prior learning assessment “pla 101”
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CAEL. Prior Learning Assessment “PLA 101”. What is Prior Learning Assessment, or ‘PLA’? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Prior Learning Assessment“PLA 101”
CAEL
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
What is Prior Learning Assessment, or ‘PLA’? The evaluation for college credit
of the knowledge and skills one gains from life experiences (or from non-college instructional programs) including employment, parenting, travel, hobbies, and volunteer service.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Four Approaches to PLA: Nationally standardized exams
in specified disciplines ‘Challenge’ exams for local
courses Evaluated non-college
programs Individualized assessments
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Types of Standardized Exams: AP Exams CLEP Tests Excelsior College Exams DANTES Subject
Standardized Tests (DSST)
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
More on Advanced Placement (AP) Exams: 34 Exams in 19 subject areas Common for high school
students Run by the College Board 74% within CAEL survey use
them
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
More on College Level Examination Program (CLEP) Tests: 34 tests of “101”-level material 3 to 12 credits for each exam
taken 5 million users since 1967 79% within CAEL survey use them
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
More on Excelsior College Exams (aka Regents College; ACT/PEP) Proficiency-based exams About 40 exams in many areas Excelsior College (New York) 31% within CAEL survey use
them
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
More on DANTES Subject Standardized Tests (DSST): Developed for the military,
available to civilians Nearly 40 exams in many areas Run by Chauncey Group Int’l of
ETS 53% within CAEL survey use them
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
“Challenge” exams of local courses: At institutional discretion,
using locally-developed tests/exams
May be final exams of courses 63% within CAEL survey use
them
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Evaluated non-college programs of instruction (externally evaluated): American Council on Education
“National Guides” with credit recommendations
Hundreds of organizations and programs, military & civilian
68% with CAEL survey use military guides, 34% use civilian guides
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Individualized assessments (of students and of programs): Portfolio process – 48% within
CAEL survey use this approach College-based assessments of
external certifications – 17% within CAEL survey use this approach
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Data source: Prior Learning
Assessment: A Guidebook to American Institutional Practices (1999) published by CAEL.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
CAEL’s early history in PLA: 1977 – CAEL Validation Report 1977 – Principles of Good
Practice 1979 – ACE, COPA, & AACRAO
endorse PLA & CAEL Principles
1979 – 1st CAEL Survey of PLA Practices
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
CAEL today: Has 700+ members Consults with employers and
colleges about PLA and “adult-friendly” other service features
Also manages tuition reimbursement programs for a workforce of 500,000 for clients
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Why Portfolio PLA? 3 MYTHS – PLA depresses enrollment.Tests are rigorous but portfolio PLA is not.
Only ‘weak’ or ‘lazy’ students want PLA.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Why PLA? Enrollment effects:PLA students often enroll for more (not fewer) courses vs. those with no PLA credits.
2001 Simpson College study: 75% retention with PLA vs. 38% for those without PLA.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Why PLA? Portfolio effects:Portfolio PLA students show better complex problem-solving skills (vs. classroom)
2002 University of Connecticut study in the Journal of Continuing Higher Education
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Why PLA? PLA & Performance:Portfolio PLA students tend to show higher cumulative GPAs
Studies in 1992 @ UMUC, and in 2003 among 1600 students in 4 Illinois public universities.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Why PLA? As a choice factor:2000 College Board study of 1500 adults who rated ‘credit for prior learning policy’ as more important than ‘small class size’ or ‘availability of financial aid’.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Higher Learning Commission Recommends “assessment of
prior learning using principles advocated by such organizations as the Council for Adult and Experiential Learning (CAEL)…”
Source: Adult Degree Completion Programs, June 22, 2000
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
PLA Endorsed: See “Evaluation of Extra-
Institutional and Experiential Learning for Purposes of Transfer and Award of Credit,” in the joint statement of American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, American Council on Education, & the Council for Higher Education Accreditation, Sept. 28, 2001
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
PLA Policy Considerations: Federal level – PLA not aid-eligible State level – Some states regulate
PLA as an activity, setting ‘caps’ Institutional level – ‘Faculty
Senate’ program approval may be required
Department level – Academic disciplines vary in attitude toward PLA
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Activity: DiscussionRead the ‘Sally S’ Scenario. What questions about PLA does this scenario raise for you and your colleagues?
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
How Do Adults Learn?The (David) Kolb Model of Experiential Learning
Source: Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning & Development,
Prentice-Hall, 1984
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
The Kolb Model: 4 Dimensions:Concrete ExperienceReflective Observation Abstract ConceptualizationActive Experimentation
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Kolb & ‘Learning Style’:Concrete Experience:Feelers: favor sensation Reflective observation:Observers: favor watching
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Kolb & ‘Learning Style’:Abstract Conceptualization:Thinkers: favor abstraction Active Experimentation:Doers: favor activity
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Kolb: people grow & develop:Affectively: to sense/feelSymbolically: to thinkBehaviorally: to actPerceptually: to observe
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Possible Portfolio Components:Title Page / SummaryStatement of Credit Requested
Personal Goals StatementAcademic Degree PlanResume
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Possible Portfolio Components:List of Learning Competencies
‘Learning Autobiography’Academic Transcripts ‘Certificated’ LearningOther Evidence of Learning
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Possible Portfolio Components:Bibliography of ReadingsCourse DescriptionsLetters of Recommendation
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Discussion Question:Given what has been said about adult learning theory, and the possible portfolio components, which of the components would you require of adults, and why?
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
6 Steps to Assess Prior Learning:#1 - Identification: Review experience to identify potentially creditable learning.
Faculty guide adults, often through a portfolio development course.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
6 Steps to Assess Prior Learning:#2 - Articulation: Relate proposed credit to academic, personal, and professional goals.
A joint responsibility of the learner and faculty.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
6 Steps to Assess Prior Learning:#2 - Articulation: an important additional note: Both assessors and those assessed must be clear about learning outcomes, not just the learning content!
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
6 Steps to Assess Prior Learning:#3 - Documentation: Prepare evidence to support the claim for credit.
Primarily for the learner to do, perhaps in a portfolio development course.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
6 Steps to Assess Prior Learning:#4 - Measurement: Determine the degree and level of competence achieved.
Faculty must do this step.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
6 Steps to Assess Prior Learning:#4 - Measurement: an additional note: there are multiple techniques to assess learning! Learner & assessor should agree upon approach.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
6 Steps to Assess Prior Learning:#5 - Evaluation: Determine the credit equivalency.
Faculty must do this step.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
6 Steps to Assess Prior Learning:#6 - Transcription: Prepare a useful record of the results.
Task of administration, with the advice of appropriate faculty.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
What is College Level Learning? Curricular Characteristics: Breadth: communication, arts &
humanities, social sciences, etc. Depth: in a disciplinary area Integration: Coherence,
synthesis Rigor: demanding, challenging
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
What ‘other’ techniques might be used to assess prior learning? Performance tests (work
samples) Simulations (games, role-play) Essays (learning
autobiographies) Interviews (structured, paneled) Checklists, rating schemes
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
What is College Level Learning? Process Features: Collaboration: between faculty
& student, & between students Self-reflection: on personal
values Scholarship: research basis
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
What is College Level Learning? Performance Domains: Communication Computation Critical Thinking Aesthetic & Ethical
Awareness Lifelong Learning
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
What is College Level Learning? Additional Characteristics: Having a theoretical basis Having generality beyond the
context in which it was acquired
Having representation in existing college curricula
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
ACTIVITY: A Portfolio ExcerptLet’s look at a segment of an actual student portfolio to test the preceding concepts …
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:Source: Assessing Learning: Standards, Principles, & Procedures, by Urban Whitaker. CAEL: 1989
(each followed by examples of malpractice of the principle..)
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:#1 - Credit should be awarded only for learning, not for experience.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 1:Credit for ‘time served’Example: Following WWI & WWII, GI’s received 9 to 15 units for a year and a day of enlisted or commissioned duty.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:#2 - College credit should be awarded only for college-level learning.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 2:Credit for ‘progress’ or ‘effort’ rather than accomplishment.
Example: The ‘A’ for effort despite lack of competence.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:#3 - Credit should be awarded only for learning that has a balance, appropriate to the subject, between theory and practical application.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 3:Credit for incomplete learning, missing theoretical or practical components.
Question: Would you trust pilots or physicians who lacked either component?
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:#4 - The determination of competence levels and of credit awards must be made by appropriate subject matter and academic experts.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 4:Implying or promising in promotional materials that credit is to be awarded for experience, when real judgments must be made by qualified assessors.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:#5 - Credit should be appropriate to the academic context in which it is accepted.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 5: ‘Redlining’ general education or major areas for PLA credit, making it ‘elective only.’
Example: business credits counted only as electives, not in the appropriate major area.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:#6 - Credit awards and their transcript entries should be monitored to avoid giving credit twice for the same learning.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 6: ‘Double counting’ of credit.The integrity of the degree and curriculum is in question when double-counting occurs.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:#7 - Policies and procedures applied to assessment, including provision for appeal, should be fully disclosed and prominently available.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 7:Policies in name only, not in practice, such as for appeals.
No institution can put itself in the situation above without jeopardizing its integrity.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles:#8 - Fees charged for assessment should be based on the services performed in the process and not determined by the amount of credit awarded.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 8:Billing students for PLA fees based on credits awarded.
Question: How does the assessor or institution resist the ‘perverse incentive’ in this?!
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles: #9 - All personnel involved in the assessment of learning should receive adequate training for the functions they perform, and there should be provision for their continued professional development.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 9:Assigning assessment work to persons untrained for it.
An analogy: We know that content experts are not also automatically teaching experts.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Quality Assurance Principles: #10 - Assessment programs should be regularly monitored, reviewed, evaluated, and revised as needed to reflect changes in the needs being served and in the state of the assessment arts.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
‘Malpractice’ on Principle 10:Assessment program stagnation.
Without maintenance, even strong structures will weaken and eventually collapse.
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
Pausing Now for Discussion:What parts of the preceding “ring true” for you? Why?
What parts of the preceding material do you want to question or to challenge?
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
CAEL’s recommended development process for implementing portfolio PLA:Build awareness & legitimacyDesign an appropriate program
Implement it with trainingTroubleshoot startup problems
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
PLA from a “systems” view: Option 1: Local PLA programs &
policies at each college/university Option 2: One statewide center
for PLA decision-making; credits transferred as needed (Vermont)
Option 3: ‘Mixed’ models of individuality with collaboration
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
CAEL’s resources to help your school start portfolio PLA:PublicationsPublic PLA workshopsOnLine PLA certificationOn-campus consulting help
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CAEL
Prior Learning Assessment
For More Information:
WWW.CAEL.ORG