PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGNING

SUBMITTED BY NAME= NEERU

B.ARCH-4TH = SEM, 2ND YEAR FROM= R.T.I.A.DESIGN

SIX BASIC PRINCIPLES

OF LANDSCAPE

DESIGN

UNITY

VARIETY

SEQUENCE

PROPORTIONS

SIMPLICITY

BALANCE

• UNITY CREATES IN LANDSCAPE FROM- COLORS

CURVY LINESSTRAIGHT LINES

CONSTRUCTION LINES/MATERIALTEXTURE

• UNITY IS THE QUALITY OF ONENESS.• UNITY ATTRACTS AND HOLDS ATTENTIONS.• UNITY ORGANISE VIEW INTO ORDERLY GROUPS WITH

EMPHASIS.• UNITY CAN DRAW ATTENTION TO OR AWAY FROM

SOMETHING.• UNITY THE OVERRIDING PRINCIPLE.• UNITY TYING THE LANDSCAPE TOGETHER.• USE SIMILAR BACKGROUNDS AND FOREGROUNDS.

UNITY

CREATION OF UNITY

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VAREITY

• VAREITY ADDS SPICES AND INTEREST IN LANDSCAPE FROM THE HELPS OF-

LINESFORMS

TEXTURESCOLORS

• VAREITY IS DIVERSITY AND CONTRAST IN FORM, TEXTURE AND COLORS PREVENTING MONOTONY.

• IT HAS OFTENTIMES BEEN SAID THAT ‘VARIETY’ IS “THE SPICE OF LIFE”

• IT IS REQUIRED IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE AN SIGNIFICANT INTEREST IN LANDSCAPE

• FOR VARIETY, FILL IN WITH OTHER LANDSCAPE MATERIAL.• TOO MUCH VAREITY CREATES CONFUSION BUT THE LACK OF

VARIETY IS BORING• WITHOUT VAREITY IN BOTH THE USE OF HARD AND SOFT

LANDSACPE MATERIAL, THIS CAN BE LEAD TO UNFAOURABLE RESULTS.

USING VARIETY OF FLOWER AND

SHRUBS TO CREATE THE LINE

OF SIGHT

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BALANCE

• FORMAL, STATIC, CLASSICAL DESIGN THE SAME THING ON EACH SIDE OF A CENTRAL AXIS.

PLANT HEIGHTCOLOR

TEXTURES

• TO CREATE BALANCE, FEATURES WITH LARGE SIZES, DENSE FORMS, BRIGHT COLORS AND COARSE TEXTURES APPEAR HEAVIER AND SHOULD BE USED SPARINGLY,WHILE SMALL SIZE, SPARSE FORMS, GRAY OR SUBDUED COLORS, AND FINE TEXTURES APPEAR LIGHTER AND SHOULD BE USED IN GREATER AMMOUNTS

• INDICATE THE MOVEMENT OF EYES• IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN IS JUST AS THE WORD IMPLIES A SENSE OF EQUALITY.• PLANT HEIGHT , COLOR AND TEXTURE MAY BE VARIED FROM ONE AREA TO

THE NEXT BUT EACH AREA SHOULD STAY CONSISTENT WITH ITS OWN THEME.

• TYPES OF BALANCE-SYMMETRICAL

ASYMMETRICAL

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BALANCE SPACES

SYMMETRICAL BALANCE

• SYMMETRICAL BALANCE IS WHERE THERE ARE MORE OR LESS EQUALLY SPACED MATHCHING ELEMENTS OF IN GARDENS DESIGNS LKE MIRROR IMAGE.

• FORMAL BALNCE- REPEATS THE SAME LEFT AND RIGHT, GIVING STABILITY AND DIGNITY.

• IT IS NEED HIGH MAINTAINANCE KEEP BOTH SIDE SIMILAR. • SYMMTRICAL BALANCE CAN BE BORING .• DISTRIBUTION OF VISUAL WEIGHT EQUALLY.• EYE FELLS THE SENSE OF UNITY OR THE EYE MOVEMENT

INDICATOR.CENTRAL AXIS SHOWN BOTH

SIDE EGUAL BALANCE

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ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE

ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE IS WHERE THERE BALANCE IS NOT DEPAND UPON THE SHAPE OF YOUR GARDEN, ITS CAN BE BUT GENRALLY ITS NOT.

INDICATES MOVEMENT ACHIEVED BY USING SIMILAR IDEAS BUT DIFFERENT THINGS ON EITHER SIDE.

INFORMAL BALANCE- DIFFERS FROM LEFT TO RIGHT GIVING CURIOSITY, MOVEMENT AND FEELS ALIVE.

TOTAL MASS OF PLANTS NEED TO BALANCE LEFT AND RIGHT.  

IN DESIGN IS JUST AS THE WORD IMPLIES A SENSE OF EQUALITY BUT IN ONLY VISUAL MASSIVE BALNCE FROM THE CENTRAL AXIS.

ASYMMTRICAL BALANCE CAN NOT BE BORING.

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CENTRAL AXIS SHOWING

ASSYMETRICAL BALANCE IN THE

IMAGES

SEQUENCE• SEQUENCE CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH THE GRADUATION

IN SIZE AND TYPE OF PLANTS, SHRUBS BE USED• THE EFFECTIVE USE OF SEQUENCE IS OFTENTIMES

EMPLOYED TO CREATE VISUAL MOVEMENT IN LANDSCAPE• IT IS AN IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION TO TAKE IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF OVERALL PLANTING PATTERN• SEQUENCE COULD BE AN ORDERLY NATURAL

COMBINATION OF PLANT AND MATERIALS OF LANDSCAPING

• SEQUENCE CAN BE HELP THE EYE MOVEMENT FROM ON AREA TO ANOTHER-ORDERLY PROGREESSION.

• SEQUENCE ARE -

HERE TO THERENEAR TO FAR

SEQUENCE OF SHRUBS, PLANTS AND TREES

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SEQUENCE OF TREES,GRASS AND SHRUBS

SIMPLECITY

• ACHIEVED BY THE REPETITION OF IDEAS OR MATERIAL.• SIMPLICITY IS THE CONCEPTS OF REDUCING OR ELIMINATNG

NONESSENTIALS FEATURES TO AVOID A CHAOTIC LOOK. • REDUCE THE DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF THEMES • THE REDUCTION OF A DESIGN TO ITS SIMPLEST, FUCTIONAL

FORM WHICH AVOIDS UNNESSARY COST AND MAINTAINANCE. • LESS CAN BE MORE• SIMPLECITY IN THE LIMITATION OF CHANGES• ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PROBLEM IN LANDSCAPE IS

TRYING TO DO “TOO MUCH”• SIMPLICITY IS THE ESSENTIAL FOR THE LANDSCAPE DESIGN.• PLANTS AND THE OTHER MATERIALS OF DESIGNING IN

LANDSACPE COMPONENTS IN TO A SIMPLE, UNIFIED SCHEME IS ALWAYS AN EXISTING CHALLENGES

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SIMPLICITY SHOWN IN

IMAGES FROM THE

REPETITION OF

LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

PROPORTIONS• SIMPLY REFERS TO THE SIZE OF ELEMENTS IN RELATION TO EACH

OTHER THAT IS “SCALE”.• RELATIVE PROPORTION IS THE SIZE OF AN OBJECT IN RELATION TO

OTHER OBJECTS. AN IMPORTANT ABSOLUTE SCALE IN DESIGN IS THE HUMAN SCALE.

• A FEELING OF BALANCE CAN ALSO BE ACHIEVED BY HAVING EQUAL PROPORTIONS OF OPEN SPACE AND PLANTED

• PROPORTION IS THE SENSE OR REQUIREMENT THAT THE SIZE OF THE INDIVISUAL COMPONENTS OR GROUPS OF COMPONENTS IN A LANDSCAPE FIT INTO THE WHOLE LANDSCAPE.

• PROPORTION IS THE RELATIONSHIP WITH WIDTH OR LANGTH OF AN AREA TO THE RELATIONSHIP TO PARTS OF AN ORGANISATION.

• SPECIAL CONSIDERATION AND STUDY SHOULD BE GIVEN TO PROPER PLANT SELECTION TO AVOID USING PLANTS THAT ARE OUT OF PROPORTION.

• SCALE USUALLY BEARS REFRENCES OF SIZE OF A THING OR OBJECT THAT APPEARS TO HAVE A PLEASING RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER THINGS OR TO THE DESIGN AS A WHOLE.

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PROPORTIONS IS RELATES FROM THE HUMANN DIMENSIONS

ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN

1. COLOUR

2. FORM

3. LINE OF SIGHT

4. SCALE OR BALANCE

5. TEXTURE

• The 5 basic elements of landscape design are:

COLOR WHEEL

Color theory is often used inlandscape design by dividingthe color spectrum into 4categories:1. Primary: reds, yellows andblues.2. Secondary: greens, violets(purples) and oranges. 3. Tertiary: Mixtures of theprimary and secondarycategories.• Neutral: White, grays andsilvers.

ALL THE IMAGES FOLLOWS THE PRINCIPLE OF LANDSCAPING LIKE UNITY VAREITY, ETC

FORM

• In landscape design terminology, form is the shape of a plant.

• Upright• oval• Columnar• spreading• broad spreading• Weeping

• Tall plants create a vertical look, drawing the eye upward

• Low spreading plants draw the eye to the horizon.

• Use individual specimen plants to break monotony and create interest.

• A mixture of a variety of form becomes confusing

LINE OF SIGHT

• The line of sight is the viewer's eye movement or flow being influenced by the arrangement of plants and their borders.

• Eye movement is unconsciously affected by the way plant groupings fit or flow together, both on the horizontal and vertical planes.

• Hedges or rows of plants direct the attention to a focal point or specific. Area.

• Meandering lines or curves slow movement and create a natural, undisturbed feeling.

SCALE AND BALANCE

• The visual relationship of the Landscape components, relative to size.

• Equal sizes on both sides of the landscape gives balance

• Symmetrical – the repeating of the elements on either side of an axis(an imaginary central line)

• Asymmetrical – equal size or weight on both sides of the axis, without repeating specific elements

TEXTURE

• Texture is the touch or visual surface quality of an object, or plant

• The texture of a plant's foliage or bloom can be viewed as coarse, medium or fine.

WATER

• WATER HAS BEEN USED BY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS AS A KEY AESTHETIC FACTOR.

• IT WAS IMPLEMENTED FOR BREAKING THE MONOTONY CAUSED BY THE SOLID MATERIALS USED BY ARCHITECTS OR ARTISTS

INTRODUCTION• WATER IS AN IMPORTANT DESIGN ELEMENT.• LIKE PLANTS, WATER HAS QUALITIES THAT

CHANGE OVER TIME AND IN DIFFERENT LIGHT AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

• ITS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A WIDE VARIETY OF EFFECTS, FROM THAT OF A STILL POND, TO THE EXCITEMENT OF A GREAT CASCADE. ROLE OF WATER IN LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS

WATER RELATED LANDSCAPE VALUES1. SOUND OF WATER OR WATER BIRDS2. MOVEMENT OF RIVERS, WATERFALLS OR WAVES3. COLOURS OF WATER AND COASTS4. REFLECTIONS ON WATER SURFACE5. POSSIBILITY OF EXPANDING BIOTOPES OF CERTAIN SPECIES.6. WATER CREATES A SCULPTURING EFFECT.

ROCK

• “Rock” Could Be boulders, cobbles, Stone And Gravel As paving, or Building Walls As Groundcovers And surfacing.

Can Be Used In Its Natural State Or As Cut stone, Sawed Stone Or Polished stone.

It Is More Expensive Than Most artificial Materials But It Is Very durable, With Interest texture.

GRANITE PAVERS

FLAG STONE

PABBLES

GRAVELS IN SEVERAL COLORS