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CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCING GOD’S OWN COUNTRY ‘KERALA’

INTRODUCTION

Kerala is truly the undiscovered India. It is God's own country and an enchantingly

beautiful, emerald-green sliver of land. It is a tropical paradise far from the tourist

trial at the southwestern peninsular tip, sandwiched between the tall mountains and

the deep sea. Kerala is a long stretch of enchanting greenery. The tall exotic coconut

palm dominates the landscape.

Kerala is a 560-km long narrow stretch of land. At the widest, Kerala is a mere 120-

km from the sea to the mountains. Gracing one side of Kerala, are the lofty mountains

ranging high to kiss the sky. And on the other side the land is washed by the blue

Arabian Sea waters. The land is covered with dense tropical forest, fertile plains,

beautiful beaches, cliffs, rocky coasts, an intricate maze of backwaters, still bays and

an astounding 44 glimmering rivers. Kerala's exotic spices have lured foreigners to

her coast from time immemorial.

ETYMOLOGY

The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology. Keralam may stem from the Classical

Tamil chera-alam ("declivity of a hill or a mountain slope") or chera alam ("Land of

the Cheras"). Kerala may represent an imperfect Malayalam portmanteau fusing kera

("coconut palm tree") and alam ("land" or "location"). Natives of Kerala , known as

Malayalis or Keralites , refer to their land as Keralam

HISTORY

Ancient History

Kerala’s history dates back to the Puranic era. Traditional Keralite Legends say that

Parsurama, an avatara of Mahavishnu threw his battle axe into the sea and as a result

of which the land Kerala arose. The state derives its name from the word “Kerala”

which means “Land of Coconuts” in Malayalam.

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As per the first recorded history of Kerala, the land was under the indirect rule of

Mauryan Empire. In the inscriptions of Ashoka (269-232 b. c.), it is mentioned that

there were four independent kingdoms that lay to the south of his empire. These were

kingdoms of the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Keralaputras and the Satiyaputras. The

kingdom of Keralaputras or the Cheras were controlling over Malabar, Cochin and

North Travancore – all are parts of present day Kerala. They entertained their freedom

as they were having good terms with the Mauryan Empire.

During 7th and 8th century AD the development and revival of Hinduism began to

emerge due to the involvement of the great theologian and social reformer Adi

Shankaracharya. He was born in Kalady, located 25 kilometres northeast of Cochin.

He traveled the whole country in length and breadth and carried out the reformation

movement of Hinduism over Buddhism. He was a great organizer who established

four mathas at four corners of the country. These religious shrines are located at

Sringeri in Karnataka, Dwarka in Gujarat, Puri in Orissa and Badrinath in

Uttaranchal. He died at the young age of 32.

The subsequent reign of Kerala was under the control of Chera kings and Venad

rulers until the land was acquired by the European traders. During medieval period

(16th century onwards) Calicut emerged as a major sea port and attracted Portuguese,

Dutch and British traders to establish their posts here.

Colonial Era

Arabians had the first to control over the trade of spices in Kerala. It was Vasco da

Gama who arrived in Kerala in 1498 to break the determination of Arab’s control over

trade of spices grown in Kerala. He established the first Portuguese fortress in Cochin,

by taking the advantage of the rivalry between the royal families of Calicut and

Cochin. The conflict between Calicut and Cochin helped Dutch to establish their trade

settlements in Kerala and they finally expelled the Roman Catholic Portuguese from

this land.

The Dutch, however, were unable to continue here beyond 18th century due to the

fight between the rulers of Mysore. Then, came the British who were the most

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successful colonial power in India. Tipu Sultan, the successor of Hyder Ali had

conflict with the British, and the four Anglo-Mysore wars were fought across

southern India in the latter half of the 18th century. Tipu Sultan ceded Malabar

District to the British in 1792, and South Kanara, which included present-day

Kasargod District, in 1799.

The British ended their treaties of subsidiary alliance with the rulers of Cochin (1791)

and Travancore (1795), and they became princely states of British India, maintaining

local autonomy in return for a fixed annual tribute tothe British. Malabar and South

Kanara districts were part of British India's Madras Presidency.

The uprising of Indian freedom movement was also felt in Kerala. The non-violence

and Satyagraha were instrumental in almost all parts of the state. Mass protests were

also held at various places to eradicate various social evils like “untouchability” and

caste feelings. After India got her independence in 1947, the state ofKerala was

created on November 1, 1956 when Malabar District was merged with Tranvancore-

Cochin state and Kasargod taluk of South Kanara District to form the State ofKerala,

based on the recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission set up by the

Government of India.

Modern Period

Kerala emerged as a separate state in the Indian Union on November 1, 1956. The

first election in the state was held in 1957 and resulted the formation of a Communist-

led Government under the leadership of E.M.S. Namboodiripad. He brought radical

changes in the lives of farmers and labourers. Till todayKerala is considered as a

Communist dominated state.

GEOGRAPHY

Kerala is located on the Malabar Coast, in the southwest of India. It shares its borders

with Tamil Nadu to the east and Karnataka to northeast. There is the Arabian Sea to

the west and the Indian Ocean to its south. It is bounded by the Western Ghats in the

east. Total area of Kerala is about 38,863 square kilometers. It is situated within the

humid equatorial tropics. Kerala's coast is about 580km in length. The state comprises

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of 14 districts. Geography of Kerala is characterized by three climatically distinct

regions. They are the eastern highlands having cool and rugged mountainous terrain,

the western lowlands, which includes coastal plains, and the central midlands

consisting of rolling hills.

The major features of the geography of Kerala are the golden seashores, zigzag rocky

terrain of the Western Ghats, abundant coconut trees, the beautiful rivers and gushing

cascades, along with straggling plantations and paddy fields and fascinating flora and

fauna. Of course, without the mention of languid backwaters, no account of the

geography of Kerala can be complete.

CLIMATE

The coastal state of Kerala is known as the tropical paradise of India. This wonderful

land with stunning beauty has a humid tropical climate, offering a pleasant

atmosphere throughout the year. The climate is humid and hot during April to June,

which is the period through which summer extends itself. During this period, the

temperature reaches up to 33 degree centigrade. The southwest monsoon starts from

June and continues till September. Kerala gets most of its rains from seasonal

monsoons. The temperature drops with the arrival of winter. The winter lasts from

November to January/February and is a pleasant time in Kerala. The mildly cold and

pleasant weather can be experienced at its best in December and January.

RIVERS, LAKES AND BACKWATERS

Kerala is known as the land of water bodies due to its numerous waterfalls and

backwaters. There are 34 lakes with sparkling, emerald waters, and 49 rivers with

several tributaries. Out of them, 46 rivers flow to the west and remaining three rivers

flow to the east. They originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the west, into

the Arabian Sea. Several lakes form excellent destinations for the backwater tours in

Kerala. Some of the popular lakes are Vembanad Lake, Pookot Lake, Ashtamudi

Lake, Sasthamkotta Lake and Akkulam Lake.

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CHAPTER-II

CULTURE

"Gods own Country" has a unique culture. One of the top ten Asian destinations,

God's own country or Kerala takes the pride of place for its repertoire of rich cultural

heritage. Kerala holds a place of honour for its contribution to the  cultural

heritage.Kerala's culture is in fact, an integral part of Indian culture.

The culture of Kerala is also a composite and cosmopolitan culture to which several

people and races have made their significant contributions. Kerala's population

comprises of a large number of people originally belonging to the Dravidian clan,

who also inhibit most of the southern part of . Hinduism is the principal religion with

considerable percentages of Muslims and Christians. The gradual evolution of a

cosmopolitan culture led to the emergence of a spirit of tolerance and catholicity of

outlook, which still persist among the people of Kerala.The tradition and culture of

the native people is especially charming in Kerala.

CUISINE

The Cuisine of Kerala is mildly flavored and gently cooked, and characterized by the

use of coconut. Kerala cuisine encompasses an interesting combination of vegetables,

meats and seafood flavored with a variety of spices, and cooked mostly in coconut

milk. The juice of the tender coconut is a favorite drink in every part of Kerala, and it

leaves you thoroughly refreshed.

A typical Kerala feast, referred to as sadya, is spread out temptingly on a clean green

banana leaf. And the food is to be eaten with the fingers. Even the dessert, payasam,

that tastes like rice pudding, is served on the leafy plate. The culinary efforts of the

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different communities of Kerala come out in distinctly different dishes of great

variety. While Hindus specialise in delicious vegetarian food such as sambar, rasam,

olan, kaalan, pachadi, kichadi, aviyal, thoran and so on. The Muslims and Christians

excel in non vegetarian cuisine. The pathiri, a sort of pancake made of rice flour, and

biriyani which is a mouthwatering dish of rice cooked along with meat, onions,

chillies and other spices are Muslim culinary delights. Christians have interesting

recipes to make an array of fish dishes such as meen pollichathu, fish molee and so

on. Christian cookery specially caters to people with a sweet tooth – crunchy

kozhalappam, achappam, cheeda, churuttu etc.

A typical Kerala breakfast may be puttu, which is rice powder and grated coconut

steam cooked together, idiappam (string hoppers), or the most delicious of them all,

the appam. Appam is a kind of pan cake made of rice flour fermented with a small

amount of toddy (fermented sap of the coconut palm) which is circular in shape,

rather like a flying saucer, edged with a crisp lacy frill. It is eaten with chicken or

vegetable stew. Kanji (rice gruel) and payaru (green gram), kappa (casava) and fish

curry are traditional favourites of Keralites.

Almost every dish prepared in Kerala has coconut and spices added to it – spices such

as cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves, garlic, cumin, coriander, turmeric etc. Spices

are used in Kerala to tone up the system the way wines aid the digestion of western

cuisine. The juice of tender coconut – ‘world’s safest natural soft drink’ – is a

refreshing nutritious thirst quencher. The staple food of the masses is rice. Kerala

cuisine also has a medley of pickles and chutneys. And the crunchy papadams, banana

chips and jack chips can give french fries a run for their money any day.

FESTIVALS

Kerala is a land of colourful festivals, which have a long history and tradition behind

them. Kerala's innumerable festivals however stand out because of their uniqueness. 

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Onam

Onam is one of the most significant harvest festivals of Kerala and is an attraction for

thousands of people outside and within the state. All the activities during this season

are centered on worshipping, music, dance, sports, boat races and good food. This

festival is celebrated in the Malayalam month Chingam (ending of August and

beginning of September). Onam is a harvest festival and celebrates the reward of

nature after a year of hard work. The merry making of the festival includes an

elaborate procession of Trichur and amusing boat races on River Pampa. Women

dress up in heavy jewelry and new saris and make complx and detailed designs of

“rangolis” and “pookkalam”(with flowers) in front of their homes.

Onam is celebrated in the memory of King Mahabali. It was said that King Mahabali

ruled Kerala a long time ago and looked after the welfare of the people. Thus Onam

shows the blissful rule of the King and the freedom, which the people enjoyed under

his rule. The people also believe that during Onam, the King returns to Kerala to pay a

visit to his people.

The people in Kerala arrange for this festival by cleaning up their houses and

decorating them. On the occasion of Onam, everybody in the family wears new

clothes. Delicious sweets and dishes are prepared and served on the banana leaves.

“Pookalam” a flower mat is visible outside every house. This mat is a symbol of

welcoming King Mahabali. On the eve of Onam, traditional rituals are performed and

the people celebrate the occasion with a grand feast. “Payasam” a sweet and tempting

porridge is one of the favorite dessert served on onam.

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“Vallamkali” or a great boat race is an attractive feature of this festival. In this game

hundreds of men row the boats to the beat of drums and cymbals. An interesting thing

to note is that above each boat there is a scarlet silk umbrella and gold coins are hung

from the umbrella. This event is extremely popular with various boats competing with

each other in order to win the race.

Onam is celebrated not only by Hindus but also by Christians and Muslims. It is one

such festival that unites all the people regardless of race and religion.

Vishu

Vishu is the New Year Day of the Keralites all over the world. When the sun crosses

the equator it is the Astronomical New Year Day for the people of Kerala, and it

happens on the first day of Malayalam month Medam. This day is celebrated as New

Year Day in Kerala. The Festival is called Vishu, and usually it falls on April 14th.

The traditional people of Kerala practice a lot of colorful rituals and customs on this

auspicious day.

It is believed that at the dawn of the auspicious day of Vishu, one should see the

Vishukkani, set in a circular metal vessel called Uruli. Malayalis believe that the

fortunes for the year depend on the kind of the objects one sees first in the morning of

Vishu Day. The Vishukkani is arranged with the auspicious items such as cereals,

coconut, gold ornament, new cloth, betel leaves, arecanut, fruits, vegetables like

cucumber, mangoes, and jackfruit, along with the flowers of Konna tree (cassia

fistula). Behind the uruli, a mirror and the garlanded deity of Lord Krishna are also

kept. A metal lamp called Nilavilakku is lighted near it.

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The lady of the house keeps the Vishukkani ready in the previous night itself, so that

when she opens her eyes in the early morning she sees these auspicious items first.

This sight is called Kani kanal. Then she wakes up the master of the house, and the

other elders if any, to see Vishukkani. The children are brought blind folded from

their rooms to watch Vishukkani, and they are given small amount of cash on the

Vishu Day, which is called Vishukaineetam. It is a belief that Vishukaineetam ensures

prosperity for children. Vishukaineetam is also given to the workers wishing them

prosperity.

Special pujas are held in temples such as Guruvayur, Ambalapuzha and Sabarimala

where the people go to worship and pray for a prosperous New Year.

The male members and the children engage in bursting crackers to celebrate Vishu,

the women folk start cooking a variety of vegetarian delicacies for the day's lunch,

called Sadya. Later, the whole family sits down to enjoy the Vishu lunch together.

Evening is spent on visiting friends and relatives.

Thissur Pooram

Thissur pooram is the most spectacular temple festival of Kerala. The word 'Pooram'

literally means 'a group or a meeting'

This festival was introduced by Sakthan Thampuran, the Maharaja of erstwhile Kochi

state, in the late eighteenth century. It was he who made the sprawling Thekkinkadu

Maidan, encircling the Vadakumnathan temple, as the major venue for Thrissur

Pooram. This dazzling festival is celebrated in the Malayalam month of Medam,

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which falls in April-May. The main attractions of the Pooram are the many richly

caparisoned elephants and the exchange of parasols (locally known as 'kudamattam').

Besides these, the hours-long dazzling fireworks are a feast to the eyes and ears. The

magical effect of Panchavadyam, a combination of five percussions and wind

instruments is an integral part of Thrissur Pooram.

This two-century old festival of spectacular processions of caparisoned elephants and

enthralling percussion performances amidst the magical effect of Panchavadyam, is

conducted by two rival groups displaying their artistic prowess . They represent the

two divisions of Thrissur, Paramekkavu and Thiruvambadi temples. The best

elephants of the state from other temples in Kerala are sent to Thrissur to participate

in this festival.

They bring the deities from the respective temples to Vadakkumnatha temple, located

in the heart of the city. These deities are brought to pay obeisance to Lord

Vadakunnathan, (Lord Siva) the deity of Vadakkumnatha temple. The processions go

through the western gate and come out through the southern gate. Both these teams

field face to face arrays of richly caparisoned elephants, followed by 'Kudamattam', a

competition in the swift and rhythmic changing of brightly coloured and sequinned

parasols, by the people atop the elephants. There are eight other suburban temples

also who participate in the Pooram.

It is a feast to the eyes to watch the whole event taking place in rhythm with the

traditional orchestra 'Pandimelam'. This glorious festival commences in the early

hours of the morning, and ends at the break of dawn, the next day with dazzling

fireworks.

This Pooram is regarded as Pooram of all Temple Poorams. A unique feature of this

colorful event is its secular nature. Though it is a Hindu temple festival it is organised

and actively participated by people of all the religions and castes. This festival, one of

the most vibrant and exciting festivals of Kerala, attracts large masses of people to

this beautiful land, every year.

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Attukal Pongala

Attukall Pongala is an extremely popular, essentially women’s festival celebrated in

ancient Bhagavathy temple (Mudippura) at Attukal in the Kaladi ward of the

Thiruvananthapuram district. It is a ten-day-long event which commences from the

Bharani day (Karthika star) of the Malayalam month of Makaram-Kumbham

(February-March) and comes to an end with the sacrificial offering known as

Kuruthitharpanam at night.

Ninth day is the biggest day of the festival when the famous Attukal Pongala

Mahotsavam takes place. Every year more than a million women from different parts

of India and world gather at the temple premises and in the temple vicinity to offer

Pongala to Attukal Amma. Devotees who gather to offer Pongala to Attukal devi

increases in numbers every year.

Pongala festival has found a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for the

highest attendance of women on February 23, 1997. 1.5 million women had

participated in that year’s Pongala.

Significance of the Festival

Goddess Attukalamma is believed to be incarnation of ‘Kannaki’, the heroine of

‘Silappathikaram’ written by Tamil poet Illango in 2nd century A.D. Attukal is the

place where Kannaki took rest on her northward journey from Madurai to

Kodungallur.

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‘Pongala’ means to boil over. It refers to the customary offering of things which

please the deity. It consists of porridge of rice, sweet brown molasses, coconut

gratings, nuts and raisins.

COSTUME

The traditional dress forms are the 'Mundu and Neriathu' (a white piece of cloth with

golden zari border symbolising royalty) for men; and 'sari' (a 5-6 metres long piece of

cloth embroidered with golden border) with jacket for women.

With the changing trends in fashion and designing, the dress codes have changed. A

multitude of colours and designs are available today.

Men and women today are clad in a variety of dresses. The people have now taken to

the northern style of dressing up though the western dresses have also found a lot of

acceptance among the masses.

Men’s Attire : Mundu - A White Piece of Cloth with Golden Jerried Border.

Women’s Attire : Saree and Blouse.

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CHAPTER-III

PERFORMING ART FORMS

For ages, the rich and vibrant culture of Kerala has intrigued people worldwide. The

songs and dances of the people, their ballads, their rituals and their intellectual

pursuits. Truly, the real treasures of Kerala lay in the cultural heritage of its people.

Kerala has its own typical art forms which reflect the life and outlook of the people.

From the renowned Kathakali, considered to be the complete art form as it synthesizes

all that is best in the fields of drama, music and dance, to the folk dances which are

reflection of the rhythmic impulses of a sensitive people. Recently, the UNESCO

brought to light, a less known art form - Koodiyattom - and declared it as one among

the 'Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It is for the first

time in the history of UNESCO that select art forms across the world have been given

this recognition as part of its effort to safeguard expressions of oral heritage and

traditional culture which are in danger of disappearing due to the effects of

globalization. Given here are the descriptions of various classical folk and martial art

forms of Kerala.

CLASSICAL ART FORMS

Kathakali

Kathakali is the most popular sacred dance-drama of Kerela.  Kathakali evolved

across the last 400 years.  This classical dance of Kerela requires lengthy and rigorous

training to attain complete control of the body and a sensitivity to emotion so as to be

able to render all its nuances through facial expressions and hand gestures.

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Presented in the temple precincts after dusk falls Kathakali is heralded by the

Kelikottu or the beating of drums in accompaniment of the Chengila (gong). The

riches of a happy blending of colour, expressions, music, drama and dance is

unparallelled in any other art form.

Mohiniyattam

Literally meaning the dance of the celestial enchantress, this sensual dance form of

Kerela, contains elements of Bharathanatyam as well as the classical and folk dances

of Kerela.  Mohiniyattam is usually performed as a solo dance and is very lyrical in its

rendering.

Slow, graceful, swaying movements of the body and limbs and highly emotive eye

and hand gestures are unique to this dance form. The simple, elegant gold-filigreed

dress, in pure white or ivory, is akin to the traditional attire of the women of Kerala.

The origin of Mohiniyattom is rooted in Hindu mythology. Once the ocean of milk

was churned by the gods and demons to extract the elixir of life and immortality. The

demons made away with this divine brew.

Lord Vishnu came to the rescue of the panicky gods and assumed the female form of

an amorous celestial dame Mohini. Captivating the demons with her charms, Mohini

stole the elixir from them and restored it to the gods. This dance was adopted by the

Devadasi or temple dancers, hence also the name 'Dasiattam' which was very popular

during the Chera reign from 9th to 12th century.

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Thullal

Thullal is a classical solo dance form, of Kerela, which comes closer to contemporary

life, and is marked for its simplicity, wit and humour.

Staged during temple festivals, the performer explicates the verses through expressive

gestures. The themes are based on mythology. This satiric art form was introduced in

the18th century by the renowned poet Kunchan Nambiar.

The Thullal dancer is supported by a singer who repeats the verses and is

accompanied by an orchestra of mridangam or thoppi maddalam (percussions) and

cymbals. There are three related forms of Thullal - Ottanthullal , Seethankanthullal

and Parayanthullal - of which the first is the most popular. The three are distinguished

by the costumes worn and the metre of the verses.

Thullal is usually performed in the premises of temples during festivals and provides

for thought and entertainment to the thousands of people who gather at these events.

Koodiyattam

Koodiyattam is a dance traditionally enacted in temples.  Koodiyattam is Kathakali's

2000 year old predecessor and is offered as a votive offering to the deity. Kootiyattam

literally means "acting together". This is the earliest classical dramatic art form of

Kerala. Based on Sage Bharatha's 'Natyasasthra' who lived in the second century,

Kootiyattam evolved in the 9th century AD.

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Kootiyattam is enacted inside the temple theatre, there are two or more characters on

stage at the same time, with the Chakkiars providing the male cast and the Nangiars

playing the female roles. The Nangiars beat the cymbals and recite verses in Sanskrit,

while in the background Nambiars play the Mizhavu, a large copper drum.

Vidushaka or the wise man, a figure parallel to the Fool in Shakespearean plays,

enacts his role with the liberty to criticise anyone without fear. The costume of the

jester sets him apart from the rest. The Kootiyattam performance lasts for several days

ranging from 6 to 20 days. Themes are based on mythology.

The Koodal Manickyam temple at Irinjalakkuda and the Vadakkumnatha temple at

Thrissur are the main centres where Kootiyattam is still performed annually.

Ammannoor Madhava Chakkiar is an unrivalled maestro of this rare art.

Krishanattom

A spectacle for both the scholar and the simple rustic. The visual effect is enhanced

by varied and colourful facial make-up with larger-than-life-masks, made of light

wood and cloth padding, for certain characters. The characters who do not wear

masks have specific facial colours applied within the frame of a white chutti. The

predominant colours used are dark green, flesh tint and deep rose. Most of the

characters wear red vests and flowing 'Uthariyams'. The characters of Krishna, Arjuna

and Garuda wear dark blue vests. The traditional performance lasts for eight days and

covers the whole span of Krishna's life from his birth to 'Swargarohanam' or

ascension to the heavens. Orchestral accompaniments are Maddalam, Ilathalam and

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Chengila. Krishnanattom, though boasting of a unique choreography, assumes more

the nature of a Morality Play, seldom presuming to lay claim to the theatrical

sophistry so integral to Kathakali and Kootiyattam

FOLK ART FORM

Thiruvathirakali

Thiruvathirakali is a dance performed by women, in order to attain everlasting marital

bliss, on Thiruvathira day in the Malayalam month of Dhanu (December- January).

The dance is a celebration of marital fidelity and the female energy, for this is what

brought Kamadeva (the god of love) back to life after he was reduced to ashes by the

ire of Lord Siva. The sinuous movements executed by a group of dancers around a

nilavilakku, embody 'lasya' or the amorous charm and grace of the feminine. The

dance follows a circular, pirouetting pattern accompanied by clapping of the hands

and singing. Today, Thiruvathirakali has become a popular dance form for all

seasons.

Oppana

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A dance form essential to the wedding entertainment and festivities of the Malabar

Muslims. Maidens and young female relatives sing and dance around the bride,

clapping their hands. The songs of Mappilappattu, are first sung by the leader and are

repeated by the chorus. The themes are often teasing comments and innuendoes about

the bride's anticipated nuptial bliss. Oppana is often presented as a stage item today.

Kolkkali

A folk art mainly of the agrarian classes, Kolkkali is a highly rhythmic dance with the

dancers wielding short sticks. The rhythm of this dance is set by a harmonious

synchronisation of the tapping of the feet to the striking of sticks. The movement is

circular and the artists sing as they dance and strike the sticks in unison. Though the

dancers break away to form different patterns, they never miss a beat. In Malabar,

Kolkkali is more popular among Muslim men.

Theyyam

A ritual dance form of Kerela, glorifying the goddess.  Themes revolve around the

triumph of the goddess over the demon Daruka and other evil characters.  Always

performed by men, they also enact female roles wearing exotic make up and colorful

costumes.

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Theyyam also known as Kaaliyattam, it is a ritual dance popular in north Kerala or the

erstwhile Kolathunadu. Theyyam incorporates dance, mime and music and enshrines

the rudiments of ancient tribal cultures which attached great importance to the

worship of  heroes and the spirits of ancestors. Of the over 400 Theyyams performed,

the most spectacular ones are those of Raktha Chamundi, Kari Chamundi, Muchilottu

Bhagavathi, Wayanadu Kulaveni, Gulikan and Pottan. These are performed in front of

shrines, sans stage or curtains, by persons belonging to the Vannan, Malayan and

other related castes.

'Thudangal' (the beginning) and 'Thottam' (the invocation) are the introductory rituals

of the Theyyam or the Thira, as it is known in south Malabar. The headgear and other

ornamental decorations are spectacular in sheer size and appearance. Karivalloor,

Nileswaram, Kurumathoor, Parassini, Cherukunnu, Ezhom and Kunnathoorpadi in

north Malabar are places where Theyyams are performed annually from December to

April.

 

Patayani

Patayani is a week- long ritual dance, held in Kaali temples on the banks of the Pamba

river during the Malayalam months of Meenam and Medam (March - April). The

choice theme of the dancers is the slaying of the demon Daarikan by the goddess

Kaali. The steps and movements of the dance vary according to each Kolam or

character. Thappu is the major percussion instrument accompanied by a few Chendas.

Patayani masks are made with the fresh spathe of arecanut palms. Bhairavi

(Bhadrakaali), Yakshi, Pakshi (bird) and Kaalari (Siva) are the main characters.

Various communities targetted for criticism are represented by jestures.

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Kadammanitta, Kadalimangalam and Othara in Pathanamthitta district  are famous for

annual Patayani performances.

Poothanumthirayum

This ritual offering to Goddess Kaali is performed in many places of South Malabar.

A troupe of dancers dress up as Kaali (the Thira) and the accompanying spirits (the

Poothams) who were created along with the goddess for the destruction of the evil

demon, Daarikan. The Thira wear masks while the spirits don semi-circular wooden

crowns. The dance is performed from house to house and on the premises of village

shrines between November and May every year.

 

Mudiyettu

Mudiyettu is a ritual dance performed in some Kaali temples of Ernakulam and

Kottayam districts (central Kerala). The dance celebrates the goddess's triumph over

the demon Daarikan. Mudiyettu is performed by the Kuruppu or Marar who belong to

the temple bound communities of Kerala. The Kalamezhuthu, a ritual drawing of the

goddess Kaali is made on the floor with dyed powders, before the performance. Then

the chorus sings hymns in praise of the goddess.

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Before the actual performance, the dancer erases the Kalam with tender palm fronds.

The performer in the role of Kaali is aided by 'Koimpata Nayar', the local guide and

Kooli, the attendant. Legends say that Daarikan, the epitome of evil, challenged Kaali

to a duel. Kaali slayed Daarikan, with the blessings and grace of Lord Siva. The

performers of Mudiyettu are all heavily made up and wear gorgeous attire with

conventional facial paintings, tall headgears etc, to give a touch of the supernatural.

The wooden headgear has a mask of Kaali. An ornamental red vest and a long white

cloth around the waist complete the attire.

Koothu

Koothu is a socio-religious art performed in the Koothambalam or the Koothuthara of

temples, either independently or as part of Kootiyattam. It is a solo narrative

performance interspersed with mime and comic interludes. The Chakkiar dons the

role of ' Vidushaka' or the wise jester. Through his inimitable narration of stories from

the epics ( The Ramayana and The Mahabharatha), the Chakkiar satirises the manners

and customs of the time. No one is above the butt of his ridicule. His wit ranges from

innocent mockery to veiled innuendoes, barbed pun and pungent invectives. Koothu is

intermittently accompanied by the percussion instrument Mizhavu.

The Nangyar Koothu is a variation of the Koothu performed by the Nangiars or the

female members of the Chakkiar community. This is a solo dance drama mainly

centred on the legends of Sree Krishna. Verses are sung and interpreted through mime

and dance. The mudras, though the same as in Kootiyattam, are even more elaborate.

The art form is still performed in temples like Vadakkumnatha temple at Thrissur , Sri

Krishna temple at Ambalappuzha , Koodal Manikyam temple at Irinjalakkuda and

Kumaranalloor temple at Kottayam.

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Arjuna Nritham

Arjuna nritham (the dance of Arjuna) is a ritual art performed by men and is prevalent

in the Bhagavathy temples of Kerala. Arjuna, the most valiant of the five heroic

brothers - the Pandavas - of the epic Mahabharatha, was also a renowned singer and

dancer and is said to have propitiated goddess Bhadrakaali by a devotional

presentation.

Arjuna nritham is also called  Mayilppeeli nritham as the costume includes a

characteristic garment made of mayilppeeli (peacock feathers). This garment is worn

around the waist in a similar fashion as the uduthukettu of Kathakali . The performers

have their faces painted green and wear distinctive headgears. The all night

performance of the dance form is usually presented solo or in pairs.

The songs which are strictly rhythm based are called Kavithangal and deal with

various themes of the Puranas (ancient Hindu scriptures). Each Kavitham is composed

to suit a specific rhythm. Before each song the dancers explain the intricacies of the

particular rhythm about to be employed and how this rhythm is translated into dance

movements.

Kannyarkali

Kannyarkali, also known as Desathukali, is a folk art exclusively practised by the Nair

community of the Palakkad area. It owes its origin to the pursuit of martial arts in this

region which was under constant threat of attack from neighbouring Konganadu.

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Kannyarkali was born when dance and comedy were pitched in to add vigour and

colour to the martial training sessions. The art form combines the agile movements of

martial arts with the rhythmic grace of folk dance performed around a nilavilakku.

Performed during March-April in temples as well as in places called the ' Thara', a

venue for informal gatherings, this art form is accompanied by devotional folk songs

and the loud beat of percussion instruments. The orchestra includes ilathalam or

cymbal and percussion instruments like chenda, maddalam, edakka and udukku.

A team of Kannyarkali dancers varies from six to twenty in number and a

performances usually lasts for four days. Each day's performance is known by a

different name: Iravakali, Anadikoothu, Vallon and Malama. The last day's

performance is presented by hill tribes, in which women also participate.

Margom Kali

Margomkali is a ritual folk art of the Syrian Christians of Kottayam and Thrissur

districts. A dozen dancers sing and dance around a lighted wick lamp (Nilavilakku),

clad in the simple traditional white dhoti and sporting a peacock feather on the turban

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to add a touch of colour. This is an allegorical enactment with the lamp representing

Christ and the performers his disciples. The performance is usually held in two parts

and begins with songs and dances narrating the life of St.Thomas, the apostle. It then

takes a striking turn with a martial play of artificial swords and shields.

The narration is stark without musical accompaniments. The songs date back to a

period much before the Portuguese invasion. Today, Margomkali is only performed as

a stage item by women.

Theeyattu

Theeyattu is a solo dance-drama performed in front of the Kalam or Dhooli Chitram

(ritual drawing with coloured powders). It is enacted in some Bhagavathy temples of

Thiruvalla, Kottayam, Thripunithura and neighbouring areas. The ritual starts with the

invocation of Lord Ganapathy, Lord Siva and goddess Saraswathy, after which the

performer dons a crown smaller but similar to the one used in Mudiyettu.

The most popular story narrated through a Theeyattu performance is that of the duel

between goddess Kaali and the demon Daarikan. The dance form is usually performed

by a small group of temple bound communities called the Unni. Theeyattu is still a

ritual offering made every Friday at the Pallippurathu Kaavu temple near Kottayam

town.

Matrial Arts

Martial arts of Kerala are inherited heritage that are handed down to one generation

from other. Martial arts are not only physical training but mental training also. If a

child starts his martial art training at a very tender age than it is for sure that the child

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would be well equipped to face any situation of contingency in life. The entire Kerala

state is dotted with numerous martial arts training centres which resembles to the

Gurukul of ancient time. Parents send their children at a very young age to these

training centres. Beside rigorous physical training, Yoga,a thorough knowledge of

human anatomy, Ayurveda and herbal healing, are also integral parts of martial art. A

intense philosophical, usually religious doctrine is deep-rooted in the people who are

engage in martial art. This give them the mind direction and focus.

Kalaripayattu

It is the most practiced martial art of Kerala. Kalaripayattu is an ancient form of

martial art that originally evolved at Kondotty, 26 km from Malappurram, around

12th century during the reign of Chera rulers. This martial art form was used by the

Chera fighters against the Chola warriors. In Malayalam, Kalari means gymnasium,

payattu means 'the fighting art'. It is said that, this fighting art is the oldest martial art

of world and has great influence over the other form of eastern martial arts.

Kalaripayattu, not only teaches how to fight but also with other aspects of physical

well being. It also provides complete mental and emotional strength to a person.

Kalaripayattu is spread over three stages such as Meippayatt (exercise to control the

body), Kolthari (fighting with sticks). Ankathari (felicity in using metal weapons like

daggers and swords). There are three styles of Kalaripayattu that are popular in Kerala

are Thekan (southern style), Vadakkan(northern style) and Kathinayoga style(Yogic

style). Apart from bare hands, some times weapons like stick of long, medium, short

and curved, flexible sword, mace, knife, machete, shield and spear.

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Velakali

This spectacular martial dance is performed by men in some of the temples of

southern Kerala. The dancers, clad in the traditional clothes and colourful headgear of

the medieval Nair soldiers, engage in vigorous movements and dexterous sword play,

to the accompaniment of an orchestra comprising the maddalam, ilathalam, kombu

and kuzhal. Velakali originated in Ambalappuzha where Mathoor Panicker, chief of

the Chempakasserri army, promoted it to boost the martial spirit of the people. The

dance form is a regular feature of the annual festivities at the Ambalappuzha Sree

Krishna temple in Alappuzha district.

MUSIC

Kerala has a place of its own in carnatic music field, created by Swathi Thirunal, the

erstwhile ruler of Travancore.Swathi Thirunal was a musician-cum-composer of high

caliber.His period of reign was ‘Augustan Age of Kerala Music.’ The immortal

tharattu (lullaby), ‘Omanathinkal kidavo’ was composed by one of his close

associates, Irayimman Thampi.Shadkala Govinda Marar, the renowned singer, had

enjoyed the patronage of the Swathi Thirunal.

Kerala’s contribution to the development of folk music is also commendable.

Vadakkan pattukal (northern ballads) celebrating the exploits of heroes like Thacholi

Othenan, Mappila pattukal (sung by the Mappilas of Malabar), vanchipattukal (boat

songs) and vathil thurapattu (song requesting the bride to open the door) are few

among them.

Sopana Sangeetham

This sangeetham (music) is sung in front of sopana (steps in front of the sanctum

sanctorum).It has a distinct style.Sopana sangeetham was influenced by the Bhakti

movement in Kerala.Most of the asthapathi (lyrics) are based on Jayadeva’s

(thirteenth century poet) immortal work, ‘Geetha Govinda’.The song varies

depending upon the time of performance and the type of deity. Musicians always

stand on the left side of the sopana and the singing ceases when the shrine opens.The

percussion instruments used are edakka and chengila.

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Panchavadyam 

Five instruments used in Panchavadyam are suddha-manddalam, komb, edakka,

elathalam and timila.Sankh (conch) is also used as an ancillary instrument.There are

different types of panchavadyam depending on the number of instruments.The

minimum requirement is three thimilas, one suddha-maddalam, two elathalams, two

kombs, one edakka, and one sankh.The positioning of the artists is also important and

mandatory.The timila and suddha-maddalam artists face each other, elathalam artists

stand behind timila artists and komb artists stand behind suddha-maddalam

artists.Edakka drummers and the sankh blower stand in front, next to them.Blowing of

sankh signals the start of panchavadyam.The famous thrissur pooram gives an

opportunity to witness the playing of a full complement of Panchavadyam, numbering

more than 200.

Pancharimelam

Chenda, komb, kuzhal and elathalam are the main instruments used. 33

veekuchendas, 33 elathalams and 11 each of komb. kuzhal and muttuchenda are

required for a complete peformance of medium range.

Pandimelam

Though the instruments used are the same as used in panchavadyam the method of

their use slightly differs.For the beating of chenda in pancharimelam two sticks are

used, whereas in pandimelam only one stick is used.Another difference is in the

blowing of kuzhal. In pandimelam it is done in Bhairav Raaga, whereas in

Pancharimela it is done in some other Raaga.Pandimelam can be enjoyed in full

splendour during Thrissur Pooram.

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CHAPTER-IV

TOURIST DESTINATION

The state of Kerala is divided into fourteen districts. Most of the districts offer’s all

the tourism products typical of the state.

Thiruvananthapuram District

Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, South India is a thriving center of tourism in Kerala,

South India. Thiruvananthapuram derives its name from the name of the sacred

serpent "Anantha" on whom the Hindu deity Lord Vishnu rests. Though the culture

and traditions of Kerala, South India are still alive in the temples of Kerala and in the

everyday life of the Keralalites, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, South India is a

bustling and urbanized city with all the contemporary facilities that one may conceive

of.

The tourism sector in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, South India is developing very

fast. Being the capital city of Kerala, South India, Thiruvananthapuram attracts a lot

of business visitors besides tourists who come from all over the world to marvel at the

Thiruvananthapuram temples, known for their exquisitely beautiful architecture, the

naturally green and captivating picnic spots, especially in the woods on the Western

Ghats and a host of other tourist attractions. Among the most bewitching tourist

attractions in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, South India the Thiruvananthapuram

backwaters are the most charming and picturesque.

PLACES TO VISIT

Padmanabha Swamy Temple

Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Trivandrum is an architectural wonder and a magnificent

temple that is sure to amaze you. Situated in the heart of the city, the massive

structure has a staggering 100 feet high "Gopuram", the main temple tower. Sri

Padmanabhaswamy temple of Kerala is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, one of the Gods of

the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu. The massive idol of the deity

measures 18 feet in length and is covered with gold and other precious stones.

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The idol is viewed through three different doors. The head and torso is visible through

the first opening. The midriff and hands are visible through the second door and the

feet are visible through the third door. The massive idol is seen resting gracefully on

the Serpent Lord, Anantha. The temple is made beautifully with an amalgamation of

Hindu and Kerala architecture. The temple is spread over a vast area and is an

important worship of Hindus in Kerala. The temple is quite strict and allows entry

only to Hindus.

The temple is famous for its Arattu festival, which is till date headed by the royal

family of Travancore. The procession is worth seeing as it is a grand spectacle of

beautifully decorated elephants and musicians chanting Lord's name. The whole

temple is beautifully decorated and the city of Trivandrum comes alive during the

temple procession. People from all over come here to take part and cheer during the

festival. Grand feasts are prepared in the temple and the food never seems to go out of

stock. It is a beautiful temple and should be visited if you happen to travel to

Trivandrum.

Napier Museum

Named after the governor general of Madras, John Napier, the Trivandrum Napier

museum is located in the heart of the city. The museum is equipped with natural air

conditioning and provides a glance of the rich historical legacy of Kerala. Napier

museum and art gallery of Kerala are located in the same compound and the museum

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has a good collection of ancient archaeological artifacts. This museum was built in the

19th century.

The architecture of the museum building is a unique blend of traditional Kerala,

Chinese, Mughal and Italian styles. Tourists are attracted to the Sri Chitra Art gallery,

which showcases some of the best works of Raja Ravi Varma and Roerich amongst

other noted artists. One can find paintings belonging to Rajput, Mughal and the very

famous Tanjore School of Art. As they say, art knows no boundaries and we find a

true example of this in the art gallery. One can find paintings from Tibet, Japan and

China, thus honoring the various art forms of those countries.

Sri Chitra Art Gallery

It is located near the Napier museum, the Sri Chitra Art Gallery of Trivandrum is an

art lover's paradise. Only a true admirer of art will know the joy of visiting this

beautiful art gallery that has some of the best paintings of famous painters of India. A

very famous landmark in Kerala, Sri Chitra Art Gallery of Thiruvananthapuram has a

vast collection of paintings not just from India, but also countries like Japan, China

and Indonesia.

The section that attracts all visitors alike is the one that is dedicated to Raja Ravi

Varma. This famous painter has carved a separate niche for himself in the world of

art. His paintings look so real that it seems as if they speak. Raja Ravi Varma was

fondly called as "Prince among painters and painter among princes". Apart from his

paintings, one can find the works of Rabindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy and K.K.

Hebar. Apart from the works of these famous painters, one can find the famous

Tanjore paintings here. These dazzling works of art never fail to amuse and enthrall

onlookers. The paintings are encrusted with minute semi precious stones that lend an

extraordinary look to the painting. Apart from this, the gallery has a collection of

painting miniatures belonging to the Rajput and Mughal eras.

Kovalam Beach

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One of the most popular beaches in Trivandrum, Kovalam beach is situated at a

distance of 16 kilometers to the south of Trivandrum city. The natural beauty of this

beautiful beach is what attracts people from far and wide to come here. It takes an

hour from Trivandrum to reach this scenic beach, which is famous for its beach

resorts. The Kovalam beach in Kerala offers the best of facilities to its visitors like

sunbathing, swimming, Ayurvedic massages and plenty of other options. Check out

the Thiruvananthapuram Kovalam beach and come here to recharge your energy

levels and feel refreshed once again.

One of the most famous and popular of all the beaches in South India, the Kovalam

beach has many beach resorts lined up to cater to different tourists and their varied

demands. The Kovalam beach is divided into two main beaches besides the many

other private beaches. They are known as Eve's beach and Lighthouse beach. The

Eve's beach is a semi circular beach and is a secluded spot lined with palm trees. The

Lighthouse beach has a famous lighthouse that has been fighting the tempests since

the British rule.

The beach offers many facilities for keeping tourists amused. Apart from sunbathing

and swimming, the beach is ideal to take long walks and watch the magical sunset

while the warm water softly laps at your feet. The fishermen in the beach offer to take

you out in the sea while they go out to claim their catch for the day. Sail with them

during sunrise and come back as the sun sets, painting the horizon a beautiful shade of

ochre.

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Padmanabhapuram Palace

Padmanabhapuram Palace is located in a small village called Padmanabhapuram, at a

distance of 65 kilometers from Trivandrum, Padmanabhapuram Palace is a

magnificent palace that speaks volumes about the ancient architecture of Kerala.

Padmanabhapuram palace is a place that should not be missed at any cost. The palace

walls are adorned with ancient murals that date back to the 17th century. The ancient

relics include royal seats with Chinese engravings, musical bow in mahogany, colored

windows, beautifully painted and carved rosewood ceilings etc.

The interiors of the palace are magnificent and give an idea of the royal life that one

must have led in the palace. A big hall called the Durbar hall has shiny black flooring.

It may seem like a granite floor at a glance but in reality, the floor is made of a

combination of jaggery, lime, burnt coconut, charcoal and river sand. This floor could

not be duplicated again in any construction. The palace also has a secret underground

escape route (now blocked), open air swimming pool, dance hall, massive paintings

and idols of Indian Gods and Goddesses, carved figurines carrying lamps, etc. There

is also a unique stonewall that is held together till date without the use of mortar.

KOLLAM DISTRICT

Kollam is located at a distance of around 70 kilometers from the capital city of

Kerala, Trivandrum. A very important port in Kerala, Kollam is known to be a

renowned center of international spice trade. The famous Ashtamudi Lake occupies

almost 30% of the total area of this town and is famous for its beautiful backwaters.

Known as the gateway of the backwaters of Kerala, your travel to Kollam is

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incomplete if you miss a houseboat ride on the backwaters. It is one experience that

must not be missed, come what may. So read on our related sections and know more

about Kollam tourism.

The place is historically significant and has many ruins of palaces and forts that are

worth visiting. The scenic beaches of Kollam are a treat to those tired eyes and mind.

But what truly makes this destination a paradise is the 900-kilometer stretch of the

meandering backwaters of the Ashtamudi Lake. The place is known for its cashew

industry and is an important center of trade. Though industrialized, the place hasn't

lost its natural beauty and is a visual treat for anyone seeking a peaceful vacation. So

come to Kollam and see for yourself the best of God's own country.

PLACES TO VISIT

Lighthouse

The Dutch Quilon as it was called, used to be a British Enclave. The place is also

popular as Thangasseri. The lighthouse built at Quilon by the British in the year 1902

is visible as far as 13 miles in the sea. The lighthouse stands to an amazing height of

144 feet. The picturesque view of the sea from the place where the lighthouse stands

is breathtaking. In the vicinity lies the Portuguese Fort. The fort was built in the year

1517 and at present only a wall of the fort has escaped the assaults made by Time.

Ashtamudi Lake

The serene Ashtamudi Lake is a great place to hanker for in the Kollam district. The

house boat trips here are great pleasures and so is the boat cruise. The boat cruise to

Munroe Islands is a wonderful experience. The popular cruises one can avail at the

place are Kayal Pradakshina Cruise and Sayanthanam Sunset Cruise.

Chavara

Chavara is one of the important industrialized zones in the state of Kerala. There are

large mineral deposits located in the Chavara region. The place supports four major

industrial establishments which includes Indian Rare Earths, The Kerala Premo Pipe

factory, Kerala Mineral and Metal factory and Titanium Complex.

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Thangasseri

This seaside village of historic importance has the ruins of an old Portuguese fort and

churches built in the 18th century. The Thangasseri Lighthouse is open to visitors

from 3:30 pm to 5:30 pm. There are buses at 15 minute intervals from Kollam town.

RameshwaraTemple

This temple which shows Pandyan influence in its design has inscriptions in Tamil,

dating from the 12th to the 16th century. The Vyala monster sculptures in this temple

are carvings which give one the impression that the creatures are animate and are

actually climbing upstairs with their outstretched paws.

 

Mayyanad

Mayyanad is noted for its shrines and temples. The most important of the nine

temples here is the Subramanya temple at Umayanallor. This shrine is said to have

been consecrated by the great Hindu philosopher Sree Sankaracharya. There are

frequent buses from Kollam to Mayyanad.

 

Sasthamkotta 

The vast fresh water lake here is the largest of its kind in Kerala. The ancient Sastha

temple which lends its name to the town, is an important pilgrim centre. There are

frequent bus services from Kollam. Accommodation is available at the PWD Rest

House.

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Ochira

The unique feature of this famous pilgrim centre is that there is no deity or idol at the

famous Parabrahma temple dedicated to universal consciousness. Ochira Kali in mid

June and the twelve day Panthrandu Vilakku in November/December are the two

main annual festivals. Ochira Kali is a mock fight enacted between groups of men

dressed as warriors on the padanilam (fighting spot). They perform a martial dance

standing in knee-deep water, brandishing swords and shields and splashing water in

every direction. There are frequent buses from Kollam and Alappuzha.

Kulathupuzha

Situated on a forest range on the Thiruvananthapuram - Shenkottai road,

Kulathupuzha is known for the Sastha temple. The Vishu Mahotsavam in April/May

is the most important festival. There are frequent buses from Kollam to Kulathupuzha.

The Thenmala railway station is just 10 km from here.

Paravoor

Paravoor, 20 kilometres from Kollam, is a narrow skirt of land stretching in between

the backwaters and the sea. A beach resort by KTDC and a major water sports

complex by Kollam DTPC will adorn this place very soon. The famous Varkala beach

is a mere 15 kilometres drive from here. Paravoor is well connected by road and rail.

Thenmala

The area is covered by dense forest, rubber and tea plantations. An Eco Tourism

Development Project is under implementation here. Thenmala is also a dam site.

Thenmala Deer Park

The other attraction of Thenmala is the Deer Park. Thenmala Rocks are about 5000

years old, which are worth seeing.

Thirumullavaram Beach

This secluded beach is a beautiful picnic centre and has frequent bus connections to

the town.

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Kottarakkara Kathakali Museum

KottarakkaraThamburanKathakaliMuseum is the memorial of Kottarakkara

Thamburan (King), the father of the Kathakali. Exhibited here are various models of

Kathakali, Kathakali costumes and ornaments, rare musical instruments, sculptures,

models of mohiniyattam and other classical dances, 108 natya Kiranangal (Dance

Songs) etc.

Thevalli Palace

This is a beautiful and historically renowned palace situated on the banks of

Ashtamudi Kayal (backwater),Sasthamkotta, 26 Km. north-east of Kollam city.

Sasthamkotta is situated on the banks of Kallada river. There is a temple dedicated to

Lord Sastha. The place is also known for the Sasthamkotta fresh water lake. This

natural gift is set amidst scenic surroundings covered by hills on the three sides.

 

Ariankavu

Situated on the Kollam - Shenkottai road, Ariankavu is famous for the shrine

dedicated to Lord Sastha. Mandala Pooja and Tirukalyanam celebrated in the month

of December are the main festivals here.

Palaruvi Waterfalls

Palaruvi which means "milky stream" makes its `milky way down the rocks, falling

from a height of 300 feet. The Palaruvi woods is a beautiful picnic spot. There are

frequent buses to Ariankavu from Kollam. The PWD Inspection Bungalow and the

KTDC Motel offer comfortable accommodation.

Matha Amrithanandamayi Ashram, Vallikavu

The residence and the headquarters of Matha Amrithanandamayi Devi, one of Indias

female gurus, is situated at Amrithapuri near Vallikavu. The ashram is accessible both

by road and boat.

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Picnic Village

This village located at Ashramam, along the backwater front, is the main centre of

recreational activities in Kollam. The 200 year old Government Guest House, an

AdventurePark, the Tourist Boat Club, the Childrens TrafficPark and the Yatrinivas

are situated in this vast tourist complex.

Kottukal RockCut CaveTemple

This temple situated on the Thiruvananthapuram-Kottayam MC Road is an idyllic

example of rock cut temple architecture.

Jatayupara

A huge rock at Chadayamangalam takes its name from the mythical bird `Jatayu in

the epic Ramayana, who is believed to have collapsed on the rock after failing in his

attempts to thwart Ravanas kidnapping of Sita.

PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT

Pathanamthitta, a hilly terrain of pristine beauty is popular as the headquarters of

pilgrim worship in Kerala. World famous Lord Ayyappa temple at Sabarimala is in

Pathanamthitta. More than fifty per cent of the total area of this land of temples,

rivers, mountain ranges and coconut groves is covered by forests.

The district is frequented by visitors from India and abroad often for its water fiestas,

religious shrines and the cultural training center. Pathanamthitta is bordered by the

Western Ghats on the east, Kollam district on the south, Alappuzha district on the

west and Kottayam and Pathanamthitta districts on the north.

PLACES TO VISIT

Pandalam

Lord Ayappa reincarnated in human form as the son of Raja Pandalam and he was the

one who created this temple in his name. This is known as Pandalam and the people

drop in here before visiting the Sabrimala Temple.

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Peruthenaruvi Waterfalls

Cascading from a height of 60- 110 feet these waterfalls are a must watch for the

tourists.

Maramon Convention

Atttended by Christians from all over the world, the Maramon Convention is attended

by Christians from all over the world. On the banks of River Pamba, this is one of the

largest Christian gathering in Pamba. A tour to Pathanamthitta is incomplete without

these tourist attractions and these are a must watch.

Mannadi (Folk Art Centre)

This is where Veluthampi Dalawa, the renowned freedom fighter of Travancore, spent

his last days. The ancient Bhagavathy Temple here contains some interesting stone

sculptures. Mannadi is also the venue of the Kerala Institute of Folklore and Folk

Arts.

Aranmula

The Parthasarathi Temple, dedicated to Sree Krishna, on the banks of the holy River

Pamba, attractions large crowds of devotees. The famous Aranmula snake boat race is

held on the last day of the weeklong Onam festival. The Vijinana Kalavedi" at

Aranmula imparts training in the traditional arts like Kathakali, classical dances,

classical music as well as Kalaripayattu. Foreign tourists stay here for long periods to

get a first hand knowledge of the culture of Kerala. The Parthasarathi Temple here

also has fine murals from the 18th century. Aranmula is also very famous for its hand

made mirrors of polished metal called Aranmula Kannadi, which is a unique craft and

not found anywhere else in the world.

Sabarimala (Pilgrim Centre)

One of the most famous pilgrim centres in India, Sabarimala is situated on the

mountain ranges of the Western Ghats, at an altitude of 914 m above sea level and is

accessible only by foot, from Pamba (4kms).

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The hold shrine dedicated to Lord Ayyappa attracts thousands of pilgrims from all

over India, from different castes, creed, especially from other parts of South India.

Mandalapooja and Makaravilakku are the two main events of the pilgrim season,

which is from Nov to mid Jan. The Temple remains closed during the rest of the year,

except for the first five days of every Malayalam month and during Vishu in April.

Sabarimala is surrounded by hazardous hills like Karimala and Neelimala. Men of all

ages are allowed inside the temple but women only below 10 years and above 50

years of age are permitted inside.

Omallur (Cattle fair)

The Rakthakanta Swamy Temple and the annual cattle fair held in the Malayalam

month of Meenam are the main attractions of Omallur. People from all around Kerala

and also many other states participate in the fair.

Charalkunnu Hill Station

The picturesque hill station offers a panoramic view of the nearby valleys. A camp

house on the hill provides comfortable lodging.

Perumthenaruvi

Perumthenaruvi is a famous waterfall on the banks of the River Pamba. Here, the

water flows down a rocky bed into a ravine 60 to 100 feet deep. The place is a

favourite picnic spot for both domestic and foreign tourists.

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Vijana Kala Vedi Cultural Centre

Louba Schild, a French scholar under the Indo-French Cultural Exchange Programme,

who started this centre with UNESCO support, founded this famous cultural centre.

Those interested in culture and art, gather from different parts of the country over

here. The centre offers residential training courses, in Keralas traditional arts & crafts

like Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Bharatanatyam, Kalaripayattu, Music, wood carving

etc.

ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT

Alappuzha, widely known as the "Venice of the East", is known for its scenic

backwaters and boat races. The famous Nehru Trophy Boat race is held in Alappuzha

Punnamada backwaters.

The district has many tourist places and pilgrimage centres like Pathiramanal,

Krishnapuram Palace, Champakulam, Alappuzha Beach, Ambalapuzha Sree Krishna

Temple, Mannarsala Nagaraja Temple, Edathua St. George's Church, Chettikulangara

Bhagavathy Temple, and Haripad Subrahmanya Swami Temple.

Alappuzha or Alleppey is well connected through Rail, Road and Air. Nedumbassery

International Airport is easily accessible from Alappuzha. Alappuzha has a railway

Station and has road links to all major parts of Kerala. Alappuzha has beautiful

backwaters, lagoons and lakes. The major attraction in Alappuzha is the boat ride

through the back waters, either in a small boat or a house boat. House boat cruises are

arranged for tourists in and around Alleppey.

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There are many snake boat races are conducted in Alappuzha during Onam season

like Nehru Trophy Boat Race, Payippadu Jalothsavam, Champakkulam Boat Race.

PLACES TO VISIT

Kuttanad

Kuttanad, called the rice bowl of Kerala because of her wealth of paddy crops, is at

the very heart of the backwaters. The scenic countryside of Kuttanad with its

shimmering waterways also has a rich crop of banana, cassava and yam. This is

perhaps the only region in the world where farming is done 1.5 to 2 m below sea

level. Inland waterways which flow above land level are an amazing feature of this

region.

Alappuzha Beach

This is one of the most popular picnic spots in Alappuzha. The pier, which extends

into the sea here, is over 137 years old. Entertainment facilities at the Vijaya beach

park add to the attractions of the beach. There is also an old lighthouse which is

greatly fascinating to visitors. The Vijaya beach park: Picnic spot with children's park

& boating facilities.

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Pathiramanal

According to mythology a young brahmin dived into the Vembanad Lake to perform

his evening ablutions and the water made way for land to rise from below, thus

creating the enchanting island of Pathiramanal (sands of midnight). This little island

on the backwaters is a favourite haunt of hundreds of rare migratory birds from

different parts of the world. The island lies between Thaneermukkom and

Kumarakom, and is accessible only by boat.

Mannarasala Sree Nagaraja Temple

Situated near Harippad, this is a serpent shrine under the patronage of a brahman

family, headed by a priestess. The ancient shrine is an internationally renowned

pilgrim centre dedicated to the Serpent God Nagaraja. Sarpa Yakshi and Naga Yakshi

are the beloved consorts of Nagaraja. It is believed that Nagaraja as the installed diety

is endowed with the form of Hari (Lord Vishnu) and the spirit of Lord Shiva. Legend

has it that the first priestess of Mannarasala gave birth to a five-headed snake, which

is believed to reside in the ancestral house to safeguard the family. At Mannarasala

barren women are believed to be blessed with children and a special turmeric paste

available at the shrine is credited with powers to cure even leprosy.

Champakulam Church

One of the oldest churches in Kerala, the St. Mary's Church is believed to be one of

the seven established by St. Thomas. The annual feast at this church falls on the 3rd

Sunday of October every year. The feast of St. Joseph is celebrated on March 19th.

Q S T and R Block Kayal

These regions are wonders of the indigenous agricultural engineering know-how of

Kerala and remind the visitor of the famous dikes of Holland. Extensive areas of land

has been reclaimed from the backwaters and are protected by dikes built all around.

Here cultivation and habitation are made possible four to ten feet below sea level. A

leisurely cruise along the canals that surround these kayals is a memorable

experience.

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Chavara Bhavan

Chavara Bhavan is the ancestral home of the blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara. It is

now a holy shrine and spiritual resort where thousands of devotees gather for prayer,

receive favours and feel amply gratified. Here, a 250 year old historically important

beacon of light is preserved intact in its original and primitive form.

Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple

Built in the typical Kerala architectural style, this temple is famous all over India for

the Palpayasam, the daily offering of deliciously sweet milk porridge. It is also in this

temple that Pallipana is performed by Velans (sorcerers) once every twelve years.

Paintings of the Dasavatharam (the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu) are on display on

the inner walls of the Chuttambalam. Ottanthullal, a satiric art form originated by the

poet Kunchan Nambiar, was first performed on the premises of this temple.

Edathua Church

Established in 1810, the church is dedicated to St. George. It is believed that prayers

and offerings at this church help to heal all mental disorders and other ailments.

During the annual feast (5th, 6th and 7th of May) pilgrims from all parts of South

India, irrespective of caste and creed, visit the church and seek the blessings of the

saint.

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Chettikulangara Bhagavathy Temple, Mavelikkara

The Kettukazhcha festival at this temple draws large crowds of devotees. Processions

of tall decorated structures on chariots, brightly decorated effigies of horses and

bullocks and cultural performances make a spectacular pageant. (Festival -

February/March)

Krishnapuram Palace

Built by Marthanda Varma, this palace at Karthikapally in Kayamkulam is famous for

its mural depicting the story of Gajendramoksham. Dating back to the 18th century,

this exquisite piece of art is one of the largest murals in Kerala. The palace museum

houses antique sculptures, paintings and bronzes.

KOTTAYAM DISTRICT

Kottayam district is called as - the LAND OF LAKES, LETTERS AND LATEX. The

name Kottayam means KOTTA - AKAM i.e, interior of a fort. Rulers of Munjanad

and Thekkumkur had their head quarters at Thaliyil Kotta at Thazhathangadi in the

present Kottayam Town. It is commonly believed that the name Kottayam derived

from the KOTTA AKAM of Thaliyil Kotta. Though Marthandavarma of Travancore

attacked Thekkumkur and destroyed the palace and the Thaliyil Fort, the remnants of

the palace and fort are still seen here.

PLACES TO VISIT

Bharananganam

Bharananganam is an important pilgrimage center for the Christians. It is located next

to the St. Mary's Church. The church is a thousand years old and has a well-carved

cavern of Virgin Mary.

Cheryapalli

Built in the year 1579, this church is dedicated to St. Mary. The church has some

beautiful paintings of the Biblical era.

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Mannanam

This place is a famous Christian center. The famous St. Joseph's monastery is located

over here. A famous saintly figure of Kerala known as Father Kuriakose Elias of

Chavara (1805 -1871) lived here. Mannanam is the place where one of the oldest

printing presses of India was established. Some of Kerala's oldest newspapers were

printed over here.

Thirunakkara Mahadev Temple

Located in the heart of Kottayam, this temple is built in the typical Kerala style. The

architecture and murals are stunningly beautiful. The temple is packed by a large

number of devotees who come to attend the annual festival in the month of March.

Valiyapalli Church

One of the largest churches in Kottayam, the Valiyapalli church was built in the year

1550. This church was built for the Knanaya Orthodox Syrians and is renowned for its

ancient Persian cross dating back to the 8th century and also the Pahalavi inscription

on the cross.

Grampi Hill Station

The picturesque hill station of Grampi, situated 5 kms from Peerumade is also known

as the Parunthupara, meaning the eagle rock.

Kesari Waterfalls

The Kesari waterfalls, also known as Valanjamkanam falls, lies between Kuttikanam

and Murinjapuzha on the Kottayam-Kumaly route. Valanjamkanam is a 3 hr. journey

from Kottayam by any bus to Kumaly; trek to Kuttikanan offers additional

adventurous spirit and closeness to nature.

Maramala Waterfalls

This lies a few kms away from Eerattupetta. It is exactly 7 kms from Teekoy rubber

estate. From here a private vehicle can take you further 2 kms after which the road is

not motor able. To reach the falls one has to trek through the estate over the rocky

path. The waterfall is about 60 metres in height, falling into a 12-meter deep pool and

joins the River Teekoy way down.

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Chandragiri Cruises

This offers boat trips to the nearby islands and palm grove. The boarding point is

Chandragiri Bridge and nearby, is a mosque and also the ancient Kizhur Sartha

Temple.

Ayyampara

43 kms from Kottayam, this is a well known scenic spot of rocky plains, where a 100

acres of flat rock makes a natural granite stadium to enjoy the sunset and the view of

the town below. It is a good place for trekking.

Elaveezhapoonchira

Elaveezhapoonchira, formed of imposing mountain ranges with rocky cliffs is on the

eastern periphery of Kottayam district. It is a beautiful picnic spot, accessible from

Pala, located in the middle of hillocks. About 3000 feet above sea lever, the pristine

beauty of nature is preserved almost intact here. There is also a famous ancient

mosque at Thazhathanangady near Thalikotta Palace, which attracts many devotees.

Koottickal

Situated in the western ghats, 5 kms north of Mundakayam in Kottayam district, is

Koottickal .The majesty of the mountain ranges combined with the beauty of the

forest and the artificial lake created by the check dam of the River Manimala makes

the spot linger in ones mind. Amruthameda, which is famous for medicinal plants, is

nearby. Koottickal is well connected by roads to the main cities. The waterfall at

Vadakkemala, near Kootickal is another attraction.

Panchalimedu

Situated 7 kms from Muundakkayam - Kuttikanam stretch on the Kottayam - Kumali

road, lies Panchalimedu at an altitude of about 2500 feet above sea level. A 3-hour

trek from Valliankavu, also connected by bus service from Kottayam. According to

legends, the Pandavas had stayed here and the pond beside a small temple is where

Panchali, their wife is said to have had bath.

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Wagamon

Situated at an elevation of 1100 metres above sea level, Wagamon is called the

trekker's paradise because it is an ideal place for trekking and a beautiful tourist spot

surrounded by the greenery of tea plantations, meadows, valleys and dales. It is about

60 km from Kottayam. The other attraction of this place is Kurisumala, a sky-scraping

mountain with a small church on its peak. There is also a monastery on this hill, called

Kurisumala Ashramam, which has a small community of ascetics who follow

Christian faith but combines with it the Indian spiritual traditions and Gandhian

thoughts. People of all faith are welcome to visit this place.

Vembanad Lake

16 kms from Kottayam town, is a vast network of rivers and canals, which empty into

the great expanse of water called the Vemanad Lake, which is situated in Kumarakom

village. The lake is an enchanting picnic spot and a fast developing backwater tourist

destination. It provides boating, fishing and sight seeing experiences that are truly

exhilarating. The Kumarakom tourist village also offers houseboat cruises and holiday

packages.

IDUKKI DISTRICT

The Idukki is a district surrounded by lands and this is one of the most prominent

places, which is very rich in nature. There are three important rivers, which guard the

high ranges and wooded valleys. The names of these three rivers are Periyar, Thalayar

and Thodupuzhayar and also their tributaries.

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Another important river of kerala named as Pamba is also originated from this place.

This place always attracts tourist because of its vast range of places that includes

wildlife sanctuaries, Hill stations, Dams, Space plantation tours, Mountain treks,

elephant rides.

PLACES TO VISIT

Munnar

Munnar is situated at the meeting point of three mountain streams namely

Mudrapuzha, Nallathanni and Kundala. This place is situated at 1600 m above sea

level. Formerly it was the summer resort of the British Government in South India.

Sprawling tea plantations, picture-book towns, winding lanes and holiday artifacts

make this a popular resort town. The Neelakurinji is the most exotic flora and

grassland found here. This flower that covers the hills in blue every twelve years, will

bloom next in 2006 AD. Munnar also has the highest peak in South India, Anamudi,

which towers over 2695 m.

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Pothamadu

This place is 6 kms away from Munnar and offers an excellent view of the tea, coffee

and cardamom plantations here. This place is ideal for trekking and long mountains

walk because of its undulating hills, the abundant mountains and the magnificent and

incredible scenery.

Devikulum

This place is situated at 7 kms from Munnar. This place is very beautiful as this is a

heavenly hill stations with its velvety lawns, exotic flora and fauna and the cool

mountain air. The presence of all these in a single place is itself a rare combination.

The Sita Devi Lake with its mineral waters and picturesque surroundings is a good

picnic spot. The lake is also ideal for trout fishing.

Pallivasal

This is the venue of the first Hydroelectric Project in Kerala. This is a place of

immense scenic beauty, which is situated at 8 kms from Munnar.

Attukal

This place is located between Munnar and Pallivasal, which is 9 kms away from

Munnar. This place is ideal for long trek. The other attractions are undulating hills and

waterfall.

Nyayamakad

This place is based at a distance of 10 kms away from Munnar. This is mainly

Located between Munnar and Rajamala. Nyayamakad is a land of breathtaking

waterfalls. The waters cascade down a hill from a height of about 1600 metres. The

enchanting surroundings make an excellent picnic spot and trekking point.

Lock Heart Gap

This place is 13 kms away from Munnar and ideal for adventure tourism and trekking.

The fresh mountain air, the foggy hills and the picturesque beauty make the place

worthy to visit.

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Echo point

This place is situated at 15 kms away from Munnar. This scenic place gets its name

from the natural echo phenomenon here. Echo Point is on the way to Top Stations

from Munnar.

Eravikulum National Park

The 97 sq. km. park is situated in the Devikulam taluk. The 2695m high Anamudi

peak is located in the southern region of the park. This is placed at 15 kms away from

Munnar.

Anayirankal

This place is situated at 22 kms away from Munnar. It is a lush green carpet of tea

plants. A trip on the splendid reservoir is a memorable experience. The Tata Tea

Plantations and evergreen forests surround the Anayirankal Dam, which is an ideal

spot for picnic. Top station: This place is 32 kms away from Munnar. This is placed at

1700 m above sea level; and is the highest point on the Munnar-Kodaikanal road. The

rare Nilakurinji or strobilanthus belongs to this region. This plant blooms in every 12

years and filled the hillsides in bright blue. Top Station also offers a panoramic view

of the neighboring state of Tamil nadu.

Marayoor

This is 40 kms away from Munnar. This is the only place in Kerala that has natural

growth of sandal wood trees. Among the interesting spots in this place some are stated

in the following: the sandal wood factory of the forest department, the caves with

murals, objects from the new stone age civilization and the children`s park spread

across a hectare of land under the canopy of a single Banayan tree. Thoovanam

waterfalls and Rajiv Gandhi National Park are also near by to this place.

Cheeyappara

The Cheeyappara and Valara waterfalls are located between Nariamangalam and

Adimali on the Kochi-Madurai highway. The Cheeyappara waterfalls descend in

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seven steps. The panoramic view of this place is awesome and also a great place for

trekking. Meenuli: It is famous for two acres of evergreen forests upon a huge Rock.

The rock is more than 500 acres in area and is an ideal spot for mountaineering. It is a

real beauty as it is placed above the rock.

Thommankuthu

This is situated at 17 kms away from Thodupuzha. There is a 7 steps waterfall, which

is lovely picnic spot. At each step of this waterfall there is a cascade and pool beneath.

This place named as Thommankuthu is an ideal place for adventure tourism.

Keezharkuthu

This place is situated at 25 kms from Thodupuzha. The Rain Bow waterfalls, which

flows down a rock from a height of about 1500 m is a wonderful attraction of this

spot. It can be seen through out the year in full swing. This place is also important as

various medicinal plants grow here. It is an ideal place for rock climbing,

mountaineering and camp trekking because of these reasons young people like this

place very much.

ERANAKULAM DISTRICT

Ernakulam is one of the fastest growing places in Kerala. It is an important

commercial and residential area. Cochin Carnival and Sivarathri festival celebrated on

the bank of Periyar river, attract tourists from all around the world. Ernakulam is

considered as the commercial capital of Kerala.

PLACES OF INTEREST

Bastion Bunglow

Bastion Bungalow of Kerala is a famous tourist site in the fort of Kochi. At present

the Bastion Bungalow serves as the official seat of the Sub-Collector. This bungalow

is an example of Indo-European style architecture mainly following the Dutch style.

The Bungalow was established in the year 1667. The bungalow is known Bastion as it

is situated on the site of Stromsburg Bastion of the Dutch fort.

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Bhoothathankettu

This is a scenic dam site with boating facilities is situated in a vast virgin forest. It is a

popular picnic sport with Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary near by. 50 km north east of

Ernakulam town.

Bolghatty Bolghatty palace

It was built by the Dutch in 1744. Later it became the seat of the British Resident of

Cochin. Today it is a hotel run by K.T.D.C. The grounds have a small golf course &

several vantage points for lovely views of the harbour & the sea 3 kms from

Ernakulam by Boat.

Chendamangalam

This land was once the abode of the Paliath Achans, the prime ministers of the

Maharajas of Kochi. Their residence, the Paliam Palace represents the architectural

splendour of Kerala. The Palace houses a collection of historic documents and relics.

about 42 km from Ernakulam.

Chinese Fishing Nets

A legacy of the trading connections between China and India many centuries ago. The

long rows of chinese nets silhouetted against the sunset present a spectacular sight of

Cochin's waterfront.

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Cherai Beach

Cherai Beach, one of the most beautiful beaches in Kerala bordering the northern end

of Vypeen Island, is located about 26 km from Ernakulam city. The place is a unique

combination of sea and backwaters rimmed by lush green coconut palms and paddy

fields. The backwaters are a combination of lakes, lagoons, canals and estuaries.

The 15 km long golden Beach is very clean, shallow and is ideal for swimming,

surfing and sunbathing. The newly beautified 400 Meters of the main beach has a

walkway and High mask lamps which make the beach enjoyable even at night.

Chottanikkara Temple

Mother Goddes worshipped in three different forms - as Saraswati in the morning -

draped in white, as Bhadrakali at noon draped in crimson, and as Durga in the evening

decked in blue.

Dutch Palace

The Dutch palace or Mattancherry palace was originally built by the Portuguese and

presented to the Raja of Cochin, Veera Kerala Varma in 1555. It was later taken over

by the Dutch who improved it through extensions and repairs in 1663.

Hill Palace

The largest archeological museum of Kerala. Paintings, carvings, etchings and other

trappings of royalty like majestic beds, weapons and samples of epigraphy. This place

is 13 Kms from Cochin on the Ernakulam-Chottanikara route.

Historical Museum

Important scenes of Kerala history are portrayed through through Sculptures. Greeting

the visitor outside is a statue of Parasurama, the mythological safe who is said to have

created Kerala. 6 kms from Ernakulam at Edappally

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Iringole Forest Temple

Iringole Kavu, a temple in tropical rain forest in the middle of a town 8 kms from

Kalady Town

Jewish Synagogue

The Synagogue at Mattancherry built in 1568 is the oldest Synagogue in the Common

Wealth Countries. It was partially destroyed in the war of 1662, but was rebuilt by

Dutch. In the mid 18th century the clock tower was added.

Kalady

Kalady is the birth place of Adi Shankaracharya the great Indian Philosopher who

lived in the 8th century. 2 shrines in memory of Sankaracharya - one for

Dakshinamoorthy and the other for the Goddes Sharada.

Kallil Temple

A 9th century Jain temple shaped out of from a huge rock on a small hill in a

picturesque surrounding. The visitor has to climb 120 steps to reach this rare historic

temple.

Kanjiramattom Mosque

It is believed that the mosque was erected over the mortal remains of a Muslim saint,

Sheikh Parid. Another great Muslim saint, Baver is supposed to have prayed here and

attained salvation.

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Kodanad

It is one of the largest elephant capturing centres of South India. In 1977 the elephant

capturing came to an end, but the elephant kraal and training centre are still there

intact. Kodanad is 45 kms to the north east of Cochin city and 12 kms to the east of

Perumbavoor town.

Kottayil Kovilakam

Kottayil Kovilakam at Chennamangalam, which was the seat of Kshatriya chieftains

of Villarvattom is situated near the ancient Kunnathali temple. Chennamangalam is an

important center of handloom weaving and coir manufacturing.

Malayattoor

A place of prayer and pilgrimage; made rich by the foot steps of St. Thomas the

Apostle, who sowed the seeds of Christianity in this part of the world.

Marine Drive

Marine Drive is considered to be one of the most beautiful part of Kochy city. The

marine walk is the main hangout for the local populace as the view of the backwaters

and the harbour from here is excellent.

Pallipuram Fort

Pallippuram fort was built by the Portuguese in 1503. It is one of the oldest existing

European monuments in India. The Dutch captured the fort in 1661 and sold it to the

State of Travancore in 1789 This fort is situated in the northern extremity of the

Vypeen Island at Pallipuram

Parikshit Thampuran Museum

This museum features collections of the 19th century paintings, Pre-historic

monuments, Old coins in a numismatic gallery,Scriptures in stone & Plaster of paris,

Copies of mural paintings etc & the collection from the Cochin royal family.

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Santa Cruz Bascillica

This Roman Catholic church is situated near the St.Francis church and is worth a

visit.It is a specimen of portugese architecture built in 1503. ‘Frescoes’and mural

paintings decorate the ceiling and interior parts of the church.

St.Francis Church

The first European church in India. Originally built in wood and named Santo

Antonio in the 16th Century. Vasco da Gama was buried here in 1524.

Willingdon Island

A manmade island named after Lord Willingdon a former British Viceroy to india.

Cochin Harbour, Southern Naval Command, Best hotels in the city, Port Trust head

quarters, major trading centers etc. are situated at Willingdon Island.

THRISSUR DISTRICT

Thrissur has many interesting places that are worth visiting. The rich historical and

cultural legacy of Thrissur has made sure Trichur sight seeing tours keep you amused

on your trip. Once you reach this city, you will not be left wondering as to what to see

in Thrissur. One day just wouldn't be enough for visiting the places in Trichur. So

read on further to know more about Trichur tourist attractions and know about tour to

Thrissur.

PLACES TO VISIT

Vadakkumnathan Temple

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This temple is a classic example of the Kerala style of architectrue.One of the oldest

temples in the state, this place contains the sacred shrines of Paramashiva, Parvathy,

Sankaranarayana, Ganapathy, Sri Rama and Sri Krishna. The central shrines and

Koothambalam exhibit exquisite vignettes carved in wood. Legend goes that this

temple was founded by Parasurama. ' thrissur pooram' the grandest temple pageantry

in Kerala, is celebrated here in April -May every year.

Guruvayur Temple

GURUVAYUR - Dwaraka of south, is one of the most famous Sree Krishna temples

in India. The divine idol installed here represents the world-enchanting form of Sree

Krishna endowed with the four lustrous arms carrying the conch, the discus, the mace

and the lotus. Adorned with the divine `Thulasi’ garland and pearls necklaces, the idol

represents the majestic form of Maha Vishnu as revealed to Vasudeva and Devaki at

the time of 'Krishnavathara'.Thousands of devotees from all over the world visit this

temple daily for darsan. It is believed that the Lord revels here in the same majestic

form as he would at 'Vaikunda' - his celestial abode. Thus Guruvayur is known as

`Bhooloka Vaikunda'.

Kerala Kalamandapam:

Centre of fine arts in Kerala established by famous poet Vallathol.The koothambalam

is built as per Natyashastra norms and is a highlight.Regular programmes are

held.Located in Cheruthuruthi in the backdrop of the Bharathapuzha river. It is

situated in the North of Thrissur, 29km away near the Shoranur Railway Junction . It

is the home of the renowned repository of the tradition of the Kathakali dance form. It

is in this academy that the best of Kerala's Kathakali, Ottamthullal and

Chakyarkoothu performers get their rigorous training. The institution also offers

training in music, drama, and other dance forms including Mohiniyattam and

Koodiyattam.

Sakthan Thampuran Palace & Museum

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Located near the Old Bus Stand.The memorial of the "architect of Thrissur" lies here.

Relics and artefacts belonging to the ersatwhile Cochin Royal Family can be found

here and their history traced.

Anakkayam

Anakkayam is roughly 20 kms from Chalakudy on the Sholayar Peringalkuthu route,

famous for its lake with cool and placid waters. The place got its name from a herd of

elephants which used to visit the place quite often and the legend goes that the place

got its name because some elephants had been drowned in this lake. The place is

breathtakingly beautiful with its rushing waters, chiselled rocks and silent streams.

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Athirapally and Vazhachal Waterfalls

East of Chalakudy, near the entrance to the Sholayar forest ranges, are the beautiful

waterfalls of Athirapally and Vazhachal, 5 km apart.Athirapally is 60 km away from

Thrissur and 30 km away from Chalakkudy.The These waterfalls are a place of scenic

beauty , and is of 80 feet high. Forest

PALAKKAD DISTRICT

You will find a number of tourist attractions in Palakkad and these places are

definitely worth the visit. Once here, you wouldn't be left wondering as to what to see

in Palakkad when you go one Palakkad sight seeing tours. This place has many

temples, forts, etc. that have historical significance and are worth checking out. So

read on further and know about tour to Palakkad tourist attractions.

PLACES TO VISIT

Palakkad Fort

It is the fort which is situated in the middle of Palakkad town that first welcomes the

tourists to this place. This fort tells the tale of many a subjugation and surrender. As

per the directions of Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore, the work on this fort was started

in the year 1766 under the supervision of a team of French engineers. Hyder had

settlements in Coimbatore, Malabar and Kochi (Cochin). His intention was to turn the

Palakkad fort into a focal paint of these settlements and rule them. In the war with the

English in 1767 the fort was damaged and Hyder Ali reconstructed it on a solid

foundation. Hyder Ali was succeeded by his son Tippu Sultan as the Nawab of

Mysore in 1782 and the fort came under his control. In 1787 the English and the

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Kozhikodu Zamorin captured this fort of vital strategic importance. Knowing this,

Tippu sent a strong contingent and drove out the Zamorin and recaptured the fort. 

In the war between the English and Tippu in 1790, the English again captured the fort.

According to a treaty after 3rd Mysore war, in 1782 the British got Malabar region and

the complete control of the fort therein. In 1797 the English mended the damaged

parts of the fort. The war between Tippu and East India Company ended with the

treaty of 1872 and all the possessions of Tippu in Malabar were ceded to the British.

Gradually these formed part of the Malabar district of the Madras presidency. 

Palakkad was only a taluk of old Malabar district of Madras presidency till the

linguistic reorganization of the States in 1956. At present, some government offices

and a sub jail are functioning at this fort. 

Kottamaithanam, west of the fort, is very famous. It is said that it was here Tippu’s

cavalry camped. This maithanam is used for conducting exhibitions and mammoth

meetings. Nearby the fort, there is a children’s park and an open air stadium called

‘Rappadi’.

Malampuzha

Malampuzha is the ‘Vrindavan’ of Kerala. It is 13 kms from Palakkad town. Since the

completion of the dam in 1955, the place has been beautified into a tourist resort. The

dam is located in idyllic surroundings with a hilly background. The beautiful garden

on mughal model below the dam is the star attraction for the tourists. The small

garden on Japanese style is also very attractive. The gigantic ‘Yakshi’ statue situated 

in the garden would cause surprise and wonder to anyone visiting Malampuzha. The

fish-shaped aquarium is an added attraction. The snake park, the rock garden, the

amusement park and the fancy park and the thrilling rides therein and the garden and

fountain are the other attractions.

Parambikulam Wild Life sanctuary

Parambikulam in Western Ghats is about 125 kms from Palakkad. The dam and the

wildlife sanctuary here are renowned. All sorts of animals and birds are seen here.

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There is a reservoir also. The place is famous for teak plantations. The oldest teak

tree, ‘Kannimaree’, stands here. There is a national park here, which is named after

Salim Ali, the famous bird observer.

Seetharkundu

Seetharkundu at Nelliampathy offers a fantastic view of the valley below. The 1000

meters high water falls is one of the major attractions. Legend has it that during the

‘vanavasa, Rama, Sita and Lakshmana had lived here. Seetharkundu got its name

from the legend that Sita devi during the vanavasa period with Rama, took a bath

here.

Killikurissi Mangalam

The first popular Malayalam poet and the father of Thullal Movements, Kunjan

Nambiar was born in Kalakkathu house at Killikkurissi Mangalam of Lakkidi Perur

panchayat in Palakkad district. Every day a number of literary men come here to pay

obeisance to the ever burning lamp and the ezhuthani (pen) he used for writing. A

center imparting training in learning the poet’s arts form like Ottam Thullal, Parayan

Thullal and Seethankan Thullal is functioning here. Every year May fifth is observed

as Kunchan Day and award is given to the best thullal artist of the State. 

It is the Kunjan Memorial Committee working under the State Cultural Department

that gives initiative to the activities here.

Meenkara Dam

Meenkara is a fascinating sport due to the dam, garden, fish ponds and natural beauty.

It is 32 kms, south east of Palakkad town. The dam here was constructed in the year

1960 across Meenkara river, a sub tributary of Gayathripuzha, which is the tributary

of Bharathapuzha.

Chulliyar Dam

This dam and the surroundings at Muthalamada Panchayat offer a strikingly beautiful

panorama of natural scenery. The work on this dam across Chulliyar, a tributary of

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Gayathripuzha was completed in the year 1960. A view from this dam at the sky

kissing Nelliyampathy mountain ranges is superb.

Pothundi Dam

Pothundy is 38 kms south of Palakkad town, in Nelliyampathy route. The dam is

across Padipuzha and Meenchadipuzha, the two sub tributaries of Ayilurpuzha, which

is the tributary of Bharathapuzha.

Mangalam Dam

The work on this dam was completed in the year 1956. it is located 48 kms south of

Palakkad town. The dam is constructed across Cherukunnupuzha, a tributary of

Mangalam river. There are deer, wild elephants and rare species of birds on the

fringes of the reservoir.

Siruvani Dam

The dam is the common reservoir of Kerala and Tamilnadu. It is 80 kms away from

Palakkad town, and 22 kms interior from Edakkurissi which is in Palakkad manarcad

route. The dam is constructed across Siruvanipuzha which is the tributary of

Bhavanipuzha. It supplies drinking water to Coimbatore municipality. There is a

water fall from 2000 feet height on the eastern side of the dam. The scenic beauty of

Siruvani is really wonderful.

Thunchan Madom

In ‘Sokanashini’, an old building at Chittoor Thekkegram village, Thunchath

Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, the father of Malayalam language spent his last years.

People call it gurumadom. Thunchan madom on the banks of ‘Sokanashini’ (destroyer

of sorrow) Chittoorpuzha is even today blessed with the presence of literary men. The

ezhuthani (pen) he used for writing is kept here as a precious memento.

Kudallur and Thasarak

The villages of Palakkad district have become the background of the novels of

reputed writers like M.T. Vasudevan Nair and O.V. Vijayan. Kudallur, the birth place

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of M.T. Vasudevan Nair is the locale of his novels, ‘Nalukettu’ and ‘Kalam’ (time). In

vijayans famous novel, ‘Khasakkinte Ithihasom’ (the epic of Khasakk) the locale is

the palakkad village, ‘Thasarak’. A number of people interested in literature visit

these two places.

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MALAPPURAM DISTRICT

Malappuram is bounded by the Nilgiri hills on the east and the Arabian sea on the

west, Malappuram, with its rich natural beauty, lush coconut grooves and historic

past, has its own tourist attractions. The temples and mosque of this district are well

known for their festivals.

Beaches

Padinharekara beach: Close to Ponnani and at the end point of the Tipu Sulthan road.

It offers a breath taking view of the confluence of the river Bharathapuzha and Tirur

puzha with the Arabian sea.

Kadampuzha

In Melmuri village of Tirur taluk is situated 3 Km north of Vettichira on the NH-17

connecting Calicut and Trissur and is famous for its Bhagavathi temple said to have

been set up by Jagadguru Sankaracharya.

Angadipuram

About 1.5 Kms west of Perinthalmanna. This is an important place on the Madras-

Calicut Trunk road through which the Shoranur-Nilambur railway line also passes.

This place has two well known temples Thirumandhamkunnu and Tali.

Thirunavaya

This ancient and famous temple on the banks of the Bharathapuzha dedicated to Lord

Shiva was the traditional venue of the ritual of Mamankam an enactment of traditional

martial arts by suicide squades.

Trikandiyur

This ancient Shiva temple with an idol said to have been installed by Parasurama, is

situated close to the town of Tirur, and attracts devotees from far and wide.

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Mumburam

Muslim shrine and receptacle for dead bodies of the Thangals (the relegious leaders of

the malabar muslims), situated in A.R.Nagar village; is a major pilgrimage centre of

Muslims.

Valiya Juma Masjid Malappuram

This is an important pilgrim centre of the Muslims of Kerala. The four day annual

festival at the mosque(nercha) is celebrated in April. Adjoining the mosque is the

mausoleum of the Malappuram shaheeds (martys) whose brave exploits have been

immortalised in the Mappila ballads.

Pazhayangadi Mosque, Kondotti

The three day long Valia Nercha feat at this 500 year old Muslim pilgrim centre,

celebrated in February/March, is a local cultural event. Moyin Kutty Vaidyar-

Kondotty, the finest exponanent of Mappila Pattu. His Badral Muneer - Husn-Ul-

Jamal, the earliest romantic piece is praised for its craft.

Biyyam Kayal

Close to Ponnani, is a placed greenery fringed waterway with a watersports facility

recenlty set up by the D.T.P.C.

Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary

Located 19kms from Kozhikode and 7kms from Beypore port, the sanctuary which is

spread over a cluster of islands covers an area surrounded by hillocks where the

Kadalundipuzha flows in to the Arabian sea. Over a 100 varieties of native birds and

over 60 varieties of migratory birds flock here.

KOZHIKODE DISTRICT

This district with serene beaches, emerald green countryside, and historic sites is set

with the Arabian Sea on the west and the Wayanad hills on the east. The most

important region of Malabar in earlier times, Kozhikode was the capital of the

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powerful Zamorins and a major trade and commerce center as well. The city

continues to be a center of flourishing domestic and international trade, being the

marketing center for commodities like pepper coconut, coffee, rubber, lemon grass oil

etc. Kozhikode found a place in World History with the discovery of sea route to

India by the Portuguese navigator Vasco Da Gama , who landed at the Kappad sea

shore in 1498. A monument is constructed here to commemorate the historical

landing.

PLACES TO VISIT

Kappad

This historic beach lies 16 km from Kozhikode and constitutes the place where Vasco

De Gama landed on the 27th of May 1498. There is a monument established on the

beach that commemorates the event. The beach promontory is a very beautiful place

providing great view of the stretched out sea. There is a temple built on the rocks that

reach out for the sea. This temple is believed as having been built somewhere in 13th

century.

Kozhikode Beach

Kozhikode beach is a fun beach with quite a number of attractions. The sunset, as

viewed from this The beach provides the site to view some astonishing sunsets.

Present at the beach are two very old piers and a lighthouse that constitute the local

attractions. The nearby amusement parks, Lions Park and aquarium, are additional

features.

Beypore

Situated on Chaliyar river, some 10 kms south of Kozhikode is Beypore harbour. The

old port is a popular attraction and features a community that has been building

vessels for more than one and a half millennia. The region used to be a favorite trade

center for several Arab countries in the past. The tradition of building vessels, Arab

trading vessels, still thrives in the region.

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Pazhassiraja Museum and Art Gallery

The museum, located some 5 kms from Kozhikode, houses great collection of arts and

antiquities. The exhibitions include ancient murals, ancient bronze articles, coins,

models of temples and some megalithic monuments.

Velliyamkallu

The massive rock on the shores is one place that navigators were often afraid of. The

rock used to be employed by the Marakkars as a vantage point against the invading

Portuguese. On one occasion an entire crew of a Portuguese vessel was killed here.

Planetarium

The Kozhikode Planetarium is located at Jaffarkhan colony. The planetarium reveals

the mysteries of the universe, the planets and the galaxies. Daily shows are hosted at

the place, at 12 o'clock, 02 p.m., 04 p.m. and 06 p.m.

Kalipoika

About two kilometres from Kozhikode is located Kalipoika with its unique boating

experience. Some other attractions located nearby include Thikkoti Lighthouse,

Kirtads, , Payyoli, Kakkayam, Varakkal Devi Temple, Tusharagiri, St. Mary's

Church, Buddha Vihar, Peruvannamuzhi, Vellari Mala, Wayanad Ghats, Kuttiyadi,

Iringal, Mananchira Maidan, Kuttichira, Mishkal Masjid, Pishakarikavu, Lokanarkavu

Temple, Mannur Temple, Ponmeri, etc.Dolphin's Point

A beautiful place to visit during the early morning hours in Calicut is the Dolphin's

Point. This beautiful beach is located around 2 kilometers from the city center and is a

popular place for locals and tourists as one can spot dolphins playing in the sea, early

in the morning. The beach is an ideal place to take a long walk and get refreshed in

the morning.

Ettumanoor Temple

This legendary Hindu Temple has the famous statue of the Nataraja. Lord Shiva is

shown in a dancing pose in which, he is standing on one foot, crushing a demon

symbolizing ignorance and evil. A circle of fire surrounds him, which symbolizes the

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ever-changing universe. The carvings and architecture is splendid and is definitely

worth a visit.

Krishnan Menon Museum

The Krishna Menon Museum is dedicated to the famous Indian leader, V.K. Krishna

Menon. His personal belongings and souvenir presented to him by great national

leaders and friends have been preserved over here. Krishna Menon was a great orator

and was the spokesperson for India in the General Assembly of the UN.

Mananchira

Mananchira Square is located in the center of the city and has esteemed

establishments like Town Hall, Public Library and the Commonwealth Trust's office.

The Commonwealth Trust office is one of the oldest institutions of Kozhikode.

Pazhassi Raja Museum

The Pazhassi Raja Museum is located at East Hill and is managed by the State

Archaeological Department. One can find exhibits of ancient murals, old coins and

antique statues as well as replicas of temples and stone monuments.

Pookot Lake

Located in Kozhikode, the Pookot Lake is a natural fresh water lake. It is surrounded

by meadows and trees on all sides and is an ideal getaway for all those people who

crave for calm and tranquil environs.

Thali Temple

Thali temple is located in Kozhikode city center and is an important temple of the

former Zamorin Empire of Kozhikode. A famous annual competition of academic

skills is held at the Thali temple, which is known as 'Revathi Pattathanam'.

WAYANAD DISTRICT

The word Wynad has been derived from the expression 'Wayalnadu' which means the

land of paddy fields. Kalpetta is the head quarters of Wynad district.

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Wyanad offers the climate of the hill station to that of Oottacamand and a panorama

of undulating hills and dales. Esconced in the North Eastern tip of Kerala, Wyanad is

renowned for of Coffee, tea, caradamom, pepper and rubber plantations. There is

luxuriant green all around. With picturesque hills, gurgling streams and lush

vegetation, Lakkidi is one of the highest spots in Wyanad. Fresh water lake, Tea and

Coffee plantations, ancient temples, Caves with ancient carvings, wild sanctuary all

make this place a nature lover's delight.

PLACES TO VISIT

Banasura Sagar Dam

This is the largest earth dam in India. The topography here is such that many islands

will be formed in the upstream of the dam when the dam is full. These islands with

the background of the Banasura hill will provide a hypnotising sight to tourists.

Chembra Peak

The hills, rocks and valleys which contribute to the very unique character of Wayanad

provide a lot for adventure tourism. Trekking to the Chembra peak is a risky

mountaineering endeavour. Chembra peak, the highest hill in Wayanad, is near

Meppady town. Trekking to the top of this peak takes almost a day. Tourists can also

stay one or two days at the top of the peak in temporary camps. District Tourism

Promotion Council provides guides, sleeping bags, canvases, huts and trekking

implements on hire. The scenic beauty of Wayanad, which is visible from the top of

Chambra, is very exhilerating.

Edakkal Cave

This location of breathtaking beauty is three kilometres from Ambalavayal which is

25 kilometres from Kalpetta. The Edakkal cave in the Ambukuthy mountain, is not a

cave in the real sense.

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Kuruva Island

The Kuruva island, 950 acres of ever green forest on the tributaries of east flowing

river Kabani, is an ideal picnic spot, far away from the disturbances of city life. The

island is uninhabited. Rare species of birds, orchids and herbs are the sovereigns of

this supernal kingdom. It is 17 Kms. east of Mananthavady and 40 kms. north west of

Sulthan Bathery.

Lakkidi

One of the highest locations in Wayanad, Lakkidi also commands a picturesque

scenery. It is about 58 kms. north east of Kozhikode and five kms. south of Vythiri.

Lakkidi, the gate way of Wayanad, lies atop Thamarassery, a ghat pass at an elevation

of 700 m. above mean sea level.The lofty mountain peaks, the gurging stream,

luxuriant vegetation and the bird's eye view of the deep valley on the south, with its

winding roads, are breath taking. The 12 kms.long journey from Adivaram to Lakkidi

through ghat road with nine hairpin bends amidst thick forests, is a fascinating

experience.

Muthanga Wild Life Sanctuary

Muthanga, Which is 16 kms. east of Sulthan Bathery, is located very near to the

Karnadaka border. Wild forests covering an area of 345 sq.kms form the Muthanga

wild life sanctuary; the biggest abode of wild animals in Malabar. Elephant, spotted

deer, bison, tiger, cheeta, wild bear, etc. are found in this sanctuary. The forest

Department has facilities for providing elephant rides to tourists, here.

Pakshipathalam

Pakshipathalam in the Brahmagiri hills at Thirunelli, is a challenging tourist spot for

any adventure seeking tourist. To reach Pakshipathalam seventeen kilometres have to

be covered through wild forest. The deep rock caves, formed among the thick blocks

of rocks at the northern top end of the Brahmagiri, are the abode of various birds and

wild beasts. Special permission has to be obtained from Forest Department to go to

Pakshipathalam. District Tourism Promotion Council arranges vehicle, guides,

camping equipments, etc. to the tourists, on hire.

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Pazhassi Raja Tomb

Pazhassi Tourist Resort at Mananthavady is a good picnic centre in north Wayanad.

There is a good aquarium here. Coin-operated toys for children and boating facilities

for tourists are available here. Pazhassi Raja, the Lion of Kerala, who organised

guerilla type warfare against British East India Company, was cremated here in 1805.

Pookot Lake

It is a natural fresh water lake, brimmed with ever green mountains. The weather here

is salacious; the scenic beauty, hypnotising and the nature, unspoiled. Pookot lake

tourist resort in Vythiri is the most sought after tourist spot of Wayanad. There is an

aquarium and a green house here. Boating facilities also are available. Spices and

handicraft items are also arranged for sale at Pookot. The lake has an area of 8.5ha.

and the maximum water depth is 6.5mtrs. This lake is three kms.south of Vythiri.

Sentinel Rock Waterfall

This waterfall is at Vellarimala village near Chooralmala in Meppadi panchayat. It is

a picnic spot as well as a trekking centre. The sentinel rock, a rock of more than 200

m.in height, is ideal for rock climbing.

Soochippara Waterfall

The waterfalls at Soochippara near Meppadi is really a treasure of nature, yet to be

discovered. The stretches of waterfalls ranging at places from 100 to 300 feet height is

a treat to the eyes. The pool below, provides for water rafting, swimming, bathing,etc.

The tree top huts at Soochippara give an unique view of the valleys of the Western

Ghats and the glimmering shallow waters of the surrounding springs.

KANNUR DISTRICT

Kannur is full of beautiful tourist attractions that can be visited as a part of Kannur

sight seeing tours. This lovely coastal town should not be missed and the famous

tourist attractions are worth the visit. Your tour to Kannur will be all the more

enjoyable when you go and visit all these beautiful tourist attractions.

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PLACES TO VISIT

St. Angelo's Fort

St. Angelo's Fort, built in 1505 the first Portuguese Viceroy of India, is situated near

the sea coast and is about 2 km away from Kannur town. Even now, it is in a fairly

good state of preservation, though parts of it have collapsed. A few obsolete guns can

be seen at the place.

Muzhappilangad Beach

The only drive-in-beach in Kerala, where you can drive an entire length of 4 K.m.

Protected by the black rocks from the currents of the deep, the shallow waters of this

long, clean beach is a swimmer's paradise.

Meenkunnu Beach

Situated at Azhikode, it is hardly a few kilometres from the town. The virgin beach is

a tourist's paradise with golden sand and surf.

Payyambalam Beach

The Payyambalam beach is one of the beautiful beaches in the State and is an ideal

place to spend evenings, irrespepctive of seasons. It has an unbroken coastline of a

few kilometres.

Snake Park at Parassinikkadavu

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The Snake Park at Parassinikkadavu is situated 18 kms. Away from Kannur town. It

Is one of the best known snake parks in the country . The park is dedicated to the

preservation and conservation of snakes, most of which are becoming extinct

gradually. There is a large collection of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes.

Mappila bay

Situated near the St. Angelo's Fort, the Mappila bay has a historical background. The

bay was famous during the Kolathiris' regime as a commercial harbour Today,

Mappila bay has turned into a modernised fishing harbour. Boating in the sea, if the

weather permits, will be an unforgettable experience.

Pazhassi Dam

The damsite, famous for its scenic beauty, is an ideal retreat for tourists. The D.T.P.C

provides pleasure boating faciliaties at the reservoir.

KASARAGOD DISTRICT

There are various thoughts regarding the derivation of the name `Kasaragod`.

According to one view it is the combination of two Sanskrit words "kaasaara", which

means lake or pond and "kroda" that means a place where treasure is kept. Another

view expresses that it is the place where Kaasaraka trees or Strychnos nux vomica or

Kaanjiram or Kaaraskara are in abundance. But it can be seen that in both the there

are large number of rivers, lakes and ponds in the coastal belt of the district. Besides

which there is thick flora consisting of innumerable varieties of trees, shrubs etc.

Particularly plenty of Kaasaraka trees are present in this locality.

PLACES TO VISIT

Madhur Manantheswara Festival

The five-day annual festival at Sree Manantheswara Vinayaka temple at Madhur in

Kasargod is a colorful and exciting event. On the fourth day, the statue of the deity is

taken out in a long procession.

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Ananthapura Lake Temple

Situated at a distance of 30kms from Bekal, Ananthapura is the only lake temple in

Kerala. It is regarded as the original seat of Ananthapadmanabha, the deity of Sree

Padmanabha Swami Temple, Thiruvananthapuram.

Bekal Fort

The largest and best-preserved fort in Kerala, the Bekal Fort is suspended atop a hill,

giving a strategic and panoramic view of the surrounding countryside.

Manjakkudam Festival

Manjakkudam Festival is dedicated to goddess Bhagavathy. The seven-day utsavam

at this temple takes place in the Malayalam month of Kumbham/Meenam (March).

Thapotsavam

Thapotsavam is the annual one-day festival, celebrated on the fifth day after 'Vishu' in

the Malayalam month of Medam (April) at the Ananthapura Lake Temple in

Kumbala, Kasargod.

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Bekal Hole Aqua Park

North of the Bekal fort, is a unique 'Aqua Park', the only one of its kind in north

Malabar. At the Bekal Hole Aqua Park, Pedal boats and water cycles offer along

hours of relaxation on the cool stretches of the Bekal backwaters.

Chandragiri Fort

The fort is located southeast of Kasargod. Sivappa Nayaka of Bedanore built the

Chandragiri Fort in the 17th century. It has a mosque nearby. The ancient Kizhur

State temple is also located here, where the deity is taken to Thrikkanaya Temple at

Bekal, during the annual festival.

Kanwatheertha Beach

The Kanwatheertha Beach is located about 3 km from Manjeshwaram. A large

swimming pool-like formation of the sea on the vast beach and is the main attraction.

Kappil Beach

The Kappil Beach, serene, remote and secluded is fast becoming a major tourist

destination. It offers an unmatched experience of wide beaches and calm waters. The

Kodi Cliff nearby the beach offers a panoramic view of the blue waters of the Arabian

Sea.

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CHAPTER-V

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

FUTURE OF KERALA IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

Kerala, the God’s own Country is visited by thousands of travelers each year from

different regions of the world. This Indian state has various accommodation options

including the beach resorts and hotel

in Kerala. The beach hotels and ayurvedic resorts are equipped with modern room

amenities, recreation facilities, ayurveda and yoga centre and personalized service. As

Kerala backwaters and beaches form the main tourism industry of the state, most of

the beach and backwater hotels are located near the backwater canals.

Kerala is endowed with various tourist treasures like backwaters, lakes, rivers,

beaches, rich ayurveda and yoga culture, ritual art forms and classical dance and

music, historical monuments such as temples, forts and churches. The tourism

industry of Kerala is booming tremendously and to provide a comfortable stay to the

tourists various beach resorts and backwater hotels are run by both private and

government sectors. Kerala beach resorts and hotels are growing in number to cater

the needs of the travelers. The uniqueness of the Kerala beach and backwater hotels is

that most of the hotels have their own ayurveda centre.

Kerala Hotels besides offering various modern room amenities provide some

recreation facilities including water sports, house boat cruising, eco camp visit, music

and dance concert, ayurveda massage and treatments. While one is visiting Kerala for

holidaying, he can stay at a beach or backwater resort in this state. One can have

quintessential experience of Kerala foods and culture at these hotels. The resorts of

Kerala are well-connected to the main air, road and railways.

The Hotels in Kerala features a wide variety of cuisine including Keralite flavors,

Indian and continental delicacies. The traditional Keralite lip-smacking delicacies are

sure to be soothing to the palates. The foodies can taste various mouth-watering

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dishes here. Besides the restaurants of the Kerala beach resorts serve Indian sea foods

of various types.

Kochi, known as the hub of the hotels in Kerala houses various hotels. It has an

international airport well-connected to various main tourists’ locations. Besides,

Trivandrum, Alleppy, Kumarakoram, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode have also

various beach and backwater hotels. While visiting this Indian state, one can explore

the treasures of Kerala staying at a hotel. Mainly the Hotels of Kerala are known as

the beach and backwater hotel due to their location near a sea beach or a backwater.

The coastal area of Kerala is known as Western Ghat in Indian geography.

MEDICAL TOURISM IN KERALA

Kerala is not only a beautiful destination in Southern India known for its scenic

beaches and serene backwaters. Of late Kerala has gained international attention for

Medical Tourism and is becoming a popular international medical tourism

destination.

Kerala is famous for its alternative medical therapies such as Ayurveda, which help to

rejuvenate and revitalize the body. What many tourists have now discovered is that

Kerala has a pool of trained doctors and nurses and an excellent network of hospitals

that offer international standard treatments at very affordable prices. Previously

Indians working abroad, such as residents of Kerala working in the Persian Gulf

countries, would return to India for medical treatment. Now International patients too

have realized the advantages of traveling to Kerala and the medical tourism industry

has begun to take off in a big way.

Faced with exorbitant fees for procedures such as cardiac surgery, dentistry and

cosmetic surgery in their home countries, patients from the West and the Middle East

have begun looking at India and Kerala in particular.

Indian doctors have established themselves as highly skilled and conscientious

caregivers worldwide. Many doctors who have trained or worked abroad have

returned to India to work here. Their reputation has led to the growth of the Medical

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Tourism industry in Kerala. Kerala Travel Tourism offers tour packages that combine

medical treatment with a restful holiday in Kerala India. The world-class hospital

facilities, pre and post-operative care and pleasant climate make your medical

treatment and recovery in Kerala a positive experience.

TOURIST ARRIVAL OVER THE YEAR 2009

Tourist Statistics: 2009

Foreign Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2009 is 5,15,808.

It shows an increase of 20.37 % over the previous year.

Domestic Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2007 is 66,42,941.

It shows an increase of 5.92 % over the previous year.

Foreign exchange earnings for the year 2009 is 2640.94 Crores

which recorded a growth of 32.82 % over the previous year.

Total Revenue (including direct & indirect ) from Tourism during 2009

is Rs.11433 Crores, showing an increase of 25.28 % over the last year’s figure.

Considering the district wise Foreign Tourist arrival, Pathanamthitta district

shows the highest variation of 58.09 % over 2007.

Considering the district wise Domestic Tourist arrival, Kollam district shows the

highest variation of 18.31 % over 2007.

Sl.No. Month Foreign Tourist DomesticTourist

1 January 72,814 5,88,620

2 February 66,131 5,01,204

3 March 56,151 4,85,722

4 April 34,487 5,57,785

5 May 21,098 6,39,712

6 June 18,262 5,02,224

7 July 25,199 4,78,781

8 August 35,563 5,25,309

9 September 24,708 5,29,847

10 October 33,534 5,55,721

11 November 55,647 6,18,908

12 December 72,214 6,59,108

Total Tourist Arrival 515,808 66,42,941

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THE KERALA DECLARATION ON RESPONSIBLE TOURISM

The Incredible India 2 nd International Conference on Responsible Tourism in

Destinations organized by Kerala Tourism and the ICRT India. The 2 nd International

Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations was attended by 503 delegates

from 29 countries. The delegates came with a broad range of experience and expertise

from diverse cultures, environments and backgrounds. There were delegates from

international organisations, national and local government, local communities,

airlines, hoteliers, tour operators, service providers, protected areas, NGOs, academia,

architects and planners, the media and consultants.

We came with a wide range of experiences from different environments, cultures and

tourism contexts and we have shared and discussed our different experiences and

approaches over four days.

We recognise the commitments made by policymakers in Kerala who have committed

to Responsible Tourism and pledged to take forward the concept of Responsible

Tourism into practice, focussing on local economy, well being, local culture and

environment. One of the purposes of responsible tourism is that the benefits of

tourism are equitably accessed and distributed.

Recognising that it takes time to achieve change through multi-stakeholder

partnerships, particularly if local communities are to be empowered to participate in

the process; and that due credit should be given for effort and progress.

We encourage all stakeholders to share our vision for Responsible Tourism, to

recognise that the journey is worthwhile and that it is possible to consistently create a

better approach to tourism where together, local communities, tourism enterprises,

destinations, tourists, and governments can all benefit.