injure human dignity.

Article 31

Freedom of Association

Every person has the right to freedom of association for anycause or purpose. Organizations formed, in violation ofappropriate laws, or to illegally subvert the constitutionalorder, or which promote such activities are prohibited.

Article 32

Freedom of Movement

1. Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopiahas, within the national territory, the right to liberty ofmovement and freedom to choose his residence, as wellas the freedom to leave the country at any time he wishesto.

2. Any Ethiopian national has the right to return to hiscountry .

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Article 33

Rights of Nationality

1. No Ethiopian national shall be deprived of his or herEthiopian nationality against his or her will. Marriage ofan Ethiopian national of either sex to a foreign nationalshall not annul his or her Ethiopian nationality.

2. Every Ethiopian national has the right to the enjoyment ofall rights, protection and benefits derived from Ethiopiannationality as prescribed by law.

3. Any national has the right to change his Ethiopiannati onali ty .

4. Ethiopian nationality may be conferred upon foreigners inaccordance with law enacted and procedures establishedconsistent with international agreements ratified byEthiopia.

Article 34

Marital, Personal and Family Rights

1. Men and women, without any distinction as to race,nation, nationality or religion, who have attainedmarrigeable age as defined by law, have the right to marryand found a family. They have equal rights while enteringinto, during marriage and at the time of divorce. Lawsshall be enacted to ensure the protection of rights andinterests of children at the time of divorce.

2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and fullconsent of the intending spouses.

3. The family is the natural and fundamental unit of societyand is entitled to protection by society and the State.

4. In accordance with provisions to be specified by law, alaw giving recognition to marriage concluded undersystems of religious or customary laws may be enacted.

5. This Constitution shall not preclude the adjudication ofdisputes relating to personal and family laws in accor-dance with reljgious or customary laws, with the consentof the parties to the dispute. Particulars shall be deter-mined by law. .

Article 35

Rights of Women

1. Women shall; in the enjoyment of rights and protectionsprovided for by this Constitution, have equal right withmen.

2. Women have equal rights with men in marriage asprescribed by this Constitution.

3. The historical legacy of inequality and discriminationsuffered by women in Ethiopia taken into account,women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled toaffirmative measures. The purpose of such measures shallbe to provide special attention to women so as to enablethem compete and participate on the basis of equalitywith men in political, social and economic life as well asin public and private institutions.

4. The State shall enforce the right of women to eliminate theinfluences of harmful customs. Laws, customs andpractices that oppress or cause bodily or mental harm towomen are prohibited.

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(a) Women have the right to maternity leave with fullpay. The duration of maternity leave shall bedetermined bylaw taking into account the nature ofthe work, the health of the mother and the well-being of the child and family.

(b) Maternity leave may, in accordance with theprovisions of law, include prenata11eave with fullpay.

Women have the right to full consultation in theformulation of national development policies, the desig-ning and execution of projects, and particularly in thecase of projects affecting the interests of women.

7. Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, useand transfer property. In particular, they have equal rightswith men with respect to use, transfer, administration andcontrol of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment inthe inheritance of property.

8. Women shall have a right to equality in employment,promotion, pay, and the transfer of pension entitlements.

9. To prevent harm arising from pregnancy and childbirthand in order to safeguard their health, women have theright of access to family planning education, informationand capacity.

Article 36

Rights of Children

1. Every child has the right:

(a) To life;

(b) To a name and nationality;

(c) To know and be cared for by his or her parents orlegal guardians;

(d) Not to be subject to exploitative practices, neither tobe required nor permitted to perform work whichmay be hazardous or harmful to his or her education,health or well-being;

(e) To be free of corporal punishment or cruel andinhumane treatment in schools and other institutionsresponsible for the care of children.

2. In all actions concerning children undertaken by publicand private welfare institutions, courts of law, adminis-trative authorities or legislative bodies, the primaryconsideration shall be the best interests of the child.

3. Juvenile offenders admitted to corrective or rehabilitativeinstitutions, and juveniles who become wards of the Stateor who are placed in public or private orphanages, shall bekept separately from adults.

4. Children born out of wedlock shall have the same rights aschildren born of wedlock.

5. The State shall accord special protection to orphans andshall encourage the establishment of institutions whichensure and promote their adoption and advance theirwelfare, and education.

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h'1A foo.,") oo-orf: f+hOl 011"") hl\O:"::r. OtLU h")"'1t ")o-h h")"'1t I O+OOl\hrf::" .('C:E-"'T tD-h...

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h'1h-O 011-0:" hl\tD- I:r. ",")r;:tD-r fh.:"f"kl -oth.C . -oth.lil-o . ih1l-o to""")

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Article 37

Right of Access to Justice

1. Everyone has the right to bring a justiciable matter to, andto obtain a decision or judgement by, a court of law or anyother competent body with judicial power.

2. The decision or judgement referred to under sub-Article 1of this Article may also be sought by:(a) Any association representing the Collective or

individual interest of its members; or(b) Any group or person who is a member of, or

represents a group with similar interests.

Article 38

The Right to Vote and to be Elected

1. Every Ethiopian national, without any discriminationbased on colour, race, nation, nationality, sex, language,religion, political or other opinion or other status, has thefollowing rights:

(a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directlyand through freely chosen representatives;

(b) On the attainment of -18 years of age, to vote inaccordance with law;

(c) To vote and to be elected at periodic elections to anyoffice at any level of government; elections shall beby universal and equal suffrage and shall beheld bysecret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of thewill of the electors.

2. The right of everyone to be a member of his own will in apolitical organization, labour union, trade organization,or employers' or professional association shall be respec-ted i{he or she meets the special and general requirementsstipalated by such organization.

3. Elections to positions of responsibility within any of theorganizations referred to under sub-Article 2 of thisArticle shall be conducted in a free and democraticmanner.

4. The provisions of sub-Articles 2 and 3 of this Article shallapply to civic organizations which significantly affect thepublic interest.

Article 39

Rights of Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples

1. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has anunconditional right to self-determination, including theright to secession.

2. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has theright to speak, to write and to develop its own language;to express, to develop and to promote its culture; and topreserve its history.

3. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has theright to a full measure of self-government which includesthe right to establish institutions of government in theterritory that it inhabits and to equitable representation instate and Federal governments.

1~ Hi t..f-o&.A, ~:J&"" ;>,l.llJ <h1'C: ji ~thl\ Hi <1'1Iilf"it% ~.,... Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st August 1995 -

4. The right to self-determination,including secession, of everyNation, Nationality and People shall come into effect:

(a) When a demand for secession has been approved by atwo-thirds majority of the members of the LegislativeCouncil of the Nation, Nationality or People concer-

ned;

(b) When the Federal Government has organized areferendum which must take place within three yearsfrom the time it received the concerned council'sdecision for secession;

(c) When the demand for secession is supported by amajority vote in the referendum;

(d) When the Federal Government will have transferred itspowers to the Council of the Nation, Nationality orPeople who has voted to secede; and

(e) When the division of assets is effected in a mannerprescribed by law.

5. A "Nation, Nationality or People" for the purpsoe of thisConstitution, is a group of people who have or share a largemeasure of a common culture or similar customs, mutualintelligibility of language, belief in a common or relatedidentities, a common psychological make-up, and whoinhabit an identifiable,predominantly contiguous territory.

Article 40

TheRight to Property

1. Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of

6' 0I/1i1tD-9"fh.:,.r-k/ ".;J fO'A 111l:"I1t\0.:" oolf.,.joolfc;. private property. Unless prescribed otherwise by law on~f,hflCt\;J-Ajf,hflCIt;J-A :: f,tJ 0011:" f ih1f111 '1'''''9'' account of public interest, this right shall include the right to

t\oomfl"" flt\.1t o-);;J- flih.., hitI1A+lD(}~ 1:lit 111l:" acquire,to use and, in a manner compatible with the rights ofother citizens, to dispose of such property by sale or bequestfoo/1fe; fl111l:" foom"'9" lDf,9" ft\.f\o"f1 tl.1"f 0011-f"for to transfer it otherwise.

hiti1A+:Pl~ 1:i.it111l:"1 fooi'iT t fOl/tD-litlDf,9" flt\.1t00111: Mit+Itt\CJ: 0011-f"f1 /11:";J-A :: 2. "Private property", for the purpsoe of this Article, shall

mean any tangible or intangibleproduct which has value ande t\tLtJ "'1"'1\ ~1t0i/ "f..,A 111l:"" OI/t\:" orni1tD-9":.is produced by the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital ofh.:,.r-k/If tI.;J lDf,9" ih;J1f (}tD-~:"flih.., f+(}tlJTtD-an individual citizen, associations which enjoy juridical

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by communities specifically empowered by law to ownOI/..,fll(}P"f fl1-Afl;J-TtD- t flooCJ:mC "ff\o;J-TtD- lDf,9"" property in common.fli11;;J-ItTtD- / tC..~:"+QJ,I1~ flf~e; f+QJ,I16£"~:" ml1f,

3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as ofItf,tj ltD- €I';J /t\tD- tD-m.:" ~tD-::all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in

[. f1mC9" In fh+O? oot..:,.e; f+LTC: U11:" 11t\0.:"~:"the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the

0011:" f001..,,,.,:,.e; fih1f11 11:F ~tD- :: 001..:" Mf,i'fT Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall notfOl/f,t\lDT fh.:,.r-k/ 11th.c:"f t 11th.l(}p"fe; ih1fP"f f;Jt- be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.111l:" ~tD- ::

4. Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land without payment2' fh.:,.r-A'/ "'C(t "'1.c:"f 0010:" fl~' M"'1:,.e; hOOt..;J-TtD-

and the protection against eviction from their possession./t\oo~"'A 0011;J-TtD- f+hfll ~tD-:: "'L1.ROD-1fl+oot\h+ The implementation of this provision shall be specified by1fC1fC ih.., f,lDtlJA :: law.

?;. fh.:,.r-k/ Hltif"f t\"'fI1"li9" If~ t\hCi'f ftllJ.m"'OD-fl:" 0010:"5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing

fl~' M"'1:" t foom"'?'"'1 hOOt..;J-TtD- /t\oo~..c;"'A and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from0011:" "'ItTtD- :: 1fC1fC "'tC.."ROD-flih.., f,lD(}e;A :: their own lands. The implementation shall be specified by

}. fool..:" 11t\0.:"~:" fh.:,.r-k/ 11th.c:"f t 11th.l(}PTc; law.ih1fP"f oolf.,. h 11.+mfl.,. Iftj 001..,,,.,:" t\..,A I1t\U11-f"f

6 Without prejudice to the right of Ethiopian Nations,flih.., fltllJ.lD(}1 hCJ:/ flOOI..:" foom"'9" 0011;J-:ftD-1

.Nationalities, and Peoples to the ownership of land,

/ith11CItT'P A :: "'C1f~ flCh'" f,lD(}e;A I:government shall ensure the right of private investors to theuse of land on the basis of payment arrangements es-tablished by law. Particulars shall be determined by law.

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7. Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovableproperty he builds and to the permanent improvements hebrings about on the land by his labour or capital. Thisright shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and,where the right of use expires, to remove his property,transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particularsshall be determined by law.

8. Without prejudice to the right to private property, thegovernment may expropriate private property for publicpurposes subject to payment in advance of compensationcommensurate to the value of the property.

Article 41

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

1. Every Ethiopian has the right to engage freely ineconomic activity and to pursue a livelihood of his choiceanywhere within the national territory.

2. Every Ethiopian has the right to choose his or her means oflivelihood, occupation and profession.

3. Every Ethiopian national has the right to equal access topublicly funded social services.

4. The State has the obligation to allocate ever increasingresources to provide to the public health, education andother social services.

5. The State shall, within available means, allocate resourcesto provide rehabilitation and assistance to the physicallyand mentally disabled, the aged, and to children who areleft without parents or guardian.

6. The State shall pursue policies which aim to expand jobopportuniti~s for the unemployed and the poor and shallaccordingly undertake programmes and public worksprojects.

7. The State shall undertake all measures necessary toincrease opportunities for citizens to find gainful em-ployment.

8. Ethiopian farmers and pastoralists have the right toreceive fair prices for their products, that would lead toimprovement in their conditions of life and to enablethem to obtain an equitable share of the national wealthcommensurate with their contribution. This objectiveshall guide the State in the formulation of economic ,social and development policies.

9. The State has the responsibility to protect and preservehistorical and cultural legacies, and to contribute to thepromotion of the arts and sports.

1. (a)

Article 42

Rights of Labour

Factory and service workers, farmers, farm labourers,other rural workers and government employeeswhose work compatibility allows for it and who arebelow a certain level of responsibility, have the rightto form associations to improve their conditions ofemployment and economic well-being. This rightincludes the right to form trade unions and otherassociations to bargain collectively with employersor other organizations that affect their interests.

'/?'!:,!, tI..~.t.t:\ ~:Jt,} ?IL"I ''''re?i ~<h(1.it, '~1 iiH:'w% 'HI", Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21" August 1995 -

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(b) Categories of persons referred to in paragraph (a) of

this sub-Article have the right to express grievances,including the right to strike.

(c) Government employees who enjoy the rights

provided under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sub-

Article shall be determined by law.

(d) Women workers have the right to equal pay for equal

work.

2. Workers have the right to reasonable limitation ofworking hours, to rest, to leisure, to periodic leaves withpay, to remuneration for public holidays as well as

healthy and safe work envirpnment.

3. Without prejudice to the rights recognized under sub-

Article I of this Article, laws enacted for the implemen-tation of such rights shall establish procedures for the

formation of trade unions and for the regulation of thecollective bargaining process.

Article 43

The Right to Development

I. The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation,

Nationality and People in Ethiopia in particular have theright to improved living standards and to sustainable

development.

2. Nationals have the right to participate in national

development and, in particular, to be consulted withrespect to policies and projects affecting their com-

munity.

3. All international agreements and relations concluded,established or conducted by the State shall protect and

ensure Ethiopia's right to sustainable development.

4. The basic aim of development activities shall be to

enhance the capacity of citizens for developement and tomeet their basic needs.

Article 44

Environmental Rights

I. All persons have the right to a clean and healthy

environment.

2. All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods

have been adversely affected as a result of State program-

mes have the right to commensurate monetary or alter-

native means of compensation, including relocation with

adequate State assistance.

CHAPTER FOUR

STATE STRUCTURE

Article 45

Form of' Government

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia shall have a

parliamentarian form of government.

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Article 46

States of the Federation

1. The Federal Democratic Republic shaH comprise ofStates.

2. States shaH be delimited on the basis of the settlementpatterns, language, identity and consent of the peopleconcerned.

Article 47

Member States ofthe Federal Democratic Republic

1. Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia are the following:1) The State of Tigray2) The State of Mar3) The State of Amhara4) The State of Oromia5) The State of Somalia6) The State of BenshanguUGumuz7) The State of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and

Peoples8) The State of the Gambela Peoples9) The State of the Harari PeopleNations, Nationalities and Peoples within the Statesenumerated in'sub-Article 1 of this article have the rightto establish, at any time, their own States.

3. The right of any Nation, Nationality or People to form itsown state is exercisable under the following procedures:(a) When the demand for statehood has been approved

by a two-thirds majority of the members of theCouncil of the Nation, Nationality or People concer-ned, and the demand is presented in writing to theState Council;

(b) When the Council that received the demand hasorganized a referendum within one year to be held inthe Nation, Nationality or People that made thedemand;

(c) When the demand for statehood is supported by amajority vote in the referendum;

(d) When the State Council will have transferred itspowers to the Nation,Nationality or People thatmade the demand; and

(e) When the new State created by the referendumwithout any need for application, directly becomes amember of the Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia.

4. Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia shall have equal rights and powers.

Article 48

State Border Changes

1. All State border disputes shall be settled by agreement ofthe concerned States. Where the concerned States fail toreach agreement, the l,Iouse of the Federation shall decidesuch disputes on the basis of settlement patterns and thewishes of the peoples concerned.

2. The House of Federation shall, within a period of twoyears, render a final decision on a dispute submitted to itpursuant to sub-Article I of this Art:;:;1e.

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Article 49

Capital City

I. Addis Ababa shall be the capital city of the Federal State,

2. The residents of Addis Ababa shall have a full measure ofself-government. Particulars shall be determined by law.

3. The Administration of Addis Ababa shall be responsibleto the Federal Govemement.

4. Residents of Addis Ababa shall in accordance with theprovisions of this Constitution, be represented in theHouse of Peoples' Representatives.

5. The special interest of the State of Oromia in AddisAbaba, regarding the provision of social services or theutilization of natural resources and other similar matters,as well as joint administrative matters arising from thelocation of Addis Ababa within the State of Oromia, shallbe respected. Particulars shall be determined by law.

CHAPTER FIVE

THE STRUCTURE AND DIVISION OF POWERS

Article 50

Structure of the Organs of State

1. The Federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia comprisesthe Federal Government and the State members.

The Federal Governent and the States shall havelegislative, executive and judicial powers.

3. The House of Peoples' Representatives is the highestauthority of the Federal Government. The House isresponsible to the People. The State Council is the highestorgan of State authority. It is responsible to the People ofthe State.

4. State government shall be established at State and other.administrative levels that they find necessary. Adequatepower shall be granted to the lowest units of governmentto enable the People to participate directly in theadministration of such units.

5. The State Council has the power oflegislation on mattersfalling under State jurisdiction. Consistent with theprovisions of this Constitution, the Council has power todraft, adopt and amend the state constitution.

6. The State administration constitutes the highest organ ofexecutive power.

7. State judicial power is vested in its courts.

8. Federal and State powers are defined by this Constitution.The States shall respect the powers of the FederalGovernment. The Federal Government shall likewiserespect the powers of the States.

9. The Federal Government may, when necessary, delegateto the States powers and functions granted to it by Article51 of this Constitution.

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Article 51Powers and Functions of the Federal Government

1. It shall protect and defend the Constitution.2. It shall fonnulate and implement the country's policies,

strategies and plans in respect of overall economic, socialand development matters.

3. It shall establish and implement national standards andbasic policy criteria for public health, education, scienceand technology as well as for the protection andpreservation of cultural and historical legacies.

4. It shall fonnulate and execute the country's financial,monetary and foreign investment policies and strategies.

5. It shall enact laws for the utilization and conservation ofland and other natural resources, histortical sites andobjects.

6. It shall establish and administer national defence andpublic security forces as well as a federal police force.

7. It shall administer the National Bank, print and borrowmoney, mint coins, regulate foreign exchange and moneyin circulation; it shall determine by law the conditions andtenns under which States can borrow money from..internal sources.

8. It shall fonnulate and implement foreign policy; it shallnegotiate and ratify international agreements.

9. It shall be responsible for the development, administrationand regulation of air, rail, waterways and sea transportand major roads linking two or more States, as well as forpostal and telecommunication services.

10. It shall levy taxes and collect duties on revenue sourcesreserved to the Federal Government; it shall draw up,approve and administer the Federal Government's bud-get.

11. It shall detennine and administer the utilization of thewaters or rivers and lakes linking two or more States orcrossing the boundaries of the national territorial jurisdic-tion.

12. It shall regulate inter-State and foreign commerce.13. It shall administer and expand all federally funded

institutions that provide services to two or more States.14. It shall deploy, at the request of a state administration,

Federal defence forces to arrest a deteriorating securitysituation within the requesting State when its authoritiesare unable to control it.

15. It shall enact, in order to give practical effect to politicalrights provided for in this Constituion, all necessary lawsgoverning political parties and elections.

16. It has the power to declare and to lift national state ofemergency and states of emergencies limited to certainparts of the country.

17. It shall detemine matters relating to nationality.18. It shall determine and administer all matters relating to

immigration, the granting of passports, entry into and exitfrom the coutnry, refugees and asylum.

19. It shall patent inventions and protect copyrights.20. It shall establish unifonn standards of measurement and

calendar.21. It shall enact laws regulating the possession and bearing of

anns.

. Article 52Powers and Functions of States

1. All powers not given expressly to the Federal Governmentalone, or concurrently to the Federal Government and theStates are reserved to the States.

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2. Consistent with sub-Article 1 of this Article, States shallhave the following powers and functions:

,

(a) To establish a State administration that best advancesself-government, a democratic order based on therule of law; to protect and defend the FederalConstitution;

(b) To enact and execute the State constitution and otherlaws;

(c) To formulate and execute economic, social anddevelopment policies, strategies and plans of theState;

(d) To administer land and other natural resources inaccordance with Federal laws;

(e) To levy and collect taxes and duties on revenuesources reserved to the States and to draw up andadminister the State budget;

(t) To enact and enforce laws on the State civil serviceand their condition of work; in the implementation ofthis responsibility it shall ensure that educational;training and experience requirements for any job,title or position approximate national standards;

(g) To establish and administer a state police force, andto maintain public order and peace within the State;

CHAPTER SIXTHE FEDERAL HOUSES

Article 53The Federal Houses

There shall be two Federal Houses: The House of Peoples'Representatives and the House of the Federation.

.

Part One

The House of Peoples' Representatives

Article 54Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives

1. Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives shallbe elected by the People for a term of five years on thebasis of universal suffrage and by direct, free and fairelections held by secret ballot.

2. Members of the House shall be elected from'candidates ineach electoral district by a plurality of the votes cast.Provisions shall be made by law for special representationfor minority Nationalities and Peoples.

3. Members of the House, on the basis of population andspecial representation of minority Nationalities andPeoples, shall not exceed 550; of these, minorityNationalities and Peoples shall have at least 20 seats.Particulars shall be determined by law.

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4. Members of the House are representatives of theEthiopian People as a whole. They are governed by:

(a) The Constitution;

(b) The will of the people; and

(c) Their Conscience.

5. No member of the House may be prosecuted on account ofany vote he casts or opinion he expresses in the House, norshall any administrative action be taken against anymember on such grounds.

6. No member of the House may be arrested or prosecutedwithout the permission of the House except in the case offlagrante delicto

7. A member of the House may, in accordance with law, losehis mandate of representation upon loss of confidence bythe electorate.

Article 55

Powers and Functions of the House of Peoples'Representatives

1. The House of Peoples' Representatives spall have thepower of legislation in all matters assigned by thisConstitution to Federal jurisdiction.

2. Consistent with the provision of sub-Article 1 of thisArticle, the House of Peoples' Representatives shall enactspecific laws on the following matters:

(a) Utilization of land and other natural resources, ofrivers and lakes crossing the boundaries of thenational territorial jurisdiction or linking two or moreStates;

(b) Inter-State commerce and foreign trade;

(c) Air, rail, water and sea transport, major roads linkingtwo or more States, postal and telecommunicationserVIces;

(d) Enforcement of the political rights established by theConstitution and electoral laws and procedures;

(e) Nationality, immigration, passport, exit from andentry into the country, the rights of refugees and ofasylum;

(f) Uniform standards of measurement and calendar;

(g) Patents and copyrights;

(h) The possession and bearing of arms.

3. It shall enact a labour code.

4. It shall enact a commercial code.

5. It shall enact a penal code. The States may, however,enact penal laws on matters that are not specificallycovered by Federal penal legislation.

6. It shall enact civil laws which the House of the Federationdeems necessary to establish and sustain one economiccommunity.

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7. It shall detennine the organization of national defence,public security, and a national police force. If the conductof these forces infringes upon human rights and thenation's security, it shall carry out investigations and takenecessary measures.

8. In confonnity with Article 93 of the Constitution it shalldeclare a state of emergency; it shall consider and resolveon a decree of a state of emergency declared by theexecutive.

9. On the basis of a draft law submitted to it by the Council ofMinisters it shall proclaim a state of war.

10. It shall approve general policies and strategies ofeconomic, social and development, and fiscal andmonetary policy of the country. It shall. enact laws onmatters relating to the local currency, the administrationof the National Bank, and foreign exchange.

II. It shall levy taxes and duties on revenue sources reservedto the Federal Government, it shall ratify the Federalbudget.

12. It shall ratify international agreements concluded by theExecutive.

13. It shall approve the appointment of Federal judges,members of the Council of Minsiters, commissioners, the

Auditor General, and of other officials whose appoint-

ment is required by law to be approved by it.

14. It shall establish a Human Rights Commission and

determine by law its powers and functions.

15. It shall establish the institution of the Ombudsman, and

select and appoint its members. It shall deermine by law

the powers and functions of the institution.

16. It shall, on its own initiative, request a joint session of the

House of the Federation and of the House of Peoples'Representatives to take appropriate measures when State

authorities are unable to arrest violations of human rights

within their jurisdiction. It shall, on the basis of the joint

decision of the House, give directives to the concerned

State authorities.

17. It has the power to call and to question the Prime Minister

and other Federal officials and to investigate the Ex-

ecutive's conduct and discharge of its responsibilities.

18. It shall, at the request of one-third of its members, discussany matter pertaining to the powers of the executive. It

has, in such cases, the power to take decisions or

measures it deems necessary.

19. It shall elect the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the

House. It shall establish standing and ad hoc committees

as it deems necessary to accomplish its work.

'Article 56

Political Power

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tatives shall form the Executive and lead it.

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Article 57

Adoption of Laws

Laws deliberated upon and passed by the House shall besubmitted to the Nation's President for signature. ThePresident shall sign a law submitted to him within fifteendays. If the President does not sign the law within fifteen daysit shall take effect without his signature.

Article 58

Meetings of the House, Duration of its Term

1. The presence of more than half of the members of theHouse constitutes a quorum.

2. The annual session of the House shall begin on Monday ofthe final week of the Ethiopian month of Meskerem andend on the 30th day of the Ethiopian month of Sene. TheHouse may adjourn for one month of recess during itsannual session.

3. The House of Peoples' Representatives shall be elected fora term of five years. Elections for a new House shall beconcluded one month prior to the expiry of the House'sterm.

4. The Speaker of the House may call a meeting of the Housewhen it is in recess. The Speaker of the House is alsoobliged to call a meeeting of the House at the request ofmore than one-half of the members.

5. Meetings of the House shall be public. The House may,however, hold a closed meeting at the request of theExecutive or members of the House if such a request issupported by a decision of more than one-half of themembers of the House.

Article 59

Decisions and Rules of Procedure of the House

1. Unless otherwise provided in the Constitution, alldecisions of the House shall be by a majority vote of themembers present and voting.

2. The House shall adopt rules and procedures regarding theorganization of its work and of its legislative process.

Article 60

Dissolution of the House

1. With the consent of the House, the Prime Minister maycause the dissolution of the House before the expiry of itsterm in order to hold new elections.

2. The President may invite political parties to form acoalition government within one week, if the Council ofMinisters of a previous coalition is dissolved because ofthe loss of its majority in the House. The House shall bedissolved and new elections shall be held if the politicalparties cannot agree to the continuation of the previouscoalition or to form a new majority coalition.

3. If the House is dissolved pursuant to sub-Article 1 or 2 ofthis Article, new elections shall be held within six monthsof its dissolution.

4. The new House shall convene within thirty days of theconclusion of the elections.

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5. Following the dissolution of the House, the previousgoverning party or coalition of parties shall continue as acaretaker government. Beyond conducting the day to dayaffairs of government and organizing new elections, itmay not enact new proclamations, regulations or decrees,nor may it repeal or amend any existing law.

PART TWO

THE HOUSE OF THE FEDERATION

Article 61

Members of the House of the Federation

1. The House of the Federation is composed of represen-tatives of Nations, Nationalities and Peoples.

2. Each Nation, Nationality and People shall be representedin the House of the Federation by at least one member.Each Nation or Nationality shall be represented by oneadditional representative for each one million of itspopulation.

3. Members of the House of the Federation shall be electedby the State Councils. The State Councils may them-selves elect representatives to the House of theFederation, or they may hold elections to have therepresentatives elected by the people directly.

Article 62

Powers and Functions of the House of the Federation

1. The House has the power to interpret the Constitution.

2. It shall organize the Council of Constitutional Inquiry.

3. It shall, in accordance with the Constitution, decide onissues relating to the rights of Nations, Nationalities andPeoples to self-determination, including the right toseceSSIOn.

4. It shall promote the equality of the Peoples of Ethiopiaenshrined in the Constitution and promote and con-solidate their unity based on their mutual consent.

5. It shall exercise the powers concurrently entrusted to itand to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

6. It shall strive to find solutions to disputes or misunderstan-dings that may arise between States.

7. It shall determine the division of revenues derived fromjoint Federal and State tax sources and the subsidies thatthe Federal Government may provide to the States.

8. It shall determine civil matters which require theenactment of laws by the House of Peoples' Represen-tatives.

9. It shall order Federal intervention if any State, in violationof this Constitution, endangers the constitutional order.

10. It shall establish permanent and ad hoc committees.

11. It shall elect the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of theHouse, and it shall adopt rules of procedure and internaladministration.

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Article 63

Immunity of Members of the House of the Federation

I. No member of the House of the Federation may beprosecuted on account of any vote he casts or opinion heexpresses in the House, nor shall any administrativeaction be taken against any member on such grounds.

2. No member of the House of the Federation may bearrested or prosecuted without the permission of theHouse except in the case of flagrante delicto.

Article 64

Decisions and Rules of Procedure

I. The presence at a meeting of two-thirds of the members ofthe House of the Federation constitutes a quorum. Alldecisions of the House require the approval of a majorityof members present and voting.

2. Members of the House may vote only when they arepresent in person in the House.

Article 65

Budget

The House of the Federation shall submit its budget forapproval to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 66

Powers of the Speaker of the House

1. The Speaker of the House of the Federation shall presideover the meetings of the House.

2. He shall, on behalf of the House, direct all its adminis-trative affairs.

3. He shall enforce all disciplinary actions the House takeson its members.

Article 67

Sessions and Term of Mandate

1. The House of the Federation shall hold at least twosessions annually.

2. The term of mandate of the House of the Federation shallbe five years.

Article 68

Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership in theTwo Houses

No one may be a member of the House of Peoples'Representatives and Qf the House of the Federation simul-taneously.

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CHAPTER SEVENTHE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC

Article 69The President

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Article 70Nomination and Appointment of the President

1. The House of Peoples' Representatives shall nominate thecandidate for President.

2. The nominee shall be elected President if ajoint session ofthe House of Peoples' Representatives and the House ofthe Federation approves his candidacy by a two-thirdsmajority vote.

3. A member of either House shall vacate his seat if electedPresident.

4. The term of office of the President shall be six years. Noperson shall be elected President for more than two terms.

5. Upon his election in accordance with sub-Article 2 of thisArticle, the President, before commencing his respon-sibility, shall, at a time the joint session of the Housesdetermines, present himself before it and shall make a'declaration of loyalty to the Constitution and the Peoplesof Ethiopia in the following words:

"I , when on this date commence my responsibility asPresident of the Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia, pledge to carry out faithfully the high respon-sibility entrusted to me. "

Article 71Powers and Functions of the President

1. He shall open the joint session of the House of Peoples'Representatives and the House of the Federation at thecommencement of their annual sessions.He shall proclaim in the Negarit Gazeta laws andinternational agreements approved by the' House ofPeoples' Representatives in accordance with the Cons-titution.

3. He shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister,appoint ambassadors and other envoys to represent thecountry abroad.

4. He shall receive the credentials of foreign ambassadorsand special envoys.

5. He shall award medals, prizes and gifts in accordance withconditions and procedures established by law.

6. He shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister andin accordance with law, grant high military titles:

7. He shall, in accordance with conditions and proceduresestablished by law, grant pardon.

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CHAPTER EIGHTTHE EXECUTIVE

Article 72The Powers olthe Executive

l. The highest executive powers of the Federal Governmentare vested in the Prime Minister and in the Council ofMinisters.

2. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers areresponsible to the House of Peoples' Representatives. Inthe exercise of State functions, members of the Council ofMinisters are co]]ectively responsible for all decisionsthey make as a body.

3. Unless otherwise provided in this Constitution the term ofoffice of the Prime Minister is for the duration of themandate of the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 73Appointment olthe Prime Minister

l. The Prime Minister sha]] be elected from among membersof the House of Peoples' Representatives.

2. Power of Government sha]] be assumed by the politicalpartry or a coalition of political parties that constitutes amajority in the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 74Powers and Functions ol the Prime Minister

l. The Prime Minister is the Chief Executive, the Chairmanofthe Council of Ministers, and the Commander-in-Chiefof the national armed forces.

2. The Prime Minister sha]] submit for approval to the Houseof Peoples' Representatives nominees for ministerialposts from among members of the two Houses or fromamong persons who are not members of either House andpossess the required qualifications.

3. He sha]] fo]]ow up and ensure the implementation of laws,policies, directives and other decisions adopted by theHouse of Peoples' Representatives.He leads the Council of Ministers, coordinates itsactivities and acts as its representative.

5. He exercises overa]] supervision over the implementationof policies, regulations, directives and decisions adoptedby the Council of Ministers.

6. He exercises overa]] supervision over the implementationof the country's foreign policy.

7. He selects and submits for approval to the House ofPeoples' Representatives nominations for posts of Com-missioners, the President and Vice-President of theFederal Supreme Court and the Auditor General.

8. He supervises the conduct and efficiency of the Federaladministration and takes such corrective measures as arenecessary .He appoints high civilian officials of the Federal

Government other than those referred to in sub-Articles 2and 3 of this Article.

10. In accordance with law enacted or decision adopted bythe House of Peoples' Representatives, he recommendsto the President nominees for the award of medals, prizesand gifts.

II.He sha]] submit to the House of Peoples' Representativesperiodic reports on work accomplished by the Executiveas we]] as on its plans and proposals.

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12. He shall discharge all responsibilities entrusted to him bythis Constitution and other laws.

13. He shall obey and enforce the Constitution.

Article 75Deputy Prime Minister

1. The Deputy Prime Minister shall:(a) Carry out responsibilities which shall be specifically

entrusted to him by the Prime Minister;(b) Act on behalf of the Prime Minister in his absence.

2. The Deputy Prime Minister shall be responsible to thePrime Minister.

Article 76The Council of Ministers

1. The Council of Ministers comprises the Prime Minister,the Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers and other membersas may be determined by law.

.

2. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the PrimeMinister.

3. In all its decisions, the Council of Ministers is responsibleto the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Article 77 .

Powers and Functions of the Council of Ministers1. The Council of Ministers ensures the implementation of

laws and decisions adopted by the House of Peoples'Representatives.

2. It shall decide on the organizational structure of ministriesand other organs of government responsible to it; it shallcoordinate their activities and provide leadership.

3. It shall draw up the annual Federal budget and, whenapproved by the House of Peoples' Representatives, itshall implement it.

4. It shall ensure the proper execution of financial andmonetary policies of the country; it shall administer theNational Bank, decide on the printing of money andminting of coins, borrow money from domestic andexternal sources, and regulate foreign exchange matters.

5. It shall protect patents and copyrights.6. It shall formulate and implement economic, social and

development policies and strategies.7. It shall provide uniform standards of measurement and

calendar.8. It shall formulate the country's foreign policy and exercise

overall supervision over its implementation.9. It shall ensure the observance of law and order.10. It has the power to declare a state of emergency; in doing

so, it shall, within the time limit prescribed by theConstitution, submit the proclamation declaring a state ofemergency for approval' by the House of Peoples'Representati ves.

11. It shall submit draft laws to the House of Peoples'Representatives on any matter falling within its com-petence, including draft laws on a declaration of war.

12. It shall carry out other responsibilities that may beentrusted to it by the House of Peoples' Representativesand the Prime Minister.

13. It shall enact regulations pursuant to powers vested in itby the House of Peoples' Representatives.

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CHAPTER NINESTRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE COURTS

Article 78Independence of the Judiciary

1. An independent judiciary is established by this Cons-titution.

2. Supreme Federal judicial authority is vested in the FederalSupreme Court. The House of Peoples' Representativesmay, by two-thirds majority vote, establish nationwide.or in some parts of the country only, the Federal HighCourt and First-Instance Courts it deems necessary.Unless decided in this manner, the jurisdictions of theFederal High Court and of the First-Instance Courts arehereby delegated to the State courts.

3. States shall establish State Supreme, High and First-Instance Courts. Particulars shall be determined by law.

4. Special or ad hoc courts which take judicial powers aWaY. from the regular courts or institutions legally empoweredto exercise judicial functions and which do not fol1owlegally prescribed procedures shall not be established.

5. Pursuant to sub-Article 5 of Article 34 the House ofPeoples' Representatives and State Councils can es-tablish or give official recognition to religious andcustomary courts. Religious and customary courts thathad state recognition and functioned prior to the adoptionof the Constitution shall be organized on the basis ofrecognition accorded to them by this Constitution.

Article 79Judicial Powers

1. Judicial powers, both at Federal and State levels, arevested in the courts.

2. Courts of any level shall be free from any interference ofinfluence of any governmental body, government officialor from any other source.

3. Judges shall exercise their functions in full independenceand shall be directed solely by the law.

4. No judge shall be removed from his duties before hereaches the retirement age determined by law exceptunder the following conditions:(a) When the Judicial Administration Council decides to

remove him for violation of disciplinary rules or ongrounds of gross incompetence or inefficiency; or

(b) When the Judicial Administration Council decides

that a judge can no longer carry out his respon-sibilities on account of illness; and

(c) When the House of Peoples' Representatives or the

concerned State Council approves by a majority votethe decisions of the Judicial Administration Counci J.

5. The retirement of judges may not be extended beyond theretirement age determined by law.

6. The Federal Supreme Court shall draw up and submit tothe House of Peoples' Representatives for approval thebudget ofthe Federal courts, and upon approval. adminis-ter the budget.

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7. Budgets of State courts shall be determined by therespective State Council. The House of Peoples'Representatives shall allocate compensatory budgets forStates whose Supreme and High courts concurrentlyexercise the jurisdictions of the Federal High Court andFederal First-Instance Courts.

Article 80Concurrent Jurisdiction of Courts

I. The Federal Supreme Court shall have the highest andfinal judicial power over Federal matters.

2. State Supreme Courts shall have the highest and finaljudicial power over State matters. They shall also exercisethe jurisdiction of the Federal High Court.

3. Notwithstanding the Provisions of sub-Articles I and 2 ofthis Article;(a) The Federal Supreme Court has a power of cassation

over any final court decision containing a basic errorof law. Particulars shall be determined by law.

(b) The State Supreme Court has power of cassationover any final court decision on State matters whichcontains a basic error of law. Particulars shall bedetermined by law.

4. State High Courts shall, in addition to State jurisdiction,exercise the jurisdiction of the Federal First-InstanceCourt.

5. Decisions rendered by a State High Court exercising thejurisdiction of the Federal First-Instance Court areappealable to the State Supreme Court.

6. Decisions rendered by a State Supreme Court on Federalmatters are appealable to the Federal Supreme Court.

Article 81Appointment of Judges

I. The President and Vice-President of the Federal SupremeCourt shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister,be appointed by the House of People's Representatives.

2. Regarding other Federal judges, the Prime Minister shallsubmit to the House of Peoples' Representatives forappointment candidates selected by the Federal JudicialAdministration Council.

3. The State Council shall, upon recommendation by theChief Executive of the State, appoint the President andVice-President of the State Supreme Court.State Supreme and High Court judges shall, upon

recommendation by the State Judicial AdministrationCouncil, be appointed by the State Council. The StateJudicial Administration Council, before submittingnominations to the State Council, has the responsibility tosolicit and obtain the views of the Federal JudicialAdministration Council on the nominees and to forwardthose views along with its recommendations. If theFederal Judicial Administration Council does not submitits views within three months, the State Council maygrant the appointments.

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5. Judges of State First-Instance Courts shall, upon recom-mendation by the State Judicial Administration Council,be appointed by the State Council.

6. Matters of code of professional conduct and discipline aswell as transfer of judges of any court shall be determinedby the concerned Judicial Administration Council.

Article 82Structure of the Council of Constitutional Inquiry

1. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry is established bythis Constitution.

2. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall have elevenmembers comprising:(a) The President of the Federal Supreme Court, who

shall serve as its President;(b) The Vice-President of the Federal Supreme Court,

who shall serve as its Vice-President;(c) Six legal experts, appointed by the President of the

Republic on recommendation by the House ofPeoples' Representatives, who shall have provenprofessional competence and high moral standing;

(d) Three persons designated by the House of theFederation from among its ~mbers.

3. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall establishorganizational structure which can ensure expeditiousexecution of its responsibilities.

Article 83Interpretation of the Constitution

1. All constitutional disputes shall be decided by the Houseof the Federation.

2. The House of the Federation shall, within thirty days ofreceipt, decide a constitutional dispute submitted to it bythe Council of Constitutional Inquiry.

Article 84Powers and Functions of the Council of Constitutional

Inquiry

1. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall have powersto investigate constitutional disputes. Should the Council,upon consideration of the matter, find it necessary tointerpret the Constitution, it shall submit its recommen-dations thereon to the House of the Federation.

2. Where any Federal or State law is contested as beingunconstitutional and such a dispute is submitted to it byany court or interested party, the Council shall considerthe matter and submit it to the House of the Federation fora final decision.

3. When issues of constitutional interpretation arise in thecourts, the Council shall:(a) Remand the case to the concerned court if it finds

there is no need for constitutional interpretation; theinterested party, if dissatisfied with the decision ofthe Council, may appeal to the House of theFederation.

(b) Submit its recommendations to the House of theFederation for a final decision if it believes there is aneed for constitutional interpretation.

4. The Council shall draft its rules of procedure and sumbitthem to the House ofthe Federation; and implement themupon approval.

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CHAPTER TENNATIONAL POLICY PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES

Article 85Objectives

I. Any organ of Government shall, in the implementation ofthe Constitution, other laws and public policies, beguided by the principles and objectives specified underthis Chapter.

2. The term "Government" in this Chapter shall mean aFederal or State government as the case may be.

Article 86Principles for External Relations

I. To promote policies of foreign relations based on theprotection of national interests and respect for thesovereignty of the country.

2. To promote mutual respect for national sovereignty andequality of states and non-interference in the internalaffairs of other states.

3. To ensure that the foreign relation policies of the countryare based on mutual interests and equality of states as wellas that international agreements promote the interests ofEthiopia.

4. To observe international agreements which ensure respectfor Ethiopia's sovereignty and are not contrary to theinterests of its Peoples.

5. To forge and promote ever growing economic union andfraternal relations of Peoples with Ethiopia' s neighboursand other African countries.

6. To seek and support peaceful solutions to internationaldisputes.

Article 87Principles for National Defence

I. The composition of the national armed forces shall reflectthe equitable representation of the Nations. Nationalitiesand Peoples of Ethiopia.

2. The Minister of Defence shall be a civilian.3. The armed forces shall protect the sovereignty of the

country and carry out any responsibilities as may beassigned to them under any state of emergency declaredin accordance with the Constitution.

4. The armed forces shall at all times obey and respect theConstitution.

5. The armed forces shall carry out their functions free of anypartisanship to any political organization(s).

Article 88Political Objectives

1. Guided by democratic principles, Government shallpromote and support the People's self-rule at all levels.Government shall respect the identity of Nations,

Nationalities and Peoples. Accordingly Governmentshall have the duty to strengthen ties of equality, unity andfraternity among them.

2.

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Article 89Economic Objectives

1. Government shall have the duty to formulate policieswhich ensure that all Ethiopians can benefit from thecountry's legacy of intellectual and material resources.

2. Government has the duty to ensure that all Ethiopians getequal opportunity to improve their economic conditionsand to promote equitable distribution of wealth amongthem.

3. Government shall take measures to avert any natural andman-made disasters, and, in the event of disasters, toprovide timely assistance to the victims.

4. Government shall provide special assistance to Nations,Nationalities, and Peoples least advantaged in economicand social development.

5. Government has the duty to hold, on behalf of the People,land and other natural resources and to deploy them fortheir common benefit and development.

6. Government shall at all times promote the participation ofthe People in the formulation of national developmentpolicies and programmes; it shall also have the duty tosupport the initiatives of the People in their developmentendeavourS.

7. Government shall ensure the participation of women inequality with men in all economic and social develop-ment endeavours.

8. Government shall endeavour to protect and promote thehealth, welfare and living standards of the workingpopulation of the country.

Article 90Social Objectives

1. To the extent the country's resources permit, policies shallaim to provide all Ethiopians access to public health andeducation, clean water, housing, food and social security.

2. Education shall be provided in a manner that is free fromany religious influence, political partisanship or culturalprejudices.

Article 91Cultural Objectives

1. Government shall have the duty to support, on the basis ofequality, the growth and enrichment of cultures andtraditions that are compatible with fundamental rights,human dignity, democratic norms and ideals, and theprovisions of the Constitution.

2. Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the dutyto protect the country's natural endowment, historicalsites and objects.

3. Government shall have the duty, to the extent its resourcespermit, to support the development of the arts, scienceand technology.

Article 92Environmental Objectives

I. Government shall endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopianslive in a clean and healthy environment.

2. The design and implementation of programmes andprojects of development shall not damage or destroy theenvironment.

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3. People have the right to full consultation and to theexpression of views-in the planning and implementationof environmental policies and projects that affect themdirectly.

4. Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect theenvironment.

CHAPTER ELEVENMISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Article 93Declaration of State of Emergency

1. (a) The Council of Ministers of the Federal Governmentshall have the power to decree a state of emergencyshould an external invasion, a break down of law andorder which endangers the constitutional order andwhich cannot be controlled by the regular lawenforcement agencies and personnel, a natural disas-ter, or an epidemic occur.

(b) State executives can decree a State-wide state ofemergency should a natural disaster or an epidemicoccur. Particulars shall be determined in State Cons-titutions to be promulgated in conformity with thisConstitution.

2. A state of emergency declared in accordance with sub-Article I (a) of this Article:(a) If declared when the House of Peoples' Represen-

tatives is in session, the decree shall be sumbitted tothe House within forty-eight hours of its declaration.The decree, if not approved by a two-thirds majorityvote of members of the House of Peoples' Represen-tatives, shall be repealed forthwith.

(b) Subject to the required vote of approval set out in (a)of this sub-Article, the decree declaring a state ofemergency when the House of peoples' Represen-tatives is not in session shall be submitted to it withinfifteen days of its adoption.

3. A state of emergency decreed by the Counci I of Ministers,if approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives,can remain in effect up to six months. The House ofPeoples' Representatives may, by a two-thirds majorityvote, allow the state of emergency proclamation to berenewed every four months successively.

4. (a) When a state of emergency is declared, the Council ofMinisters shall, in accordance with regulations itissues, have all necessary power to protect thecountry's peace and sovereignty, and to maintainpublic security, law and order.

(b) The Council of Ministers shall have the power tosuspend such political and democratic rights con-tained in this Constitution to the extent necessary toavert the conditions that required the declaration of astate of emergency.

(c) In the exercise of its emergency powers the Council ofMinisters cannot, however, suspend or limit therights provided for in Articles 1, 18, 25. and sub-Articles 1 and 2 of Aarticle 39 of this Constitution.

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5. The House of Peoples' Representatives, while declaring astate of emergency, shall simultaneously establish a Stateof Emergency Inquiry Board, comprising of sevenpersons to be chosen and assigned by the House fromamong its members and from legal experts.

6. The State of Emergency Inquiry Board shall have thefollowing powers and responsibilities:(a) To make public within one month the names of all

individuals arrested on account of the state ofemergency together with the reasons for their arrest.

(b) To inspect and follow up that no measure takenduring the state of emergency is inhumane.

(c) To recommend to the Prime Minister or to theCouncil of Ministers corrective measures...ifit findsany case of inhumane treatment.

(d) To ensure the prosecution of perpetrators ofinhumane acts.

(e) To submit its views to the House of Peoples'Representatives on a request to extend the durationof the state of emergency.

Article 94Financial Expenditures

1. The Federal Government and the States shall respectivelybear all financial expenditures necessary to carry out allresponsibilities and functions assigned to them by law.Unless otherwise agreed upon, the financial expendituresrequired for the camying out of any delegated functionby a State shall be borne by the delegating party.

2. The Federal Government may grant to States emergency,rehabilitation and development assistance and loans, duecare being taken that such assistance and loans do nothinder the proportionate development of States. TheFederal Government shall have the power to audit andinspect the proper utilization of subsidies it grants to theStates.

Article 95Revenue

The Federal Government and the States shall share revenuetaking the federal arrangement into account.

Article 96Federal Power of Taxation

1. The Federal Government shall levy and collect customduties, taxes and other charges on imports and exports.

2. It shall levy and collect income tax on employees of theFederal Government and international organizations.

3. It shall levy and collect income, profit, sales and excisetaxes on enterprises owned by the Federal Government.

4. It shall tax the income and winnings of national lotteriesand other games of chance.

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5. It shall levy and collect taxes on the income of air, rail andsea transport services.

6. It shall levy and collect taxes on income of houses andproperties owned by the Federal Government; it shall fixrents.

7. It shall determine and collect fees and charges relating tolicenses issued and services rendered by organs of theFederal Governemnt.

8. It shall levy and collect taxes on monopolies.9. It shall levy and collect Federal stamp duties.

Article 97State Power of Taxation

I. States shall levy and collect income taxes on employees ofthe State and of private enterprises.

. 2. States shall determine and collect fees for land usufrac-tuary rights.

3. States shall levy and collect taxes on the incomes ofprivate farmers and farmers incorporated in cooperativeassociations.

4. States shall levy and collect profit and sales taxes onindividual traders carrying out a business within theirterritory.States shall levy and collect taxes on income fromtransport services rendered on waters within theirterritory .

6. They shall levy and collect taxes on income derived fromprivate houses and other properties within the State. Theyshall collect rent on houses and other properties they own.

7. States shall levy and collect profit, sales, excise andpersonal income taxes on income of enterprises owned bythe States.

8. Consistent with the provisions sub-Article 3 of Article 98,States shall levy and collect taxes on income derived frommining operations, and royalties and land rentals on suchoperations.

9. They shall determine and collect fees and charges relatingto licenses issued and services rendered by State organs.

10. They shall fix and collect royalty for use of forestresources.

Article 98Concurrent Power of Taxation

1. The Federal Government and the States shall jointly levyand collect profit, sales, excise and personal income taxeson enterprises they jointly establish.

2. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on the profits ofcompanies and on dividends due to shareholders.

3. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on incomesderived from large-scale mining and all petroleum andgas operations, and royalties on such <?perations.

Article 99Undesignated Powers of Taxation

The House of the Federation and the House of Peoples'Representatives shall, in a joint session, determine by a two-thirds majority vote on the exercise of powers of taxationwhich have not been 'specifically provided for in the Cons-titution.

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Article 100Directives on Taxation

1. In exercising their taxing powers, States and the FederalGovernment shall ensure that any tax is related to thesource of revenue taxed and that it is determinedfollowing proper considerations.

2. They shall ensure that the tax does not adversely affecttheir relationship and that the rate and amount of taxesshall be commensurate with services the taxes helpdeliver.

3. Neither States nor the Federal Government shall levy andcollect taxes on each other's property unless it is a profit-making enterprise.

Article 101The Auditor General

1. The Auditor General shall, upon recommendation of thePrime Minister, be appointed by the House of Peoples'Representatives.

2. The Auditor General shall audit and inspect the accountsof ministries and other agencies of the Federal Govern-ment to ensure that expenditures are properly made foractivities carried out during the fiscal year and inaccordance with the approved allocations, and submit hisreports thereon to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

3. The Auditor General shall draw up and submit forapproval to the House of Peoples' Representatives hisoffice's annual budget.

4. The details of functions of the Auditor General shall bedetermined by law.

Article 102Election Board

1. There shall be established a National Election Boardindependent of any influence, to conduct in an impartialmanner free and fair election in Federal and Stateconstituencies.

2. Members of the Board shall be appointed by the House ofPeoples' Representatives upon recommendation of thePrime Minister. Particulars shall be determined by law.

Article 103Population Census Commission

1. There shall be established a National Census Commissionthat shall conduct a population census periodically.

2. Members of the National Census Commission shall beappointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives uponrecommendation of the Prime Minister.

3. The Commission shall have a Secretary General andnecessary professional and &UPportstaff.

4. The annual budget of the Commission shall be submittedfor approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives.

5. A national population census shall be conducted every tenyears. The House of the Federation shall determine theboundaries of constituencies on the basis of the censusresults and a propsal submitted to the House by theNational Election Board.

6. The Commission shall be accountable to the House ofPeoples' Representatives. It shall submit to the Houseperiodic reports on the conduct of its programmes andactivities.

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Article 104Initiation of Amendments

Any proposal for constitutional amendment, if supported by atwo-thirds majority vote in the House of Peoples' Represen-tatives, or by a two-thirds majority vote in the House of theFederation or when one-third of the State Councils of themember States of the Federation, by a majority vote in eachCouncil have supported it, shall be submitted for discussionand decision to the general public and to those whom theamendment of the Constitution concerns.

Article 105Amendment of the Constitution

1. All rights and freedoms specified in Chapter Three of thisConstitution, this very Article, and Article 104 can beamended only in the following manner:(a) When all State Councils, by a majority vote, approve

the proposed amendment;(b) When the House of Peoples' Representatives, by a

two-thirds majority vote, approves the proposedamendment; and

(c) When the House of the Federation, by a two-thirdsmajority vote, approves the proposed amendment.

2. All provisions of this Constitiution other than thosespecified in sub-Article I of this Article can be amendedonly in the following manner:(a) When the House of Peoples' Representatives and the

House of the Federation, in a joint session, approve aproposed amendment by a two-thirds majority vote;and

(b) When two-thirds of the Councils of the member Statesof the Federation approve the proposed amendmentby majority votes.

Article 106The Version with Final Legal Authority

The Amharic version of this Constitution shall have finallegal authority.

proclamation no.1 1995

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