processing of x ray film
TRANSCRIPT
PROCESSING OF RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
PRESENTED BY :
HAFSA SARA ZUBAIRBDS.
OBJECTIVES:
• WHAT ARE RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS
• TYPES OF FILMS
• INTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILM COMPOSITION
• PROCESSING
• TYPES OF PROCESSING
WHAT ARE RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS…???
• The media on which radiographic images of objects are recorded.
• Images are stored as an unseen (latent) image that will be changed to a seen image by processing the film.
TYPES OF X-RAY FILMS
INTRA ORAL
EXTRA ORAL
- INTRA ORAL FILMS
PERIAPICAL BITEWING OCCLUSAL
EXTRA ORAL FILMS
PANORAMIC X-RAYS
Cephalometric projections Sialography TOMOGRAMS Computed
tomography,
INTRA ORAL X-RAY FILM COMPOSITIONFILM PACKET
OUTER PLASTIC WRAPPERBLACK PAPER WRAPPER
LEAD FOIL
PROCESSING OF RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
• DEVELOPER:
• The action of developing solution is to convert the exposed silver halide grains to metallic silver.
COMPOSITION:DEVELOPING AGENTS(elol, metol and Hydroquinone)
ACCELERATOR (sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide)
• These are capable of converting silver halide into metallic silver.
• The ideal Ph of developing solution is 10 – 11.5.• The developing solution contains an alkali or accelerator.
RESTRAINER(potassium bromide)
PRESERVATIVESSodium sulphite and potassium sulphite)
SOLVENT
• The function of restrainer is to prevent the action of developer on the unexposed silver halide grain and thus to prevent film fog.
• Prevent oxidation of developing solution.
• Water is used as solvent.
• DEVELOPING REPLENISHER
• The replenisher has the same composition as that of developing solution.
BUT
• The developer replenisher is more alkaline and does not contain restraining bromide.
FIXER
• The action of fixing solution is to remove the unexposed silver halide crystals.
COMPOSITION:
FIXING AGENT(sodium thiosulphate)
ACIDIFIER(acetic acid)
• Fixing agent react with silver halide to form a soluble compound without any effect on metallic silver image.
• It neutralizes any alkali of developing solution which is still adherent to the film.
TYPES OF PROCESSING
1. MANUAL PROCESSINGA. VISUAL METHODB. TIME-TEMPERATURE METHOD
2. AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
MANUAL PROCESSING
VISUAL METHOD
PERIODICALLY VIEWED UNDER THE SAFELIGHT FOR THE EMERGENCE OF CLEAR IMAGE.
IMMERSED IN DEVELOPING SOLUTION
CARRIED OUT IN A DARKROOM WITH A SAFELIGHTENING CONDITION
WHEN THE IMAGE APPEARS THE FILM IS WASHED AND IMMERSED IN FIXING SOLUTION.
MANUAL FILM PROCESSOR
TIME- TEMPERATURE METHOD:EFFECTIVE STANDARIZATION MAY BE ACHEIEVD WITHOUT ANY AUTOMATIC AID.
FILM IS IMMERESED IN A DEVELOPER KEPT AT A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE FOR A FIXED DURATION OF TIME.
TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT TIME65 F 6 MINUTES68 F 5 MINUTES70 F 4 MINUTES72 F 4 MINUTES76 F 3 MINUTES
TIME- TEMPERATURE CHART
AUTOMATIC PROCESSING:THE EXPOSED FILM IS FED AT ONE END AND IT PASSES THROUGH THE DEVELOPER , FIXER , WATER AND DRIER.
THE STEP OF RINCING IN WATER AFTER DEVELOPING IS AVOIDED.
AS THE ROLLER SYSTEM HAS THE SQUEEZING ACTION , THE DEVELOPING SOLUTION ABSORBED BY THE GELATIN OF THE EMULSION WILL BE LESS AS IT IS TRANSPORTED FROM THE DEVELOPER TO THE FIXER.
THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SYSTEM IS MAINTAINED
THE FILMS COMES OUT THROUGH THE OTHER END OF THE PROCESSOR , PROCESSED, DRY, AND READY FOR VIEWING.
AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR
REFRENCES:
• ESSENTIAL OF DENTAL RADIOLOGY BY JOHN, PRAMOD JOHN R.