PROCLAMATION NO. PROCLAMATION NO. 21462146

[DECEMBER 14, 1981] [DECEMBER 14, 1981]

PROCLAIMING CERTAIN AREAS PROCLAIMING CERTAIN AREAS AND TYPES OF PROJECTS AS AND TYPES OF PROJECTS AS ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL AND WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE AND WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM STATEMENT SYSTEM ESTABLISHED UNDER ESTABLISHED UNDER PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1586.PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1586.

A. Environmentally A. Environmentally Critical ProjectsCritical Projects

I. Heavy IndustriesI. Heavy Industries

a. Non-ferrous metal industriesa. Non-ferrous metal industries

b. Iron and steel millsb. Iron and steel mills

c. Petroleum and petro-chemical c. Petroleum and petro-chemical industries including oil and gasindustries including oil and gas

d. Smelting plantsd. Smelting plants

II. Resource Extractive IndustriesII. Resource Extractive Industries

a. Major mining and quarrying projectsa. Major mining and quarrying projects b. Forestry projectsb. Forestry projects

1. Logging1. Logging 2. Major wood processing projects2. Major wood processing projects 3. 3. Introduction of fauna (exotic-animals) Introduction of fauna (exotic-animals) in in public/private forestspublic/private forests

4.4. Forest occupancyForest occupancy 5.5. Extraction of mangrove Extraction of mangrove productsproducts 6.6. GrazingGrazing

c. Fishery Projectsc. Fishery Projects 1.1. Dikes for fishpond development Dikes for fishpond development projectsprojects

III. Infrastructure ProjectsIII. Infrastructure Projects

a. Major damsa. Major dams

b. Major power plants (fossil-b. Major power plants (fossil-fueled, nuclear fueled, fueled, nuclear fueled, hydroelectric or geothermal)hydroelectric or geothermal)

c. Major reclamation projectsc. Major reclamation projects

d. Major roads and bridges.d. Major roads and bridges.

B. Environmentally B. Environmentally Critical AreasCritical Areas

1. All areas declared by law as national parks, 1. All areas declared by law as national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves and watershed reserves, wildlife preserves and sanctuaries;sanctuaries;

2. Areas set aside as aesthetic potential 2. Areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourist spots;tourist spots;

3. Areas which constitute the habitat for any 3. Areas which constitute the habitat for any endangered or threatened species of endangered or threatened species of indigenous Philippine Wildlife (flora and indigenous Philippine Wildlife (flora and fauna);fauna);

4. Areas of unique historic, archaeological , or 4. Areas of unique historic, archaeological , or scientific interests;scientific interests;

5. Areas which are traditionally occupied by 5. Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural communities or tribes;cultural communities or tribes;

7. Areas with critical slopes;7. Areas with critical slopes; 8. Areas classified as prime agricultural 8. Areas classified as prime agricultural

lands;lands; 9. Recharged areas of aquifers;9. Recharged areas of aquifers; 10. Water bodies characterized by one or any 10. Water bodies characterized by one or any

combination of the following conditions;;combination of the following conditions;; a. tapped for domestic purposes;;a. tapped for domestic purposes;;

b. within the controlled and/or protected b. within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriate authorities;areas declared by appropriate authorities; c. which support wildlife and fishery c. which support wildlife and fishery activities.activities.

11. Mangrove areas characterized by one or any 11. Mangrove areas characterized by one or any combination or the following conditions:combination or the following conditions: a. with primary pristine and dense young growth;a. with primary pristine and dense young growth; b. adjoining mouth of major river systems;b. adjoining mouth of major river systems; c. near or adjacent to traditional productive fry or c. near or adjacent to traditional productive fry or fishing grounds;fishing grounds; d. which act as natural buffers against shore d. which act as natural buffers against shore erosion, strong winds and storm floods;erosion, strong winds and storm floods; e. on which people are dependent for their e. on which people are dependent for their livelihood.livelihood.

12. Coral reef characterized by one or any 12. Coral reef characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions:combination of the following conditions: a. with 50% and above live coralline cover;a. with 50% and above live coralline cover; b. Spawning and nursery grounds for fish;b. Spawning and nursery grounds for fish; c. Which act as natural breakwater of coastlines.c. Which act as natural breakwater of coastlines.

PRESIDENTIAL PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1586DECREE NO. 1586

[ESTABLISHING AN [ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

STATEMENT SYSTEM, INCLUDING STATEMENT SYSTEM, INCLUDING OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT RELATED MEASURESMANAGEMENT RELATED MEASURESAND FOR OTHER PURPOSES]AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES]

Section 1. PolicySection 1. Policy

It is hereby declared the policy It is hereby declared the policy of the State to attain and of the State to attain and maintain a rational and orderly maintain a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic balance between socio-economic growth and environmental growth and environmental protection.protection.   

Section 2Section 2Environmental Impact Statement Environmental Impact Statement SystemSystem There is hereby established an Environmental There is hereby established an Environmental

Impact Statement System founded and based Impact Statement System founded and based on the environmental impact statement on the environmental impact statement required, under Section 4 of Presidential required, under Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1151, of all agencies and Decree No. 1151, of all agencies and instrumentalities of the national government, instrumentalities of the national government, including government-owned or controlled including government-owned or controlled corporations, as well as private corporations, corporations, as well as private corporations, firms and entities, for every proposed project firms and entities, for every proposed project and undertaking which significantly affect the and undertaking which significantly affect the quality of the environment.quality of the environment.

Section 3Section 3Determination of Lead AgencyDetermination of Lead Agency

The Minister of Human Settlements or his The Minister of Human Settlements or his designated representative is hereby designated representative is hereby authorized to name the lead agencies authorized to name the lead agencies referred to in Section 4 of Presidential referred to in Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1151 which shall have Decree No. 1151 which shall have jurisdiction to undertake the preparation of jurisdiction to undertake the preparation of the necessary environmental impact the necessary environmental impact statements on declared environmentally statements on declared environmentally critical projects and areas. All Environmental critical projects and areas. All Environmental Impact Statements shall be submitted to the Impact Statements shall be submitted to the National Environmental Protection Council National Environmental Protection Council for review and evaluation.for review and evaluation.

Section 4Section 4Presidential Proclamation of Presidential Proclamation of Environmentally Critical Areas and Environmentally Critical Areas and ProjectsProjects

The President of the Philippines may, on The President of the Philippines may, on his own initiative or upon recommendation his own initiative or upon recommendation of the National Environmental Protection of the National Environmental Protection Council, by proclamation declare certain Council, by proclamation declare certain projects, undertakings or areas in the projects, undertakings or areas in the country as environmentally critical. No country as environmentally critical. No person, partnership or corporation shall person, partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared undertake or operate any such declared environmentally critical project or area environmentally critical project or area without first securing an Environmental without first securing an Environmental Compliance Certificate issued by the Compliance Certificate issued by the President or his duly authorized President or his duly authorized representatives. representatives.

For the proper management of said For the proper management of said critical project or area, the critical project or area, the President may by his proclamation President may by his proclamation reorganize such government reorganize such government offices, agencies, institutions, offices, agencies, institutions, corporations or instrumentalities corporations or instrumentalities including the re-alignment of including the re-alignment of government personnel, and their government personnel, and their specific functions and specific functions and responsibilities.responsibilities.

For the same purpose as above, For the same purpose as above, the Ministry of Human the Ministry of Human

Settlements shall:Settlements shall: a.  prepare the proper land or water use a.  prepare the proper land or water use

pattern for said critical project(s) or area(s);pattern for said critical project(s) or area(s);   

b.  establish ambient environmental quality b.  establish ambient environmental quality standards;standards;

c.  develop a program of environmental c.  develop a program of environmental enhancement or protective measures enhancement or protective measures against calamitous factors such as against calamitous factors such as earthquake, floods, water erosion and earthquake, floods, water erosion and others, andothers, and   

d.  perform such other functions as may be d.  perform such other functions as may be directed by the President from time to time.directed by the President from time to time.

Section 5Section 5Environmentally Non-Critical Environmentally Non-Critical

ProjectsProjectsAll other projects, undertakings and All other projects, undertakings and areas not declared by the President as areas not declared by the President as environmentally critical shall be environmentally critical shall be considered as non-critical and shall considered as non-critical and shall not be required to submit an not be required to submit an environmental impact statement. The environmental impact statement. The National Environmental Protection National Environmental Protection Council, thru the Ministry of Human Council, thru the Ministry of Human Settlements may however require non-Settlements may however require non-critical projects and undertakings to critical projects and undertakings to provide additional environmental provide additional environmental safeguards as it may deem necessary.safeguards as it may deem necessary.

Section 6Section 6SecretariatSecretariat

The National Environmental The National Environmental Protection Council is hereby Protection Council is hereby authorized to constitute the authorized to constitute the necessary secretariat which will necessary secretariat which will administer the Environmental administer the Environmental Impact Statement System and Impact Statement System and undertake the processing and undertake the processing and evaluation of environmental impact evaluation of environmental impact statements.statements.

Section 7Section 7Management and Financial Management and Financial

AssistanceAssistanceMinistry of Human Settlements is Ministry of Human Settlements is hereby authorized to provide hereby authorized to provide management and financial support to management and financial support to government offices and government offices and instrumentalities placed under its instrumentalities placed under its supervision pursuant to this Decree supervision pursuant to this Decree financed from its existing appropriation financed from its existing appropriation or from budgetary augmentation as the or from budgetary augmentation as the Minister of Human Settlements may Minister of Human Settlements may deem necessary.deem necessary.

Section 8Section 8Rules and RegulationsRules and Regulations

The National Environmental Protection The National Environmental Protection Council shall issue the necessary rules Council shall issue the necessary rules and regulations to implement this and regulations to implement this Decree. For this purpose, the National Decree. For this purpose, the National Pollution Control Commission may be Pollution Control Commission may be availed of as one of its implementing availed of as one of its implementing arms, consistent with the powers and arms, consistent with the powers and responsibilities of the National responsibilities of the National Pollution Control Commission as Pollution Control Commission as provided in P.D. No. 984.provided in P.D. No. 984.

Section 9Section 9Penalty for ViolationPenalty for Violation

Any person, corporation or partnership Any person, corporation or partnership found violating Section 4 of this Decree, found violating Section 4 of this Decree, or the terms and conditions in the or the terms and conditions in the issuance of the Environmental Compliance issuance of the Environmental Compliance Certificate, or of the standards, rules and Certificate, or of the standards, rules and regulations issued by the National regulations issued by the National Environmental Protection Council Environmental Protection Council pursuant to this Decree shall be punished pursuant to this Decree shall be punished by the suspension or cancellation of by the suspension or cancellation of his/its certificate and/or a fine in an his/its certificate and/or a fine in an amount not to exceed Fifty Thousand amount not to exceed Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.000) for every violation Pesos (P50,000.000) for every violation thereof, at the discretion of the National thereof, at the discretion of the National Environmental Protection Council.Environmental Protection Council.

Section 10Section 10Environmental Revolving FundEnvironmental Revolving FundProceeds from the penalties prescribed in Proceeds from the penalties prescribed in the preceding Section 9 and other penalties the preceding Section 9 and other penalties imposed by the National Pollution Control imposed by the National Pollution Control Commission as authorized in P.D. 984, shall Commission as authorized in P.D. 984, shall be automatically appropriated into an be automatically appropriated into an Environment Revolving Fund hereby created Environment Revolving Fund hereby created as an exemption to P.D. 711 and P.D. 1234. as an exemption to P.D. 711 and P.D. 1234. The fund shall be used exclusively for the The fund shall be used exclusively for the operation of the National Environmental operation of the National Environmental Protection Council and the National Pollution Protection Council and the National Pollution Control Commission in the implementation of Control Commission in the implementation of this Decree. The rules and regulations for this Decree. The rules and regulations for the utilization of this fund shall be the utilization of this fund shall be formulated by the Ministry of Human formulated by the Ministry of Human Settlements and submitted to the President Settlements and submitted to the President for approval.for approval.

Section 11Section 11Repealing ClauseRepealing Clause

The Inter-Agency Advisory Council of The Inter-Agency Advisory Council of the National Pollution Control the National Pollution Control Commission created under Section 4 Commission created under Section 4 of P.D. 984 is hereby abolished and of P.D. 984 is hereby abolished and its powers and responsibilities are its powers and responsibilities are forthwith delegated and transferred forthwith delegated and transferred to the Control of the National to the Control of the National Environmental Protection Council.Environmental Protection Council. All All other laws, decrees, executive orders, other laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and regulations inconsistent rules and regulations inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed, herewith are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.amended or modified accordingly.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 65416541

AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND INSTITUTEINSTITUTE

A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINESOF THE PHILIPPINES

SECTION 1.02.03: SECTION 1.02.03: Building permitsBuilding permits

(a) Any person, firm, or corporation, (a) Any person, firm, or corporation, including any department, office, including any department, office, bureau, agency of instrumentality of bureau, agency of instrumentality of the government intending to the government intending to construct, alter, repair, move, convert construct, alter, repair, move, convert or demolish any building or structure, or demolish any building or structure, or cause the same to be done, shall or cause the same to be done, shall obtain a building permit from the obtain a building permit from the Building Official for whichever of such Building Official for whichever of such work is proposed to be undertaken work is proposed to be undertaken for the building or structure, before for the building or structure, before any such work is started.any such work is started.

   (b) Appropriate rules and regulations (b) Appropriate rules and regulations

shall be set by the Secretary shall be set by the Secretary concerning:concerning:

(1) Forms for application for building (1) Forms for application for building permits;permits; (2) Procedures to be observed in securing (2) Procedures to be observed in securing such permits;such permits; (3) Procedures to be observed in the (3) Procedures to be observed in the issuance, suspension, and revocation of issuance, suspension, and revocation of such building permits; andsuch building permits; and (4) Type, nature, and scope of plans and (4) Type, nature, and scope of plans and specifications, and other requisite specifications, and other requisite documents, which shall be prepared and documents, which shall be prepared and designed by a licensed architect or designed by a licensed architect or engineer.engineer.   

(c) When authorized by the Building Official (c) When authorized by the Building Official in accordance with the provisions of this in accordance with the provisions of this

Code, plans and specifications need not be Code, plans and specifications need not be submitted for the following:submitted for the following:

(1) Group A traditional indigenous type (1) Group A traditional indigenous type of dwelling construction costing not of dwelling construction costing not more than three thousand pesos more than three thousand pesos (P3,000.00); and(P3,000.00); and

(2) Group J Division 1 Occupancy of Type (2) Group J Division 1 Occupancy of Type 1 conventional wood frame construction 1 conventional wood frame construction or of the traditional indigenous type of or of the traditional indigenous type of construction costing not more than construction costing not more than three thousand pesos (P3,000.00).three thousand pesos (P3,000.00).

(d) The applicant for a building permit for private buildings or (d) The applicant for a building permit for private buildings or structures after having complied with all the requirements structures after having complied with all the requirements prescribed therefor in accordance with the provisions of this Code, prescribed therefor in accordance with the provisions of this Code, shall be issued a building permit within fifteen (15) days from the shall be issued a building permit within fifteen (15) days from the date of payment of the permit fee for Groups A and J Occupancies date of payment of the permit fee for Groups A and J Occupancies and within thirty (30) days from the date of payment of the permit and within thirty (30) days from the date of payment of the permit fee for other Group Occupancies, unless the Building Official or his fee for other Group Occupancies, unless the Building Official or his Deputy authorized to issue the permit shall inform the applicant in Deputy authorized to issue the permit shall inform the applicant in writing why the permit should not be issued, and shall indicate writing why the permit should not be issued, and shall indicate thereon the particular provisions of the Code violated by the thereon the particular provisions of the Code violated by the applicant or the particular requirements not complied with. Within applicant or the particular requirements not complied with. Within fifteen (15) days from the date of receipt by the applicant of fifteen (15) days from the date of receipt by the applicant of advice from the Building Official or his Deputy authorized to issue advice from the Building Official or his Deputy authorized to issue the permit why the building permit should not be issued, or why the permit why the building permit should not be issued, or why the building permit is suspended or revoked, the applicant may the building permit is suspended or revoked, the applicant may appeal the non-issuance, suspension, or revocation thereof, to the appeal the non-issuance, suspension, or revocation thereof, to the Mayor of the chartered city or municipality, or the Governor of the Mayor of the chartered city or municipality, or the Governor of the province where the building or structure for which the permit is province where the building or structure for which the permit is being applied for is located. Said appeal shall be decided within being applied for is located. Said appeal shall be decided within fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof, otherwise, the applicant fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof, otherwise, the applicant may bring the matter to the proper Court of Justice for final may bring the matter to the proper Court of Justice for final disposition.disposition.

(e) All public buildings shall conform to the (e) All public buildings shall conform to the provisions of this Code and the Building provisions of this Code and the Building Official of the city or province where the Official of the city or province where the public building is located shall issue the public building is located shall issue the building permit therefor, stating in writing building permit therefor, stating in writing that such public building conforms to the that such public building conforms to the requirements of the Code. For national requirements of the Code. For national public buildings, the Secretary of Public public buildings, the Secretary of Public Works and Communications shall issue a Works and Communications shall issue a certification that such a building conforms certification that such a building conforms to the Code. Public buildings shall be to the Code. Public buildings shall be exempt from payment of building permit, exempt from payment of building permit, inspection, another fees.inspection, another fees.

SECTION 1.02.04: SECTION 1.02.04: FeesFees

(a) Regulations on building (a) Regulations on building permit, inspection and other permit, inspection and other fees, and for compliance with the fees, and for compliance with the same shall be covered by city and same shall be covered by city and municipal ordinances: Provided, municipal ordinances: Provided, That Traditional indigenous That Traditional indigenous family dwellings under Section family dwellings under Section 1.01.04 (d) shall be exempt from 1.01.04 (d) shall be exempt from payment of building permit fees.payment of building permit fees.

SECTION 1.02.05: SECTION 1.02.05: Inspection ad Inspection ad Certificates of OccupancyCertificates of Occupancy

(a) Inspection. The duly licensed architect or engineer (a) Inspection. The duly licensed architect or engineer engaged by the owner to undertake inspection and engaged by the owner to undertake inspection and detailed supervision of the construction shall detailed supervision of the construction shall periodically certify that the construction conforms to periodically certify that the construction conforms to the plans and specifications submitted in the the plans and specifications submitted in the application for a building permit. Upon submission of application for a building permit. Upon submission of such periodic certifications during the progress of such periodic certifications during the progress of construction, the Building Official shall periodically construction, the Building Official shall periodically issue the required authority to continue with the issue the required authority to continue with the subsequent phases of construction, without prejudice subsequent phases of construction, without prejudice to his right to conduct on his own initiative any to his right to conduct on his own initiative any inspection of the said construction. Upon completion inspection of the said construction. Upon completion of the construction, the said duly licensed architect or of the construction, the said duly licensed architect or engineer shall submit to the Building Official the final engineer shall submit to the Building Official the final certification that the building conforms to the certification that the building conforms to the provisions of the Code and with the detailed plans provisions of the Code and with the detailed plans and specifications submitted.and specifications submitted.

(b) Certificates of Occupancy. The proper Certificate of (b) Certificates of Occupancy. The proper Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued to the applicant within Occupancy shall be issued to the applicant within seven (7) days from completion of the requirements for seven (7) days from completion of the requirements for inspection and occupancy and payment of any and all inspection and occupancy and payment of any and all fees therefor, unless the building Official or his Deputy fees therefor, unless the building Official or his Deputy issuing the Certificate shall show cause in writing why issuing the Certificate shall show cause in writing why the Certificate should not be issued and shall indicate the Certificate should not be issued and shall indicate thereon the particular provisions of the Code violated thereon the particular provisions of the Code violated or the particular requirements not complied with. or the particular requirements not complied with. Within fifteen (15) days from receipt by the applicant Within fifteen (15) days from receipt by the applicant of the advice from Building Official or his Deputy of the advice from Building Official or his Deputy authorized to issue the certificate why the certificate authorized to issue the certificate why the certificate should not be issued, or why the certificate is should not be issued, or why the certificate is suspended or revoked, the applicant may appeal the suspended or revoked, the applicant may appeal the non-issuance, suspension, or revocation thereof, to the non-issuance, suspension, or revocation thereof, to the Mayor of the chartered city or municipality, or the Mayor of the chartered city or municipality, or the Governor of the province where the building for which Governor of the province where the building for which the certificate is being applied for is located. Said the certificate is being applied for is located. Said appeal shall be decided within fifteen (15) days from appeal shall be decided within fifteen (15) days from receipts thereof, otherwise, the applicant may bring receipts thereof, otherwise, the applicant may bring the matter to the proper Court of Justice for final the matter to the proper Court of Justice for final disposition. The building may be occupied only upon disposition. The building may be occupied only upon issuance of the Certificate of Occupancy.issuance of the Certificate of Occupancy.

TITLE 3 - TITLE 3 - REQUIREMENTS BASED REQUIREMENTS BASED

ON OCCUPANCYON OCCUPANCY Chapter 3.01 - CLASSIFICATION OF Chapter 3.01 - CLASSIFICATION OF

ALL BUILDINGS BYALL BUILDINGS BYUSE OR OCCUPANCY AND GENERAL USE OR OCCUPANCY AND GENERAL

REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTSFOR ALL OCCUPANCIESFOR ALL OCCUPANCIES

SECTION 3.01.01: SECTION 3.01.01: Occupancy Occupancy ClassifiedClassified

(a) Building proposed, for construction shall be identified (a) Building proposed, for construction shall be identified according to its use or the character of its occupancy according to its use or the character of its occupancy and shall be classified as follows:and shall be classified as follows:    (1) Group A - Residential: Dwellings. Group A (1) Group A - Residential: Dwellings. Group A Occupancies shall include dwellings.Occupancies shall include dwellings.    (2) Group B - Residential: Hotels and Apartments. - (2) Group B - Residential: Hotels and Apartments. - Group B Occupancies shall include boarding or lodging Group B Occupancies shall include boarding or lodging houses, hotels, apartment houses, convents, and houses, hotels, apartment houses, convents, and monasteries (each accomodating more than 10 persons).monasteries (each accomodating more than 10 persons).

   (3) Group C - Education and Recreation. Group C (3) Group C - Education and Recreation. Group C Occupancies shall be any building used for school or day Occupancies shall be any building used for school or day care purposes more than eight hours per week, involving care purposes more than eight hours per week, involving assemblage for instruction, education, or recreation, and assemblage for instruction, education, or recreation, and not classed in Group I or in Divisions 1 and 2 of Group H not classed in Group I or in Divisions 1 and 2 of Group H Occupancies.Occupancies.

(4) Group D - Institutional. Group D Occupancies (4) Group D - Institutional. Group D Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Mental hospitals, mental shall include: Division 1 - Mental hospitals, mental sanitariums, jails, prisons, reformatories, and sanitariums, jails, prisons, reformatories, and buildings where personal liberties of inmates are buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained; Division 2 - Nurseries for full-similarly restrained; Division 2 - Nurseries for full-time care of children under kindergarten age, time care of children under kindergarten age, hospitals, sanitariums, nursing homes with non-hospitals, sanitariums, nursing homes with non-ambulatory patients, and similar buildings (each ambulatory patients, and similar buildings (each accommodating more than five persons); Division 3 - accommodating more than five persons); Division 3 - Nursing homes for ambulatory patients, homes for Nursing homes for ambulatory patients, homes for children of kindergarten age or over (each children of kindergarten age or over (each accommodating more than five persons); Provided, accommodating more than five persons); Provided, That Group D Occupancies shall not include buildings That Group D Occupancies shall not include buildings used only for private residential purposes or for a used only for private residential purposes or for a family group.family group.

(5) Group E - Business and Mercantile. Group E (5) Group E - Business and Mercantile. Group E Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Gasoline filling Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Gasoline filling and service stations; storage garage and boat storage and service stations; storage garage and boat storage structures where no work is done except exchange of structures where no work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding, or the use of highly flammable liquids; welding, or the use of highly flammable liquids; Division 2 - Wholesale and retail stores, office Division 2 - Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining establishments having buildings, drinking and dining establishments having an occupant load test than 100, printing plants, an occupant load test than 100, printing plants, municipal police and fire stations, factories and municipal police and fire stations, factories and workshops using materials not highly flammable or workshops using materials not highly flammable or combustible, storage and sales room for combustible combustible, storage and sales room for combustible goods, and paint stores without bulk handling, and goods, and paint stores without bulk handling, and Division 3 -Aircraft hangars where no repair work is Division 3 -Aircraft hangars where no repair work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding, or the use of highly requiring no open flame, welding, or the use of highly flammable liquids; open parking garages and flammable liquids; open parking garages and heliports.heliports.

(6) Group F - Industrial. Group F Occupancies shall include: (6) Group F - Industrial. Group F Occupancies shall include: Ice plants, power plants, pumping plants, cold storage, and Ice plants, power plants, pumping plants, cold storage, and creameries; factories and workshops using incombustible creameries; factories and workshops using incombustible and non-explosive materials; and storage and sales rooms and non-explosive materials; and storage and sales rooms of incombustible and non-explosive materials.of incombustible and non-explosive materials.    (7) Group G - Storage and Hazardous. Group G Occupancies (7) Group G - Storage and Hazardous. Group G Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Storage and handling of shall include: Division 1 - Storage and handling of hazardous and highly flammable or explosive materials hazardous and highly flammable or explosive materials other than flammable liquids; Division 2 - Storage and other than flammable liquids; Division 2 - Storage and handling of flammable liquids; dry cleaning plants using handling of flammable liquids; dry cleaning plants using flammable liquids; paint stores with bulk handling; paint flammable liquids; paint stores with bulk handling; paint shops and spray painting rooms, and shops; Division 3 - shops and spray painting rooms, and shops; Division 3 - Wood working establishments, planning mills and box Wood working establishments, planning mills and box factories, shops factories where loose, combustible fibers factories, shops factories where loose, combustible fibers or dust are manufactured, processed or generated; or dust are manufactured, processed or generated; warehouses where highly combustible material is stored; warehouses where highly combustible material is stored; Division 4 - Repair garages; and Division 5 - Aircraft repair Division 4 - Repair garages; and Division 5 - Aircraft repair hangars.hangars.   

(8) Group H - Assembly Other Than Group I. (8) Group H - Assembly Other Than Group I. Group H Occupancies shall include: Division 1 Group H Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Any assembly building with a stage and an - Any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of less than 100 in the occupant load of less than 100 in the building; Division 2 - Any assembly building building; Division 2 - Any assembly building without a stage and having an occupant load without a stage and having an occupant load of 300 or more in the building; Division 3 - of 300 or more in the building; Division 3 - Any assembly building without a stage and Any assembly building without a stage and having an occupant load of less than 300 in having an occupant load of less than 300 in the building, including such buildings used for the building, including such buildings used for school purposes less than eight hours per school purposes less than eight hours per week; and Division 4 - Stadiums, reviewing week; and Division 4 - Stadiums, reviewing stands, amusement park structures not stands, amusement park structures not included within Group I or Divisions 1, 2, and included within Group I or Divisions 1, 2, and 3, Group H Occupancies.3, Group H Occupancies.

(9) Group I - Assembly Occupant Load (9) Group I - Assembly Occupant Load 1000 or More. Group I Occupancies 1000 or More. Group I Occupancies shall be any assembly building with a shall be any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of 1000 stage and an occupant load of 1000 or more in the building.or more in the building.    (10) Group J - Accessory. Group J (10) Group J - Accessory. Group J Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Occupancies shall include: Division 1 - Private garages, carports, sheds, and Private garages, carports, sheds, and agricultural buildings; Division 2 - agricultural buildings; Division 2 - Fences over 1.80 meters (6 feet) Fences over 1.80 meters (6 feet) high, tanks, and towers.high, tanks, and towers.

(b) Other subgroupings or divisions within (b) Other subgroupings or divisions within Groups A to J may be determined by the Groups A to J may be determined by the Secretary. Any other occupancy not Secretary. Any other occupancy not mentioned specifically in this Section, or mentioned specifically in this Section, or about which there is any question, shall be about which there is any question, shall be included in the Group which its use most included in the Group which its use most nearly resembles based on the existing or nearly resembles based on the existing or proposed life and fire hazard.proposed life and fire hazard.    (c) The Building Officials shall identify and (c) The Building Officials shall identify and indicate in the Certificate of Occupancy the indicate in the Certificate of Occupancy the appropriate classification to which a building appropriate classification to which a building or structure to be constructed belongs.or structure to be constructed belongs.

SECTION 3.01.02: SECTION 3.01.02: Change in UseChange in Use

(a) No change shall be made in the character of (a) No change shall be made in the character of occupancies or use of any building which would occupancies or use of any building which would place the building in a different division of the place the building in a different division of the same group of occupancy or in a different same group of occupancy or in a different group of occupancies, unless such buildings is group of occupancies, unless such buildings is made to comply with the requirements for such made to comply with the requirements for such division or group of occupancy: Except, That division or group of occupancy: Except, That the character of occupancy of existing buildings the character of occupancy of existing buildings may be changed subject to the approval of the may be changed subject to the approval of the Building Official and the building may be Building Official and the building may be occupied for purposes set forth in other Groups occupied for purposes set forth in other Groups without conforming to all the requirements for without conforming to all the requirements for those Groups, provided the new or proposed those Groups, provided the new or proposed use is less hazardous, based on life and fire use is less hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the existing use.risk, than the existing use.

SECTION 3.01.03: SECTION 3.01.03: Mixed Mixed OccupancyOccupancy

(a) (a) General.General. When a building is used for more than one When a building is used for more than one occupancy purposes, each part of the building comprising occupancy purposes, each part of the building comprising a distinct "Occupancy" shall be separated from any other a distinct "Occupancy" shall be separated from any other occupancy. When a building is used for more than one occupancy. When a building is used for more than one occupancy purpose, it shall be subject to the most occupancy purpose, it shall be subject to the most restrictive requirements for the occupancies concerned: restrictive requirements for the occupancies concerned: Except, - (1) When a one-story building houses more than Except, - (1) When a one-story building houses more than one occupancy, each portion of the building shall conform one occupancy, each portion of the building shall conform to the requirements for the occupancy housed therein, and to the requirements for the occupancy housed therein, and the area of the building shall be such that the sum of the the area of the building shall be such that the sum of the actual areas divided by the allowable area for each actual areas divided by the allowable area for each separate occupancy shall not exceed one; and (2) Where separate occupancy shall not exceed one; and (2) Where minor accessory uses do not occupy more than 10 per cent minor accessory uses do not occupy more than 10 per cent of the area of any floor of a building, nor more than 10 per of the area of any floor of a building, nor more than 10 per cent of the basis are permitted in the occupancy cent of the basis are permitted in the occupancy requirements. The major use of the building shall requirements. The major use of the building shall determine the occupancy classification provided the uses determine the occupancy classification provided the uses are separated in accordance with requirements for are separated in accordance with requirements for occupancy separation.occupancy separation.

(b) (b) Forms of Occupancy Separation. Forms of Occupancy Separation. Occupancy separations shall be vertical or Occupancy separations shall be vertical or horizontal or both, or when necessary, of horizontal or both, or when necessary, of such other form as may be required to such other form as may be required to afford a complete separation between the afford a complete separation between the various occupancy divisions in the building.various occupancy divisions in the building.    (c) (c) Types of Occupancy Separation.Types of Occupancy Separation. Occupancy separations shall be classed as Occupancy separations shall be classed as "One-Hour Fire-Resistive" "Two-Hour Fire-"One-Hour Fire-Resistive" "Two-Hour Fire-Resistive", "Three-Hour Fire-Resistive", and Resistive", "Three-Hour Fire-Resistive", and "Four-Hour Fire-Resistive"."Four-Hour Fire-Resistive".

(1) A "One-Hour Fire-Resistive (1) A "One-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separations" shall be Occupancy Separations" shall be of not less than one-hour fire-of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction. All resistive construction. All openings in such a separations openings in such a separations shall be protected a fire shall be protected a fire assembly having a one-hour fire-assembly having a one-hour fire-resistive rating.resistive rating.

(2) A "Two-Hour Fire-Resistive (2) A "Two-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation" shall be of Occupancy Separation" shall be of not less than two-hour fire-not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction. All openings resistive construction. All openings in such separation shall be in such separation shall be protected by a fire assembly protected by a fire assembly having a one and one-half-hour having a one and one-half-hour fire-resistive rating.fire-resistive rating.   

(3) A "Three-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation" (3) A "Three-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation" shall be of not less than three-hour fire-resistive shall be of not less than three-hour fire-resistive construction. All openings in walls forming such construction. All openings in walls forming such separation shall be protected by a fire assembly having separation shall be protected by a fire assembly having a three-hour fire-resistive rating. The total width of all a three-hour fire-resistive rating. The total width of all openings in any three-hour fire-resistive occupancy openings in any three-hour fire-resistive occupancy separation wall in any one-story shall not exceed 25 per separation wall in any one-story shall not exceed 25 per cent of the length of the wall in that story and no single cent of the length of the wall in that story and no single opening shall have an area greater than 10.00 square opening shall have an area greater than 10.00 square meters (107.1 square feet). All openings in floors meters (107.1 square feet). All openings in floors forming a "Three-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy forming a "Three-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation" shall be protected by vertical enclosures Separation" shall be protected by vertical enclosures extending above and below such openings. The walls of extending above and below such openings. The walls of such vertical enclosures shall be of not less than ten-such vertical enclosures shall be of not less than ten-hours fire-resistive construction, and all openings hours fire-resistive construction, and all openings therein shall be protected by a fire assembly having one therein shall be protected by a fire assembly having one and one-half-hour fire-resistive rating.and one-half-hour fire-resistive rating.   

(4) A "Four-Hour Fire-Resistive (4) A "Four-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation" shall Occupancy Separation" shall have no openings therein and have no openings therein and shall be of not less than four-shall be of not less than four-hour fire-resistive construction.hour fire-resistive construction.

   (d) (d) Fire Ratings for Occupancy Separation. Fire Ratings for Occupancy Separation. Occupancy separations shall be provided between Occupancy separations shall be provided between various groups, subgroupings, or divisions of various groups, subgroupings, or divisions of occupancies. The Secretary shall promulgate rules occupancies. The Secretary shall promulgate rules and regulations for appropriate occupancy and regulations for appropriate occupancy separations in buildings of mixed occupancy: separations in buildings of mixed occupancy: Provided,Provided, That where any occupancy separation is That where any occupancy separation is required, the minimum shall be a "One-Hour Fire-required, the minimum shall be a "One-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation"; and where the Resistive Occupancy Separation"; and where the occupancy separation is horizontal, structural occupancy separation is horizontal, structural members supporting the separation shall be members supporting the separation shall be protected by equivalent fire-resistive construction.protected by equivalent fire-resistive construction.   

  

SECTION 3.01.04: SECTION 3.01.04: Location on Location on PropertyProperty

(a) General. Buildings shall adjoin or (a) General. Buildings shall adjoin or have access to a public space, yard, or have access to a public space, yard, or street on not less than one side. street on not less than one side. Required yards shall be permanently Required yards shall be permanently maintained. For the purpose of this maintained. For the purpose of this Section, the center line of an adjoining Section, the center line of an adjoining street or alley shall be considered an street or alley shall be considered an adjacent property line. Eaves over adjacent property line. Eaves over required windows shall be not less than required windows shall be not less than 75 centimeters (30 inches) from the 75 centimeters (30 inches) from the side and rear and rear property lines.side and rear and rear property lines.   

(b) (b) Fire Resistance of Walls.Fire Resistance of Walls. Exterior walls shall have Exterior walls shall have fire resistance and opening protection in accordance fire resistance and opening protection in accordance with requirements set by the Secretary. Projections with requirements set by the Secretary. Projections beyond the exterior wall shall not extend beyond a beyond the exterior wall shall not extend beyond a point one-third the distance to the property line point one-third the distance to the property line from an exterior wall; or a point one-third the from an exterior wall; or a point one-third the distance from an assumed vertical plane located distance from an assumed vertical plane located where fire-resistive protection of openings is first where fire-resistive protection of openings is first required due to location on property, whichever is required due to location on property, whichever is the least restrictive. Distance shall be measured at the least restrictive. Distance shall be measured at right angles from the property line. When openings right angles from the property line. When openings in exterior walls are required to be protected due to in exterior walls are required to be protected due to distance from property line, the sum of the area of distance from property line, the sum of the area of such openings shall not exceed 50 per cent of the such openings shall not exceed 50 per cent of the total area of the wall in each story.total area of the wall in each story.   

(c) (c) Buildings on Same Property and Buildings Containing Buildings on Same Property and Buildings Containing Courts.Courts. For the purpose of determining the required For the purpose of determining the required wall and opening protection, buildings on the same wall and opening protection, buildings on the same property and court walls shall be assumed to have a property and court walls shall be assumed to have a property line between them. When a new building is to property line between them. When a new building is to be erected on the same property with an existing be erected on the same property with an existing building, the assumed property line from the existing building, the assumed property line from the existing building shall be the distance to the property line for building shall be the distance to the property line for each occupancy as set forth by the Secretary: Provided, each occupancy as set forth by the Secretary: Provided, That two or more buildings on the same property may That two or more buildings on the same property may be considered as portions of one building of the be considered as portions of one building of the aggregate area of such buildings is within the limits of aggregate area of such buildings is within the limits of allowable floor areas for a single building; and that allowable floor areas for a single building; and that when the buildings so considered house different when the buildings so considered house different occupancies or are of different types of construction, occupancies or are of different types of construction, the area shall be that allowed for the most restricted the area shall be that allowed for the most restricted occupancy or construction.occupancy or construction.   

SECTION 3.01.05: SECTION 3.01.05: Allowable Allowable Floor AreasFloor Areas

   (a) Areas of One-Story Buildings (a) Areas of One-Story Buildings and Building Over One Story. and Building Over One Story. Allowable floor areas for one-story Allowable floor areas for one-story buildings and buildings over one buildings and buildings over one story shall not exceed the limits story shall not exceed the limits determined in accordance with determined in accordance with occupancy groups and types of occupancy groups and types of construction.construction.   

(b) (b) Area Separation Walls.Area Separation Walls. Each Each portion of a building separated portion of a building separated by one or more area separation by one or more area separation walls may be considered a walls may be considered a separate building provided the separate building provided the area separation wall meet the area separation wall meet the requirements of this Code.requirements of this Code.   

SECTION 3.01.06: SECTION 3.01.06: Allowable Area Allowable Area IncreasesIncreases

   (a) The floor area hereinabove (a) The floor area hereinabove provided may be increased in certain provided may be increased in certain specific instances and under specific instances and under appropriate conditions, based on the appropriate conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets, or existence of public space, streets, or yards extending along the adjoining yards extending along the adjoining two or more sides of the building or two or more sides of the building or structure.structure.   

SECTION 3.01.07: SECTION 3.01.07: Maximum Maximum Height of Buildings and Height of Buildings and

IncreasesIncreases

   (a) The maximum height and number of stories of every (a) The maximum height and number of stories of every building shall be dependent upon the character of the building shall be dependent upon the character of the occupancy and the type of construction, and shall not occupancy and the type of construction, and shall not exceed the limits determined by population density, exceed the limits determined by population density, building bulk, widths of streets, and car parking building bulk, widths of streets, and car parking requirements. The height shall be measured from the requirements. The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface, provided highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface, provided that the height measured from the lowest adjoining that the height measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum height by more surface shall not exceed such maximum height by more than 3.00 meters (10 feet): Except, That towers, spires, than 3.00 meters (10 feet): Except, That towers, spires, and steeples, erected as a part of a building and not used and steeples, erected as a part of a building and not used for habitation or storage, are limited as to height only by for habitation or storage, are limited as to height only by structural design if completely of incombustible materials, structural design if completely of incombustible materials, or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters (19 feet, 8 or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters (19 feet, 8 inches) above the height limits for each occupancy group if inches) above the height limits for each occupancy group if of combustible materials.of combustible materials.      

SECTION 3.01.08: SECTION 3.01.08: Maximum Maximum Requirements for Group A Requirements for Group A

Dwellings: One Two StoriesDwellings: One Two Stories

   (a) (a) Dwelling Location and Lot Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy. Occupancy. The dwelling shall occupy The dwelling shall occupy not more than 90 per cent of a corner not more than 90 per cent of a corner lot and 80 per cent of an inside lot, lot and 80 per cent of an inside lot, and subject to the provisions on and subject to the provisions on easements of light and view of the easements of light and view of the Civil Code of the Philippines, shall be Civil Code of the Philippines, shall be at least 2.00 meters (6 feet, inches) at least 2.00 meters (6 feet, inches) from the property line.from the property line.   

(b) (b) Light and Ventilation. Light and Ventilation. Every dwelling shall be so Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as to provide adequate light and constructed and arranged as to provide adequate light and ventilation.ventilation.    (1) Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms and utility (1) Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms and utility rooms shall have a height of not less than 2.40 meters (8 rooms shall have a height of not less than 2.40 meters (8 feet), measured from floor to ceiling.feet), measured from floor to ceiling.    (2) Rooms shall have a minimum size of 6.00 square (2) Rooms shall have a minimum size of 6.00 square meters (65 square feet) with a least horizontal dimension meters (65 square feet) with a least horizontal dimension of 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) for rooms of human of 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) for rooms of human habitations; 3.00 square meters (32 feet) with a least habitations; 3.00 square meters (32 feet) with a least horizontal dimension of 1.50 meters (5 feet) for kitchens; horizontal dimension of 1.50 meters (5 feet) for kitchens; and 1.20 square meters (13 square feet) with a least and 1.20 square meters (13 square feet) with a least horizontal dimension of 90 centimeters (3 feet) for horizontal dimension of 90 centimeters (3 feet) for bathrooms.bathrooms.    (3) Windows shall be at least 1/10th of the floor area of the (3) Windows shall be at least 1/10th of the floor area of the room.room.

   (c) (c) Sanitation. Sanitation. Every dwelling Every dwelling shall be provided with at least shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet and adequate one sanitary toilet and adequate washing and drainage facilities.washing and drainage facilities.   

(d) (d) Foundation.Foundation. Footing shall be of Footing shall be of sufficient size and strength to support sufficient size and strength to support the load and dwelling and shall be at the load and dwelling and shall be at least 30 centimeters (1 foot) thick least 30 centimeters (1 foot) thick and 60 centimeters (2 feet) below the and 60 centimeters (2 feet) below the surface of the ground. Each post shall surface of the ground. Each post shall be anchored to such footings by be anchored to such footings by straps and bolts of adequate size.straps and bolts of adequate size.   

(e) (e) Post or Suportales.Post or Suportales. The The dimensions of wooden post or dimensions of wooden post or suportales shall be those found suportales shall be those found in Table 3.01 - A Dimension of in Table 3.01 - A Dimension of Wooden Posts or Suportales Wooden Posts or Suportales (Annex B).(Annex B).   

(f) (f) Floor.Floor. The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per square meter (40 pounds per square foot) and for the second floor, at least square meter (40 pounds per square foot) and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds per square foot).150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds per square foot).    (g) (g) Roof. Roof. The wind load for roofs shall be at least 150 kilograms per square The wind load for roofs shall be at least 150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds per square foot).meter (30 pounds per square foot).    (h) (h) Stairs.Stairs. Stairs may be 75 centimeters (30 inches) wide, with a rise of 20 Stairs may be 75 centimeters (30 inches) wide, with a rise of 20 centimeters (8 inches) and a run of 23 centimeters (9 inches).centimeters (8 inches) and a run of 23 centimeters (9 inches).    (i) (i) Entrance and Exit.Entrance and Exit. There shall be one entrance and one exit. There shall be one entrance and one exit.    (j) (j) Electrical Outlets. Electrical Outlets. There shall be at least one convenience outlet per 6.00 There shall be at least one convenience outlet per 6.00 meters (20 feet) of wall measured along the floor and one light outlet for meters (20 feet) of wall measured along the floor and one light outlet for every room.every room.    (k) (k) Mechanical Requirements. Mechanical Requirements. Family dwellings not more than two stories Family dwellings not more than two stories shall be exempt from the requirements of the Mechanical Code.shall be exempt from the requirements of the Mechanical Code.    SECTION 3.01.09: SECTION 3.01.09: Requirements for Group OccupanciesRequirements for Group Occupancies    (a) Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate (a) Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate regulations for each occupancy group covering: allowable construction, regulations for each occupancy group covering: allowable construction, height, and area; location on property, exit facilities, light, ventilation, and height, and area; location on property, exit facilities, light, ventilation, and sanitation; enclosure of vertical openings; fire-extinguishing system; and sanitation; enclosure of vertical openings; fire-extinguishing system; and special hazards.special hazards.

(f) (f) Floor.Floor. The live load of the first The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per square meter (40 pounds per per square meter (40 pounds per square foot) and for the second floor, square foot) and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per square at least 150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds per square foot).meter (30 pounds per square foot).    (g) (g) Roof. Roof. The wind load for roofs shall The wind load for roofs shall be at least 150 kilograms per square be at least 150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds per square foot).meter (30 pounds per square foot).   

(h) (h) Stairs.Stairs. Stairs may be 75 Stairs may be 75 centimeters (30 inches) wide, with centimeters (30 inches) wide, with a rise of 20 centimeters (8 inches) a rise of 20 centimeters (8 inches) and a run of 23 centimeters (9 and a run of 23 centimeters (9 inches).inches).    (i) (i) Entrance and Exit.Entrance and Exit. There shall be There shall be one entrance and one exit.one entrance and one exit.   

(j) (j) Electrical Outlets. Electrical Outlets. There shall be at There shall be at least one convenience outlet per 6.00 least one convenience outlet per 6.00 meters (20 feet) of wall measured meters (20 feet) of wall measured along the floor and one light outlet along the floor and one light outlet for every room.for every room.    (k) (k) Mechanical Requirements. Mechanical Requirements. Family Family dwellings not more than two stories dwellings not more than two stories shall be exempt from the shall be exempt from the requirements of the Mechanical Code.requirements of the Mechanical Code.

  

SECTION 3.01.09: SECTION 3.01.09: Requirements Requirements for Group Occupanciesfor Group Occupancies

   (a) Subject to the provisions of this (a) Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate Code, the Secretary shall promulgate regulations for each occupancy group regulations for each occupancy group covering: allowable construction, covering: allowable construction, height, and area; location on property, height, and area; location on property, exit facilities, light, ventilation, and exit facilities, light, ventilation, and sanitation; enclosure of vertical sanitation; enclosure of vertical openings; fire-extinguishing system; openings; fire-extinguishing system; and special hazards.and special hazards.