problem 08 just a heel prick

8/8/2019 Problem 08 Just a Heel Prick

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T E A M 3

Problem 08: Just a HeelPrick


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CLINICAL LAB TE S T

B E E R L AMBART

S E P A R A T ION OF M IXT U R E

COLORIM E T E R

FLAMEPHOTOM E T E R

S P ECT ROP HOTOM E T R Y

BLOOD CELL ANALYZER

WHA T WE LE A RNT ?

Content Page


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Clinical Lab Test

y phenylketonuria (PKU).y Congenital Hypothyroidismy Galactosemiay Sickle Cell Diseasey

BiotinidaseD

eficiencyy Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasiay Jaundicey Maple SyrupUrineDisease (MSUD)y Tyrosinemiay Muscular dystrophyy Cystic Fibrosisy MCAD deficiencyy Toxoplasmosisy Leukemia

http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/genetic#


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Beer-Lambert law

A = a(epsilon) * b * c

TA

1log10!

i

t

I

IT !

The Beer-Lambert law (or Beer's law) is the linear relationship between

absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species.

Example:Enzyme activity Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was quantified

using the spectrophotometer. The absorbance recorded was 0.786.

Given that , molar absorptivity is 18.6 x 103 L mol-1 cm-1 and path

length, l is 1.0 cm. Calculate the concentration of ALP.

concentration of ALP=0.786/(18.6 x 10^3mol-1 cm-1 x 1.0 cm)

=0.0423moles/ml


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Separation of mixtures

Mixture

Separation

Technique

Sand + Water Salt + WaterRed Ink + Blue

Ink

Filtration

Decantation

Evaporation

Centrifugation

Chromatography

Distillation


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Chromatography

Chromatography is the collective term for a familyof

laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves

passing a mixture which contains the analyte through a

stationary phase, which separates it from other molecules in themixture and allows it to be isolated.

Paper Chromatography

Liquid Chromatography

Thin-Layer Chromatography

Gas Chromatography


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Colorimeter

To use this device: different solutions must be made,

and a control Only after the device has been

calibrated can you use it.

Colorimeter measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths

of light by a specific solution.

Uses of Colorimetry :-Haemoglobin Content ofBlood

-Sugar/Glucose in Blood-Cholesterol-Lead in Urine/Faeces-Chlorophyll in samples


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Question 12

Voltage read on themeter

Vout = (1 + Rf/RI)

Vout = (1 + 4/2) 26.1 =

78.3mV

Given that V1 = +1.3 mV with reference cuvettes, V1 = +27.4 mV withreference and sample cuvettes, R2 = 4 k, R3 = 2 k, what is the

voltage read on the meter display for both conditions of V1?


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Flamephotometer

Principles of operationEmit Radiation

Cooling down


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y The burner: a flame that can be maintained in a constant form and at a

constant temperature.y Nebuliser and mixing chamber: a means of transporting a homogeneous

solution into the flame at a steady rate.y Simple colour filters (interference type): a means of isolating light of the

wavelength to be measured from that of extraneous emissions.y Photo-detector: a means of measuring the intensity of radiation emitted

by the flame.


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Spectrophotometer

y Aspectrophotometer is employed to measure theamount of light that a sample absorbs.

y The instrument operates by passing a beam of light

through a sample and measuring the intensity oflight reaching a detector.


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Components of the spectrophotometer

y Light source generates a broad spectrum of lighty Monochromator grate and slit to select select the correct wavelengthy Aperture to close off the light beam from the sampley Cuvette to hold the reference or sampley Photoresistor to convert transmitted light into electricityy Amplifier to amplify the electricityy Meter to read the current generated


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Single Beam Design


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Double beam design

y More expensive than single beam models because of the

additional complexity and components.y In this type of instrument both the reference and sample cells are

placed in the instrument at the same time.

y Two paths

y The source beam strikes a rotating sector.

y

The reference and the other is for the sample.


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Term NAME Definition & Range

WBC WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Count

The number of white blood cells in a volume of blood

Ranges: 4300 ~ 10800 cells per cubic mm (cmm)

RBC RED

BLOOD

CELLSCount The number of red blood cells in a volume of bloodRanges: 4.2mil ~ 5.9mil cmm

HGB HEMOGLOBIN Hemoglobin is the protein molecule within red blood

cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color.13 to 18 grams per deciliter for men and 12 to 16 for women

(international units 8.1 to 11.2 millimoles/liter for men, 7.4 to 9.9 for

women).

HCT HEMATOCRIT ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of

whole blood. 45% to 52% for men and 37% to 48%

for women

MCV MEAN CORPUSCULAR

VOL

average volume of a red blood cell

80 to 100 femtoliters (a fraction of one millionth of a

litre).

MCH MEAN CORPUSCULAR

HEMOGLOBIN

the average amount of hemoglobin in the average

red cell27 to 32 picograms

MCHC MEAN CORPUSCULAR

(HEMO) CONCENTRATION

average concentration of hemoglobin in a given

volume of red cells

32% to 36%.


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What we learnt

y Various Type of equipment for testing purposes

y How its being calibrated to ensure accurarcy

y Various Pediatric test conducted for diagnose

purposey Working Principle and Mechanism behind various

equipment

problem 08 just a heel prick

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