proceedings of the human factors and - gbv
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Proceedings of the
Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society38th Annual Meeting
Volume 2
Nashville, Tennessee
Hosted by the Smoky Mountain
and Tennessee Valley Chapters
TECHNOLOGY IN HARMONY.
X
, . . SOCIETY
Human Factors and
Ergonomics SocietyP.O. Box 1369
Santa Monica, CA 90406-1369 USA
UB/TIB Hannover 89
XIV PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994
Perceived Exertion Scales: Toward Development of 626
Improved Verbal Anchors
Sue Mason Angel, Robert J, Marley, and
Leann Stadtlander
The Effects of Different Forms of Space 631
Restriction on Inspection Performance
Jacqueline L. Reynolds, Colin G. Drury,Joseph Shark, and Frank Cerny
Psychophysical Cost Function of Joint Movement 636
for Arm Reach Posture Prediction
Eui S. Jung, Jaeho Choe, and Sung H. Kim
LESSONS LEARNED FROM A RETAIL FOOD 641*
INDUSTRY ERGONOMICS TASK FORCE
[Panel]Thomas J. Sluchak (Chair), Mark S. Hoffman
(Cochair), Charles I. Miller, and Peter R. Labbe
LIFTING [Lecture]Mark S. Redfern (Chair), Robert O. Andres (Cochair)
A Study of the Interaction between Load and 644
Coupling during LiftingGary A. Mirka, Ann Baker, Angela E. Harrison,Daniel P. Kelaher, and Joseph R. Davis
The Effects of Task Conditions on Trunk 649
Muscular Fatigue during Dynamic LiftingSang H. Kim, Min K. Chung, and Wook G. Lee
Relationships between the NIOSH (1991) Lifting 654
Index, Compressive and Shear Forces on
the Lumbosacral Joint, and Low Back InjuryIncidence Rate Based on Industrial Field Study
Waldemar Karwowski, Marenda Caldwell,and Paul Gaddie
Age Effects in Biomechanical Modeling of 658
Static Lifting StrengthsDon B. Chaffin, Charles B. Woolley, Trina Buhr,and Lois Verbrugge
ERGONOMICS PROBLEM SOLVING [Panel] 662*
David C. Alexander (Chair), Thomas J. Albin
(Cochair), W. Monroe Keyserling, Sheryl S. Ulin,and Chris J. Henderson
ERGONOMIC APPLICATIONS I [Lecture]Ravindra S. Goonetilleke (Chair),George A. Chuckrow (Cochair)
High Technology and Manufacturing: Work Physiology 664
Improvements via the Ergonomic Simulation
Analysis SystemLeighton L. Smith
Adjustable Sit-Stand Workstations in the Office 668Heather L. Nerhood and Steven W. Thompson
Customer Service at the Checkout: 673
Relating Productivity, Ergonomics, and
Front-End Management Issues
Mark S. Hoffman
A Method to Measure Discomfort of Static, 678
Submaximal Force Exertion
Brechtje J. Daams
ERGONOMIC APPLICATIONS II [Lecture]
Fred W. Lupton III (Chair), Maryanne Townes
(Cochair)
Physical Demands of Work Are the Common 683
Reference for an Integrated Ergonomics ProgramRobert L. Getty
Contact Area Effects on Discomfort 688
Ravindra S. Goonetilleke and Timothy J. Eng
Ergonomics in Product Design Solves Manufacturing 691
Problems: Considerating the User's Needs at
Every Stage of the Product's Life
Christopher A. Dockery and Thomas Neuman
The Economics of Ergonomics 696
David C. Alexander
AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 701
Volume 2
MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND
REHABILITATION
USER-CENTERED DESIGN IN
MEDICINE/PRODUCTIVITY AND ERGONOMICS
IN REHABILITATION [Lecture]John W. Gosbee (Chair), Linda M. McQuistion(Cochair)
Improving Ultrasound Systems by User-Centered Design 705
Arlene F. Aucella, Thomas Kirkham, Susan Barnhart,
Lawrence Murphy, and Kris LaConte
Users as Designers: How People Cope with 710
Poor HCI Design in Computer-Based Medical Devices
Jodi Heintz Obradovich and David D. Woods
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted tor publication
PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994 xv
Integrating Ergonomics into the Rehabilitation 715
Process: A Multidisciplinary Approach for
Successful Return-to-Work. Part I
Elizabeth A. Mayne and Julie M. Sawyer
An Investigation of the Relationship of **
Disability and Productivity of VisuallyImpaired Worker
Jacob Jen-Gwo Chen, Lawrence J. H. Schulze,Min-Der Ko, and Aziz U, Huq
RISKS, INCIDENTS, AND ERRORS IN **
MEDICINE [Panel]Marilyn Sue Bogner (Chair), Dennis I. Serig(Cochair), Denise C. R. Benel, Colin F MacKenzie,
and Steven K. Howard
ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND
MANAGEMENT
THE IEA AND ERGONOMICS 719*
INTERNATIONALLY [Panel]Hal W. Hendrick (Chair), Andrew S. Imada,
Waldemar Karwowski, Ogden Brown, Jr.,
and Y. Ian Noy
COMMUNITY ERGONOMICS: A 724*
THEORETICAL MODEL FOR
REBUILDING THE INNER CITY [Symposium]Michael J. Smith (Chair), Pascale Carayon,John Smith, William Cohen, and Jerry Upton
Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities **
Albert Gore (Invited)
Crusade to Emancipate American Inner Cities **
Reggie White
Community Ergonomics: An Emerging Theory and 729
Engineering Practice
John H. Smith and Michael J. Smith
Community Ergonomics: Past Approaches and 734
Future Prospects Toward America's Urban Crisis
William J. Cohen and John H. Smith
Community Ergonomics: Data Collection Methods 739
and Analysis of Human Characteristics
Leah Newman and Pascale Carayon
Community Ergonomics: A Conceptual Model and **
a Pilot Test in Knoxville, Tennessee
Rev. Jerry Upton, Lauren Tullock,
and Michael J. Smith
Future Directions in Community Redevelopment **
Henry Cisneros (Invited)
POTPOURRI: A DIVERSITY OF ODAM INTERESTS
[Lecture]Janet J. Turnage (Chair)
Response Surface Analysis of Effects of 744
Situation Constraints on Communications
Media Choice in OrganizationsBarrett S. Caldwell and Shiaw-Tsyr Uang
Long-Term Evaluation of a Compressed, 749
Rapidly Rotating Work Schedule
Michael J. Paley, Leslie Beth Herbert,
and Donald I. Tepas
Self-Management of Rest Breaks by VDT Users 754
Robert A. Henning, Anna M. Ortega,Eric A. Callaghan, and George V. Kissel
Developing a Better Design Process: Redesigning 759
the Organization to Produce More Ergonomic DesignsChristopher A. Dockery and Thomas Neuman
MACROERGONOMIC CONCEPTS AND TOOLS
[Lecture]Michelle M. Robertson (Chair)
High-Involvement Ergonomics: A New Approach 764
to ParticipationOgden Brown, Jr.
Quantitative Approaches to Team Communication 769
and Performance: Harmony of Systems Analysis Tools
Barrett S. Caldwell
Macroergonomics in the Context of Vendor-Customer 774
Technology Transfer
Wayne Fisher
Reengineering a Large Technology-Based Organization 779
Heidi Ann Hahn, Richard P. Bastian, and
Pamela R. French
PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN
PERFORMANCE
PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
IN HUMAN PERFORMANCE [Lecture]David R. Street, Jr. (Chair), Tatree Nontasak
(Cochair)
Human Factors Issues for Resolving Adverse 784
Effects of Human Work Underload and Workload
Transitions in Advanced Transportation SystemsThomas G. Ryan
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
XV! PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994
Designing an Intelligent Tutoring System Interface 789
to Account for Personality Differences
Pauline K. Cushman
Technology, Teacher Style, and Classroom 793
Anita P. Ambardar
Is Motion Sickness Hereditary? 796
Thomas M. Yanus and Frederick V. Malmstrom
SAFETY
SAFETY POTPOURRI [Lecture]
Michael J. Kalsher (Chair), R. Todd Brown (Cochair)
Intelligibility of Synthesized Voice Messages 801
in Commercial Truck Cab Noise for Normal-Hearingand Hearing-Impaired Listeners
H. Boyd Morrison and John G. Casali
Analysis of Accident Data and Fatal Risk 806
for Occupational Use of Extension Ladders
Christine T. Wood, Roger L. McCarthy,Jeya Padmanaban, and Roman R. Beyer
The Time Delay to Start Evacuating upon 811
Hearing a Fire Alarm
Guylene Proulx
Ergonomic Analysis of Extension Ladders 816
Roman R. Beyer, Roger L. McCarthy, and
Christine T. Wood
PRODUCT LABEL DESIGN AND CONSUMER
BEHAVIOR [Lecture]R. Todd Brown (Chair), Barry H. Beith (Cochair)
Type Form Variables: Differences in Perceived 821
Readability and Perceived Hazardousness
N. Clayton Silver, Paul B. Kline, and
Curt C, Braun
Behavioral Compliance with Warnings: Effects 826
of Stress and Placement
Amy Barlow Magurno and Michael S. Wogalter
The Interaction of Signal Word and Color on 831
Warning Labels: Differences in Perceived Hazard
Curt C. Braun, Lori Sansing, and N. Clayton Silver
Enhancing Comprehension and Retention of
Safety-Related Pictorials 836
John W. Brelsford, Michael S. Wogalter,and James A. Scoggins
THE PROPOSED OSHA STANDARD 841*RELATED TO ERGONOMICS [Panel]
David J. Cochran (Chair), Gary A. Mirka (Cochair),Barbara A. Silverstein, Deborah Berkowitz,Gregory A. Worrell, Thomas J. Albin,
William S. Marras, and Thomas J. Armstrong
ARNOLD M. SMALL LECTURE IN SAFETY
[Symposium]Jerry R. Duncan (Chair), R. Todd Brown (Cochair)
Design of Jobs for Control of Cumulative **
Trauma Disorders of the Upper Limbs
Thomas J. Armstrong
VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING AND DRIVER
PERFORMANCE [Lecture]
Barry H. Beith (Chair), R. Todd Brown (Cochair)
Age and Driver Time Requirements at Intersections 842
Neil D. Lerner
Scaling of Relative Velocity between Vehicles 847
Errol R. Hoffmann and Rudolf G. Mortimer
Novice and Experienced Drivers' Looking Behavior 852
and Primary Task Control while Doing a Secondary Task
Tapio Nieminen and Heikki Summala
Driver- and Situation-Specific Effects on 857
Assistance Systems for Speed and Distance Control
Giinther Nirschl and Ralf Eck
HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES IN THE MARITIME 862*
INDUSTRY [Symposium]Susan G. Hill (Chair), Anita M. Rothblum (Cochair)
Gathering and Recording Human-Related Causal Data 863
in Marine and Other Accident InvestigationsSusan G. Hill, James C. Byers, Anita M. Rothblum,
and Richard L. Booth
Mariner Performance Using Automated 868
Navigation SystemsRobin A. Akerstrom-Hoffman and
Myriam Witkin Smith
An Evaluation of a Coast Guard "Live-Aboard" 873
Concept: Can Crews Adapt to a Restricted Livingand Operational Environment?
Antonio B. Carvalhais, Donald I. Tepas,
and Michael J. Paley
Identifying Clumsy Automation at the Macro Level: 878
Development of a Tool to Estimate Ship StaffingRequirements
John D. Lee and Jennifer Morgan
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994 xvii
SAFETY POTPOURRI II [Lecture]
Michael S. Wogalter (Chair), R. Todd Brown (Cochair)
Cognitive Strategies and Their Transformations 883
as a Factor of Control Systems Safety in EmergenciesValery F. Venda, Duane Shelton, A. A. Spikov,Cory Jessau, and S. A. Chachko
Components of Perceived Risk: A Reconciliation 888
of Previous FindingsStephen L. Young and Kenneth R. Laughery, Sr.
Escape Worthiness of Vehicles with Passive 893
Belt Restraint SystemsEdmundo Rodarte, Jerry L. Purswell,
Robert E. Schlegel, and Richard F. Krenek
Oh! Say, Can You Hear That Train Coming 898
to the Crossing?Rudolf G. Mortimer
PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF HIGHWAY
SIGNS [Lecture]Susan T. Chrysler (Chair), Jeff K. Caird
(Cochair)
Simulator Evaluation of Road Signs and Signals 903
R. Wade Allen, Zareh Parseghian, and
Theodore J. Rosenthal
Determining Legibility Distance for Highway 907
Signs: Is the Within-Subjects VariabilityBeing Overlooked?
Frances A. Greene, Rodger J. Koppa,Ronald Zellner, and Jerome J. Congleton
Using the "Blur Tolerance" Technique to Predict 912
and Optimize the Legibility Distance of
Symbol Highway SignsFrank Schieber
The Effect of Related and Unrelated Memory 916
Loads on the Prerecognition Visual Processingof Traffic Signs
Lloyd L. Avant, Alice A. Thieman, and
Michael W. O'Boyle
DECISION MAKING IN TECHNICAL 920*
ENVIRONMENTS [Symposium]
Barry Strauch (Chair), Joseph P. Balkey
(Cochair)
The Organizational Context for Decision Making 922
in High-Hazard Industries
John S. Carroll
Quick Decisions in Two Diverse Settings 926
Joseph P. Balkey
Developing Effective Flight Crew Decision Makers 931
Elizabeth A. Lyall
Temporal Factors in Aviation Decision Making 935
Judith M. Orasanu and Barry Strauch
SPECIAL SESSIONS
ALTERNATIVE FORMAT
Games for Explaining Human Factors: **
Come and ParticipateRonald G. Shapiro, Megan L. Brown,
Jody L. S. Wilson, Royce M. White,
Mark J. Sugg, and Roxann Adams
DEMONSTRATIONS
A Cost-Benefit Analysis Tool (CBAT) for the 940*
Management of User Interface Design and
Evaluation Tasks
Charles D. Bowen
Demonstration of Power: Performance and Objective 941*
Workload Evaluation Research
Mark D. Rodgers, Carol A. Manning, and
Charles S. Kerr
Test Planning Analysis and Evaluation System 942*
(Test PAES): A Process and Tool to Evaluate
Cockpit Design during Flight Test
Scott L. Smith, Bradley D. Purvis, and
Stuart L. Turner
COG-C: A Tool for Estimating Cognitive Complexityand the Need for Cognitive Task Analysis 943*
Michael J. DeVries and Sallie E. Gordon
Workload Assessment Monitor (WAM) 944*
Glenn F. Wilson
An Improved Version of the Multiattribute 945*
Task Battery (MATB) and Data Reduction Program(MATPROC)
Scott H. Mills and Kirby Gilliland
Distributed and Dangerous Training Challenges 946*
Franklin L. Moses, Herbert H. Bell, Larry Meliza,
Angelo Mirabella, and Eduardo Salas
Introducing ACT (Activity Catalog Tool): **
A Software Instrument for Task and
Behavioral AnalysesAnthony D. Andre and Leon D. Segal
RadView: A Preliminary Approach to Visualizing 947*
Occupational Radiation
Douglas G. Hoecker, Timodry M. Lloyd,
and Harry Plantinga
'/Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
xviii PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994
Computer-Aided Systems Human Engineering: 948*
Performance Visualization System (CASHE:PVS)—An Interactive, Hypermedia Design Tool
Donald L. Monk
TravTek Driver Interface and Camera Car 949*
Data Collection CapabilitiesRebecca N. Fleischman and Thomas A. Dingus
POSTERS
Integrating Human Factors and Occupational 950*
Medicine: A Comprehensive Ergonomic ProgramLaurie D. Wolf
How Do People Answer Questions about the 950*
Inner Workings of Machines after StudyingIllustrated Texts?
William B. Bagged and Arthur C. Graesser
Providing Team Feedback for Existing 951*
Training Events
Maureen L. Bergondy and Jennifer E. Fowlkes
Training versus Intuition: A Study of the 951*
Effects of Training on the Use of
Ergonomic Chairs
Sharon Broome and Lesia L. Crumpton
Are Stereoscopic Displays Beneficial in 952*
Virtual Environments?
Jennifer A. Ehrlich and Michael J. Singer
The Use of Instructional Systems Design and 952*
Performance Analysis to Design and Evaluate
Office Ergonomics TrainingRichard W. Goggins and Michelle M. Robertson
Training Implications of Differential Elaboration 953*
in Learning to Troubleshoot Devices
Christopher R. Hale
The Effects of Physical Distribution of Team 953*
Members on Team Cohesiveness and Performance
Carolyn M. Inzana, Ruth P. Willis, and
Steven J. Kass
The Relationship among Eye Movements, 954*
Head Movements, and Manual Responses in
a Simulated Air Traffic Control Task
Donna J. Boyer and John A. Stern
The Effects of Delayed Sensory Feedback 954*
on Object Recognition Performance:
Uncoupling Perception and Action
Bart J. Brickman and John M. Flach
Fitts' Law and the "Force" of Newton: 955*
A Match Made in PhysicsMark A. Guisinger, John M. Flach, and
Amy B. Robison
The Role of Action in Perception 955*
A. B. Robison, Robert J. B. Hutton,
and John M. Flach
Distortions in Memory for Line Graphs 956*
H. Scott Kinslow, Andrea M. Lonon,
and C. Melody Carswell
Design Characteristics for Foveal and 956*
Peripheral Tasks in Multitask Visual DisplaysVirginia A. Lang, Michael Keith, and
Andrew J. Kavie
Modeling Vibrotactile Sensation: Using Factors 957*
Commonly Associated with CTS
Lesia L. Crumpton and Jerome J. Congleton
OSHA Ergonomic Regulations: Expected Costs 957*
and Anticipated Actions by Industry
Joseph R. Davis
The Effect of Hand Posture on Force Exertions 958*
during Sewing Task
Adrienne L. Drohomirecky and
Kentaro Kotani
An Electromyographic Study of Maximum Torques 958*
and Upper Extremity Muscle Activity in
Simulated Screwdriver Tasks
Daniel J. Habes and Katharyn A. Grant
Vision Screeners: A Comparative Evaluation for 959*
Display Screen Users
Tim Horberry and A. Gale
The Role of the Keyboard Design in Performance, 959*
Musculoskeletal Discomfort, and FatigueChristopher S. Pan, Naomi G. Swanson,
Traci L. Galinsky, and Libby L. Steward
A Case Study of Factors Influencing the Rejection 960*
of Scissor Lifts for Box PalletizingCarol M. A. Stuart-Buttle
Jigs and Fixtures: Design Review Guidelines 960*
for the Ergonomics EngineerMaryanne Townes
Optimal Grip Force Work/Rest Patterns 961*
Developed from a Model to Predict Localized
Muscle Fatigue during Maximal and Submaximal Wori'
David D. Wood, Donald L. Fisher, and
Robert O. Andres
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994
Preliminary FAA Human Factors Design Standard 961*
for Airway Facilities (HFDS-AF)Joseph A. Bin
The Effects of Speech Intelligibility in a 962*
Simulated Industrial Process Control Task
David G. Payne and Damn M. Conant
Understanding the Visual Impact of VDT Viewing 962*
Cosmo Salibello and Jonathan Torrey
The "Purple Haze" of Nonsignificant Results 963*
Rebecca W. Miller, Keith M. Rettig, and
Mark W. Scerbo
Visual Task Performance Can Benefit from 963*
Secondary-Task Demands
David A. Washburn and R. Thompson Putney
Task Recategorization for Reducing the 964*
Attentional Demands in the CockpitDaniel P. McDonald and Richard D. Gilson
Designing a Better Weapon System widi a 964*
Human-in-the-Loop Simulator
Laura Schmid and JoAnna Weyer
A Preliminary Study of Aircraft Accidents and **
Incidents Attributed to ComplacencyJennifer J. Vardaman, Stephen J. H. Veronneau,
and Bruce C. Wilcox
Development of a Form Fill-In Package: A First 965*
Step Toward a Paperless Environment for
Graduate Program Administration
Sameer V. Bhagwat, Tushar S. Phondge,Anand K. Gramopadhye, and Joel S. Greenstein
The Effect of Static and Dynamic Whole-Hand 965*
Gestures on the Perception of Grasped Size in
a Virtual Environment
Jeff K. Caird and P. A. Hancock
Correlates of Route Traversal Performance in 966*
a Virtual Environment
John P. Gildea and John H. Bailey
Difficulties in Detecting a Missing Target 966*
William Elliot Inman
Incorporating Task Complexity into Hierarchical 967*
Menu DesignJulie A. Jacko and Gavriel Salvendy
Effects of Discrepant Information on 967*
Decision MakingTonya M. Beers and Gregory M. Corso
Reversal of the Cry-Wolf Effect: An Investigation 968*
of Two Methods to Increase Alarm Response Rates
James P. Bliss, Mariea D. Washington, and
Bryan S. Fuller
An Investigation of Work-Schedule Factors in **
Mainline Human-Factors-Caused Train Accidents
R. Todd Brown and Douglas Scheffler
A Fuzzy Model of Vehicular Guidance 968*
Robert C. Hale and Nong Ye
Color Coding of Aircraft Emergency Exit Lighting: 969*
Stereotypes among Subjects from Four
Language GroupsFlorian G. Jentsch
Promoting Safety Behaviors through Stories, 969*
Simulations, and Reflection
Kevin C. Moore, Henry P. Cole,
Robert H. McKnight, and Larry R. Piercy
Nighttime Curvature Perception of Drivers as 970*
a Function of the Number of Curve
Delineation Devices
Helmut T. Zwahlen
Designing a Graphical User Interface for 970*
Business Telephone Users
Pamela A. Savage
Effects of Telecommunication Media on Interpersonal 971*
Self-Disclosure and Deceptive Behaviors
A. Rodney Wellens, Eva Szeli, and Marci Gittes
Tactile Path Information in User Interface 971*
NavigationD. V. Keyson
The Effect of Type of Instruction and Help Systems 972*
on Learning the Macintosh Operating SystemJohn K. Muller, Mark A. Wise, and
Jennifer L. Dyck
On-Line Methods and Procedures in a Client/Server 972*
Environment: A Success StoryKenneth R. Ohnemus and Diana F. Mallin
Perception of Alert Messages for Computer Displays 973*
Richard K. Steinberg, Ruth C. B. Goulet, and
Kacheshwar Pathak
Sauk Prairie Memorial Hospital: POE— 973*
Wayfinding Evaluation, Design, and Implementation
Stephen C. Boelter
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
XX PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994
Comprehension and Compliance to Elevator 974*
Service SignsJohn W. Brelsford, Jr., Michael S. Wogalter,Paul B. Begley, Lori F. Scancorelli,
Jay H. Williams, and Stephanie A. Terry
A Measure of Subjective Perceptions of Stress: 974*
A Validation and Reliability StudyLeslie Beth Herbert, Michael J. Paley,Kristen M. Haggis, and Donald I. Tepas
Work Design, Smoking Behavior, and the Productivity 975*
and Weil-Being of VDT Operators:The Results of a Field Study
George V. Kissel and Robert A. Henning
Software Use and Disuse: From Shelfware to 975*
Improved Software Utilization
Laura D. Silver and Irwin C. Marin
Taking a Byte out of Crime 976*
Cathrine E. Snyder, Victoria K. Turley,Michele Terranova, and Monty Grubb
Individual Differences in Graph Appreciation: 976*
Are Preference and Performance Related?
Andrea M. Lonon, H. Scott Kinslow, and
C. Melody Carswell
Individual Differences in Pilots' Perception 977*
of Simulated Night Vision Goggle Scene Imageryand Superimposed Right Symbology
D. Michael McAnulty, David B. Hamilton,
and Dennis K. Leedom
The Relationship of Psychomotor Skill to Perceived 977*
Proficiency on a Self-ReportedBiographical Inventory
Tatree Nontasak and David R. Street, Jr.
Development and Evaluation of Automobile Symbols: 978*
The Focus Group ApproachScott A. Macbeth and William F. Moroney
Effect of Task Difficulty on Fault Diagnosis Strategy 978*
Anpin Chin and Ram R. Bishu
Decision-Making Performance and Decision Aid 979*
Usage under Controllable and Uncontrollable Stress
Robert D. Peters, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis,and Joanne B. Fertig
Human Factor Criteria and Metrics Applied to **
Bioverification TechnologiesChristine L. Rainey, Sheila K. Humphreys,and Len Natkin
Increasing the Correct Connection of Automobile 979*Battery Jumper Cables with an Enhanced Warning
Michael S. Wogalter, Michael J. Kalsher,Barbara L. Glover, Amy B. Magurno,Jake T. Fisher, and Daniel L. Dunham
Postural Stability and Its Relation to 980*Simulator Sickness
Eugenia M. Kolasinski, Sherrie A. Jones,Robert S. Kennedy, and Richard D. Gilson
Object Recognition, Size Estimation, and 980*Distance Estimation in Real-World and
Virtual Environments
Donald R. Lampton, James P. Bliss, and
Bruce W. Knerr
An Assessment of Training Methods for Complex 981*
Mechanical Assembly Skills
Peter J. Linnerooth, Phillip N. Goernert,Daniel Houlihan, Wayne C. Harris,
Samuel J. Dollar, and Renden S. Bruner
Computer-Based Interactive Courseware: A Medium 981*
for Team Training?Randall L. Oser
Shared Mental Models for Team Performance: 982*
An AnatomyJ. Thomas Roth
Identification of Standardized Tasks for the 982*
Assessment of Operator Workload
N. Clayton Silver, Curt C. Braun, and
Robert S. Kennedy
Development of "Presence" Measures for Virtual
Environments 983*
Michael J. Singer, Bob G. Witmer,
and John H. Bailey
Improving Questions on Questionnaires 983*
Sailaja Balijepalli, Arthur C. Graesser,and Shane Swamer
Construction and Validation of a Musculoskeletal 984*
Risk QuestionnaireLibby Cole and Roger R. Rosa
A Mobile Reconfigurable Crewstation—MRCS 984*
Ronald J. Edwards and David F. Streets
Differences in Inference Generation between 985*
Young and Older Adults
Eugenie L. Bertus and Arthur C. Graesser
Age Differences in Memory and Metamemory in 985*
a Lateral Orientation Task
Regina C. Colonia-Willner and Anderson D. Smith
"Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994 XXI
Comparison of Older and Younger Driver Responses 986*
to Emergency Driving Events
Esther Kloeppel, Robert D. Peters,
Christina L. James, Jean E. Fox, and
Elizabeth Alicandri
Postural Disequilibrium following Adaptation to 986*
Virtual Environments: Concern for
Postsimulator ActivityKevin S. Berbaum, Robert S. Kennedy, and
Curt C. Braun
Human-Systems Integration Standards Development 987*
Facility: Human Factoring NASA's Human
Factors Document
Cletis R. Booher and Jacquie Minton
TAV-8B Flight Test Results for the Demonstration 987*
of an Airborne 3D Audio Cuer
Marion P. Kibbe and Daniel J. Francis
Automation and Accountability in a 988*
Low-Fidelity Flight Task
Susan T. Heers, Christopher A. Marchioro,
Kafnleen L. Mosier, and Linda J. Skitka
Visual Motion Cueing in Altitude and Yaw Control 988*
Walter W. Johnson and Jeffery A. Schroeder
Using Discrete Event and Air Traffic Control 989*
Simulations in Teaching Human Factors in System
Development: Part I. SyllabusWilliam F. Moroney and Joyce A. Cameron
Using Discrete Event and Air Traffic Control 989*
Simulations in Teaching Human Factors in SystemDevelopment: Part II. The Student's Experience
Joyce A. Cameron, Kevin D. Packingham,Michael J. McCloskey, John J. Jordan,
Stephen J. Krsacok, Thomas M. Brothers,
William J. Rankin, and W. M. Sorgenfrei
The Relationship between Interest and Learning 990*
in an Introductory Human Factors Course
Marc L. Resnick
Challenges of Operationally Testing a Test 990*
and Evaluation Tool
Valerie J. Gawron, Scott Smith, Thomas Joseph,Aric Turner, and Brad Purvis
Adrenergic Stress and Performance on a Command 991*
and Control Task
Karl F. Van Orden, Sandra L. Benoit, and
Glenn A. Osga
Reliability of me Nerve Conduction Monitor in 991*
Repeated Measures of Median and Ulnar Nerve Latencies
Iris A. Washington, Margaret Shih,
Stephen Burastero, and Pat Tittiranonda
A New Technique for Early User Evaluation of 992*
Entertainment Product Interfaces
Joyce H. D. M. Westerink, Paul J. Rankin,
Gyberta M. M. Majoor, and Paul S. Moore
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY AT THE SYSTEM LEVEL
[Lecture]Floyd A. Glenn (Chair), Thomas B. Malone (Cochair)
The Russian Approach to Task Analysis and 993
Ergonomics DesignGregory Z. Bedny and David Meister
Beyond the Bounds of the Human Factors Tool Kit: 998
Computer-Human Interface Design in a Complex SystemDouglas L. Miller, G. Jonauran Wolfman,
R. Timothy Mullins, and Colin M. Crehan
What We Do with Human Factors Data and Theory: 1003
A Flight Deck Design Philosophy for the
High-Speed Civil Transport Aircraft
K. Michael Dresel and David D. T. Pepitone
Evaluation of Complex Human-Machine Systems 1008
Using HFE Guidelines
John M. O'Hara
STEPS IN THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
[Lecture]Richard E. Christ (Chair), John M. O'Hara (Cochair)
Operator Role Definition: An Initial Step in 1013
the Human Factors Engineering Design of
the Advanced Neutron Source (ANS)H. E. Knee, Philip F. Spelt, M. Michele Houser,
and William E. Hill
Network Analysis as a Technique to Guide the 1018
Task Analysis of ATIS/CVO
John D. Lee and Mireille Raby
Estimating Cognitive Complexity and the Need 1023
for Cognitive Task AnalysisMichael J. DeVries and Sallie E. Gordon
An Integrative Bargaining Paradigm for 1028
Investigating Multidisciplinary Design Trade-Offs
Clifford E. Brown, Jonathan A. Selvaraj,Brian S. Zaff, Michael D. McNeese, and
Randall D. Whitaker
TOOLS IN THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
[Lecture]Bruce C. Wetherby (Chair), Christopher C. Heasly(Cochair)
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
xxu PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994
Using a Distributed Interactive Simulation 1033
Environment to Investigate Machine Interface
and Training RequirementsBeverly J. Winsch, Nancy K, Atwood,
and Kathleen A. Quinkert
Automated Data Analysis 1038
Edward M. Connelly
Usability Tools and Ease of Use: 1043
Technological Misfits?
Timothy J. Pavlick, Denise C. Benel,
Richard L. Horst, Susan Eaton, and Steven Gregory
Operator-Centered Control of a Semiautonomous 1048
Industrial Telerobot
Philip F. Spelt and Sammy L. Jones
HUMAN FACTORS CERTIFICATION OF 1052*
SYSTEMS [Panel]John A. Wise (Chair), V. David Hopkin (Cochair),Paul Stager, and Kelly Harwood
DEVELOPING HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES **
FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE/HIGHWAY SYS¬
TEMS: THIRD PROGRESS REPORT [Symposium]Barry H. Kantowitz (Chair), Thomas J. Triggs(Cochair)
Predicting Driver Behavior Using Advanced 1057
Traveler Information SystemsWilliam A. Wheeler, John D. Lee, Mireille Raby,Rhonda A. Kinghorn, Alvah C. Bittner, Jr.,
and Marvin C. McCallum
Driver Acceptance of Unreliable Route Guidance 1062
Information
Richard J. Hanowski, Susan C. Kantowitz,and Barry H. Kantowitz
Identification of Desired System Features in 1067
an Advanced Traveler Information SystemRhonda A. Kinghorn, Alvah C. Bittner, Jr.,and Barry H. Kantowitz
The Effects of Sensory Modality and Information 1072
Priority on In-Vehicle Signing and
Information SystemsMichael A. Mollenhauer, Jaesik Lee, Ken Cho,
Melissa C. Hulse, and Thomas A. Dingus
TEST AND EVALUATION
T&E: WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE 1077*
ARE WE GOING? [Panel]David Meister (Chair), Thomas P. Enderwick
(Cochair), Alvah C. Bittner, Jr., James C. Geddie,
William F. Moroney, and Frederick A. Muckler
TEST AND EVALUATION METHODOLOGY [Lecture]Thomas P. Enderwick (Chair), David Meister (Cochair)
The Critical Incident Technique: Forty Years Later 1080
Lawrence G. Shattuck and David D. Woods
Test and Evaluation in a Field Environment: **
Lessons Learned from a Successful Program of Research
Michelle R. Sams and Richard E. Christ
Strategy-to-Task: Human Factors Operational Test 1085
and Evaluation at the Task Level
Terence S. Andre and Samuel G. Charlton
Understanding Perceived Image Quality: New 1090
Applications for Verbal Protocol MethodologyGerhard P. Deffner and Mashiho Yuasa
TEST AND EVALUATION OF PRODUCT DESIGN
[Lecture]William F. Moroney (Chair), David Meister
(Cochair)
Quantitative Evaluation of Four Computer 1094
Keyboards: Wrist Posture and Typing Performance
Chaorong Chen, Stephen Burastero,
Pat Tittiranonda, Karin Hollerbach,
Margret Shih, and Rajbir Denhoy
An Experimental Field Test of Automotive Headway 1099
Maintenance/Collision Warning Visual DisplaysDaniel V. McGehee, Thomas A. Dingus, and
Avraham D. Horowitz
Signal Word and Color Specifications for 1104
Product Warnings: An Isoperformance ApplicationCurt C. Braun, Lori Sansing, Robert S. Kennedy,and N. Clayton Silver
Evaluation of Half-Mask Gas Collection for 1109
Metabolic Measurement in the WorkplaceRichard S. Farley, Phillip A. Bishop,and Paul S. Ray
TEST AND EVALUATION INVOLVING
HIGHER-ORDER FUNCTIONS [Lecture]
Kathy A. McCloskey (Chair), David Meister
(Cochair)
Information Categorization for BMD Command 1113
and Control
Beverly G. Knapp, Bruce G. Coury,Annette R. Ensing, and Scott L. Godfrey
Driver Performance Results from the TravTek 1118
IVHS Camera Car Evaluation StudyThomas A. Dingus, Melissa C. Hulse,
Daniel V. McGehee, Raj Manakkal, and
Rebecca N. Fleischman
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994 xxiii
Test and Evaluation of Knowledge Transfer 1123
between Task Domains
Nong Ye and Donald J. Brinkman
Ecological Validity in Laboratory-Based 1128
Usability Evaluations
Patrick W. Jordan and D. Bruce Thomas
TEST AND EVALUATION OF
PERFORMANCE-SHAPING FUNCTIONS [Lecture]Valerie J. Gawron (Chair), David Meister
(Cochair)
Software Usability Testing: Do User 1131
Self-Consciousness and the LaboratoryEnvironment Make Any Difference?
Richard T. Barker and David W. Biers
Modeling Operational Criteria for Evaluating 1135
Speech Communication
Leslie A. Whitaker and Leslie J. Peters
Behavioral Control Characteristics of Performance 1140
under Feedback DelayChristopher M. Keran, Thomas J. Smith,
Eric J. Koehler, and Peter K. Mathison
Workload Context Effect: An Elusive Phenomenon 1145
Douglas S. Fischer, William F. Moroney, and
David W. Biers
TRAINING
IMPROVED TRAINING METHODS: 1150*
RESEARCH TO APPLICATIONS [Panel]Franklin L. Moses (Chair), Eduardo Salas (Cochair),
Ray S. Perez, Emilie Matarasso Roth, Angelo Mirabella,
Marvin S. Cohen, and Gary A. Klein
TRAINING ON THE TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER
[Lecture]Elizabeth G. Gibson (Chair), Donald R. Lampton
(Cochair)
Side Effects and Aftereffects of Immersion in 1154
Virtual Environments
Donald R. Lampton, Eugenia M. Kolasinski,
Bruce W. Knerr, James P. Bliss, John H. Bailey,and Bob G. Witmer
Learning and Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in 1158
a Virtual Environment
John H. Bailey and Bob G. Witmer
Fidelity and Interactivity in Navigational Training: 1163
A Comparison of Three Methods
Henry P. Williams, Christopher D. Wickens, and
Scott Hutchinson
Training with Images: Real and Representational 1168
Sandra S. Bailey
INSIGHTS INTO LEARNING AND INTERACTION
[Lecture]Mark C. Detweiler (Chair), Douglas Griffith
(Cochair)
Training to Reduce the Disruptive Effects of 1173
InterruptionsStephen M. Hess and Mark C. Detweiler
Training Perceptual Rule-Based Skills 1178
Neff Walker, Arthur D. Fisk, Donita Phipps,and Alex Kirlik
Perceptual Learning Modules in Flight Training 1183
Philip J. Kellman and Mary K. Kaiser
Learning Complex Visual Stimuli: Effects of Spaced 1188
Presentation and Rehearsal on Aircraft RecognitionStephen W. Jarrard and Michael S. Wogalter
INVESTIGATING THE UNIQUE 1193*
CONTRIBUTION OF FEEDBACK
IN TEAMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR
TRAINING [Symposium]Renee J. Stout (Chair), Maureen L. Bergondy(Cochair)
Feedback and Team Training: Exploring the Issues 1195
Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer,
Janis A. Cannon-Bowers, and Eduardo Salas
Toward Optimizing the Impact of Developmental 1200
Feedback in Team Training Simulations
Kimberly A. Smith
Trade-Offs in a Team Tracking Task as a Function 1204
of Performance Feedback
Florian G. Jentsch, Guillermo Navarro,
and Clint A. Bowers
Team Skill Acquisition: Team and Individual 1209
Performance Effects of Feedback
Jeanne L. Weaver, Julie M. Urban, Nalini Maniam,
and Clint A. Bowers
COMPUTERS IN THE TRAINING OF 1214*
COMPLEX TASKS [Symposium]Barry P. Goettl (Chair), Kevin B. Kline (Cochair)
'Abstract only"Manuscript not submitted for publication
xxiv PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994
Massed versus Distributed Practice in Complex 1215
Skill AcquisitionWayne L. Shebilske, Kip Corrington, and
Jeffrey A. Jordan
Contextual Interference Effects on Acquisition and 1220
Transfer of a Complex Motor Task
Barry P. Goettl
The Type and Timing of Feedback within an 1225
Intelligent Console-Operations Tutor
John D. Farquhar and J. Wesley Regian
The Effects of Training on Cognitive Capacity 1229
Demands for Synthetic SpeechCatherine Connolly Gomez, Wayle L. Shebilske,and J. Wesley Regian
DATA-BASED TRAINING STUDIES [Lecture]Douglas Griffith (Chair), Clint A. Bowers
(Cochair)
The Effects of Workload and Uncertainty on 1234
Team DevelopmentJulie M. Urban, Clint A. Bowers,
Ben B. Morgan, Jr., and Nalini Maniam
Using the Backward Transfer Paradigm to Validate 1238
the AH-64 Simulator Training Research Advanced
Testbed for Aviation
John E. Stewart II
Evaluating a Maintenance Crew Resource Management 1242
Training Program: Effects on Attitudes, Behaviors,and Performance
Michelle M. Robertson, James C. Taylor,John W. Stelly, and Robert Wagner
Development of a Real-Time Simulation with 1247
Intelligent Tutoring CapabilitiesSallie E. Gordon, Bettina A. Babbitt,
Herbert H. Bell, and H. Barbara Sorensen
VISUAL PERFORMANCE
VISUAL SEARCH PERFORMANCE [Lecture]
David W. Osborne (Chair),Jennie J. Gallimore (Cochair)
The Effects of Back Angle on Target Detection 1252
R. J. Edwards, D. F. Streets, and G. A. Bond
Effects of Symbol Type, Selection Tool, and 1256
Information Density on Tactical DisplayVisual Search Performance
William A. Nugent
Visual Lobe and Visual Search Performance 1261
Anand K. Gramopadhye and Rakesh Sreenivasan
The Influence of Stimulus Dimensions and 1266
Training on Visual Search Performance
Mary P. Czerwinski, Evan M. Feldman, and
Edward Cutrell
MATCHING VISUAL DISPLAYS TO
INFORMATION-PROCESSING CAPABILITIES
[Lecture]Robert K. Osgood (Chair),Michael Venturino (Cochair)
Effects of Perceptual Augmentation of Visual 1271
Displays: Dissociation of Performance and
Situational Awareness
R. Jay Shively and Allen D. Goodman
The Basis for the Perception and Control of 1275
Altitude: Splay & Depression Angle Componentsof Optical Flow
Sheila A. Garness, John M. Flach,Terry W. Stanard, and Rik Warren
Operator Performance in Pattern Matching as 1280
a Function of Reference Material Structure
Marion P. Kibbe and Jan S. Stiff
Operator Reliance on Automated Support for 1285
Target RecognitionJean MacMillan, Eileen B. Entin, and
Daniel Serfaty
STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAY [Lecture]William F. Reinhart (Chair), Charles J. C. Lloyd(Cochair)
A Human Factors Simulation Tool for 1290
Stereoscopic DisplaysWilliam F. Reinhart and Charles J. C. Lloyd
Visualization of CAD Objects Using a 1295
Stereoscopic DisplayMichael E. Brown and Jennie J. Gallimore
Distance Perception of Stereoscopically Presented 1300
Virtual Objects Optically Superimposed on
Physical Objects by a Head-Mounted See-Through DisplayStephen R. Ellis and Urs J. Bucher
Relevant Cues for the Visual Perception of Deptii: 1305
Is Where You See It Where It Is?
R. Troy Surdick, Elizabeth T. Davis,
Robert A. King, Gregory M. Corso,Alexander Shapiro, Larry Hodges,and Kelly Elliot
'Abstract only
"Manuscript not submitted for publication
PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 38th ANNUAL MEETING - 1994 XXV
INTEGRATING HUMAN AND MACHINE 1310*
VISION: LESSONS FROM AUTOMATED
TARGET RECOGNITION SYSTEMS [Panel]Jean MacMillan (Chair), Eileen Entin (Cochair),Curtis Becker, Marion Kibbe, and Barbara O'Kane
VIGILANCE, MEMORY, AND MENTAL WORKLOAD
[Lecture]Anthony D. Andre (Chair), Patricia A. May(Cochair)
Vigilance: How to Do It and Who Should Do It 1312
David A. Sawin and Mark W. Scerbo
Dynamic Memory: Keeping Track of Continually 1317
Changing Information
Michael Venturino, Nathan J. Romano,
Sheryl L. Miller, Megan Murphy, and
Tara M. Coffey
EEG and Subjective Measures of Private 1322
Pilot Workload
Glenn F. Wilson and Thomas Hankins
Physiological and Subjective Workload Changes **
during a Simulated Air Traffic Control Task
Jeffrey B. Brookins and Glenn R. Wilson
INTERPRETING GRAPHIC DISPLAYS [Lecture]
Maxwell J. Wells (Chair)
Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Representing 1326
Three-Dimensional Objects on Computer DisplaysEric N. Wiebe
A Comparison of Sequential and Spatial Displays 1331
in a Complex Monitoring Task
Christopher M. Konrad, Arthur F. Kramer,
and Stephen E. Watson
The Effects of Display Layout on Monitoring and 1336
Updating System States
Stephen M. Hess, Mark C. Detweiler,and R. Darin Ellis
Animated Mimic Displays 1341
Kevin B. Bennett
AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 1346
KEY WORD INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 1351
'Abstract only"Manuscript not submitted for publication