proceedings book rome/ italy natural & medical … kongre özet kitapçığı.pdfdr. dursun kose...

E J O N S I N T E R N A T I O N A L J O U R N A L O NM A T H E M A T I C S , E N G I N E E R I N G & N A T U R A L

S C I E N C E S

7th. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING,NATURAL & MEDICAL SCIENCES

PROCEEDINGS BOOK

JUNE 14-16, 2019 ROME/ ITALY

ISBN 978-605-7695-50-5

Edited by

Dr. Viranjay M. SRIVASTAVA

Zhuldyz SAKHI

7th. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL & MEDICAL SCIENCES

June 14-16, 2019

ROME, ITALY

Institution Of Economic Development And Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220)

TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 347 257 98 63

E posta: [email protected]

www.iksad.com www.iksadkongre.org

Issued in August 15, 2019

All rights of this book belongs to IKSAD. Without permission can’t be duplicate or copied

Authors of chapters are responsible both ethically and jurisdically

Iksad Publications - 2019©

ISBN - 978-605-7695-50-5

PROCEEDINGS BOOK

http://www.iksadfuarkongre.org/

CONFERENCE ID

EVENT TITLE

7th. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING,

NATURAL & MEDICAL SCIENCES

PARTICIPATION

Keynote & Invited

DATE - PLACE

June 14-16, 2019, ROME, ITALY

ORGANIZATION

EJONS JOURNAL

ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE

Mustafa Latif EMEK

Kaldygul ADILBEKOVA

Zhuldyz SAKHI

Elena MAGIO

LANGUAGES

English, Italian, Turkish, Russian

INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPANTS

Abha Dargar- Howard College, USA

Shashi K. DARGAR- University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Viranjay M. SRİVASTAVA- University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Кадыров Арсен АБДУБАИТОВИЧ

Назаракунов Өмүрбек ҮСӨНОВИЧ- Ош гуманитардык-педагогикалык институту,

Kyrgyzstan

Фарит Латыпов- Уфимский государственный авиационный технический

университет, Russia

Ph.d. Shahla ABDULLAEVA- Azerbaijan State Pedagogycal University, Azerbaijan

Dian Jamel SALİH- University of Duhok

İKSAD – INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & SOCIAL RESEARCHES

SCCİ

SCINETIFIC COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Dr. A.S. KISTAUBAYEVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University

Dr. Abdikalık KUNIMJAN - Kazak Pedagogy University

Dr. Almaz AHMEDOV - Bakü State University

Dr. Akmaral S. SYRGAKBAYEVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University

Dr. Alaattin ESEN - Inönü University

Dr. Ali Ergin OKAN - Gaziantep University

Dr. Ali Fırat ÇABALAR - Gaziantep University

Dr. Atakan Tuğkan YAKUT - Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University

Dr. Anatoliy LOGINOV - Ukraine Shevchenko Lugan National University

Dr. A.S. KIDIRSAEV Makhambet U. - Batı Kazakhistan State University

Dr. Ayslu B. SARSEKENOVA - Orleu National Development Institute

Dr. Bahit KULBAEVA - S.Baybeshev Aktobe University

Dr. Bakit OSPANOVA - H.Ahmet Yasawi Kazakh Turk University

Dr. Bazarhan IMANGALIEVA - K.Zhubanov Aktobe State Bölge University

Dr. Bekzhan B. MEYRBAEV - Al – Farabi Kazak National University

Dr. Bigamila TORSIKBAEVA - Astana Medical University

Dr. B.K.ZAYADAN - Al – Farabi Kazak National University

Dr. Botagul TURGUNBAEVA - Kazak Pedagogy University

Dr. Caner KARAVİT - Mimar Sinan University

Dr. Cholpon TOKTOSUNOVA - Rasulbekov Kyrgiz Economy University

Dr. Deniz ATALAYER - Sabancı University

Dr. D.K.TÖLEGENOVA - Makhambet U. West Kazakistan University

Dr. Dilan Canan ÇELİKEL - Gaziantep University

Dr. Dinarakhan TURSUNALIVA - Rasulbekov Kyrgiz Economy University

Dr. Dursun KOSE - Mehmet Akif Ersoy University

Dr. Dzhakipbek Altaevich ALTAEV - Al – Farabi Kazak National University

Dr. Ekrem CAUSEVIC - Macedonia Vizyon University

Dr. Fatih DUMAN - Erciyes University

Dr. Feda REHIMOV - Bakü State University

SCCİ

SCINETIFIC COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Dr. George RUDIC - Montreal Pedagogy Institute

Dr. Hilale CAFEROVA - AMEA Institute

Dr. İbrahim ÖRÜN - Aksaray University

Dr. İsmail ALTINTOP - Kayseri State Hospital

Dr. MEIXIA Huou - Capital Normal University

Dr. Kalemkas KALIBAEVA - Kazak Pedagogy University

Dr. Karligash BAYTANASOVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University

Dr. K.A.TLEUBERGENOVA - Kazak Pedagogy University

Dr. Kenjehan MEDEUBAEVA - Kazak Pedagogy University

Dr. Kenes JUSUPOV - M. Tinisbaev Kazakh Vehicle Academy

Dr. Keles Nurmasuli JAYLIBAY - Kazak Pedagogy University

Dr. Kulas MAMIROVA - Kazak Pedagogy University

Dr. Lille TANDIVALA Shota Rustavelli State University

Dr. Mahmut Alkan - Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University

Dr. Machabbat OSPANBAEVA - Taraz State Pedagogy University

Dr. Maha Hamdan ALANAZI - Riyad King Abdulaziz Technology Institute

Dr. Maria LEONTIK - Macedonia Ishtib Gotse Delchev University

Dr. Mavlyanov ABDIGAPPAR - Kyrgiz Elaralık University

Dr. Maira ESIMBOLOVA - Kazakhistan Narkhoz University

Dr. Maira MURZAHMEDOVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University

Dr. Mehmet Ali AKSAN - İnönü University

Dr. Mehriban EMEK Adiyaman University

Dr. Murat GÜLBAY - Gaziantep University

Dr. Mustafa ŞAHİN - Selçuk University

Dr. Mustafa TALAS - Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University

Dr. Khan Nadezhda - E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University

Dr. Nazim IBRAHIM - Üsküp Cyril and Methodius University

Dr. N.N. KERMANOVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University

CONFERENCE GALLERY

EJONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING & NATURAL SCIENCES

ISSN 2602 - 4136

7th. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL & MEDICAL SCIENCES

June 14-16, 2019 ROME - ITALY

CONFERENCE VENUE: Radisson Blu Hotel Termini, Via Filippo Turati, 171, 00185 Roma RM

Participant Countries: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Irak, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, South Africa, USA

- Registration desk opens at 09:00 and shall function till 17:00 pm.

- Please registrate at least an hour prior to your session

- Be in the session room at least 10 minutes before the session starts

- Head of session are fully empowered in all matters related to the presentations, coffee-breaks and

session.

- Certificates will be given by the session chair at the end of the session.

- In the congress program, requests such as location and time changes will not be taken into

consideration.

- If you think there are any shortcomings in the program, please email us at the latest by 23 APRIL 2019

- The names of the authors and titles of paper in the certificate will be printed as in the program.


ISSN 2602 - 4136

15.06.2019

SATURDAY / 10:00

-1200

HALL Coliseum-2, SESSION-1 Head of Session: Prof. Dr. Mustafa TALAS & Dr. Muntazir MEHDI

Dr. Rıdvan POLAT

Ahmet CAF

Ali SİNAN

HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİ ARI FLORASI

ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Deniz CANLI

Zeynep ÜRÜŞAN

Dr. Selami SELVİ

HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİNİN BAZI ÖNEMLİ BİTKİ

TAKSONLARININ POLEN ATLASI

Yusuf TEMEL

Adnan AYNA

Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ

Nevzat ESİM

Vedat AVCİ

Rıdvan POLAT

Deniz CANLI

Nesrin Ecem BAYRAM

İbrahim Yasin ERDOĞAN

Ramazan SOLMAZ

Mehmet ÇİFTCİ

BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BINGÖL/TURKEY HONEY

Ekrem Darendelioğlu

Aydın Şükrü Bengü

Adnan Ayna

Gürkan Aykutoğlu

Mehmet Çiftci

Sedanur Özbolat

MINERAL CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF

BINGOL ROYAL JELLY

Ekrem Darendelioğlu INVESTIGATING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND

ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF ROYAL JELLY

Adnan Ayna

Aydın Şükrü Bengü

Gürkan Aykutoğlu

Mehmet Çiftci

Sedanur Özbolat

Ekrem Darendelioğlu

ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BINGÖL ROYAL

JELLY

Adnan Ayna INHIBITION STUDIES OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI GAPDH

Shashi K. Dargar

Abha Dargar

Viranjay M. Srivastava

EFFECT OF GATE-UNDERLAP LENGTHS IN HIGH-K DIELECTRIC

BASED SILICON-NANOWIRE GATE-ALL-AROUND TFET

Murat GÜLBAY FUZZY APPROACH TO DOUBLE SAMPLING ACCEPTANCE PLANS

Murat GÜLBAY FUZZY SETS & FUZZY NUMBERS FOR PRACTICAL ENGINEERING

APPLICATIONS


ISSN 2602 - 4136

15.06.2019

SATURDAY / 1230

-1430

HALL Coliseum-2

SESSION-2

Head of Session: Assoc. Rrof. Nevzat ESİM

Doç. Dr. Nevzat ESİM

Münire TURHAN

Dr. Ali KORKMAZ

JENTER METODU İLE BİNGÖL KOŞULLARINDA DAMIZLIK SAF

KAFKAS (Apis mellifera Caucasica) ve KAFKAS MELEZİ ANA ARI

ÜRETİMİ

Dr. Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT

Dr. Yeliz Demir

ALDOZ REDÜKTAZ ENZİMİNİN KOYUN KARACİĞERİNDEN

SAFLAŞTIRILMASI VE SCHİFF BAZI İÇEREN KALKON

TÜREVLERİNİN

ENZİM AKTİVİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Dr. Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT

Dr. Yeliz Demir

FTALONITRIL TÜREVI VE ONUN METAL KOMPLEKSLERININ

KARBONIK ANHIDRAZ VE

ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ ENZİM AKTİVİTELERİ ÜZERİNE

ETKİLERİ

Remzi ÖZTEKİN SIMULATION OF FILLING PROCESS FOR THE GOLD METAL WITH

THE USE OF TRANSMITTED PLASTER MOLD MODEL JEWELERY

INDUSTRY

Özge ÖZTEKİN CENTRAL AUTOMORPHISMS OF SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT OF P-

GROUPS

Dr. İbrahim TÜRKERİ PROBLEMATICS OF WETLAND AND URBAN DESIGN: IZMIT BAY

WETLAND EXAMPLE

Dr. İbrahim TÜRKERİ

Dr. Ceyda ÖZGEN

THE STRUCTURAL SPATIAL AND LITHURIC ITEM ANALYSIS OF

THE MASJIDS OF OTTOMAN PERIOD IN THE IZMIT CITY SITE

Abha Dargar

Shashi K. Dargar


INFLUENCE OF GATE-DIELECTRIC MATERIAL AND THICKNESS

VARIATION ON THE DEPLETION WIDTH OF MOSFET DEVICE

Dr. Akın YİGİN

Dr. Mehmet DEMİRCİ

Dr. Hikmet DİNÇ

PRESENCE OF ROTAVIRUSGROUPA AND HUMAN INFECTION

RELATED GENOTYPES IN THE WATER SUPPLIES USING WITH

REAL-TIME PCR METHOD

Abha Dargar

Shashi K. Dargar


COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE-GATE

AMORPHOUS-IGZO THIN FILM TRANSISTORS

15.06.2019

SATURDAY / 1700

-1900

HALL-Colesium-2, SESSION-1 Head of Session: Prof. Dr. Mustafa TALAS

Фарит Латыпов, кандидат технич.

наук, доцент

ПРОБЛЕМА СОХРАНЕНИЯ МИРА, ПАМЯТЬ О ПРЕДКАХ

И ИРОНИЧЕСКОЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К БЫТОВЫМ ВОПРОСАМ В

ПИСЬМЕННОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИБЕРОВ, ДРЕВНЕЙШИХ ТЮРКОВ

ЗАПАДНОГО СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРЬЯ

Кадыров Арсен Абдубаитович,

окутуучу

ЖЭТИМ БАЛДАРДЫ СОЦИАЛДЫК ЖАКТАН КОРГОО:

ПРАКТИКАЛЫК АСПЕКТ

Ph.d. Abdullaeva Shahla ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОКРАСКИ МИЦЕЛИЯ ГРИБОВ

УЧАСТВУЮЩИЕ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МИКОБИОТЫ В

ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИИ ГОРОДА БАКУ.

Dr. Asaad Al-Asady

Dian Jamel Salih

CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROID

HORMONES ON BODYBUILDER ATHLETES

CONFERENCE ID i

PHOTOS ii

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE iii

PROGRAM iv

ABSTRACTS & FULL PAPERS

Abha DARGAR, Shashi K. DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRIVASTAVA 1-4



Shashi K. DARGAR, Abha DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRIVASTAVA 5-10

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE-GATE

AMORPHOUS-IGZO THIN FILM TRANSISTORS Akın YİGİN, Mehmet DEMİRCİ, Hikmet DİNÇ

11-17 REAL-TİME PCR YÖNTEMİ İLE SU KAYNAKLARINDA ROTAVİRÜS GRUP

A VE İNSAN ENFEKSİYONU İLE İLİŞKİLİ GENOTİPLERİNİN VARLIĞI

Shashi K. DARGAR, Abha DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRİVASTAVA 18-22

EFFECT OF GATE-UNDERLAP LENGTHS IN HIGH-K DIELECTRIC BASED

SILICON-NANOWIRE GATE-ALL-AROUND TFET

Кадыров Арсен АБДУБАИТОВИЧ 23-27

ЖЭТИМ БАЛДАРДЫ СОЦИАЛДЫК ЖАКТАН КОРГОО: ПРАКТИКАЛЫК

АСПЕКТ

Фарит ЛАТЫПОВ 28-35


И ИРОНИЧЕСКОЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К БЫТОВЫМ ВОПРОСАМ

В ПИСЬМЕННОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИБЕРОВ, ДРЕВНЕЙШИХ ТЮРКОВ

ЗАПАДНОГО СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРЬЯ

Shahla ABDULLAEVA 36-39

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОКРАСКИ МИЦЕЛИЯ ГРИБОВ УЧАСТВУЮЩИЕ В

ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МИКОБИОТЫ В ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИИ ГОРОДА БАКУ

Sümeyya ARIKAN , Fatma LATIFOĞLU 40

AN OPTIMIZED NEARLY PERFECT RECONSTRUCTION COSINE

MODULATED FILTER BANK USING ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY

ALGORITHM

Adnan AYNA, Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ, Gürkan AYKUTOĞLU, Mehmet

ÇİFTCİ, Sedanur ÖZBOLAT, Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU 41

ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BINGÖL ROYAL JELLY

Yusuf TEMEL , Adnan AYNA, Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ, Nevzat ESİM,Vedat

AVCİ, Rıdvan POLAT, Deniz CANLI, Nesrin Ecem BAYRAM, İbrahim Yasin

ERDOĞAN, Ramazan SOLMAZ, Mehmet ÇİFTCİ

42-43


Murat GÜLBAY 44


CO

NT

EN

TS

/ İ

ÇİN

DE

KİL

ER

V

ol

2 I

ssu

e:2

FUZZY APPROACH TO DOUBLE SAMPLING ACCEPTANCE PLANS

Murat GÜLBAY 45

FUZZY SETS & FUZZY NUMBERS FOR PRACTICAL ENGINEERING

APPLICATIONS

Rıdvan POLAT, Nevzat ESİM, Ahmet CAF, Ali SİNAN 46-47

HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİ ARI FLORASI ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİ

ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Adnan AYNA 48

INHIBITION STUDIES OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI GAPDH

Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU 49

INVESTIGATING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER

ACTIVITIES OF ROYAL JELLY

Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU, Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ, Adnan AYNA, Gürkan

AYKUTOĞLU, Mehmet ÇİFTCİ, Sedanur ÖZBOLAT 50-51

MINERAL CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BINGOL ROYAL

JELLY

Deniz CANLI, Zeynep ÜRÜŞAN, Selami SELVİ 52-53



Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT , Yeliz DEMİR 54


SAFLAŞTIRILMASI VE SCHİFF BAZI İÇEREN KALKON TÜREVLERİNİN

ENZİM AKTİVİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ Remzi ÖZTEKİN

55-56 KUYUMCULUK ENDÜSTRİSİ HASSAS DÖKÜM PROSESİNDE ALTIN

METALİNİN, ALÇI KALIBA ALINMIŞ MODELE DOLUM SİMÜLASYONU Özge ÖZTEKİN

57 CENTRAL AUTOMORPHISMS OF SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT OF P-GROUPS

Dian Jamel SALIH 58



Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT, Yeliz DEMİR 59-60

FTALONITRIL TÜREVI VE ONUN METAL KOMPLEKSLERININ KARBONIK

ANHIDRAZ VE ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ ENZİM AKTİVİTELERİ ÜZERİNE

ETKİLERİ Nevzat ESİM& Münire TURHAN & Ali KORKMAZ

61-62 JENTER METODU İLE BİNGÖL KOŞULLARINDA DAMIZLIK SAF KAFKAS

(APİS MELLİFERA CAUCASİCA) VE KAFKAS MELEZİ ANA ARI ÜRETİMİ

İbrahim TÜRKERİ 63

PROBLEMATICS OF WETLAND AND URBAN DESIGN: IZMIT BAY

WETLAND EXAMPLE

İbrahim TÜRKERİ & Ceyda ÖZGEN 64

THE STRUCTURAL SPATIAL AND LITHURIC ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE

MASJIDS OF OTTOMAN PERIOD IN THE IZMIT CITY SITE

[email protected] Page 1 Congress Proceedıngs Book

7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS

June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy



Abha Dargar, Shashi K. DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRİVASTAVA

Department of Electronic Engineering, Howard College,

University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban - 4041, South Africa.

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Summary:

In this research work, the authors present the analysis of variation in depletion-width (under

source, drain, and gate regions) due to different oxide materials and thickness to develop the

thickness modeling of Cylindrical Surrounding Double Gate (CSDG) MOSFET. The obtained

results are vital in realizing dependency of depletion width on oxide properties which could

further be used as a parameter for procuring optimal silicon thickness in a CSDG. The analysis

provides a significant guide for the device scaling of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures.

Keywords: Short-channel effect, Junction depletion width, CSDG MOSFET, Microelectronics,

VLSI.

Introduction:

In the era of highly compact electronics, elementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect

Transistors (MOSFETs) have been phenomenally downscaled of the device size by two orders of

magnitude in the last four decades [1]. Therefore, it becomes necessary to analyze the parameters

which can influence the device scaling and performance at reduced device size. Owing to the

scaling, shorter channel of the transistor results in an abrupt operation that affect the performance,

modeling, and reliability [2, 3].

mailto:[email protected]



June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Figure 1. A typical Short channel-MOSFET.

The CSDG structure has been one among such promising MOSFETs that can withstand even at

short channel up to an extent [4]. Though numerous analysis of CSDG exists, it becomes

imperative to analyze the channel to find the improvements from a typical MOS perspective.

Figure 1 shows the schematic that represents a short-channel MOSFET wherein the effective

channel length (Leff = L-2ΔL) substitutes the actual channel length [5].

Modeling and Analysis:

The junction depletion regions due to diffused source-drain and the width of the depletion region

are determined from the concentration of substrate doping, Fermi, and surface potentials, as

defined by the Dang’s model [6]. The regions include junction between the diffused source/drain

and the substrate, depletion under the channel, and region induced by lateral source and drain

diffusions. When the device is in operation, the drain and the gate bias initiates inversion and

results in bands bending to bring surface Fermi level closer to the conduction band [7, 8].

Once the channel is formed in the device, depletion width under the gate and the drain regions

are governed by ξ(ϕs −Vbs))1/2

and ξ(2ϕs−VDS−Vbs))1/2, respectively, where ξ=2εsi /qNsub and ϕs, εsi,

q, and Nsub are the surface potential, permittivity of silicon, electron charge, and the substrate

doping concentration, respectively [9-11]. From the two operating conditions of the device,

setting up of the inversion and gate voltage increase over the threshold, cause ϕs variation that

depends on the gate-oxide thickness and dielectric properties.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.40

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

VDS

= 0.2 volt

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1016

1017

1018

Dep

leti

on

dep

th

ddG' , (n

m)

Gate-source voltage, VGS

(V)

Deple

tion w

idth

under

gate

, nm

Gate-Source voltage (VGS

), volt

tox

=2 nm

tox

= 4 nm

tox

= 6 nm

tox

= 8 nm

Figure 2. Gate-oxide thickness effect

on Depletion width.

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340 tox

= 2 nm

Deple

tion w

idth

under

the d

rain

, nm

Gate-Source voltage (VGS

), volt

k=3.9 (SiO2)

k=7 (Si3N

4)

k=9 (Al2O

3)

k=22 (Ta2O

5)

k=25 (HfO2)

Figure 3. Oxide materials effects on

depletion width.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

The variations in the depletion width under the gate region, at the applied gate bias, are represented

in Figure 2. In comparison, the obtained results at gate-oxide thickness 2 nm, 4 nm, 6 nm, and 8

nm, respectively, the lowest value of oxide thickness result in relatively larger depletion width.

Moreover, the lower thickness also results in high oxide capacitance, which in turn would lower

the threshold. Referring to the inset Figure 2, the depletion depth at increasing VGS is minimum in

comparison at large doping concentrations. Figure 2 shows the depletion region width at a fixed

thickness (tox = 2 nm) for oxide materials k = 3.9 for silica (SiO2), k = 7 for Silicon Nitrate (Si3N4),

k = 9 for Alumina (Al2O3) = Alumina, k = 22 for Tantalum Pentoxide (Ta2O5), and k =25 for

Hafnia (HfO2). Primarily, the depletion width under the drain is a significant constituent of

required silicon thickness. It is noteworthy that the oxide material with the highest value dielectric

constant (HfO2) results in the broader depletion width under the drain at increasing VGS, whereas

the depletion widths are obtained subsequently at low-k dielectric materials.

Conclusion and Future work:

In this research work, the effect on depletion width in the substrate has been analyzed using

numerical solution at the different gate-oxide dielectric constant and the thickness. This analysis

gives insight into the oxide materials effect on junction depths. The depletion width at increasing

εox (k) values of the oxide material declines at increasing gate potentials, following the short

channel. Furthermore, the depletion width under source and drain decreases with increasing

oxide thickness (tox) for the higher values of k. The CSDG MOSFET, though it has a cylindrical

structure, however, devised from a double gate planar MOSFET and therefore, the analyzed

notion is insightful to be incorporated in the analytical model for CSDG for scaling

improvements in future work.

References:

[1] A. Lopes, J. T. Machado, and A. Galhano, “Empirical laws and foreseeing the future of

technological progress, Entropy, vol. 18, no.6, p. 217, June 2016.

[2] Y. Tsividis, “Operational Modeling of the MOS Transistor,” 2nd ed. NY: McGraw Hill,

1999, pp. 268.

[3] V. M. Srivastava, “Scaling effect of cylindrical surrounding double-gate MOSFET: A

device beyond 22 nm technology,” Proceedings of 4th International Conference on

Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 6-8

January 2017, pp. 1-5.

[4] H. Sood, V. M. Srivastava, and G. Singh, “Performance analysis of undoped and Gaussian

doped cylindrical surrounding-gate MOSFET with it's small signal modelling,”

Microelectronics Journal, vol. 57, pp. 66-75, Nov. 2016.

[5] B. L. Anderson and Richard L. Anderson, “Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices,”

McGraw-Hill, Inc., March 2004.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

[6] P. Antognetti and G. Massobrio, Semiconductor device modeling with SPICE, McGraw-

Hill, Inc., 1 Nov. 1990.

[7] S. M. Sze and N. Kwok, “Physics of Semiconductor Devices,” John wiley & Sons, 2008.

[8] A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, “Microelectronic circuits,” New York: Oxford University

Press; 2016.

[9] T. Ahmed and N. Hasan, “A new technique for finding sub-threshold current of

MOSFETs,” Proceedings of International Conference on Informatics, Electronics &

Vision (ICIEV), 18-20 May 2012, pp. 893-896.

[10] Z. Milaim, N. Caka, M. Limani, and Q. Kabashi, “Impact of MOSFET’s structure

parameters on its overall performance depending to the mode operation,” International

Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 10, pp. 390-396, Oct. 2016.

K. S. Joseph, T. C. Lik, and N. S. Huat, “Characterization of SOI Film Thickness, Oxide

Thickness and Charges with CV Measurement,” Proceedings. of International Conference on

Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), Aug. 2018, pp. 324-327.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE-GATE AMORPHOUS-IGZO

THIN FILM TRANSISTORS

Shashi K. DARGAR, Abha DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRİVASTAVA



Summary:

In recent years, specifically in the display electronics, thin film transistors have demonstrated

promising features including high ON-OFF Current ratio, better lifetime, and identical large-area

integration with the use of Amorphous-Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (α-IGZO) channel. To increase

the gate-control α-IGZO Thin Film Transistor (TFT) in Double-Gate (DG) structure have also

been reported in the past. Though DG structure provides enhanced electrical characteristics,

However, the reason for performance improvement are ambiguous. In this work, authors have

presented a comparative analysis of Double-Gate (DG) and Singe-Gate (SG) structure based on

the author’s design and simulation of amorphous-IGZO Tri-Active Layer (TAL) channel TFT.

Keywords: Thin film transistor, Amorphous IGZO, Tri-active layer channel, Nanotechnology,

VLSI

Introduction:

A Thin Film Transistors (TFT) is structured by depositing thin films of a semiconductor layer,

insulating layer, and the metallic contacts over a substrate. The TFTs fall under a category of

special kind of field effect devices wherein the device current is modified based on similar

principles as a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistors. However, the TFTs stand different

from MOSFETs, in terms of their substrate/body as an insulator, operates in accumulation, and the

undoped channel. Among several other categories, the α–IGZO or amorphous–Indium Gallium

Zinc Oxide TFTs provides characteristics such as transparency, irregular atom bonding, and

enhanced electrical behaviors including ION/IOFF ratio, transmittance, and the lifespan [1]. The α-

IGZO TFTs have found several applications such as switching in Organic Light Emitting Diode

(OLED), Ultra-High Definition (UHD), Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs), and optoelectrical

utilities in sensors, PV cells, and large area electronics [2-4]. The inherent properties of large band-

gap and irregular bonding in α-IGZO materials, making them suitable for transparent electronics

in the thrust of high field mobility. The intrinsic limitation of single-active layer channel resulting

in low film density. Furthermore, knowing the fact that the device performance does not only be

influenced from the materials but also to the structure of the active channel layer (i.e., single or

multi-stack), several double-layer arrangements of materials such as ITO, IZO, ZTO, and AIZO

[5, 6].

A multi-stack channel with three layers has been proposed by the authors in the past where they

have reported the gate control using two gates [7, 8]. A comparative analysis of the Tri-Active

Layer (TAL) channel device with two distinct gate control structure, i.e., Single-Gate (SG) and

Double Gate (DG), has been presented in this research work.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Structure Description:

The schematic of the designed TFTs using SG and DG are shown in Figure 1. The proposed

structure is consisting of a 130 nm-thick SiO2 insulator and the Tri-Active Layer (TAL) channel.

The channel layer has a total thickness of 30 nm out of which α–InGaZnO is the 27 nm thick and

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) in two different rationales of 3 nm and 1 nm, respectively. The length of

the channel in the device is 25 µm. The material and simulation parameters, adapted from [9], have

been considered in designing both the device structures.

Figure 1. Structure of the SG and DG TFT device.

Result and Analysis:

The single-gate and double-gate both type structure of IGZO TFT, as discussed in the previous

section, have been simulated using the electronic simulator. This section presents the electrical

results obtained from the simulation of the device.

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Log D

rain

Cu

rren

t (A

)

(Dual Gate Bias) Gate Voltage (V)

Gate Voltage (V)

DG-IGZO TFT

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

VDS

=0.1 V

Figure 2. Drain characteristics (ID-VG) of SG and DG-TFTs.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

The transfer characteristics which relates drain current and the gate voltage of the device are

shown in Figure 2. In case of the double-gate TFT, the dense cluster of obtained points before the

threshold can be observed, which shows high OFF currents and intent comparative high

Subthreshold Swing (SS). Figure 3 displays the drain characteristics of both devices (SG and

DG).

0

2x10-5

4x10-5

5x10-5

7x10-5

9x10-5

1x10-4

1x10-4

1x10-4

2x10-4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Dra

in C

urr

ent

(A)

(c)(b)

1.5V

6V

3V

Drain Voltage (V)

VGS

= 9V

(a)

1.5V

6V

3V

Drain Voltage (V)

VGS

= 9V

1.5V

6V

3V

Drain Voltage (V)

VGS

= 9V

Figure 3. Comparison of drain characteristics TAL IGZO TFT (a) Single-Gate Bottom, (a)

Single-Gate Top, and (b) Double-Gate TFT.

The doping dissemination in a single gate IGZO TFT is shown in Figure 4 that emphasizes the

origin of drain current in an SG-IGZO TFT. The substantial concentration is accumulated at the

drain-interface. Figure 5 shows the electric field distribution in the Double Gate (DG) TAL

structure, which evident the accumulation of complete channel diminishing slightly as

approaching near the source to channel and drain to channel interfaces. The weakening

accumulation causes increased drain current.

Figure 4. SG-IGZO TFT Doping

Distribution




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Figure 5. Electric Field distribution in DG-

TAL IGZO TFT

From the I-V characteristics obtained Figure 2 and Figure 3, we have extracted the electrical

characteristics [10-12], as listed in Table 1. The double gate IGZO TAL TFT structure increases

field effect mobility and also high ION/IOFF (~107) could be attained. However, in comparison,

the SG structure has desirably low subthreshold (158 mV/decade).

Table1: Extracted parameters form the SG and DG IGZO TFT device.

Parameters SG-TAL

(Bottom-Gate)

SG-TAL

(Top-Gate)

DG-TAL (Dual-

Gate Bias)

VTH (V) -3.12 -1.27 -2.62

ION/IOFF ~102 ~104 ~107

μFE (cm2/V-s) 16.35 14.74 24.92

SS

(mV/decade) 158 190 218

Conclusion:

Analysis in this work describes the origin of improved performances in double-gate α-IGZO in

comparison to the single-gate structure. The SG TFTs suffer from mobility and SS degradations.

The SG TFTs field effect mobility (μFE ) ~14.70 cm2/V-s, which increases to 24.92 cm2/V-s in case

of double-gate TFTs at gate voltage (VG =10 V). The concentration of electrons in SG TFT

decreases gradually (~1.86 ×1018 cm-3) from top of the channel to the gate-insulator interface (~1.3

×1018 cm-3) For the identical case, DG TFT current density decreases from 7.5 μA/cm2 to 2.5

μA/cm2 causing accumulation in the a-IGZO bulk and results in the larger drain current. The DG

α-IGZO TFT are useful in the array circuits such as Flexible RFIDs, high definition Display,

wearable electronics [13-15] and can replace SG TFTs for obtaining high mobility. However, the

improvement in the subthreshold swing (SS) remains a challenge in DG and SG both the IGZO

TFT structures and would require further research attention and structural modifications.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

References:

[1] K. Nomura, H. Ohta, A. Takagi, T. Kamiya, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Room-temperature

fabrication of transparent flexible thin-film transistors using amorphous oxide

semiconductors,” Nature, vol. 432, no. 7016, p. 488, November 2004.

[2] E. Fortunato, P. Barquinha, R. Martins, “Oxide semiconductor thin‐ film transistors: a review

of recent advances,” Advance. Materials, vol. 24, no. 22, pp. 2945-2986, June 2012.

[3] T. Kamiya, K. Nomura, H. Hosono, “Present status of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film

transistors,” Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 44305, 2010.

[4] J. Sheng, K. L. Han, T. Hong, W. H. Choi, J. S. Park, “Review of recent progresses on flexible

oxide semiconductor thin film transistors based on atomic layer deposition processes,”

Journal of Semiconductors. vol. 39, no. 1, p.11008, January 2018.

[5] S. I. Kim, C. J. Kim, J. C. Park, I. Song, S. W. Kim, and H. Yin et al., “High performance

oxide thin film transistors with double active layers, Proceedings IEEE Electron Device

Meeting (IEDM), 15 December 2008, pp. 1-4.

[6] J. S. Park, W. J. Maeng, H. S. Kim, and J. S. Park, “Review of recent developments in

amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor devices,” Thin Solid Film, vol. 520, no.

6, pp. 1679-1693, 2012.

[7] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Design and analysis of IGZO thin film transistor for

AMOLED pixel circuit using double-gate tri active layer channel,” Heliyon, vol. 5 no. 4, pp.

e01452, Apr. 2019.

[8] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Double-gate tri-active layer channel amorphous-IGZO

thin film transistor for AMLCD pixel circuit,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research

Symposium (PIERS), Rome, Italy, 17-20 June 2019.

[9] K. A. Stewart, V. Gouliouk, J. M. McGlone, J. F. Wager, “Side-by-side comparison of single-

and dual-active layer oxide TFTs: Experiment and TCAD Simulation,” IEEE Transaction on

Electron Devices. 2017; vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 4131-4136, October 2017.

[10] G. Baek, K. Abe, A. Kuo, H. Kumomi, J. Kanicki, “Electrical properties and stability of dual-

gate coplanar homojunction DC sputtered amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin-film

transistors, and its application to AM-OLEDs,” IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, vol.

58, no. 12, pp. 4344, December 2011.

[11] K. Abe, K. Takahashi, A. Sato, H. Kumomi, K. Nomura, T. Kamiya, J. Kanicki, and H.

Hosono, “Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O dual-gate TFTs: Current–voltage characteristics and

electrical stress instabilities,” IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1928-

1935, July 2012.

[12] S. Ono, K. Miwa, Y. Maekawa, and T. Tsujimura, “VT compensation circuit for AMOLED

displays composed of two TFTs and one capacitor,” IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices,

vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 462- 467, March 2007.

[13] B. W. Chen, K. Y. Eric, T. C. Chang, J. Kanicki, “Physical origin of the non-linearity in

amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistor current-voltage characteristics,” Solid-State

Electronics, vol. 147, pp. 51-57, September 2018.

[14] G. Baek and J. Kanicki, “Modeling of current-voltage characteristics for double‐ gate a‐IGZO TFTs and its application to AMLCDs,” Journal of the Society for Information Display,

vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 237-44, May 2012.

K. Ishida, T. Meister, R. Shabanpour, B. K. Boroujeni, C. Carta, G. Cantarella, and F. Ellinger,

“Radiofrequency electronics in a-IGZO TFT technology,” IEEE 23rd International Workshop




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

on Active-Matrix Flat-panel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD), Kyoto, Japan, 6-8 July 2016, pp.

273-276




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

REAL-TİME PCR YÖNTEMİ İLE SU KAYNAKLARINDA ROTAVİRÜS GRUP A

VE İNSAN ENFEKSİYONU İLE İLİŞKİLİ GENOTİPLERİNİN VARLIĞI

Dr.Öğr. Üyesi Akın YİGİN

Harran Veterinary Faculty, Department of Genetics Şanlıurfa, Turkey

Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Mehmet DEMİRCİ

Beykent University Medical Faculty, Department of MedicalMicrobiology, Istanbul, Turkey

Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Hikmet DİNÇ

Harran Veterinary Faculty, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Genetics Şanlıurfa

ÖZET

Rota virüs enfeksiyonları, <5 yaşın altındaki çocuklarda ciddi, gastroenteritlerin önde gelen

nedenidir. Rotavirus A için on yıldan fazla bir süredir yapılan aşılamalara rağmen, Rotavirus A

enfeksiyonları, çoğunlukla düşük gelirli ülkelerde olmak üzere, yıllık olarak >200.000 ölümle

sonuçlanmaktadır. Rotavirus A, yüksek enfektivitesi nedeniyle doğrudan bulaşan bir hastalık

olarak kabul edilir. Bu nedenle çevresel yollar büyük oranda göz ardı edilmiştir. Sular Rotavirüs

için salgın aracı olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bu bilgiler ışığında çalışmamızda, lokal su kuyuları,

tankları ve sulama ile içme için kullanılan derelerden alınan su numunelerinde özellikle

insanlarda enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili rotavirüs ve genotiplerinin G1, G2, G3 ve G4 varlığının

Real-time PCR ile tanımlamak ve bu verilerden moleküler epidemiyolojik çıkarımlar

sağlanmaktır.

Çalışma için içme ve kullanma sularından, Ocak 2017 – Ocak 2018 döneminde toplanan 72

adet su numunesi çalışmamıza dahil edildi. RNA izolasyonu ve cDNA sentezi sonrası

genesigRotovirus A kiti ile Rotovirüs varlığı ve Rotovirüs VP7 bölgesi spesifik primerler

kullanılarakta G1, G2, G3 ve G4 genotipleri LightCycler 480 sisteminde real-time PCR yöntemi

ile çalışıldı ve sonuçlar değerlendirildi.

Çalışmamıza dahil edilen 72 numunenin 17 (%23.3) RotovirüsA saptandı. Bu pozitif saptanan

17 Rotovirüs A numunesinde; 6(%35.29) G1 ve G3, 5(%29.42) G2 varlığı tespit edildi. G4 ise

saptanmadı.

Sonuç olarak, ülkemizde bu bölgede ilk defa içme ve kullanma sularından alınan sularla

yaptığımız çalışmamızla, moleküler epidemiyolojik olarak Rotovirüs ve insan enfeksiyonları

ile ilişkili 4 genotipvarlığını saptadık. Rotovirüs için salgınlarında suların göz önünde

bulundurulması ve gelişen moleküler tekniklerle, sular gibi önemli enfeksiyon kaynaklarından

epidemiyolojik veriler sağlanabileceği kanaatindeyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Su, real-time PCR, Rotovirüs, Genotip

Presence Of RotavirusGroupA And Human Infection Related Genotypes In The Water

Supplies Using With Real-time PCR Method

Abstract




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Rotavirus cleaning, <5 years of age is serious in children, gastroenteritis is the leading. Despite

over a decade of vaccinations for Rotavirus A, Rotavirus A infections are far away, currently,

resulting in> 200,000 deaths annually. The roads passing through this road are largely

overlooked. Water is defined as an epidemic tool for rheumatic hernia. In the light of this

information, we aimed to investigate a molecular epidemiological page related to the

environment of the rotoviruses and genotypes G1, G2, G3 and G4 in the presence of the selected

water from the local wells and streams, in the presence of the polymerase (real-time PCR).

Sixty water samples collected from local wells and creeks for the study between January 2017

and January 2018 were included in our study. After RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis, the

presence of Rotovirus with genesig Rotovirus A kit and Rotovirus VP7 region-specific primers

were used for G1, G2, G3 and G4genotypes in the LightCycler 480 system and the results were

evaluated.

17 (23.3%) Rotoviruses were detected in 72 samples included in our study. In the positively

determined 17 Rotovirus A samples, 6 (35.29%) G1 and G3 and 5 (29.42%) G2 were detected.

G4 was not detected.

As a result, in our study, we firstly identified 4 genotypes related to rotovirus and human

infections by molecular epidemiological studies. Considering water for outbreaks for rotovirus,

and developing molecular techniques, we believe that epidemiological data will be provided

from important sources of infection such as water.

Keywords:Water, real-time PCR, rotovirus, genotype




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

1.GİRİŞ

Dünyada her 10 bireyden 3 ü sağlıklı içme suyuna ulaşamamaktadır. Türkiye de durum daha

vahim olup evlerin %42,6 si temiz içme suyuna ulaşamaktadır. Dünya yüzeyinin 3/4 su olsada

içme suyu reservi %3 tür ve her yıl bu oran %1 artmaktadır. 2016 da Çevre ve Şehircilik

Bakanlığı tarafından yayınlanan raporda Türkiye'nin en önemli çevre sorununun su kirliliği

belirtilmiştir (TÇDR, 2016).

Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep, Adıyaman ve Kahramanmaraş il sınırlarında ki içme ve kullanma suyu

kaynakları ile nehir vb. su kaynakları, çevre iller başta olmak üzere çok geniş alanda içme,

kullanma ve sulama suyu olarak kullanılmaktadır (Kireçci, 2017). Ayrıca bu şehirlerde önemli

oranda tarım yapılmaktadır, tarım alanlarına içme ve kullanma suyu gereksinimi çoğunlukla

doğal su kuyularından karşılanmaktadır. Özellikle Eyyübiye bölgesinde çevresinde halkın

kullandığı parklar bu sularla sulanmakta ve ayrıca halka açık çeşmeler halk tarafından sıklıkla

kullanılmaktadır.

Gastroenterite yol açan başlıca virüsler: Başlıca Rotavirus A, Pestivirus, Calcivirus, Enterik

Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Coronavirus, Norwalkvirus,Bredavirus ve Astrovirus tür. Rota virüsler

Reovirüs ailesinden çift sarmal RNA içeren virüslerdir. “Rota” latincede “tekerlek” anlamına

gelmektedir. Rotavirüs de elektron mikroskobunda tekerlek gibi göründüğünden kendisine bu

ad verilmiştir (Crawford ve ark. 2017; CDC, 2016).

Viral gastroenteritler, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan bütün ülkelerde önemli bir sağlık sorunu

olmaya devam etmektedirler. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sadece rotavirüs enfeksiyonlarının

yılda 1 milyon insanın ölümüne neden olduğu bildirilmektedir.

Rotavirüsler A’dan G’ye kadar harflerle gösterilen gruplara ayrılmıştır. İnsanda yalnızca A, B

ve C grubu rotavirüsler gösterilmiştir. Gastroenterit salgınlarına en sık A grubu rotavirüsler

sebep olurlar. A grubunun 14 serotipi olup, insanlardaki hastalıkların çoğundan ilk dört serotip

sorumludur (Kraay, 2018; Santos, 2007).

Tüm dünyada, yüzey ve yeraltı su kaynaklarının evsel ve çevresel atıklar ile sel gibi taşkınlar

sonucu gerek biyolojik gerekse de kimyasal olarak kirlenmesi halk sağılığını tehdit sorunlar

arasında yer almaktadır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı; lokal su kuyuları, tankları ve sulama ile içme için kullanılan derelerden

alınan su numunelerinde özellikle insanlarda enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili rotavirüs ve

genotiplerinin G1, G2, G3 ve G4 varlığının Real-time PCR ile tanımlamak ve bu verilerden

moleküler epidemiyolojik çıkarımlar sağlanmaktır.

2.MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM

Su örnekleri Gaziantep, Mardin ve Şanlıurfa illeri ve ilçelerinden Ocak 2017 – Ocak 2018

tarihlerinde su kuyuları, tanklarından ve sulama ile içme amaçlı kullanılan küçük akarsulardan

alınan 72 adet içme suyu örneği araştırılmıştır.

Toplanan su numuneleri steril filitrelerden geçirilerek Vilagines ve ark. (1993)’de geliştirdiği

yöntem kullanılarak konsantre edildi ve bu konsantre örneklerin 200 μl’sinden High Pure Viral

nukleik asit kit (Roche Diagnostics GmBH, Mannheim – Almanya) ile üretici firma direktifleri

takip edilerek RNA izolasyonları gerçekleştirildi. RNA’lar -80oC’de işlem yapılıncaya kadar

saklandı (Vilaginès ve ark. 1993).




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

RNA’lardan, First Strand cDNA sentez kiti kullanılarak cDNA elde edildi ve cDNA’lardan

rotavirüs grup A, Non structural protein 5 (NSP5) bölgesine spesifikGenesig Rotovirus A kiti

(Primerdesign Ltd, UK) üretici direktifleri doğrultusunda kullanılarak LightCycler 480 II

sisteminde Rotovirüs grup A varlığı saptandı.

Light Cycler 480 Sybr Green I Master kit (Roche Diagnostics GmBH, Mannheim, Germany)

spesfik VP7 Rotavirus grup A primerleri (Table 1) ile Light Cycler 480 II (Roche Diagnostics

GmBH, Mannheim, Germany) cihazında kullanıldı. Real-time PCR protokolü denaturasyon

95oC’de 10 dk, 35 döngü; 10s de 95oC, 30s de 52oC, 1 erime eğrisi; 5s de 95oC, 60s de 65oC,

de 97oC sürekli okuma ile çalışılmıştır.

Tablo 1:Rotovirüs genotiplerinin tespiti için kullanılan oligo nukleotid primerleri

G tip sprsfik proplar Pozisyon Ref.

G1-2 ATATAGTTGAGTAGAATRATTG 92-114

Santos et al,

2007

G1-3 ATRTAGTTGAGTAAAATAACTG 92-114

G1-4 CCATTATTCGRGTCACTGATT 119-139

G2-2 GTCCATYGTATTAGTTATAGTTT 119-141

G2-3 CTYACAAATGGTGAYATCAGA 172-194

G2-5 AATTCGTATATRCAGCGTCTA 136-156

G3-13 GAGCAACTGAAAASGADGCAAT 418-439

G3-15 ATGGTGACARNATAACTAYAAT 166-187

G3-16 TCATTTATTYCWGTNGCAGCTT 311-332

G4-1 TATCAARTAAAAATAGAACTGTG 59-90

G4-2 TAACTCACAAGAACGAACGATATCAA 85-111

G4-3 GTTTTYARAATRTAACTCACAAG 100-122

3.BULGULAR

Çevresel örneklerde de bulunan virüslerle ilgili bulaşılar, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde önemli

sağlık sorunlarına neden olmaktadır. Bu kaynak yetersiz ortamlarda içme suyu kaynaklarının

viral kontaminasyon sıklığı ve düzeni hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir.

Rotavirüsler hayvanlarda da yaygındır ve farklı türlerden kaynaklanan doğal yolarla ortaya

çıkabilir ve insanlarda gastroenterik hastalıklara rol oynayabilir.Çalışmamıza dahil edilen 72

numunenin 17 (%23.3) RotovirüsA saptandı. Bu pozitif saptanan 17 Rotovirüs A numunesinde;

6(%35.29) G1 ve G3, 5(%29.42) G2 varlığı tespit edildi. G4 ise saptanmadı.

Sonuç olarak, ülkemizde ilk defa kuyu suları ve derelerden alınan sularla yaptığımız

çalışmamızla, moleküler epidemiyolojik olarak Rotovirüs ve insan enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili 4

genotipvarlığını saptadık.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Grafik 1. Tüm örneklerin n=72 örneklerin Rotavirus A DAğılımları

Grafik 2. Su örneklerinde Rotovirus A Genotiplerin Dağılımı (G1,G2,G3,G4)

4. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ

Miura ve ark. 2018 de yaptıkları çalışmada Japonya da 15 farklı nehirden toplan örneklerde

Rotavirüs A, virusü mevsimlerde çözünmüş formda maksimum 5.5 ve 6.3 log10 kopya / L

konsantrasyonlarda ve numunelerin % 95 ve% 86'sında Realtime PCR ile tespit etmişlerdir

tespit edilmişlerdir.Moreiara ve ark. 2017’de yaptıkları çalışmada 2000 ve 2014 yılları arasında

içmesuyu kaynaklı salgınları incelendiklerinde en etkili patojenlerden birininde Rotavirus A

olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Yousuf ve ark. 2017 de Pakistanın Karaçi nüfusuna içme suyu

sağlayan altı su filtrasyon tesisi ve evlerden içme suyu örnekleri toplanmıştır. Rotavirüs, su

filtrasyon tesislerinden toplanan su örneklerinin% 35'inde mevcuttur; ancak, evsel musluk suyu

örneklerinin yalnızca% 5 prevalansı tespit etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmalar bizim çalışmamızla

kıyaslandıgında paralel sonuçlar alınmıştır.

Gratacap-Cavallier ve ark. 2000 yılında Fransada yaptıkları çalışmada Rotaviral gastroenterit

muzdarip olan 56 çocuğun evlerindeki içme sularını RT-PCR ile analizini yapmışlardır, dört

örnekte rotavirüs genomunun varlığını göstermiştir. Bu suşlar, çocuk dışkısında çoğunluğu

insan suşlarında görülen, VP7 glikoproteininin nötrleştirilmesiyle saptanan 1-4 G serotiplerine

ait olduğunu tespit etmişlerdir. VP7 glikoprotein varlığı dizieme ile tespit edilmiştir. Bu 4

Rotavirus Aün domuz ve sığır kaynaklı olduğu ve insan kaynaklı rotavirüslerinden farklı

olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.

Verheyen ve ark. 2009 yılında Batı Afrikada bizim çalışmamızda ki gibi Real-time PCR

teknolojisini kullanarak 287 içme suyu kaynağından 541 örnek test etmişlerdir. Kaynakların

17

55

Rotavirus A Örnek Dağılımı

Rotavirus Pozitif

Rotavirus Negatif

6

5

6

Rotavirus A Genotip Dağılımı

G1

G2

G3

G4




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

toplam% 12.9'unun adenovirüsler için pozitif, kaynakların % 2.1'nin rotavirüsler için en az bir

kez pozitiftif olduğunu tespit etmişlerdir. Ayrıca Genel olarak, 15 yüzey suyu örneğinden 3'nün

(% 20) ve 247 kuyunun 35'nin (% 14.2) ve ayrıca 25 su pompasının 2'side (% 8) adenovirüsler

veya rotavirüsler için pozitif olarak test edilmiştir. Tuvaletler varlığı su pompalarının veya

kuyucukların çevresinde 50 m'lik bir yarıçap içinde virüs tespiti için bir risk faktörü olarak

belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmalar incelendiğinde bizim çalışmamızda da toplanan örneklerde 72 numunenin 17

(%23.3) RotovirüsA tespit edilmiş olması ve moleküler epidemiyolojik olarak Rotovirüs ve

insan enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili 4 genotip varlığını saptadık. Bu çalışmalar ile benzer sonuçlar

elde edilmiştir.

Sonuç olarak Rotovirüs için salgınlarında suların göz önünde bulundurulması ve gelişen

moleküler tekniklerle, sular gibi önemli enfeksiyon kaynaklarından epidemiyolojik veriler

sağlanabileceği kanaatindeyiz. Viral kontaminasyon, içme suyunun kaynaklarının yakınında

bulunan kanalizasyon ve benzeri yapılardan kaynaklanabildiği, tarımsal alanların sulanmasında

bu derelerin kullanılması, sosyoekonomik refah düşük olması önemli derecede bölgede sorunun

çözülmesinde bir problem olduğu görülmekterdir. Bu sorunun çözülmesi içinde gerekli su

kaynakların kontrol altına alınması veya kurutulması önerilmektedir.

KAYNAKLAR

CDC 2016. Water-related Diseases and Contaminants in Public Water Systems. http://www.cdc.gov/

healthywater /drinking/public/water_diseases.html, (Erişim tarihi: 18.01.2016).

Crawford SE, Ramani S, Tate JE, et al. Rotavirus Ainfection. NatRevDisPrimers.

2017;3:17083. Published 2017 Nov 9. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83.

Gratacap-Cavallier, B., Genoulaz, O., Brengel-Pesce, K., Soule, H., Innocenti-Francillard, P.,

Bost, M., ... & Seigneurin, J. M. (2000). Detection of human and animal Rotavirus A sequences

in drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(6), 2690-2692.

https://csb.gov.tr/turkiye-cevre-durum-raporu-yayimlandi-bakanlik-faaliyetleri-11867, (TÇDR, 2016)

Kireçci, E., Uğuz, M. T., & Murat, A.(2017). Kahramanmaraş İlindeki İçme, Kullanma ve

Çevresel Suların Mikrobiyolojik Niteliğinin Membran Filtrasyon Sistemi İle

Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 20-24.

Kraay ANM, Brouwer AF, Lin N, Collender PA, Remais JV, Eisenberg JNS. Modeling

environmentally mediated Rotavirus A transmission: The role of temperature and hydrologic

factors. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A. 2018;115(12):E2782-E2790.

Miura, T., Gima, A., & Akiba, M. (2019). Detection of Norovirus and Rotavirus A Present in

Suspended and Dissolved Forms in Drinking Water Sources. Food and environmental

virology, 11(1), 9-19.

Moreira, N. A., & Bondelind, M. (2017). Safe drinking water and waterborne

outbreaks. Journal of water and health, 15(1), 83-96.

Santos N, Honma S, TimenetskyMdo C, et al. Development of a microtiter plate hybridization-

based PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for identification of clinically relevant human

group A Rotavirus A G and P genotypes. J ClinMicrobiol. 2007;46(2):462-9.


https://csb.gov.tr/turkiye-cevre-durum-raporu-yayimlandi-bakanlik-faaliyetleri-11867



June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Vilaginès, Ph.,Sarrette, B., Husson, G. andVilaginès, R. (1993) Glasswoolvirusconcentration at

ambientwaterpHlevel. WaterSciTechnol 27, 299–306.

Yousuf, F. A., Siddiqui, R., & Khan, N. A. (2017). Presence of Rotavirus A and free-living

amoebae in the water supplies of Karachi, Pakistan. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical

de São Paulo, 59.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

EFFECT OF GATE-UNDERLAP LENGTHS IN HIGH-K DIELECTRIC BASED

SILICON-NANOWIRE GATE-ALL-AROUND TFET

Shashi K. Dargar, Abha DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRIVASTAVA



Summary:

The Tunnel Field Effect Transistors (TFETs) are comprised of heavily doped Source/Drain (S/D)

regions, which results in the wider depletion region and extends towards the gate edges and makes

longer effective channel length (Leff). Using the concept of gate underlap, the increased effective

length (Leff) can help in reducing short channel effects. In this research work, Silicon Nano-wire

Gate-All-Around (SiNWGAA) TFET devices have been designed with gate to Source

(S)/Drain(D) two underlap-lengths to analyze the effect on the performance. The analysis

presented in this work provides detail insights on the performance variation due to gate-underlap

alignment.

Keywords: Gate all around (GAA), Tunnel FET, Underlap, Nanotechnology, VLSI.

Introduction:

In the past few decades, fascinating developments have been witnessed in the electronics across

the globe. It is due to the compactness of the Integrated Circuits in the devices that millions of

components are packaged into small electronic chips. Such increasing density craves for

downscaling the dimension of the component in the micron to nanometer scale which encounters

the Short Channel Effects (SCEs) that makes it difficult to maintain low power operations [1, 2].

The Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors (TFETs) that work on the concept of band-to-band tunneling

have been attractive for low-power Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits [3-5].

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. SiNW GAA-TFET (a) device structure (b) schematic with underlap.

The proposed device structure and the schematic considering underlap lengths are shown in Figure

1. In the device geometry, Lg, tsi, and tox represent gate-length, channel thickness, and gate-oxide




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

thickness, respectively. The heavily doped Source and Drain regions have a concentration of

doping of order 1E+14 to 1E+18 cm-3. Authors, in their previous work [6], have designed a

Silicon-Nanowire Gate-All-Around (SiNWGAA) TFET using HfO2 material as a gate insulator

without any underlap. The authors in this work have used two oxide materials (HfO2 and SiO2) in

the structures with underlap lengths Lun = 5 nm and 10 nm. The designs have Lg =100 nm and tox =

5 nm with other simulation parameters as defined in the authors previous design for the band to

band tunneling model [7-10].

Modeling and Analysis:

The SiNWGAA TFET device has been designed for three different structures. One in which the

gate is precisely aligned with the source-channel interface (no underlap) and other two with the

underlap lengths of 10 nm and 5 nm. The simulation results of the device are emphasized in this

section.

The characteristics from the simulated device are obtained at cumulative VGS steps 0.1 V, and

0.5 V. Figure 2 shows the effect of underlapping on the transconductance parameter. The

comparison graph shows that the transconductance is not significantly affected at initial drain

voltages in case of the larger underlap length (10 nm). However, in comparison to the length Lun =

5 nm, the parameter drops down next to the peak value, and that occurs even at further increasing

drain voltages. In an attempt to develop in-depth understanding of the underlap effect, Figure 3

displays energy band diagram of the gate-underlap devices at VGS = 0.5 V and VD = 1 V. The band

is considerably lowered with HfO2 in comparison to SiO2 device. Moreover, it results in a low

tunnel width for the device with underlap. Therefore, it is evident that utilizing high-k material

with substantial underlap results in improved behavior of the device.

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00

1x10-4

2x10-4

3x10-4

4x10-4

5x10-4

6x10-4

10 nm Underlap

Tra

nsc

on

du

cta

nce (

S/

m)

Drain Voltage (V)

5 nm Underlap

Figure 2. Device transconductance at

different underlap lengths of the device.

Figure 3. Energy band diagram at

different underlap lengths.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

The comparative ID-VG characteristics of the device with two discrete underlap lengths of 5 nm

and 10 nm is demonstrated in Figure 4. The curves are shown for two different oxides (SiO2 and

HfO2) to comprehend the influence of the underlap. Keeping other parameters identical in both

the devices, the comparison reveals that the HfO2 (high-k) which shows superior device

performance at no underlap in comparison to SiO2 (low-k), does not follow the same in underlap

condition.

Figure 4. Transfer characteristics of the device at different underlap lengths.

The performance enhances with the increase of the underlap area. The subthreshold swing, which

relates current to the applied gate voltage underneath the threshold has been calculated, following

the extraction method of a MOSFET [11, 12].

Conclusion and Future work:

In this work, the authors present the design and analysis of Silicon Nano Wire Gate-All-Around

(SiNWGAA) Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFETs) with different underlap-lengths between gate

to Source (S)/Drain(D). The structure of the devices with no underlap and with underlap lengths

has been simulated. The performance analysis involves the effect of high-k gate oxide along with

underlapping lengths. Without underlap at applied VGS, the adjacent band lowering occurs under

the gate in the channel that extends towards the source and the gate edge. The increased band-

lowering tends to enlarge the tunnel width that degrades the current. A moderate (5 nm) gate-

underlap band lowering results in a comparatively lesser tunnel width or high-k values of the oxide

and, therefore, enhanced characteristics are obtained. The device performance considerably

deteriorates for the 10 nm underlap devices utilizing relevant low-k materials. The device results

in low subthreshold 0.813 V/decade at low underlap 5 nm and provide improved Drain induced

barrier lowering (DIBL) with the changes in gate-lap lengths.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

The outcomes of the analysis can serve as a significant guide for future design improvements of

TFET structures. The implication of the underlap distances in the circuit simulation of the device

can be considered as the future work [13-15].

References:

[1] M. Neisser and S. Wurm, “ITRS lithography roadmap: 2015 challenges,” Advanced Optical

Technologies, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 235-240, August 2015.

[2] V. M. Srivastava, K. S. Yadav, and G. Singh, “Design and performance analysis of cylindrical

surrounding double-gate MOSFET for RF switch,” Microelectronics Journal, vol. 42, no. 10,

pp. 1124-1135, October 2011.

[3] N. Singh, A. Agarwal, L. K. Bera, T. Y. Liow, R. Yang, S. C. Rustagi, C. H. Tung, R. Kumar,

G. Q. Lo, N. Balasubramanian, and D. L. Kwong, “High-performance fully depleted silicon

nanowire (diameter/spl les/5 nm) gate-all-around CMOS devices,” IEEE Electron Device

Letters, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 383-386, May 2006.

[4] W. Y. Choi, B. G. Park, J. D. Lee, and T. J. K. Liu, “Tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs)

with subthreshold swing (SS) less than 60 mV/dec,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 28,

no. 8, pp. 743-745, August 2007.

[5] S. Bangsaruntip, G. M. Cohen, A. Majumdar, Y. Zhang, S. U. Engelmann, N. C. Fuller, L.

M. Gignac, S. Mittal, J. S. Newbury, M. Guillorn, and T. Barwicz, “High performance and

highly uniform gate-all-around silicon nanowire MOSFETs with wire size dependent

scaling,” Proceedings of IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), Baltimore,

MD, 7-9 December 2009, pp. 1-4.

[6] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Performance analysis of high-k dielectric based silicon

nanowire gate-all-around tunneling FET,” International Journal of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering and Telecommunications, May 2019.

[7] E. O. Kane, “Theory of tunneling,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 83-91, Jan.

1961.

[8] M. Luisier and G. Klimeck, “Simulation of nanowire tunneling transistors: From the Wentzel-

Kramers-Brillouin approximation to full-band phonon-assisted tunneling,” Journal of Applied

Physics, vol. 107, no. 8, p. 84507, April 2010.

[9] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Performance analysis of high-k dielectric based double-

gate carbon nanotube MOSFET,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium

(PIERS), Rome, Italy, 17-20 June 2019.

[10] M. S. Bae and I. Yun, I., “Compact modeling of the subthreshold characteristics of

junctionless double-gate FETs including the source/drain extension regions”. Solid-State

Electronics, vol. 156, pp. 48-57, March 2019.

[11] Y. Tsividis, Operational Modeling of the MOS Transistor, 2nd ed. NY: McGraw Hill, 1999,

pp. 268.

[12] S. Datta, Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor, New York: Cambridge University Press,

2005, ch. 2, pp. 33-42.

[13] J. Dura, S. Martinie, D. Munteanu, F. Triozon, S. Barraud, Y. M. Niquet, and J. L. Autran

“Analytical model of drain current in nanowire MOSFETs including quantum confinement,

band structure effects and quasi-ballistic transport: device to circuit performances analysis,”

Proceedings International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and

Devices (ICSSPD), Osaka, 8-10 September 2011, pp. 43-46.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

[14] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Design and analysis of IGZO thin film transistor for

AMOLED pixel circuit using double-gate tri active layer channel,” Heliyon, vol. 5 no. 4, pp.

e01452, April 2019.

Y. Khatami and K. Banerjee, “Steep subthreshold slope n- and p-type tunnel-FET devices for low-

power and energy-efficient digital circuits,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 56, no. 11, pp.

2752-2761, Nov. 2009.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

ЖЭТИМ БАЛДАРДЫ СОЦИАЛДЫК ЖАКТАН КОРГОО: ПРАКТИКАЛЫК

АСПЕКТ

Кадыров Арсен АБДУБАИТОВИЧ,

окутуучу

Назаракунов Өмүрбек ҮСӨНОВИЧ,

окутуучу

Ош гуманитардык-педагогикалык институту, колледж

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ЗАЩИТА ДЕТЕЙ-СИРОТ: ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

Аннотация: Бул макалада жетим балдарды социалдык жактан коргоонун айрым

практикалык маселелери каралды.

Аннотация: В данной статье рассмотрены некоторые практические проблемы социальной

защиты детей-сирот.

Ачкыч сөздөр: Жетим балдар, камкор, келечек, тарбия, шарт, социалдык кызматкер,

жардам, камсыздоо, муктаж.

Ключевые слова: Дети-сироты, забота, будущее, воспитание, условия, социальный

работник, помощь, обеспечение, нужда.

Жетим балдарды социалдык жактан коргоо социалдык иштердин маселеси катары

радикалдык реформа шартында актуалдуу болуп саналат. Бул маселе теориялык жана

практикалык татаалдыгы менен айырмаланат. Дүйнөдөгү көпчүлүк өлкөлөрдө социалдык-

экономикалык жана саясий оор кырдаалдар өлкөдө жетим балдардын жана кароосуз калган

балдардын санынын өсүшүнө себеп болгон. Ата-энесинен ажыраган балдар эч качан

коомдон четте калбоосу керек. Биздин жашообуздун келечекте кандай болуусу жогоруда

аталган балдардын кандай болуп жетилүүсүнөн көз каранды. Ошол себептүү да аларды

тарбиялоо, анын жолдору жана жетим балдарды тарбиялоочу мекемелердин милдеттери

коомдогу негизги маселе катары каралуусу шарт. Айрым учурларда бул маселе кагаз

бетинде гана калып калууда. Натыйжада жетимдердин маселеси бара-бара көбөйүп,

актуалдуу проблема катары чыга келди. Жетимдик маселеси мамлекеттин жана

коомчулуктун негизги көйгөйү болуп саналат. Акыркы убакта өлкөдөгү стабилдүүлүктүн

жоктугу, экономикалык кризис да жетим балдардын санынын өсүүсүнө алып келди. Бул

көрүнүш демографиялык катастрофаларга да алып келээри шексиз. Эгерде социалдык-

экономикалык саясаттагы стабилдүүлүк туруктуу болбосо, ал жетимдердин, социалдык

жетимдердин жана кароосуз калган балдардын санынын өсүүсүнө жана алардын

жашоосунун дагы да татаалдануусуна себеп болот.

Социалдык жетим деген биологиялык ата-энелери бар, бирок алар кандайдыр-бир себептен

улам баланы тарбиялай албайт же балага кам көрө албайт дегенди билдирет. Бул балдардын

ата-энелери юридикалык жактан ата-энелик укуктан ажыратылган эмес, бирок факт

жүзүндө алар баланы тарбиялоодо милдеттерин аткара алышпайт. Ал эми жетим балдар

болуп ата-энесинин карамагысыз калган жана жакшы жашоо шартта тарбияланбаган балдар




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

эсептелет. Ушундай жетимдерди тарбиялоочу балдар үйлөрүндөгү изилдөө боюнча 40%

тарбиялануучу мекемеден чыккан соң кылмышкер, 40% наркоман, 10% өзүн-өзү өлтүрүүгө

барышат. Ал эми болжол менен 10% гана өздөрүнүн кийинки жашоосун алып кете алышат

[2,4-б.]. Ушундан улам балдарды жетим балдар үйүнө алып келбестиктин жолу каралып

жатат. Качан гана өтө мажбур болгондо атайын мекемелерге алып келүүгө мүмкүн. Андай

иш чара болбосо балдардын өмүрүнө, келечегине балта чапкындык менен барабар.

Ошондуктан коомчулукта бул боюнча түшүндүрүү иш чаралары айрыкча, үй-бүлөлөргө

карата жүргүзүлүүдө. Мына ушундай жетим балдардын жашоо-шартынын оордугунан

улам аларга мамлекет тарабынан кандай жардам, негизинен коомдо аларга кандай

колдоолор көрсөтүлүп жатат жана социалдык коргоолор жүргүзүлүүдө, бүгүнкү күндөгү

балдар үйлөрүнүн абалы, кандай шартта балдарды тарбиялап жатышат деген сыяктуу

маселелердин тегерегинде изилдөөлөр жүргүзүлүп жатат. Жетимдик боюнча маселелер

төмөнкүдөй изилдөөчүлөрдүн эмгегинде чагылдырылган: Догалевская А.И., Кравченко

А.И., Максимов Е.И., Мельников В.П., Холостова Е.И. ж.б. Мындан сырткары жетим жана

кароосуз калган балдардын маселелери бир канча укуктук документтерде көрсөтүлгөн[1,2-

б.]. Жылдан-жылга өлкөбүздө жатак тибиндеги мекемелерде жашаган ата-энелүү балдар

көбөйүүдө. ЮНИСЕФтин маалыматы боюнча Кыргызстанда жатак тибиндеги

мекемелердеги балдардын саны 20000 ден ашыкты түзөт, алардын 88%нин ата-энеси же

туугандары бар. Ошентип томолой же жарым-жартылай жетимдер эмес, атасы, энеси бар

балдар “интернат” деген мекемелерди байырлап калышууда. Азырынча анча байкалбаган

менен бул маселе ары тереңдеп, ары олуттуу мүнөз алып, коом көйгөйүнө айланып калды.

Социалдык өнүгүү министрлигинин маалыматына таянсак, Бишкектеги кароосуз

калышкан балдардын эки борборунда жана бир мекемесинде 182 бала мамлекеттин

камкордугунда тарбияланышууда. Аларды багууга жыл сайын бюджеттен 18.675.001 сом

бөлүнөт. Бүгүнкү күндө биздин өлкөдө социалдык кызматкерлер аз, жардамга муктаждар

көп. Ушундан улам ата-энелүү балдарды жатак тибиндеги мекемелерге жеткирбеш үчүн

эмне кылуу керек? деген суроо туулат. Көп жылдардан бери дал ушундай кароосуз, көчөдө

калышкан балдарга баш паанек берип, мүмкүн болушунча тарбия, билим берген

Бишкектеги балдарды коргоо борбору бар. Аталган борбордун директору Мира Итикеева

көп жылдык тажрыйбасына таянып, балдарды жатак тибиндеги мекемелерге алып барбаш

үчүн биринчи иретте үй-бүлө менен иш алып баруу зарылдыгын айтат. “Бул комплекстүү

чечиле турган маселеге кирет. Айыл жерлеринде социалдык кызматтар жок үчүн ушул

маселер башка түргө өтүп кетүүдө. 2014-жылга чейин каралган социалдык коргоо

стратегиясында жакшы иш-чаралар пландаштырылган болчу. Тилекке каршы каражат

жоктугунан аткарылбай жатат. Үй-бүлөгө жардам бергени келгенде социалдык

кызматкерлердин саны аз, ал эми жардамга муктаж болгондордун саны абдан эле көп. Буга

кошумча социалдык кызматкерлердин айлыгы төмөн болгондуктан, кадрлар токтобой, бат-

бат алмашуу болууда”, дейт ал. Мира Итикееванын ою боюнча балдарга ар тараптуу

сапаттуу кызмат көрсөтүү үчүн билимдүү адамдарды кызматка алыш керек. Же болбосо

аларды бейформалдуу окуудан, тренингдерден өткөрүү зарыл. “Бир үй-бүлө менен иштеп

жатканда жалаң эле райондук социалдык коргоо башкармалыктары эмес, башка

уюмдардын да өз ара аракеттенүүсү керек. Мисалы, баласына дегеле документ албаган үй-

бүлө болушу мүмкүн. Ошол себептен ал бала мектепке да барбай калган. Демек,

медициналык кызматтан да пайдалана алышпайт. Азыркы тапта көпчүлүк

ишмердүүлүктөрдүн “көңүлдөрү” жетимдик маселесине багытталган. Бул маселени түп

тамыры менен чечүүгө мүмкүн эмес. Согуштар, эпидемиялар, ачкачылык жана башка




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

себептер жетим балдардын санынын өсүүсүнө түрткү болот. Мындан ондогон жылдар

мурда үй-бүлөлүк шартына ылайык “жетим балдар” жана “ата-энесинен кароосуз калган

балдар” деп эки түргө ажыратышкан. А бүгүнкү күндө болсо өлүмдүн өсүүсүнүн

негизинде ар бир бешинчи бала балакатка жеткичекти жетим калууда. Бул жерде айта кетүү

зарыл болгон нерсе: ар бир ата-эне жана бала өзүнүн укуктары тууралуу маалыматы бар,

бирок алардын басымдуу бөлүгү иш жүзүндө аны аткарышпайт. Жетим балдардын,

балдардын жана ата-энесинин карамагысыз калган балдардын укугун коргоо милдеттемеси

опека органдарына жана жергиликтүү көзөмөлдөө органдарына милдеттендирилет.

Жетимдик социалдык кубулуш катары адам жашоосунун бардык учурунда болгон, ошону

менен катары бул кубулуш цивилизациянын ажырагыс элементи болуп саналат. XX

кылымдын ортосунда айрыкча социалдык жетимдик киши үрөйүн учурган деңгээлге дейре

жайылган. Бул көрсөткүч ошол убакта дүйнөнүн көп өлкөлөрүндө байкалган, бирок

ошолордун арасынан Россиядагы социалдык жетимдердин саны абсолюттук деңгээлге

жеткен(95%) [4, 6-б.]. Коомдогу жетимдердин санынын өсүшү биринчи иретте ошол

чөйрөгө, андан кийин мамлекетке өзүнүн кедергисин тийгизет. Бирок ошол жетимдиктин

келип чыгуусуна эмне себеп? Бул албетте, көпчүлүк учурда мамлекеттин социалдык

саясатынан көз каранды болот. Анын экономикалык жактан алсыздыгы, кризистик абалы -

жетимдиктин келип чыгуу себептеринин булагы. Бүгүнкү күндөгү социалдык

жетимдердин да, ата-энесинен ажыраган жетимдердин, жетим балдарды тарбиялоого

арналган мекемелердин көбөйүүсүн да ушунун натыйжасы катары кароого болот. Азыркы

учурда биздин өлкөдөгү кризистик абал жетим балдарды коргоо жана жалпы эле алар

менен иш алып барууну бир топ басаңдатып, жетим балдардын саны кайра өстү. Ушунун

негизинде жетим балдарды социалдык жактан коргоодо бир топ маселелер пайда болду.

Алсак, 2014-жылкы статистика боюнча төрөт үйлөрүндө 268 бала ташталган.

ЮНИСЕФтин колдоосу жана демилгеси боюнча саламаттыкты сактоо министрлиги жана

социалдык өнүгүү министрлиги кызматташып жүргүзгөн анализде төрөт үйүндө

балдардан баш тартуунун көптөгөн себептери айкын болгон. Буларга баласынын тубаса

оорулуу төрөлүп калышы, каалабаган кош бойлуулук, үй-бүлөлүк шарттын начарлыгы,

жумушсуздук, зордуктоого туш болуу ж.б. кошсок болот. “Үй-бүлөлүк ресурс” борборунун

“Ыкчам байланышынын” материалына таянсак, баладан баш тартуунун эң эле негизги

себеби эненин жалгыз бой болушу (52%), материалдык кыйынчылык (32%), баланын

атасынын же туугандарынын каршы болушу (12%), баланы каалабагандык (21%), баланын

ооруусу (16%), үйдүн жоктугу (11%). Ушул “Ыкчам байланыш” иштеген акыркы 5 жылдын

ичинде аталган борбордун кызматкерлери тарабынан 556 баладан баш тартуу ишке ашпай

калган, бул мамлекеттик бюджеттин 3.000.000 АКШ долларын үнөмдөп калууга

мүмкүндүк берди. Ал эми ЮНИСЕФтин төрөт үйлөрүндө баладан баш тартуунун

себептерине анализ жүргүүзүсүндө Ош шаарында балдар үйүнө балдарын

таштагандардын 83% жалгыз бой энелер экени аныкталган, Бишкекте материалдык

кыйынчылык тарткандардын 62%, Токмок шаарында материалдык кыйынчылыктан жана

баланын ооруусунан улам баш тарткандар 50% түзөрү көрсөтүлгөн [5, 23-б.]. Ошондой эле

эмгек миграциясына кеткендерден көрүнгөнгө баласын таштап кетүү көбөйдү. Өнүктүрүү

саясат институнун финалдык отчетуна көз жүгүртсөк, биздин өлкөбүз үчүн эмгек

миграциясы олуттуу маселе экени баса белгиленет. Мына ушундай себептерден улам да

өлкөдө балдар үйүнө ташталган балдардын саны кескин түрдө жогорулады. Натыйжада

ошондой ташталган балдардын санын азайтуу максатында КРнын балдар кодексинде жатак

тибиндеги мекемелерге балдардын түшүп калуусун алдын алуу, балдарды үй-бүлөдө




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

тарбиялоо артыкчылыктуу деп таанылып, балдардын кызыкчылыгына жооп берээри

тастыкталган. Балдарды жатак тибиндеги мекемелерге жайгаштыруу эң айла жокто гана

пайдаланылышы жана соттун чечими боюнча гана ишке ашырылышы керек. Ошондой эле

Балдар жөнүндө Кодекстин 29-беренесинде: “Жергиликтүү өз алдынча башкаруу

органдары тийиштүү аймакта жашаган турмуштук кыйын акыбалга туш болгон балдар

үчүн социалдык кызматка керектөөнү баалоонун натыйжасын жергиликтүү кеңешке

сунуш кылат; балдарды коргоо боюнча ыйгарым укуктуу аймактык бөлүмдөр менен

биргеликте турмуштук кыйын абалга туш болгон балдарды табууну, аларды баштапкы

каттоого алууну ишке ашырат” деп көрсөтүлөт. ЮНЕСКО уюмунун каржылоосу менен

“Менин үй-бүлөм” бейөкмөт уюму жүргүзгөн иликтөөлөрдүн негизинде балдардын 22% –

ата-энеси жоктугунан, 21% ата-энесинин материалдык жактан жетишсиздигинен, 9%

жалгыз бой эненин баласы болгонунан, 6% атасынан да, энесинен да ажырагандар, 5%

ата-энесинин ажырашуусунан, 4% таштанды балдар; ата-энелердин 2% өз балдарынан

баш тарткандар, 1% ата-энелик укуктан ажырагандар [3, 7-б.].

Корутундулап айта турган болсок, Кыргызстандагы жетим балдардын укугун коргоо жагы

начар, анын ичинде медициналык камсыздоодо да проблемалар коп. Мындай тыянак балдар

үйлөрүнө жүргүзүлгөн атайын мониторингдин натыйжасында чыгарылган. Айрыкча

таштанды жана жетим балдардын ден-соолугу начарлары багылган психонервологиялык

мекемелерде абал начар. Бул мекемелерде бакмачылардын маянасы аз болгондуктан

мугалимдер азайып, балдарды тиешелүү деңгээлде кароого мүмкүнчүлүктөр да жок.

Ошондуктан таштанды, өзүн-өзү эптей албаган балдар тамагын иче албай кор болгон

күндөрү да болот. Ал эми кээ бир жабык балдар үйлөрүндө таштанды жана жетим

балдардын зордук-зомбулукка кабылаары да мониторингдин жыйынтыгында аныкталган.

Өлкөбүздө акыркы жылдары так ушул маселеге байланыштуу көп эле чыр-чатактар

чыккан. Өткөн жылда Ош шаарындагы карылар жана кароосуз калган балдардын интернат

үйүндө айрыкча балдарды уруп-сабоо фактылары катталгандыгы боюнча чыр чыккан.

Бирок бул маселе тиешелүү деңгээлде каралган эмес [2,4-б.]. Жогорудагы айтылгандар

балдардын убактылуу кармалуучу билим берүү мекемелеринде кезиктирген көйгөйлөрү.

Ал эми 18ге чыккан соң бакма үйдөн эркиндикке чыккан өспүрүмдөрдүн аркы турмушу

мындан да кыйын. Алар биринчи кезекте сырткы чөйрөдөн жапа чегип, бараар жери жок

кыйналышат. Андан кийинки көйгөй- өспүрүмдөрдүн тиешелүү документтеринин

жоктугу. Мындан улам эркиндикке чыккан өспүрүмдөрдүн көпчүлүгү кылмыш иштерине

барууга мажбур болушат. Азыр таштанды балдардын балдар үйүнөн чыккандан кийинки

турмушу менен мамлекет тиешелүү түрдө алектенбей калгандыгы тууралуу коомчулукта

айтылып келет. Анткени мурун багаар-көрөөрү жок балдарга жумуш орундары

сунушталып, жатаканаларда шарттар түзүлүп берчү. Азыр баары жеке менчик

болгондуктан алардын көйгөйлөрүн көпчүлүк этибарга да албайт.

Азыркы учурда таштанды балдарды үчкө бөлүп кароого болот. Алар:

-ата-энеси өз каалоосу менен ташталган балдар;

-таштандыга ташталган балдар;

-жалгыз бой энелердин таштаган балдары.

Айрыкча таштандыга ташталган балдардын саны акыркы жылдары өтө көбөйгөн дешет

адистер. Алардын айрымдарын гана тирүү табууга мүмкүн. Ал эми өз каалоосу менен

таштаган балдардын саны андан арбын. Статистикага таянсак, 2010-жылы мындай

балдардын саны 10000 болсо, 2015-жылы жогоруда айтылгандай 27000 түзгөн. Мына




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

ушундай коргоого муктаж балдардын санынын өскөндүгүнө байланыштуу, социалдык

өнүгүү министрлигинин маалыматы боюнча Бишкекте ден-соолугу боюнча мүмкүнчүлүгү

чектелүү үй-бүлөлөрдөн, аз камсыз болгон үй-бүлөлөрдөн жана майып балдардан

“тобокелчи тобуна” кирген балдардын маалымат базасы түзүлгөн. 2013-жылдын 1-июлуна

алганда бул маалымат базасында каттоодо 15000 ден ашуун бала бар. Алардын 8000ден

ашыгы мектеп жашындагылар, калганы мектепке чейинки балдар. Ошондой эле 530

томолой жетим, 1417 жарым-жартылай жетимдер каттоодо турат [1,7-б.]. Мына ушул

маалыматтардын негизинде биздин өлкөдөгү жетим балдарды иш жүзүндө коргоо кандай

деңгээлде экендиги көрүнүп турат. Демек, мындай жетимдик маселесин чечүүдөн мурда

мамлекет өзүнүн социалдык саясатын жакшыртуусу абзел деген тыянакка келүүгө болот.

Анткени, үйдүн кайсы бир жеринен суу ага турган болсо анын башталышын тапмайынча

суу кайра-кайра ага берген сыяктуу, социалдык саясатты түптөмөйүн, жетимдиктин келип

чыгуусу басаңдабайт. Андан сырткары бул маселе бир гана мамлекеттик башкаруу

органдарынын иш-аракетинин негизинде чечиле калбайт. Аны менен кошо ар бир адам

адамдык сапатын сактап, кыргыз болгон соң кыргыздын менталитетине туура келчү

иштерди жасоо зарыл. Ушундай бардык коомчулук аракет кылганда гана коюлган

маселенин чечимин табууга мүмкүндүктөр дагы да кененирээк ачылат.

Адабияттар

1. Е. И. Холостова. Социальная работа семьей. Учебное пособие М.: 2006.С. 212.

2. М. Гордеева. "Дети, женщины, семья должны быть под государства "Социальная работа.

2002. №1. С. 8-12.

3. "Кыргыз Туусу" гез. 2013-ж. 6-сентябрь, №67.

4. Национальная стратегия устойчивого человеческого развития в Кыргызской Республике.

Б. 1998. С. 231.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy


И ИРОНИЧЕСКОЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К БЫТОВЫМ ВОПРОСАМ

В ПИСЬМЕННОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИБЕРОВ, ДРЕВНЕЙШИХ

ТЮРКОВ ЗАПАДНОГО СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРЬЯ

Фарит Латыпов, кандидат технич. наук, доцент

Уфимский государственный авиационный технический университет

Третья по значимости (после Древней Греции и Рима) полуостровная цивилизация

древнего мира Европы, Иберия, внесла большой вклад в его культуру. Поэтому обычаи,

традиции и письменное наследие этого юго-западного уголка Европы в далекие времена

привлекают пристальное внимание ученых [1, 15, 16, 20].

Однозначного мнения относительно происхождения полутора десятка иберийских

племен (турдетан, бастетан, контестан, эдетан, илергетов, илисиков, тулусов и др. [15, 16])

до сих пор не существует. Есть лишь совокупность гипотез, основанных на сведениях

древних авторов, на данных археологических раскопок и запечатленных в их, достаточно

обширном письменном наследии (на металлических пластинах (традиция Древнего

Ближнего Востока), на поверхностях бытовой посуды (ваз, тарелок, кратеров и т.д.), на

надгробных стелах и камнях).

По мнению большинства ученых, в постледниковый период (это показывают

исследования ДНК ранних жителей и домашних животных) [17] Европа заселилась

полукочевыми племенами Ближнего Востока и Малой Азии, неиндоевропейцами по языку.

Первые индоевропейцы (протогреки, протохетты) появились в Восточной Европе лишь во

второй половине II тыс. до н.э. [19], кельты же, перевалив Уральский хребет,

«нарисовались» в Европе лишь I тыс. до н.э. В этом время Стоунхендж на Британских

островах был уже построен, а в Испании уже 1,5 тыс. лет процветала протоиберийская Эль-

Аргарская культура. Балканы заселяли уже обладавшие линейной письменностью минойцы

и пеласги (греки на начальной стадии становления своей цивилизации почти 700 лет

пользовались их письменностью, все имена древнегреческих богов и мифология имеют

неиндоевропейское до греческое происхождение).

Рассматривая многоэтапный процесс миграций и оседания населения на Иберийском

полуострове, следует отметить важный этап заселения всей Европы – носителями культуры

колоколообразных кубков (ККК) (2800 – 1900 гг. до н.э.). По мнению ведущего

исследователя ККК Марии Гимбутас, носители этой кочевой, толерантной к лактозе

культуры, появились в Западной Европе из Восточной Европы, включая степи будущей

Украины [18].

«Катастрофа бронзового века» Восточного Средиземноморья, связанная с гигантским

извержением вулкана на острове Санторин (Тира) в Эгейском море (XVI в. до н.э.) смела с

лица земли самую развитую цивилизацию Европы того времени – Минойскую.

Стягиваемый в одном центре союз неиндоевропейских народов Восточного

Средиземноморья распался: кипро-минойцы, сиро-минойцы, пеласги Пелопоннеса-Эгеиды

и асы запада Малой Азии (включая протоэтрусков), устремились на запад, заселяя острова

и прибрежные территории Западного Средиземноморья. Часть из этих народов была

буквально разорвана на части, например, народ дарданов, одна часть из которых, перейдя

Дарданеллы создала своё государство западнее Македонии, другая часть ушла глубоко в

Азию, достигнув севера Китая (по мнению Фукидида). То же самое произошло с народами




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

пеласгов (Италия – Палестина) [7], асов (Северный Кавказ – Скандинавия) – предков булгар

(по заявлениям самих булгар).

«Ветхий Завет» священного писания христиан Библии сообщает о многочисленных,

технологически развитых в металлургии и коневодстве, тюркских народах

тогарма/тагарма на территориях нынешнего Ливана и Сирии в начале II тыс. до н.э. У

этрусков и скифов Таг – Тагет имя древнего мудреца (космического посланника), давшего

«стартовые» знания в развитии их этносов.

В 1977 году мы разработали фоноэволюционную пратюркскую гипотезу,

предполагающую развитие тюркской языковой семьи от носителей Убейдской культуры

Древнего Ближнего Востока [4,7].

В 1980 году, в рамках указанной гипотезы, нами был разработан метод ПЭКФОС

(последовательное этимологическо-комбинаторное приближение с фонетической

обратной связью) для дешифровки древних неиндоевропейских текстов Средиземноморья.

В 1981 году нами был получен перевод 2/3 самого протяженного этрусского текста,

нанесенного на льняные бинты мумии молодой девушки аристократического

происхождения в IV в. до н.э. в Среднем Египте [6], в связи с выполнением главного

этрусского ритуала – человеческого жертвоприношения. Об этом мы доложили в 1982 году

в докладе на IX тюркологической конференции по диалектологии в БашГУ и на научной

конференции в 1983 году в Ленинграде в Эрмитаже [2]. В 1988 году, при физико-

химических исследованиях Загребской мумии этой этрусской девушки (этрусск. xiś cis,

принесенной в жертву богу Tin) в лабораториях Словении и Австрии были обнаружены 5

вещественных доказательств того, что наш перевод 1981 года соответствует

действительности. Об этом мы доложили на международном этрускологическом

коллоквиуме в Москве, в ГМИИ им. А.С. Пушкина в 1990 году [3]. Далее, были

осуществлены переводы крупнейших этрусских текстов на русский и итальянский языки

[4,7], и соответствующие материалы были переданы в Институт этрускологических

исследований во Флоренции (в 2013 г.).

В 2006 году наше внимание привлекла иберийская надпись из Ла-Серрета-де-Алькой на

юго-востоке Испании, выполненная на свинцовой пластине [5]. Лингвистический анализ

этой надписи обнаружил признаки генетического родства этого диалекта иберийского

языка с этрусским (установленные нами их самоназвание tarc) языком [5,8]. Углубляясь в

изучение иберийских текстов, к 2016 году мы получили переводы более десятка крупных

иберийских тестов на русский и испанский языки [8].

В начале 2018 года мы приступили к анализу ряда иберийских надписей на свинцовых

пластинах, найденных в городе Печ Махо [11, 12] (ныне Ауде на юге теперешней Франции).

На рис. 1 показана прорисовка иберийской надписи из Печ Махо (B.17.34), осуществленная

испанским исследователем И. Сольером [20].




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Рис. 1 Прорисовка иберийской надписи из Печ Махо (B.17.34), осуществленная испанским

исследователем И. Сольером [20].

На основе метода ПЭКФОС нами был осуществлен перевод этих надписей. Оказалось,

в них, как и в самой протяженной надписи на свинцовой пластине из Бильбао [8], речь идет

о способах пресечения скандальных разборок и последующих драк с поножовщиной,

устраиваемых подвыпившими молодчиками в иберийских городах.

На наш взгляд, администрация иберийских городков организовала производство таких

агитпластинок из свинца (древняя ближневосточная традиция) для пресечения в самом

зародыше хулиганских действий, сохранения мира и общественного спокойствия. При этом

упор делался на психолого-педагогические и мировоззренческо-просветительские

подходы, в частности:

а) горожанам давался список уничижительных саркастических эпитетов, которыми

предпочтительнее пользоваться для характеристики зарвавшихся сорвиголов при гашения

их негативного пыла;

б) указывались приемы – как задавить зловредные процессы с самого начала;

в) разъяснялась психологическая сущность «попадания на удочку» подстрекателей

кровавых разборок;

г) прилагалась фундаментальная мировоззренческая религиозно-философская база,

раскрывающая глубинную сущность информационно-духовной жизни человека, в

пространстве измерений которой негативные деяния острословов-зазнаек всегда выглядели

бы ничтожными и бессмысленно-хаотичными.

На региональном уровне, союз иберийских городов предпринимал и практические меры

по минимизированию вредного воздействия алкогольных напитков (arago «вина» и balurka

«медовухи») на общество – в местах производства питейной посуды (кувшинов, питейных

ваз) было организовано нанесение на их боковую поверхность надписей и поучительных

рисунков, предостерегающих от чрезмерного употребления алкогольных (l’aragol)

напитков. Например, на вазах, изготовленных в Лирии [8].

В качестве примера психолого-педагогического и мировоззренческого воздействия на

население через металлические агитпластинки, приводим наш перевод текста I (в принятой

на сегодняшний день классификации иберийских надписей В. 17. 34) из Печ Махо [11, 12]:




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

«…оказавшихся насмешниками противными, следует задавить эти вздорные идеи,

исходящие от наплевавших на всё (здесь пластина отломлена) сорвиголов, пустивших

побоку свою совесть, микино-головых (beleśbaś), от ярости (aŕsbin) жаждущих кровавых

разборок (kan buloike) и ожидающих их увидеть (bakaś ketai). Следует резко пресечь

стремление к этим результатам (здесь пластина отломлена). Тот, кто занимается

раскачиванием (selki boŕa) ведет к опрокидыванию (общества) (śalkiteike), (те же), кто

покроются кровью, потом взмолятся. Если (смутьяны) хоть немного повысили бы свой

уровень, то узнали бы довольно скоро – окружающая красота (tatei) бывает только чистой

(arika) и деликатной, красота не бывает покрыта грязью, что наблюдается в большинстве

случаев (baites kike). Насмешникам («противно смеющимся») kuleśkeŕe, возвеличивающим

свои личности (atin), чини препятствие (abon). Этих личностей, особенно упражняющихся

в нелитературных выражениях, острословов праздных (toilakoni), подави (bastiŕ), заставь

сменить тему, по возможности (momino), (постарайся) им препятствовать (abonike)…».

При изучении древних иберийских текстов нам хотелось найти указания самих иберов

– к какому роду-племени они себя причисляли. И ответ на этот вопрос был получен. В

тексте свинцовой пластины из некрополя Эль-Сигарралехо (в могиле № 21 [5, 8]) нами была

идентифицирована фраза, в которой сами иберы (ibereiri «хлеборобы», сравни этрусск. ipe

«хлеб», казан.-тюрк. ipi «хлеб») указывают на то, что они являются потомками

исторических (tarihdil) пратюрков tarc Средиземноморья [4, 7]. На наш взгляд, в результате

исторических фоноэволюционных изменений [4,7], этот макроэтноним древних

неиндоевропейских народов Средиземноморья (минойцев, этрусков, сардов, ретов, иберов

и др.) должен был превратиться через какие-нибудь 400-600 лет в этноним türk, впервые

зафиксированный в орхоно-енисейских надписях Сибири.

Далее на рис. 2 мы приводим фоторепродукцию указанной свинцовой пластины из Эль-

Сигарралехо с полуспиральной иберийской надписью [8, 16]:

Рис. 2 Фоторепродукция и прорисовка текста свинцового диска из Эль-Сигарралехо [8,16].

Перенесенные иберами в течении долгих столетий (VII – I вв. до н. э.) многочисленные

военные вторжения и жизненные передряги способствовали выработке у них таких




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

национальных черт характера, которые позволяли им быстро адаптировать в свой

внутренний мир реалии быстро меняющихся событий. Одним из таких приемов адаптации

было использование в разговоре юмора и выработка иронического отношения к вопросам

бытовой жизни. Об этом говорит и иберийская поговорка, обнаруженная нами в тексте

свинцовой пластины из Пико-де-лос-Ахоса (текст I B) [22]: Culeś bela – uŕ tesatiŕa «Со

смехом и высота (жизненных препятствий) – снижается».

Юмор и ирония сквозят во многих лакунах текстов в письменном наследии иберов, в

частности:

а) при составлении сложносоставных слов-эпитетов применяемых к деятелям

общественных и культурно-этических процессов: beleś-baś «набитые куриными потрохами

головы», stikers «острые как спицы (острословы)», akirti-baś «горлопаны» и др.;

б) в качестве контекстов, сопровождающих всевозможные полезные советы-

инструкции (например, в антиалкогольной рекламе в надписях на посуде (Bila – (tinibi) ŕden

niśu nin «Знай – (твоя) ротовая полость очень маленькая» (поэтому пей соизмеряя isep), в

медицинских инструкциях [8 , 13] и т.д.);

в) в качестве дополнительных предложений к основному содержанию текста (текст из

Печ Махо, а также см. далее текст из Паламоса);

г) в идеографических приложениям к рисункам (см. изображение скачущего с

окровавленным мечом всадника на вазе из Лирии, сцены управления разными животными,

батальные сцены на вазе из Эдеты);

д) в иберийских поговорках и афоризмах, которые по этой части очень похожи на

этрусские и минойские поговорки и афоризмы (родственных иберам по языку и

менталитету, по нашему мнению, народов) [4].

Иберийская надпись из Паламоса С.4.1 [12, 21, 22] привлекла наше внимание тем, что в

ней многократно повторялись два слова batir и batibi . Ниже приводим транслитерацию

семи строчек рассматриваемой надписи:

1.] biŕ : bilos bo neŕ batir : ibei tike batir : bilos baśka te[he]

2.] n : auŕbim batir : sortike batir : [he]ŕ batibi : bols kokate

3.] bilosbim batir : lakuaŕ kis batir : [he]ŕ batibi : bele : śboŕkate

4.] [he]ŕ batibi : abai kis batir : atin boneś batirs : bonko kate

5.] śkabai batibi : akirti baś batir : beleśbe : ti batir : kabai kate

6.] irika : kolbiŕ[ ] : be [ ]: bakon tekeŕ

7.] [he] bati[bi i]bei tike batir <:> ti [ (здесь знаки ] и [ означают стертые края).

Привлекая к анализу семантические значения некоторых иберийских слов,

выявленные нами при переводе других текстов (beleś «беляш», bilos «знания», baś

«головы», ibei «хлебá», kis «девочка» и др.), мы получили литературный перевод и

рассмотренного иберийского текста из Паламоса [12]:

«Это (bo) нèкие (один из вариантов) знания (bilos) о том что (neŕ) может утонуть

(batir) для голов (ba)ś(ka) te[ha] (технического склада):




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

ibei tike batir «хлеба начиненные (пироги? только?) утонут»;

n auŕbim batir «что тяжелое, чаще всего утонет»;

bols kokate bilosbim batir «большинство (bols) инструментов (?) известно, чаще всего,

утонут»;

lakuaŕ kis batir «молочные (?), слезливые, молодые? девицы – утонут»;

abai kis batir «степенные (пожилые) женщины – утонут»;

atin boneś batirs «умные, добрые душой (интеллигенты?), как правило, утонут»;

bonko kate śkabai bati-bi «бочка, к тому же хорошо сколоченная и законопаченная, не

тонет»;

akirti baś batir «всякие горлопаны (крикливые (akirti) головы (baś) утонут»;

beleś -be ti batir kabai kate irika «вообще никому не известно, а ты (ti) сам утонешь ли,

если нахлебаешься (kabai) сильно (воды) случайно (irika)?»;

kol – biŕ be[l] – bakon tekeŕ ha bati-bi, ibei tike batir «некоторые (единицы продвинутые)

знают – прозорливые (?) (всякий мусор (?), плевотина (?), пробка (?), бекон-сало (?)) –

никогда не тонут, тонет лишь благородный (с достойной начинкой?) хлеб».

В рассмотренном тексте нам открылись назначения некоторых морфологических

маркеров иберийского языка, в частности:

–bim – аффикс выборочной множественности. Это какой-то синтез пратюркского (этрусского) аффикса относительных прилагательных демонстрации сопричастности к признаку (выборочный) –θin [4] и показателя множественности –m в восточно-семитских языках; –bi, –be – частица отрицания наиболее близкая к тому, что мы имеем в современном казахском языке: –pa, –ba, –be (это же относится и к слову bas «голова»); tike – противительный союз «только, лишь» (в этрусском языке он выглядит несколько иначе –θec) [4, с.107].

Таким образом, отмеченные выше многократно повторяющиеся глаголы batir и batibi в

нашем переводе получают значения «утонет», «не тонет».

Так как в рассмотренном иберийском «справочнике» о плавучести разных предметов и

отдельных категорий людей просматриваются явные антитезы молодые девицы – старухи,

мусор – благородный хлеб, тихие интеллигенты – шумные горлопаны, то это позволяет

говорить об общем ироническом характере настоящего краткого справочника, как сказано

в самом тексте С.4.1 «для голов технического склада».

Вывод: Изучение письменного наследия иберийской цивилизации на новой

этимологической базе, с привлечением тюркского языкового материала, может «изнутри»

открыть доступ к скрытому до сих пор миру Древней Европы эпохи неолита, бронзового и

железного веков [9].

Литература

1. Аррибас Антонио. Иберы. Великие оружейники железного века / Пер. с англ. Е.Б.

Межевитинова. М.: ЗАО Центрполиграф, 2004. 190 с.

2. Латыпов Ф.Р. Пратюркские черты этрусского языка в связи с ностратической теорией

// Кратк. тез. докл. науч. конф.: Древние культуры Евразии и античная цивилизация.

Л-д: Изд. Гос. Эрмитажа, 1983. С. 55-57.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

3. Латыпов Ф.Р. Загребская мумия – возможный свидетель апофеоза этрусского обряда

человеческого жертвоприношения // Тез. докл. Междунар. коллоквиума: Этруски в

из связи с народами Средиземноморья. Миф. Религия. Искусство. М.: ГМИИ им. А.С.

Пушкина, 1990. С. 42-44.

4. Латыпов Ф.Р. Исследование этрусского и минойского языков на основе

фоноэволюционной пратюркской гипотезы и комбинаторно-частотных методов.

Уфа: Китап, 1999. 276 с.

5. Латыпов Ф.Р. Некоторые этрусские параллели в языке иберийской надписи на

свинцовой пластине из Ла-Серрета-де-Алькой // Сб. матер. науч-практич. конф.,

посвящ. 80-летию академика М.З. Закиева. Стерлитамак: Стерлитамак гос. пед.

академия, 2008. С. 174-176.

6. Латыпов Ф.Р. Фрагменты текста Загребской мумии об обряде человеческого

жертвоприношения (IV в. до н.э., Египет): тайные замыслы этрусской элиты //

Проблемы востоковедения. 2014. №3. С. 87-91.

7. Латыпов Ф.Р. Общие сведения, основные группы слов и дословные переводы

крупнейших этрусских текстов на русский, английский и итальянские языки. Уфа:

Полиграфдизайн, 2014. 152 с.

8. Латыпов Ф.Р. Иберийские языки Древней Испании – результат ускоренного

фонетического развития некоторых пратюркских языков Западного

Средиземноморья. Уфа: Полиграфдизайн, 2016. 152 с.

9. Латыпов Ф.Р. На западных границах пратюркской ойкумены: Туманный Альбион от

каменного века до раннего Средневековья. Уфа: Полиграфдизайн, 2017. 100 с.

10. Латыпов Ф.Р. Психолого-педагогические и мировоззренческо-просветительские

подходы, использовавшиеся администрацией разоренных войной иберийских

городов (III – I вв. до н. э.) для сохранения мира и общественного спокойствия

//Матер. Всеросс. науч.-практич. конф. с междунар. участием, г. Грозный, 17 октября

2018 г., ФГБОУ ВО «Чеченск. ГПУ». Махачкала: АЛЕФ, 2018. С.226-231.

11. Латыпов Ф.Р. Некоторые саркастические эпитеты в этнопедагогических иберийских

трактатах в сопоставлении с материалами якутского и других тюркских языков // Сб.

матер. Всеросс. науч.-практич. конф., посвящ. 90-летию со дня рождения М.С.

Иванова-Багдарыын Сүлбэ: Имя. Язык. Этнос. 8 ноября 2018 г. Якутск, 2018. С. 124-

127.

12. Латыпов Ф.Р. Перечень противопоставлений о плавучести разных тел в иберийской

надписи С.4.1 на свинцовой пластине из Паламоса // Сб. Матер. Междунар. науч.-

практич. конф. «Культура, литература и гуманитарные науки народов Евразии:

прошлое настоящее, будущее», посвященной 90-летию академика АН РБ Г.Б.

Хусаинова и 80-летию член.-корр. АН РБ Р.Т. Бикбаева Уфа: Изд. БашГУ, 2018. С.

241-245.

13. Латыпов Ф.Р. Иберийская медицинская инструкция на свинцовой пластине из

Ансерюны для использования касторового масло (oroi kastor) и алкоголя при лечении

нервнопаралитических заболеваний //Сб. науч. статей Междунар. науч.-практич.

конф.: Мир Востока и Мир Запада: проблемы и перспективы, 25 апреля 2018 г. Уфа:

Изд-во УГНТУ, 2018. С. 290-293.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

14. Латыпов Ф.Р. Обычаи, традиции и лексика древних иберов, обнаруживаемые при

описании их национального праздника «Келти-Белеш» //Mater. of the VI Internat.

conf.: National cultures in social space and time. Prague, 1-2 March 2019. Prague: Vědecko

vedavatelscě Centrum «Sociosfera-CZ», 2019. P. 28-36.

15. Alexis Gorgues. Économie et société dans le nordest du domaine ibérique (I-er siec. Av. J.-

C.). Madrid: Conseio Superior de Investigationes Scientificas (CSIC), 2010. 494 p.

16. Benjamín Collado Hinarejos. Los íberos y su mundo. Madrid: Ediciones Akal, S. A., 2014.

269 p.

17. Burger J., Kirchner M., Bramanti B., Haak W. and Thomas MG. Absence of the lactase –

persistence – associated in early Neolithic Europeans // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007.

№ 104. P. 3736 - 3741.

18. Gimbutas M. The civilization of goddess: The World of old Europe. San Francisco: IBC

ed., 1991. 250 p.

19. I primi Europei e i loro mistery: Grandi civiltà del Passato. Milano: Hobby &Work Italiana

Editrice, s.r.e, 1996. 168 p.

20. Javer Velaza Frios. Chronica Epigraphia ibérica XII (2014) //Acta Palaeohispanica 15

(2015). P. 161-176.

21. Latypov F.R. Iberlerin dili bize yakındır // Türkoloji Üzerine Araşırmalar. 2018. № 16. P. 16-

19.

Textos Ibericos del Museo de prehistoria de Valencia., Ser. de Trabajos varios, Num. 81.

Valencia: Ed. by Diputacion of PV, 1985. 131 p.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОКРАСКИ МИЦЕЛИЯ ГРИБОВ УЧАСТВУЮЩИЕ В

ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МИКОБИОТЫ В ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИИ ГОРОДА БАКУ

Ph.d. Shahla ABDULLAEVA

Azerbaijan State Pedagogycal University

РЕЗЮМЕ

В озеленении города Баку используется как местные так и привозные деревья. Распространение

грибов в микобиоте этих деревьев главную роль играет региональные и сезонные факторы. Среди

найденных нами грибами больше всего распространены грибы с чёрными мицелиями. В среднем

количестве было обнаружено грибы с серыми мицелиями а в малом количестве с белыми. Среди

грибов с тёмными мицелиями есть такие сорта как Aspergillus niger, Alternaria tenuis и так далее.

Образование тёмного мицелия связано с пигментацией, которая связана с функцией пигментов,

синтезируемых в качестве второго метаболита, в отношении нейтрализации воздействия

ультрафиолетовых лучей, присуствующие в лучах солнца.

Ключевые слова: мицелии, грибы, микобиота.

CHARACTERiSTiCS OF THE PAiNTiNG OF MiTSELiUM FUNGİES PARTiCiPATiNG iN THE

FORMATiON OF MYCOBiOTA iN THE GREENiNG OF THE BAKU CiTY.

ABSTRACT

In the landscaping of the city of Baku are used local and imported trees. The spread of fungi in the

mycobiota of these trees is dominated by regional and seasonal factors. Among the fungies we found, the

most common are fungies with black mitzels. On average, fungies were found with gray mitzels and a small

amount with whites. Among the fungies with dark mitzels, there are varieties such as Aspergillus niger,

Alternaria tenuis and so on. The formation of dark mycelium is associated with pigmentation, which is

associated with the function of pigments, synthesized as a second metabolite, in terms of neutralizing the

effects of ultraviolet rays inherent in the sun.

Key words: mitselium, fungies, mycobiota.

Введение

Следует отметить, что как региональные, так и сезонные факторы играют важную роль в

распространении грибов, и, поскольку они представляют особый интерес в той степени, в которой

эти проблемы влияют на микробиоту деревьев, используемых в озеленении Баку, следующие

уточненные вопросы. Было ясно, что распространение зарегистрированных грибов чувствительно к

изменениям как в региональных, так и в сезонных. Например, среди зарегистрированных грибов в

грибах преобладают мицелии темного цвета. Таблица содержит эту информацию:

Белый мицелий Мицелий серого цвета Темный мицелий

20,4 % 26,2 % 53,4 %




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Образование мицелия темного цвета связано с пигментацией, поскольку пигменты, синтезируемые

в качестве вторичных метаболитов, выполняют функцию нейтрализации воздействия

ультрафиолетовых лучей находящиеся солнечных лучах. Город Баку расположен на Апшеронском

полуострове, где Кавказ является одним из самых засушливых и солнечных дней в регионе. С

другой стороны, в некоторых исследованиях было подтверждено, что чрезмерное количество

темно-синих мицелий также связано с характеристикой городской среды. Это связано с

загрязнением городской среды, точнее с характером антропогенного и техногенного воздействия.

Например, в городских условиях вокруг дорог наблюдается увеличение количества грибов с темно-

синими мицелиями. На наш взгляд, этот вопрос характеризуется как проявление влияния

антропогенных факторов, но на самом деле большинство мицелия темного цвета более логично,

чтобы считаться результатом роли регионального фактора в распространении грибов на

Апшеронском полуострове. В целом следует отметить, что в ходе исследования, не только грибы с

мицелиями серого цвета (S.Hirzutum и S.gauspatum), почти все плодовые тела имеют разные оттенки

темных цветов. Из полученных данных стало ясно, что динамика грибов в течение года в целом

совпадает с ритмом ежегодного роста растений, но температурный фактор более очевиден.

Материалы и Методы

Исследования проводились в столице Азербайджанской Республики Баку. Город Баку расположен

не только на Апшеронском полуострове, но и в одном из самых засушливых регионов Кавказа и

Азербайджана, где климат сухой субтропический [31]. Баку - это место, где расположены крупные

города, и он всегда оказывает антропогенное воздействие на окружающую среду, поэтому особое

внимание следует уделять озеленению. Исследования проводились в основном в центральной части

Баку, то есть в зоне улиц и теплиц, расположенных в зоне антропогенной нагрузки. Отбор проб

проводился систематически и системно, и образцы анализировались в соответствии с известными

микологическими методами. Для выращивания грибов, находящихся на исследуемых растениях, он

использовался в качестве питательной среды для питьевых культур, таких как злаковый сок (ASA),

рис (DA), крахмалистый (NA) и картофель (KA), известковые среды Capek и Chopeck Doks.

Подготовка, стерилизация и работа с чашками Петри проводились по известным методикам [131,

148]. В лабораторных условиях, а также по результатам сельских наблюдений проводится

выявление грибковой инфекции или ее патологии.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Nö

v(ə

d)

və s

ay t

ərk

ibi(

x10

00

KƏ

V/q

)

Aylar

Söyüdün mikobiotasının say və növ tərkibnin aylar üzrə dəyişməsi




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Заключение

На заключительном этапе экспериментов проводились эксперименты по получению информации о

патогенных грибах, вызываемых патогенными грибами, степени их распространения и изучении

циклов развития болезней, связанных с формированием микобиоты деревьев, используемых в

озеленении города Баку. Основная причина этих исследований заключается в том, что степень

дезадаптации тех или иных заболеваний, вызываемых грибами, зависит от биологического

состояния возбудителя и растения, их взаимоотношений в определенной среде в зависимости от

природного климата, флоры и фауны района. В результате грибок, распространяющийся в районах

с различным климатом, способен вызывать инфекционные заболевания, а на зараженных деревьях

начинают появляться инфекции и засухи. Это называется эфитотия, когда на больших территориях

образуются опасные древесные массы и лесные массивы. Причина эфитотии влияют 3 фактора:

большое количество инфекции, устойчивость к болезням деревьев и благоприятные погодные

условия. Из результатов стало ясно, что наиболее распространенной болезнью является болезнь

бурой гнили и бактерий, которая также поражает различные виды грибов. Таблица предоставляет

более широкий спектр информации:

N Название болезни Возбудители Наблюдаемые

деревья

Скорость

распространения

1 Бурое гниение

стебля

İ.Hispidus Yapon saforası

Ağ akasiya

12.6-56.7

2 Коричневое

гниение корня

F.Pinicola Adi şam

Eldar şamı

7.8-12.8

3 Усечение белого

стебля

F.Fomentarius

G.Applanatum

Adi qovaq

Cənub söyüdü

1.2-3.9

4 Пятнистость A.Alternata

C.Microsora

Avropa zeytunu

Cökə

7.8-11.2

5 Некроз N.Cinnabarina

C.Quercina

Adi qovaq

Cökə

0.7-1.4

N.Cinnabarina F.Fomentarius İ.Hispidus

Некроз Усечение белого стебля Бурое гниение стебля

Литература

1. Мусейибов М.А. Физическая география Азербайджана. Баку, 1998, 400s.

2. Методы экспериментальной микологии/Под. ред. Билай В.И. Киев: Наукова

думка, 1982, 500с.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Нетрусов А.И., Егорова М.А., Захарчук Л.М. и др. Практикум по микробиологии. -М.:

Издательский центр «Академия», 2005, 608с.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

AN OPTIMIZED NEARLY PERFECT RECONSTRUCTION COSINE MODULATED

FILTER BANK USING ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY ALGORITHM

Sümeyya ARIKAN

Research Assistant, Depertmant of Biomedical Engineering at Düzce Universty

Fatma LATIFOĞLU

Assistant of Professor, Depertmant of Biomedical Engineering at Erciyes Universty

ABSTRACT

The effective use of filter banks, which are frequently used in biomedical signal processing in

recent years, depends on the fitness of performance criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to

optimize the parameters of the filter bank. In this study, design of window based M-channel

Nearly Perfect Reconstruction Cosine Modulated Filter Bank (CMFB) is presented. In

modulation-based filter bank a prototype filter is designed to provide perfect reconstruction and

response of the prototype filter is modulated to create a filter bank. In this method, artificial bee

colony algorithm is used to optimize the filter coefficients which are important in the design of

the prototype filter. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by taking into

account peak reconstruction error (PRE). Finally, it is tested in the suitability of the filter on

sinusoidal signal which has four different frequencies and its performance is compared with the

studies in the literature.

Keywords: Artificial bee colony algorithm, biomedical signal processing, nearly perfect

cosine-modulated filter bank




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BINGÖL ROYAL JELLY

Adnan AYNA

Bingöl University (Chemistry)



Gürkan AYKUTOĞLU

Bingöl University (Molecular Biology and Genetics)

Mehmet ÇİFTCİ


Sedanur ÖZBOLAT


Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU


ABSTRACT

Royal jelly is a bee product that contains many important compounds with biological activity

such as free amino acids, proteins, sugars, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins (Kocot et al.,

2018). In recent years, royal jelly has received particular attention as a result of studies revealing

its free radical scavenging capacity which makes it a good antioxidant (Guo et al., 2008). The

antioxidant properties of the bee products are due to the phenolic and flavonoid components

present in their contents. The physical properties and chemical composition of the bee products

vary with the genotype of the bees according to the flora species and climatic conditions and

this affects the anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the bee products (Kocot

et al., 2018). To our knowledge, antioxidant and anticancer activity of Bingöl Royal jelly has

not been investigated to date. The aim of this study was to study antioxidant and anticancer

activity of Bingöl royal jelly against neuroblastoma and colon cancer cells in vitro. The

preliminary results suggest that the bee product showed antioxidant activity by increasing the

levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and anticancer activity by decreasing

cell viability at a concentration of 0.02 mg/ml in both cancer cell lines.

This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and

Budget Presidency (Former Development Ministry), coordinated by Council of Higher

Education and organized by The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bingol

University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM-Arı.2018.001).

References:

Guo, H., Ekusa, A., Iwai, K., Yonekura, M., Takahata, Y., & Morimatsu, F. (2008). Royal jelly

peptides inhibit lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo. Journal of nutritional science and

vitaminology, 54(3), 191-195.

Kocot, J., Kiełczykowska, M., Luchowska-Kocot, D., Kurzepa, J., & Musik, I. (2018).

Antioxidant potential of propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly: Possible medical application.

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy


Yusuf TEMEL

Department of Solhan Health Services Vocational School, Bingöl, Turkey

Adnan AYNA

Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Bingöl, Turkey


Department of Health Services Vocational School, Bingöl, Turkey

Nevzat ESİM

Department molecular biology and genetics, Art and Science Faculty, Bingöl, Turkey

Vedat AVCİ

Department of geography, Art and Science Faculty, Bingöl, Turkey

Rıdvan POLAT

Department of Herbal And Animal Production, Genç Vocational School, Bingöl, Turkey

Deniz CANLI

Nesrin Ecem BAYRAM

İbrahim Yasin ERDOĞAN

Department of occupational health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl, Turkey

Ramazan SOLMAZ

Mehmet ÇİFTCİ

ÖZET

Baldaki enzimlerin varlığı, daha önce yapılan çalışmalarla belirlenmiştir. Baldaki en çok

bulunan enzimler α ve β amilazların bir karışımı olan diastaz, invertaz ve glukoz oksidazdır.

Katalazlar ve asit fosfataz enzimleri balın bilinen diğer enzimleri arasındadır. Invertaz, bal arısı

tarafından üretilen bir a-glukosidaz enzimidir ve nektarda sakkarozun hidrolizini

monosakaritlere katalize eder. Enzim ve protein içeriği, balı diğer kaynaklardan elde edilen

tatlandırıcılardan ayıran özelliklerindendir. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalar, arıların bal ürettiği

iklime ve ortamlara bağlı olarak toplam protein konsantrasyonu ve diastaz sayısında farklılıklar

olduğunu göstermiştir. Bingöl balı protein konsantrasyonu ve diastaz sayısı bugüne kadar

detaylı bir şekilde çalışılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bingöl ilinin farklı bölgelerinde

arıcılar tarafından üretilen Bingöl balının biyokimyasal parametrelerini analiz etmektir. Bu

amaçla, projenin dış paydaşı olan Bingöl ili arı yetiştiricileri birliği ile koordineli olarak

Bingöl'ün farklı bölgelerine (5 farklı bölge) yeterli sayıda petek (108) konulmuştur. Araştırma

kapsamında peteklerden alınan bal örneklerine ait biyokimyasal parametreler, detaylı bir

şekilde incelenerek ve analizleri yapılmıştır.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bingöl, Bal, Diastaz, Protein

Bu çalışma, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (Eski Kalkınma Bakanlığı)

Başkanlığı tarafından finanse edilen, Yükseköğretim Kurulu tarafından koordine edilen ve

Bingöl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından

2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM- Arı.2018.004 proje numarasıyla desteklenmiştir.


ABSTRACT

The presence of enzymes in the honey has been well documented by previous studies. The most

abundant enzymes in honey are diastase, a mixture of invertase, glucose oxidase and α and β

amylases. Catalases and acid phosphatase enzymes are among other enzymes of honey.

Invertase is an α-glucosidase enzyme produced by honeybee and catalyses the hydrolysis of

saccharose to monosaccharides in nectar. The enzyme and protein content is one of the

characteristics distinguishing the honey from the sweeteners obtained from other sources.

Previous study also demonstrated total protein concentration and diastase number changes

depending on the climate and environments the bees produce honey. The protein concentration

and diastase number of Bingöl honey has not been studied in detail to date. The aim of this

study was to analyse biochemical parameters of Bingöl honey produced by beekeepers. For this

purpose, a sufficient number of honeycombs (108) was placed in different parts Bingöl (5

different districts) in coordination with the Bingöl beekepers union, which is the project's

external stakeholder. The biochemical parameters of honey samples taken from the

honeycombs were analyzed and investigated in detail within scope of the research.

Key Words: Bingol, honey, diastase, protein

This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and Budget

Presidency (Former Development Ministry), coordinated by Council of Higher Education and organized

by The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bingol University (Project Number:

2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM-Arı.2018.004)




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

FUZZY APPROACH TO DOUBLE SAMPLING ACCEPTANCE PLANS

Murat GÜLBAY

University of Gaziantep, Vocational School of Technical Sciences

ABSTRACT

Due to the cost, time, and error from the despondence due to large number in the population,

whole inspection may not always be carried. For these reasons, acceptance sampling which is

a statistical measure used in quality control that allows a company to measure the quality of a

batch of products, either incoming or outgoing, by selecting a specified number of products for

testing is applied. Acceptance sampling, which is a methodology that deals with procedures for

making a decision whether to accept or reject the lot based on inspection of samples according

to the attribute quality characteristic, is a major field of statistical quality control. Using a

suitable acceptance sampling plan mainly reduces the cost and time necessary for inspection. If

a variable which is used for the acceptance or rejection is certainly measurable, classical

sampling plans may easily be applicable for the decision. But if the decision variable includes

uncertainty or subjectively definable applying crisp acceptance sampling plans may affect the

results and results in an increase in the producer’s and consumer’s risk. These types of

parameters can be expressed by linguistic variables. The fuzzy set theory can be successfully

applied to cope with the vagueness in these type of linguistic expressions for acceptance

sampling. In this study, distribution of double acceptance sampling plans with fuzzy parameters

as well as acceptance probabilities are derived. Operation characteristics (OC) curves for the

fuzzy double sampling plans are studied. An illustrative example for fuzzy double sampling

acceptance plans is given. Finally, a framework is presented for the fuzzy multiple sampling

which is an extension of double sampling.

Keywords: Fuzzy acceptance sampling plans; Fuzzy double sampling plans, Fuzzy multiple

sampling plans.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

FUZZY SETS & FUZZY NUMBERS FOR PRACTICAL ENGINEERING

APPLICATIONS

Murat GÜLBAY

University of Gaziantep, Vocational School of Technical Sciences

ABSTRACT

In many practical engineering applications the data is uncertain, vague or incomplete. When

dealing with the uncertainty, fuzzy sets are an inevitable tool for the design and modeling of

the practical engineering applications. Fuzzy set theory which was first introduced by Zadeh

enables one to work with uncertain and ambiguous situations, and therefore to solve ill-posed

problems or problems including incomplete information. There are several types of fuzzy sets

which are proposed and used succesfuly in the lietarure. Some of the are Classical Fuzzy Sets

(type1 and type 2), Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Rough Sets, Fuzzy Soft Sets, Hesitant Fuzzy

Sets, Neutrosophic Sets, Set-Valued Fuzzy Sets. Among several different types of fuzzy sets,

some of them aimed at solving the problem of constructing the membership degrees of the

elements to the fuzzy sets, and others focused on representing the uncertainty linked to the

considered problem in a different way. In this study, first, the definition and basic properties of

each of the types of the fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers are introduced, then fuzzy sets and fuzzy

numbers are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Different types of

the fuzzy numbers used for the practical engineering applications are investigated. A

framework for the engineering applications of fuzzy sets, as well as fuzzy numbers, are

presented. An examplary problem is illustrated for the modeling of the practical engineering

problems under uncertainty using fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers. Finaly, concluding remarks

about how a problem under uncartainty can be handled by using fuzzy set theory.

Keywords: Types of fuzzy sets; Types of fuzzy numbers; Fuzzy engineering applications




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİ ARI FLORASI ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE

DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Rıdvan POLAT

Bingöl Üniversitesi

Nevzat ESİM


Ahmet CAF


Ali SİNAN

Bingol Üniversitesi

ÖZET

Bu çalışma Hazarşah (Solhan/Bingöl) yöresinde Mayıs 2018 ve Mayıs 2019 tarihleri arasında

yapıldı. Çalışmanın amacı bölgedeki arı florası (nektarlı bitkiler) ve çiçeklenme periyodlarını

kayıt altına almaktır. Araştırmalar boyunca yörede gözlem amacı ile çok sayıda alan gezisi

yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Çalışma kapsamında yaklaşık 20 civarı arıcı ile görüşülmüştür.

Çalışma sonucunda Hazarşah/Solhan yöresinde 21 bitki familyasına ait 69 takson kayıt altına

alınmıştır. En çok nektarlı bitki içeren familyalar sırasıyla; Asteraceae 16, Lamiaceae 8, Fabaceae

7, Boraginaceae 6, Rosaceae 5 şeklindedir. Alanda yayılış gösteren en önemli nektarlı bitkiler ise

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Echium italicum L., Trifolium diffusum Ehrh., Trifolium

pauiciflorum d’Urv., Salvia multicaulis Vahl. ve Centeurea solsititialis L. olarak belirlenmiştir.

Bölgede, bal arıları mayıs ayında nektar ve polen toplamaya başlar. Bitkilerde çiçeklenme Mayıs

ve Haziran aylarında en üst seviyeye çıkar. Genel olarak Hazarşah (Solhan) bölgesi, mevcut bal

arıcılık uygulamaları için arı florasının çeşitliliği bakımından zengindir, bu nedenle, alanlardaki

uygulamaların sürdürülebilirliği için bal arısı florası türlerinin korunması gerekmektedir.

Bu çalışma "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (Eski

Kalkınma Bakanlığı) tarafından finanse edilen ve Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu tarafından koordine

edilen Bölgesel Kalkınma Odaklı Misyon Farklılaşması ve İhtisaslaşması Programı kapsamında

Bingöl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından (Proje No:

2017K124000-BÜBAP- PİKOM-Bitki.2018.002) ” desteklenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Arı Florası, Bal Arısı, Hazarşah, Solhan.

THE EVALUATIONS ON THE DIVERSITY OF BEE FLORA IN HAZARŞAH

(SOLHAN / BİNGÖL) REGION

ABSTRACT

This study was performed between May 2018 and 2019 in the region of Hazarşah

(Solhan/Bingöl). The aim of the study is to record the bee flora (nectar plants) and flowering

periods in the region. During the surveys, a large number of field trips were made with the

purpose of observation. In addition, approximately 20 beekeepers were interviewed.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

As a result of the study, 69 bee plant taxa belonging to 21 plant families were recorded in

Hazarşah/Solhan region. The families that contain the most taxa were Asteraceae with 16 taxa,

Lamiaceae with 8 taxa, Fabaceae 7 taxa, Boraginaceae with 6 Taxa, Rosaceae with 5 taxa. The

most important bee flora species included Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Echium italicum L.,

Trifolium diffusum Ehrh., Trifolium pauiciflorum d’Urv., Salvia multicaulis Vahl. and Centeurea

solsititialis L. In the region, honey bees begin to collect nectar and pollen in May. Flowering in

plants reach to highest level in May and June. Generally, Hazarşah (Solhan) region is rich in

diversity of bee flora for the existing honey beekeeping practices, so conserving honey bee flora

species for the sustainability of the practices in the areas is needed.

“This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and



University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP- PİKOM-Bitki.2018.002)’’.

Keywords: Bee Flora, Honeybee, Hazarşah, Solhan.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

INHIBITION STUDIES OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI GAPDH

Adnan AYNA


ABSTRACT

Campylobacter jejuni is reported to generate a genotoxin, that induce breaks in DNA double

strand, could cause cancer risk particularly in the gastro-intestinal tract (Brauner et al., 2010).

Therefore development of effective strategies to control campylobacter infection is needed. The

essential genes of bacteria are the most important targets for this purpose. Because the genome

of the enteric pathogen C. jejuni encodes only a single glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

dehydrogenase (Parkhill et al., 2000) and its essentiality is proven by Metris et al. (2011), it can

be considered as a drug target. The inhibition studies of catalytic activity of central glycolytic

enzyme GAPDH leads to understanding the blockage of the glycolytic pathway. The cysteine

residue of active-site of GAPDH is S-thiolated by hydrogen peroxide (Armstrong and

Buchanan, 1978). Iodoacetamide interaction with active site cysteine hinders the formation of

the GAPDH-NAD+ complex (Racker and Krimsky, 1952). After this interaction, the active site

cysteine will not be be available as a nucleophilic agent and therefore the enzymatic reaction

will not occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of iodoacetamide and

hydrogen peroxide on enzymatic activity of C. jejuni GAPDH. The results demonstrated that

these agents blocked activity of C. jejuni GAPDH in time and dose dependent manner. In

addition to these, effect of ATP on GAPDH activity was also studied revealing low

concentrations of ATP up to 0.5 mM did not effect the activiy of the enzyme while 5 mM ATP

inhibited 50% of the activity.

References:

Armstrong, D. A., & Buchanan, J. D. (1978). Reactions of O‐ 2, H2O2 and Other Oxidants With

Sulfhydryl Enzymes. Photochemistry and photobiology, 28(4‐ 5), 743-754.

Metris, A., Reuter, M., Gaskin, D. J., Baranyi, J., & van Vliet, A. H. (2011). In vivo and in

silico determination of essential genes of Campylobacter jejuni. BMC genomics, 12(1), 535.

Parkhill, J., B. W. Wren, Keaca Mungall, J. M. Ketley, C. Churcher, D. Basham, T.

Chillingworth et al. "The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni

reveals hypervariable sequences." Nature 403, no. 6770 (2000): 665.

Racker, E., & Krimsky, I. (1952). The mechanism of oxidation of aldehydes by glyceralde-

hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem, 198(2), 731-743.

Brauner, A., Brandt, L., Frisan, T., Thelestam, M., & Ekbom, A. (2010). Is there a risk of

cancer development after Campylobacter infection?. Scandinavian journal of

gastroenterology, 45(7-8), 893-897.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

INVESTIGATING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER

ACTIVITIES OF ROYAL JELLY



ABSTRACT

Royal jelly is important as food and energy source for human health. Royal jelly has anticancer,

antioxidant and antimicrobial effects through various mechanisms. These effects are caused by

protein, organic acids, minerals and vitamins content of royal jelly. Current studies indicate that

royal jelly has anticancer effects through various mechanisms (Premratanachai and Chanchao

2014). Research has shown that royal jelly has anticancer properties through interaction with

multiple cell signaling pathways, including induction of apoptosis and antiproliferative

pathways (Premratanachai and Chanchao 2014). Apoptosis can be defined as programmed cell

death because it is genetically regulated and is generally characterized by different

morphological features and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms (Renehan et al. 2001;

Elmore 2007; Lüleyap 2008). The bee products have also been reported as antioxidant agents.

It is known that phenolic compounds obtained from royal jelly are important for antioxidant

activity. It is also reported that peptides from royal jelly have a protective effect against reactive

oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in healthy cells (Sarfraz and

Othman, 2013). In addition to its antioxidant and anticancer activity it has antimicrobial activity

arose from its royalisin, apisimin, jellein, apalbumin peptides content. The aim of this study

was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of royal jelly against gram negative and gram

positive bacteria and antioxidant activity against breast and prostate cancer cells. According to

results it can be said that royal jelly inhibits growth of Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella

pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus megaterium. It showed antioxidant and

anticancer activity by increasing ROS and LPO level and decreasing cell viability in both cancer

cells.

References:

Elmore, S. (2007). Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic pathology,

35(4), 495-516.

Lüleyap, H. Ü. (2008). Moleküler genetiğin esasları. Nobel Kitabevi. pp 293-316.

Premratanachai, P., & Chanchao, C. (2014). Review of the anticancer activities of bee products.

Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 4(5), 337-344.

Renehan, A. G., Booth, C., & Potten, C. S. (2001). What is apoptosis, and why is it important?

Education and debate. Bmj, 322(7301), 1536-1538.

Ahmed, S., & Othman, N. H. (2013). Honey as a potential natural anticancer agent: a review

of its mechanisms. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013. 1-7.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

MINERAL CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BINGOL ROYAL

JELLY





Adnan AYNA


Gürkan AYKUTOĞLU


Mehmet ÇİFTCİ


Sedanur ÖZBOLAT


ABSTRACT

Royal jelly is a bee product which is used as a basic nutrient and energy source, as well as

human health. Royal jelly content is rich in terms of water (66%), protein (12-15%), sugar (10-

16%), fatty acids (3-6%), free amino acids, minerals (0.7-1,2%; iron and calcium) and vitamins

(thiamine, niacin, riboflavin) (Nabas et al. 2014). Detailed literature search revealed there is no

study on the chemical content of the Bingol royal jelly and the potential and antimicrobial

properties of this content. Antimicrobial effect of the royal jelly is reported to cause by

royalisin, apisimin, jellein, apalbumin peptides and fatty acids such as 10-Hydroxy-2-Decanoic

acid (10-HDA) (Barnutiu et al., 2011). In addition to its antimicrobial effect, there are some

studies that describes there is no effect of royal jelly on some probiotics (Nabas et al. 2014).

Antibiotics that are naturally present in royal jelly (10-Hydroxy deconoic acid, Royalisin and

Jelleines) have been reported to have the effect of synthetic antibiotics such as penicillin /

streptomycin and have no side effects (Fujiwara et al. 1990; Fontana et al. 2004).The aim of

this study was to determine the chemical content of Bingol royal jelly and investigate its

potential antimicrobial activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria and yeast. The

results demonstrated that Bingol royal jelly inhibits growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus

aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The chemical content studies

were carried out for mineral analysis revealing absence of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) while

presence of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) at high proportion.

This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and



University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM-Arı.2018.001).

References:

Bărnuţiu, L. I., Mărghitaş, L. A., Dezmirean, D. S., Mihai, C. M., & Bobiş, O. (2011). Chemical

composition and antimicrobial activity of Royal Jelly-REVIEW. Scientific Papers Animal

Science and Biotechnologies, 44(2), 67-72.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

Fontana, R., Mendes, M. A., De Souza, B. M., Konno, K., César, L. M. M., Malaspina, O., &

Palma, M. S. (2004). Jelleines: a family of antimicrobial peptides from the Royal Jelly of

honeybees (Apis mellifera). Peptides, 25(6), 919-928.

Fujiwara, S., Imai, J., Fujiwara, M., Yaeshima, T., Kawashima, T., & Kobayashi, K. (1990). A

potent antibacterial protein in royal jelly. Purification and determination of the primary

structure of royalisin. Journal of biological chemistry, 265(19), 11333-11337.

Nabas, Z., Haddadin, M. S., Haddadin, J., & Nazer, I. K. (2014). Chemical composition of royal

jelly and effects of synbiotic with two different locally isolated probiotic strains on antioxidant

activities. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 64(3), 171-180.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy



Öğr. Gör. Deniz CANLI


Öğr. Gör. Zeynep ÜRÜŞAN


Doç. Dr. Selami SELVİ

Balıkesir Üniversitesi

ÖZET

Bu çalışmanın amacı Hazarşah/Bingöl'den toplanan lokal arı florasına ait türlerin polen mikro

fotoğraflarını içeren resimli bir polen atlası oluşturmaktır.

Bu amaçla, Mayıs 2018 ve Mayıs 2019 tarihleri arasında araştırma alanından 21 familyaya ait

toplam 69 bitki taksonu toplanmıştır. Ayrıca arı florasına ait en önemli bitki taksonlarının

polenleri, morfolojik özelliklerini ortaya çıkarmak için ışık mikroskobu ile fotoğraflanmıştır.

Polen preperatlarının hazırlanmasında Wodehouse yöntemi, polen özelliklerinin

tanımlanmasında ise Punt vd. ve Paldat terminolojisi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada polenlerin şekli,

apertür tipleri, kolpus, por veya kolporus sayıları ve ayrıca yüzey süslenme özellikleri

(ornemantasyonları) incelenmiştir. Bu özellikler her takson için mikrofotoğraflarda

gösterilmektedir.

Bu resimli atlas, Hazarşah’ta yaşayan halk için önemli bir gelir kaynağı olan arıcılık ürünlerinin

melissopalinolojik analizleri için önemli bir referans olacaktır.

Bu çalışma "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (Eski

Kalkınma Bakanlığı) tarafından finanse edilen ve Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu tarafından koordine

edilen Bölgesel Kalkınma Odaklı Misyon Farklılaşması ve İhtisaslaşması Programı kapsamında

Bingöl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından (Proje No:

2017K124000-BÜBAP- PİKOM-Bitki.2018.002) ” desteklenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bal Arısı, Polen Atlası, Polen Morfolojisi.

THE POLLEN ATLAS OF SOME IMPORTANT PLANT TAXA OF HAZARŞAH

(SOLHAN/BİNGÖL)TURKEY

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to establish an illustrated pollen atlas that includes the pollen

microphotographs of the local bee plant species collected from Hazarşah / Bingol, TURKEY.

To this end, between May 2018 and May 2019, a total of 69 bee plant species belonging to 21

families were collected. In addition, pollen of the most important bee plant taxa were

photographed by light microscope to reveal morphological features. Reference slides of the

pollen grains were prepared by Wodehouse method and the applied palynological terminology

was made according to Punt et al. and Paldat. The features of the pollen studied were apertures




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

type, shape and numbers of colpus, porus or colporus, and surface characteristics

(ornamentation). These features are showed in the microphotographs for each taxon.

This illustrated atlas will be an important reference for melissopalynologic analysis of the

beekeeping products of Hazarsah where apiculture is an important source of income for local

people.




University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP- PİKOM-Bitki.2018.002)’’.

Keywords: Honeybee, Pollen Atlas, Pollen Morphology




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy


SAFLAŞTIRILMASI VE SCHİFF BAZI İÇEREN KALKON TÜREVLERİNİN

ENZİM AKTİVİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi

Yeliz Demir

Ardahan Üniversitesi

ÖZET

Çalışmada kullanılan kalkon bileşikleri, tıbbi ve organik kimyada sentetik bir yapı taşı olarak

önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu moleküller, birçok heterosiklik ve biyoaktif moleküllerin sentez

işleminde olağanüstü bir rol oynar. Bu bileşiklerin literatürde kanser tedavisinde enzim

inhibisyon işlemlerinde enzim inhibitörleri gibi birçok kullanıma sahip olduğu rapor edilmiştir.

Son yıllarda özellikle kalkon türevlerinin enzim inhibitörü olarak kullanılması dikkat çekicidir

Bu çalışmada; on adet Schiff bazı içeren kalkon türevlerinin koyun karaciğerinden saflaştırılan

aldoz redüktaz (AR) enzim aktivitesi üzerine inhibisyon etkileri incelendi. Çalışmada kullanılan

bu bileşikler, Gezegen ve arkadaşları tarafından sentezlenmiş olup, bu çalışma da kullanılması

için kendilerinden izin alınmıştır. AR enzimi çeşitli kromotografik metotlar kullanılarak koyun

karaciğerinden saflaştırıldı. Spektrofotometrik olarak enzim aktiviteleri incelendi ve her bir

bileşik için IC50 ve Ki değerleri hesaplandı. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre bu bileşiklerin 𝜇M

konsatrasyonlarda bile enzim aktivesini azattığı tespit edildi.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Aldoz redüktaz, Kalkon türevleri, inhibisyon

THE PURIFICATION OF ALDOSE REDUCTASE ENZYME FROM SHEEP LIVER

AND INVESTIGATION THE EFFECT OF CHALCONE DERIVATIVES

CONTAINING SCHIFF BASE ON ENZYME ACTIVITY

ABSTRACT:

The chalcone compounds used in the study have an important place as a synthetic building

block in medical and organic chemistry. These molecules play an outstanding role in the

synthesis process of many heterocyclic molecules and bioactive molecules. These compounds

have been reported to have many uses in the literature such as enzyme inhibitors in enzyme

inhibition processes in cancer treatment. It is noteworthy that, in recent years, the chalcone

derivatives have been used as enzyme inhibitors.

In this study; inhibition effects of ten chalcone derivatives containing Schiff base were

investigated on aldose reductase (AR) enzyme activity purified from sheep liver. These

compounds, which were used in the study, were synthesized by Gezegen and co-workers, and

their permission was obtained for use in this study. AR enzyme was purified from sheep liver

using several chromatographic methods. Spectrophotometrically, enzyme activities were

examined and IC50 and Ki values were calculated for each compound. According to the results,

these compounds were found to reduce enzyme activity even at 𝜇M concentrations.

Keywords: Aldose Reductase, Chalcone derivatives, inhibition




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

KUYUMCULUK ENDÜSTRİSİ HASSAS DÖKÜM PROSESİNDE ALTIN

METALİNİN, ALÇI KALIBA ALINMIŞ MODELE DOLUM SİMÜLASYONU

Remzi ÖZTEKİN

ÖZET

Kuyumculuk endüstrisinde Takı yapım tekniklerinden biri olan hassas döküm prosesi büyük

önem arz etmektedir. Teknolojinin gelişmesi, rekabetin artması ile birlikte Mükemmelliğin ve

detayların önemli olduğu Kuyumculuk endüstrisinde makine kullanımı hızla artmıştır. Makine

kullanımının artmasıyla birlikte tarih boyunca kullanılmış mevcut üretim tekniklerinin en

önemlisi olan döküm tekniği firmaların daha çok yatırım yaptığı bir teknik olmuştur.

Hassas döküm, tasarlanan parçanın mum modelinin uygun tekniklerle yapıldıktan sonra

kontrolünün ardından mum modeli ana gövdeye bağlayacak uygun ebatlarda mum yolluk mum

havya kalemi ile eritilerek parçanın geometrisine göre yeterli sayıda monte edilir. Yolluğu

eklenen mum model istenilen miktarda yine aynı mumdan yapılmış ve daha kalın olan ana

gövdeye uygun dizim şekliyle dizilir. Oluşan bu şekle mum ağacı denilir. Mum ağacı tartılarak

döküm aşamasında kullanılacak metal (mum ağırlığı X dökülecek metalin özgül ağırlığı)

hesaplanır. Mum ağacı döküm makinasına uygun fanusa yerleştirilerek özel olarak hazırlanmış

uygun kıvamdaki alçı ve su karışımı mum ağacın üzerine dikkatlice dökülerek fanus doldurulur.

Fanus vakumlanarak içinde oluşabilecek hava kabarcıkları alınır ve temiz bir ortamda düz

zemin üzerinde alçının donması beklenir. Alçı yeteri kadar donduktan ve sertleştikten sonra

Fanus alt lastiği çıkartılarak ve fazla alçı temizlenerek alçı pişirmek için yapılmış özel fırınlara

yerleştirilir. Alçı kalıbın içindeki mumum eritilmesi ve yok olması için mum akış kanalı aşağıya

doğru bakacak şekilde 200 ºC de 2 saat bekletilerek alçının içindeki mumum eriyerek kalıbın

içini boşaltması beklenir. Gerekli alçı pişirme süreci uygulanarak pişirilen alçı döküme hazır

hale getirilir. Döküme hazır hale gelen alçı uygun döküm makinasına alınarak daha önce

hesaplanan uygun metal eritilerek alçı içinde oluşan boşluğa vakum veya santrifüj yöntemleri

ile dökülür. Aşamaların herhangi birinde yapılacak hata sonuca etki ederek dökümün hatalı

olmasına sebep olacaktır.

Hassas döküm, talaşlı imalat yöntemleriyle imalatı zor ve bazen imkânsız olan karmaşık şekilli

ürünlerin seri imalatının yanı sıra üstün yüzey kalitesiyle büyük avantaj sağlamaktadır. Döküm

esnasında meydana gelen eksik dolum, yüzeyde oksitlenme, hava kabarcıkları, büzülme ve

gözenekli yüzey gibi kusurlar dezavantaj olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu kusurlar üretim sürecini

sekteye uğrattığı gibi kuyumculuk sektöründe kabul görmemektedir. Bu hatalar daha öncesinde

deneme - yanılma yöntemleriyle çözülmeye çalışılmış, verimliliğe ve sürece olumsuz

yansımaları oluşmuştur. Oluşabilecek bu kusurları önceden tespit edebilme sektör acısından

son derece önemlidir. Son yıllarda geliştirilen CFD yazılımları bu problemlerin çözümünde

önemli katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada tasarlanmış ürün üzerinde dolum simülasyonu

yapılarak katılaşma, hava kabarcıkları, çökme gibi hatalar tespit edilmiş ve optimizasyonu

sağlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuyumculuk, Döküm, Simülasyon, CFD




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

SIMULATION OF FILLING PROCESS FOR THE GOLD METAL WITH THE USE

OF TRANSMITTED PLASTER MOLD MODEL JEWELERY INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT

One of the techniques in jewelry production in the industries is the precision investment casting

which has great importance. With the development of technology and the increase in

competition, the use of machinery in the jewelry industry, where excellence and details are

important, has increased rapidly. with the increment of machinery using in industries, the

casting technique, which is the most important production technique used throughout history,

has been a technique in which companies invest more.

İn precision investment casting, the wax model of the designed part after the control with the

use of appropriate techniques is connected to the main body with the appropriate wax size; the

runner wax is mounted by a sufficient number, melting via the aid of soldering iron pencil

according to the geometry of the part.

The added wax model is arranged in the desired amount of the same wax stick and the thicker

main body. This shape is called a wax tree. The wax tree is weighed and the metal to be used

in the casting stage (wax weight x) is determined by the specific weight of the metal. A special

mixture of gypsum and water is prepared with special consistency. This mixture is poured onto

the wax tree and filled with a fan. The fan may be vacuumed to remove any air bubbles and

allow the plaster to freeze on a flat surface in a clean environment. Once the plaster has been

frozen and hardened, the lantern is placed in special furnaces for removing the lower tire and

cleaning the plaster. İn order to melt the wax inside the gypsum mold, the wax flow channel is

facing downwards at 200 ºc for 2 hours. The gypsum annealing process is applied, then gypsum

will be ready to be poured into the appropriate casting machine and the previously calculated

appropriate metal melted in the gap formed in the plaster cast by vacuum or centrifuge methods.

Failure in any of the steps will affect the result and cause the defect to be faulty.

Precision casting has a great advantage of superior surface quality as well as serial production

of complex shaped products which are difficult and sometimes impossible to manufacture with

machining methods. İnadequate filling during the casting, oxidation on the surface, air bubbles,

shrinkage, and porous surface defects are classified as the disadvantages, which may occur.

These imperfections disrupt the production process and they are not accepted in the jewelry

production sectors. These errors have been tried to be solved by trial and error methods before,

and they have had negative effects on efficiency and process. İt is very important for the sector

to detect these defects before production. CFD software which is developed in recent years

makes a significant contribution to the solution of these problems. İn this study, simulations of

solidification, air bubbles, and collapses have been detected and optimization has been

performed.

Keywords: Jewelry, Casting, Simulation, CFD




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

CENTRAL AUTOMORPHISMS OF SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT OF P-GROUPS

Özge ÖZTEKİN

Gaziantep University, Faculty of Science,

Department of Mathematics. Gaziantep, Türkiye

ABSTRACT

A finite cyclic group of order n will be denoted Zn. If the elements of group are integers we

denote Zn by ℤn and use additive notation. We know that any group of order p, where p is a

prime is isomorphic to the cyclic group ℤp. Generally, the term p-group is used for finite p-

groups.Let 𝑃 =ℤp²⋊φℤp be the semi-direct product of ℤp² and ℤp with respect to φ, where φ is

homomorphism from ℤp to automorphism group of ℤp² and p is odd prime number. The center

of a group 𝑃 , denoted by C(𝑃) is the subgroup of 𝑃 of largest order that commutes with every

element in 𝑃. By Aut(𝑃) we denote the group of all automorphisms of 𝑃. If an automorphism

θ∈ Aut(𝑃), g⁻¹θ(g) ∈ C(𝑃) for all g ∈ 𝑃 then it is called central automorphism. The set of all

central automorphisms of 𝑃, denoted by AutC(𝑃) and it is normal subgroup of Aut(𝑃).

In literature, there are some well-known results about central automorphisms of finite

groups [1,2,3]. First, Adney and Yen [1] studied the central automorphisms of p-groups and

they proved that if G is a purely non-abelian finite group, then there exists a bijection between

AutC(G) and Hom(G/G′, Z(G)). The form of automorphisms of 𝑃 was given by Stahl in [4] and

the central automorphisms of P for p=3 was given by Öztekin and Gürbüz in [5]. But the form

of central automorphisms of 𝑃 for any odd prime number p hasn’t given yet. In this study, we

determine the form of central automorphisms of 𝑃, for p is any odd prime number.

Keywords: Central automorphism, semi-direct product, p-group.

REFERENCES

[1] J. E. AdneyT.Yen, Automorphisms of p-groups, Illinois J. Math. 9(1965), 137-143.

[2] M. J. Curran and D. J . McCaughan, Central automorphisms of finite groups, Bull. Austral.

Math. Soc. 34(2), (1986), 191-198.

[3] A. R. Jamali and H. Mousavi, On the central automorphism group of finite p-groups,

Algebra Coolog. 9(1) (2002), 7-14.

[4] G. Saeden Stahl, J. Laine, G. Behm, On p-groups of low power order, Master Thesis, KTH,

(2010).

[5] Ö. Öztekin and Z. Gürbüz, Central Automorphism Groups For Semidirect Product of p-

Groups, EPSTEM, 2(2018).




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy



Dian Jamel SALİH

Department of Biology/ College of Medicine/ University of Duhok

ABSTRACT

Background: Cytogenetic analysis suggested that anabolic androgenic steroids injection at

different doses used by bodybuilders for long term had mutagenic effects on somatic and

germinal genetic materials, cytotoxic effect on liver tissue and increased the sperm morphology

abnormalities

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of anabolic androgenic

steroids in Athletes by using micronucleus assay in buccal exfoliated mucosa cells.

Materials and Methods: The study groups included twenty male bodybuilders who use

anabolic steroid hormones and twenty age matched controls were recruited and evaluated for

genetic damage. Exfoliated Buccal cells were collected from both groups by using the sterile

brush. Slides fixed in ethanol and stained with Giemsa stain and 1000 cells were studied by

using a light microscope. Statistical analysis for data interpretation performed by Student’s t‑test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: As compared to control subjects, significant high level of micronuclei frequency was

found in in bodybuilders with anabolic steroid hormones consumption (5.2±13 and 1.12±83

respectively). Dose and duration of consumption also showed considerable effects (P≤0.05) on

micronuclei frequency, while effect of age was non-significant (P≥0.05). In this study, both

Control and workers with history of Tobacco smoking and alcohol were excluded.

Conclusion Anabolic steroid hormones consumption increased the frequency of micronuclei

frequency from buccal exfoliated mucosa cells in bodybuilders.

Conclusions: The results of our study concluded that Anabolic steroid hormones consumption

has a potential to increase micronuclei frequency in the buccal exfoliated mucosa cells in

bodybuilders. The study also suggested that protective strategies should be implemented by the

concerned authorities to minimize the uses of these hormones.

Keywords: genotoxicity, micronuclei, mucosa cells, bodybuilders, anabolic androgenic

steroids.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

FTALONITRIL TÜREVI VE ONUN METAL KOMPLEKSLERININ KARBONIK

ANHIDRAZ VE ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ ENZİM AKTİVİTELERİ ÜZERİNE

ETKİLERİ

Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi

Yeliz DEMİR

Ardahan Üniversitesi

ÖZET

Makrosiklik bileşikler sınıfının önemli bir ailesi olan ftalosiyaninler ((Pcs), gaz sensörleri 1,

katalizörler2,3, güneş hücreleri 4, elektrokromik cihazlar 6, Langmuir Blodgett filmler 7, sıvı

kristaller 8, fotodinamik kanser tedavisinde antikanser ajanlar 9 ve enzim inhibisyon

işlemlerinde enzim inhibitörleri gibi birçok kullanıma sahiptir. Son yıllarda özellikle

ftalosiyaninlerin enzim inhibitörü olarak kullanılması dikkat çekicidir8.

Bu çalışmada; altı adet ftalonitril türevi ve onun metal komplekslerinin insan eritrositlerinden

saflaştırılan Karbonik anhidraz izoenzimleri (hCA I ve hCA II) ve asetilkolinesteraz (AChE)

aktivitesi üzerine inhibisyon etkileri incelendi. Çalışmada kullanılan bu bileşikler, Güzel ve

arkadaşları tarafından sentezlenmiş olup, bu çalışmada kullanılması için kendilerinden izin

alınmıştır. hCA I ve hCA II enzimleri Sepharose-4B-L-Tirozin-Sülfanilamid afinite

kromatografisi kullanılarak insan eritrositlerinden tek basamakta saflaştırıldı.

Asetilkolinesteraz enzimi ticari olarak satın alındı. Ftalonitril türevi ve onun metal

komplekslerinin IC50 değerleri hCA I enzimi için; 5.29-36.47 μM; hCA II enzimi için; 5.87-

18.24 μM ve AChE enzimi için; 19.80-231.00 μM aralığında bulundu. Ki değerleri hCA I

enzimi için; 2.99±0.17-54.46±11.29 μM hCA II enzimi için; 1.07±0.13-18.42±3.55 μM ve

AChE enzimi için; 10.44±0.96-181.09±21.13 μM aralığında bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ftalonitril Türevi, Karbonik anhidraz, asetilkolinesteraz.

PHTHALONITRILE DERIVATIVE AND ITS METAL COMPLEXES

EFFECTS OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ON

ENZYME ACTIVITIES

ABSTRACT:

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) which are an essential family of macrocyclic compounds class have

many uses such as gas sensors 1, catalysts 2, solar cells3, electrochromic devices 4, Langmuir

Blodgett films 5, liquid crystals 6, anticancer agents in photodynamic cancer therapy 7 and

enzyme inhibitors 8 in enzyme inhibition processes. Especially the use of phthalocyanines as an

enzyme inhibitor has attracted attention in recent years9.

In this study; inhibition effects of six phthalonitrile derivatives and its metal complexes on

carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II) purified from human erythrocytes and

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were investigated. These compounds, which were used in

the study, were synthesized by Güzel and co-workers, and permission was obtained for use in

this study. hCA I and hCA II enzymes were purified from human erythrocytes in a single step

using Sepharose-4B-L-Tyrosine-Sulfanilamide affinity chromatography. Acetylcholinesterase




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

enzyme was purchased commercially. IC50 values of six phthalonitrile derivatives and its metal

complexes were found in the range of 5.29-36.47 μM for hCA I enzyme; 5.87-18.24 μM for

hCA II enzyme; and 19.80-231.00 μM for AChE enzyme. Ki values were found in the range of

2.99±0.17-54.46±11.29 μM for hCA I enzyme; 1.07±0.13-18.42±3.55 μM for hCA II enzyme;

and 10.44 ± 0.96-181.09 ± 21.13 μM for AChE enzyme.

Kaynaklar (0psiyonel):

(1) Çimen, Y.; Ermiş, E.; Dumludağ, F.; Özkaya, A. R.; Salih, B.; Bekaroğlu, Ö. Synthesis,

Characterization, Electrochemistry and VOC Sensing Properties of Novel Ball-Type Dinuclear

Metallophthalocyanines. Sensors Actuators, B Chem. 2014, 202, 1137–1147.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.06.066.

(2) İşci, Ü.; Caner, C.; Zorlu, Y.; Gürek, A. G.; Dumoulin, F.; Ahsen, V. Sulfonamide-

Substituted Iron Phthalocyanine: Design, Solubility Range, Stability and Oxidation of Olefins.

Dalt. Trans. 2014, 43 (48), 17916–17919. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT02412E.

(3) Güzel, E. Dual-Purpose Zinc and Silicon Complexes of 1,2,3-Triazole Group

Substituted Phthalocyanine Photosensitizers: Synthesis and Evaluation of Photophysical,

Singlet Oxygen Generation, Electrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties. RSC Adv. 2019, 9

(19), 10854–10864. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA10665G.

(4) Arıcan, D.; Erdoğmuş, A.; Koca, A. Electrochromism of the Langmuir-Blodgett Films

Based on Monophthalocyanines Carrying Redox Active Metal Centers. Thin Solid Films 2014,

550, 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.10.177.

(5) Shilpa Harish, T.; Viswanath, P. Annealing Assisted Structural and Surface

Morphological Changes in Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Nickel Octabutoxy Phthalocyanine.

Thin Solid Films 2016, 598, 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.11.065.

(6) Basova, T. V.; Parkhomenko, R. G.; Polyakov, M.; Gürek, A. G.; Atilla, D.; Yuksel, F.;

Ryabchikova, E. I.; Kadem, B. Y.; Hassan, A. K. Effect of Dispersion of Gold Nanoparticles

on the Properties and Alignment of Liquid Crystalline Copper Phthalocyanine Films. Dye.

Pigment. 2016, 125, 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.10.005.

(7) Sen, P.; Managa, M.; Nyokong, T. New Type of Metal-Free and Zinc(II), In(III), Ga(III)

Phthalocyanines Carrying Biologically Active Substituents: Synthesis and

Photophysicochemical Properties and Photodynamic Therapy Activity. Inorganica Chim. Acta

2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ICA.2019.03.010.

(8) Güzel, E.; Koçyiğit, Ü. M.; Arslan, B. S.; Ataş, M.; Taslimi, P.; Gökalp, F.; Nebioğlu,

M.; Şişman, İ.; Gulçin, İ. Aminopyrazole-Substituted Metallophthalocyanines: Preparation,

Aggregation Behavior, and Investigation of Metabolic Enzymes Inhibition Properties. Arch.

Pharm. (Weinheim). 2019, 352 (2), e1800292. https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201800292.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

JENTER METODU İLE BİNGÖL KOŞULLARINDA DAMIZLIK SAF KAFKAS (Apis

mellifera Caucasica) ve KAFKAS MELEZİ ANA ARI ÜRETİMİ

Doç. Dr. Nevzat ESİM


Öğr. Gör. Münire TURHAN


Dr. Ali KORKMAZ

Samsun Tarım Orman İl Müdürlüğü

ÖZET

Bu çalışmada Bingöl ilinde bulunan üreticilere Jenter metodu teknikleri kullanılarak ana arı

yetiştiriciliği eğitimi verilmiştir. Bingöl Arı Yetiştiricileri Birliği ile işbirliği yapılarak belirlenen

25 üreticiye 40 saat teorik 40 saatte uygulamalı eğitim verilmiştir.

Bingöl ili ve çevresinde geven, yonca, üçgül, kekik gibi derin korollalı bitkilerdeki nektarı almak

için uzun dil yapıları gelişmiş arı ırkının kullanılmasının daha uygun olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Bunun için bu çalışmada Kafkas ana arılarının olduğu kolonilerle çalışma yapılmıştır. Kafkas

arısı morfolojik olarak en uzun dilli arı olup, esmer renklidir hatta siyah arılar olarak bilinir.

Soğuk bölgelere dayanıklı, hastalıklara karşı dirençli, yavru yetiştirmesi iyi ve uysal arılardandır.

Çalışma sonucunda 25 üreticiye jenter yöntemi ile Kafkas melezi ana arı üretim tekniği ve

yöntemleri teorik ve uygulamalı şekilde eğitimler verilmiştir. Eğitim sonucunda bir

değerlendirme sınavı yapılmıştır. Başarılı olan üreticiler Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığına

yönlendirilmiş ve bu üreticilerinden 22 kişinin bakanlık onaylı sertifika almaları sağlanmıştır.

Sertifika alan üreticiler hem kendi ihtiyaç duydukları ana arıları üretebilecek hem de ürettikleri

ana arıları satabileceklerdir. Yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda yeni bir teknik ile ana arı

yetiştiriciliği öğrenilmiş aynı zamanda da üreticilerin ana arı maliyeti azaltılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ana arı, Jenter, Kafkas ana arı, Bingöl.

BREEDING of STUD PURE CAUCASIAN (Apis mellifera Caucasica) and CAUCASIAN

HYBRID QUEN BEE with JENTER METHOD IN BİNGÖL

ABSTRACT

In this study, queen bee breeding training was given to the producers in Bingöl province by

using Jenter method techniques. In cooperation with the Bingöl Beekeepers Association, 25

producers were given 40 hours of theoretical and 40 hours of practical training.

It is thought that it would be more appropriate to use long-tongue bee race in order to get nectar

in deep-corolled plants such as Astargalus sp., Thymus sp., Medicago sp., Trifolium sp., in

Bingöl and the around provinve.In this study were studied with colonies Caucasian queen bee.

The Caucasian bees are morphologically the longest lingual bee and they are dark brown and

even known as black bees. This bees are resistant to cold areas and diseases. The other hand

this bees are good fry rearing and docile bees.

As a result of the study, theoretical and practical ways of producing queen bee production

techniques were given with the jenter method to 25 beekeepers. As a result of the training, an




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

evaluation exam was conducted. Successful beekeepers were directed to the Ministry of

Agriculture and Forestry and 22 of these beekeepers were granted ministry approved

certificates. The certified beekepers will be able to produce the queen bee they need and sell

them. As a result of this study, queen bee breeding was learned with a new technique and the

queen bee cost of the beekeepers were decreased.

Keywords: Quen bee, Jenter, Caucasian quen bee, Bingöl.




University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM-Arı.2018.002)’’




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

PROBLEMATICS OF WETLAND AND URBAN DESIGN:

IZMIT BAY WETLAND EXAMPLE

Asst. Prof. İbrahim TÜRKERİ Gebze Technical University

ABSTRACT

In addition to being a vital resource for the survival of living beings and ecosystems, water is a

fundamental need for sustainable development of countries. One of the world's most valuable

natural water resources is the wetlands. Wetlands in general terms; They are defined as lands that

are seasonally flowed between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, where the water layer is close

to the surface, which is invaded by shallow water for some or all of the year. Not only because

they host various species, but also because of the different ground conditions they offer, they

offer a different life span than the cities we live in.

Urbanization, which is defined as the situation and process of concentration of the population in

cities and expansion of urban areas based on the development of non-agricultural activities,

especially industry, proposes a living space different from the wetlands. In order to expand the

urban areas, project decisions are made on urban design scale. The urban design moves developed

in the urban context and the borders of the city with wetlands, even overflowing into the wetland

and taking them into the wetlands create a problematic in terms of both artificial and natural

environment.

In this context, Izmit and Izmit Bay Wetland are an example that should be examined in terms of

the effects of this problem. Within the scope of the study, the wetland in the coastal area of the

city of Izmit and the bay wall and its relation with the city are examined. The way in which the

city views this area is examined through the urban design projects developed in this area and the

processes and discourses of these projects are analyzed.

Keywords: Wetlands, Urban Design, Izmit Bay Wetland.




June 14-16, 2019

Rome, Italy

THE STRUCTURAL SPATIAL AND LITHURIC ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE

MASJIDS OF OTTOMAN PERIOD IN THE IZMIT CITY SITE

Asst. Prof. İbrahim TÜRKERİ

Gebze Technical University

Asst. Prof. Ceyda ÖZGEN Gebze Technical University

ABSTRACT

From the ancient times in the Muslim World, there are many masjids that utilizing as a place of

Islamic worship and maintaining their functional qualities, in social memory and in the physical

environment. In Islamic countries, the masjid is used to mean the place where five time prayers,

Friday and Eid prayers are made. Today's in Turkey, masjid is made in the sense where only the

five time prayers place in. Mosques are called as worship places where can be made Friday

prayers and five times prayers.

Today in Turkey, it is easily seen that bad imitations of Ottoman mosques have been maintained. The physical surroundings of the cities are equipped with these imitation mosques. Although the

image of the mosque in the memory of the Ottoman Empire was read through the minaret

(because the dome was also seen in other public buildings such as the other baths and

caravanserais), this situation is changing with the obsession of the dome nowadays. Islamic place

of worship in Turkey's architectural environment, reveals the “mosque” with the existing

ontological element in itself. And the question of the place of worship is discussed out of the

mosque. However, when the places of worship of the Ottoman period were examined, it is seen

that the masjids built on a different scale, unlike the mosque, have an important typology

reflecting the texture of the settlement pattern. This building scale developed within the historical

adventure of Islamic places of worship is an important reference source to shed light on

contemporary mosque designs.

In this context, the masjids located in the site of the city of Izmit are separated from the masjids

in other areas of the city due to their historical layers. The study sights to archive these small

masjids to analyze their structural, spatial and literary elements with architectural framework.

Thus, it is aimed to meet an important need related to the subject in the field of architecture and

to be articulated with a scientific study in our cultural heritage.

Keywords: Masjid, Ottoman’s Masjids, Izmit


proceedings book rome/ italy natural & medical … kongre özet kitapçığı.pdfdr. dursun kose...

Documents