Prime Minister Winston Churchill

Allied War Plans– FDR & Winston Churchill

(Prime Minister of Great Britain) felt that Allies were not ready for a massive invasion of Europe.

– Objectives - • Hitler first; Churchill &

FDR wanted to concentrate on defeating Germany before giving Japan higher priority.

Fighting in WWII – Europe & North Africa

FDR

Fighting in WWII

Major U.S. Military Commanders of WWII

George C. Marshall– U.S. Army Chief of Staff & chief military

adviser to FDR - known as the “organizer of victory”.

Dwight Eisenhower – Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in

Europe during WWII. Planned successful invasion of North Africa & Normandy, France.

Omar Bradley– He led First U.S. Army in D-Day invasion &

invasion of Europe - known as the “GI’s General” for his positive interaction with troops.

George Patton– A leading Army General during campaigns in

North Africa, Sicily, France and Germany - known as "Old Blood and Guts”.

George Marshall

Dwight Eisenhower

Omar Bradley

George Patton

Fighting in WWII Major U.S. Military

Commanders of WWII (cont.)

Chester Nimitz• From Fredericksburg, TX

– Admiral of the U.S. Navy & selected by FDR to be Commander in Chief of U.S. Pacific Fleet in war against Japan.

Douglas MacArthur– Under command of Nimitz, he was

the U.S. Army General in charge of the Pacific campaign against Japan – at end of war, he accepted Japan’s surrender.

Chester Nimitz

Douglas MacArthur

Fighting in WWII - Europe Battle of Stalingrad – 1942-

1943– Germans began offensive in

southern Soviet Union.– Soviet army surrounded city & cut

off German supply lines. Over 300,000 Germans trapped & surrendered.

– Geography of Russia (large & vast) played key role in German defeat.

– Battle of Stalingrad turning point in war on the Eastern front. Halted German advance in USSR as Soviet troops began to advance toward Germany.

Joseph Stalin

North African Front – 1942-1943– British had been fighting German Panzer divisions

since 1941.– Germans led by Irwin Rommel (the “Desert Fox”)– U.S. & G.B. launched Operation Torch – an

invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa.

• Nov. 1942 100,00 Allied troops invaded North Africa in Algeria & Morocco.

• Battle of El Alamein – signaled end of German presence in North Africa (Oct. – Nov. 1942)

• Pushed Rommel all the way to Tunisia; massive German casualities.

– One of the first major Allied victories in WWII. Also opened up Allied shipping in Mediterranean and made invasion of southern Europe possible.

Fighting in WWII – North Africa

North Africa, 1942Irwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox”

Invasion of Italy – 1943– Summer 1943, Allies

launched invasion of southern Italy. Italian army collapsed under Allied attack. Encouraged, anti-fascists overthrew dictator Benito Mussolini.

– Hitler was determined to stop Allies rather than fight on German soil. Sent troops to northern Italy. Germans halted Allied advance in Italy until end of the war.

The dead Mussolini & his mistress

Fighting in WWII - Europe

Fighting in WWII Minority Heroes in Combat

– Although minority groups often dealt with segregation & discrimination on the homefront and in the military, some groups distinguished themselves for exceptional heroism in combat.

– Navajo Code Talkers• Approx 420 young Navajo Indian

men were recruited to be “code talkers” in WWII.

• Created an unbreakable military code using their native Navajo language. Greatly assisted U.S .victory in Pacific War against Japan.

Fighting in WWII

Minority Heroes in Combat (cont.)– Tuskegee Airmen

• First African American fighter pilots in U.S. military

• During WWII, Tuskegee Airmen received multiple military honors for their outstanding aerial combat against the German Luftwaffe

• Their success helped to pave the way for later integration of U.S. Armed Forces

Flying Tigers– During 1941-1942, 300 young Americans

known as the “American Volunteer Group” fought to defend China from the Japanese airforce.

– Nicknamed the “Flying Tigers”, they had many notable victories in combat.

D-Day - June 6, 1944– Code named Operation Overlord, Allied plan to send

3 million British, American, Canadian troops to invade Nazi-controlled France across the English Channel.

– D- Day opened second major front in Europe. – General Dwight Eisenhower would lead Allied

invasion of Europe.

Fighting in WWII - Europe

Fighting in WWII - Europe D-Day - June 6, 1944 (cont)

– June 6, 1944, Allied troops began largest land-sea-air invasion in history when they landed on the beaches of Normandy, France.

Fighting in WWII - Europe D-Day - June 6, 1944 (cont)

– By Sept., 1944, Allies had freed France and other countries on their way toward Germany.

– Allies needed clear weather, complete secrecy, and massive supplies. Spent months building floating harbors called Mulberries to carry troops & supplies across Eng. Channel

Battle of the Bulge – December 1944– Germans launched last major offensive on U.S.

positions in Belgium & Luxembourg.– U.S. casualties nearly 80,000– General George Patton & his 101st Airborne

Division stopped Hitler’s last-ditch counter offensive.– By January, Allies again moving toward Germany.

U.S. soldiers defending Ardennes area

General Patton

Fighting in WWII - Europe

Fighting in WWII - Europe

Holocaust – Six million Jews were murdered as part

of Hitler's "Final Solution" – Six million others also killed including

gypsies, homosexuals, physically handicapped, and political opponents

– Allied soldiers first began to liberate concentration & death camps in July of 1944 (most camps were located in Poland and liberated by Soviet soldiers)

• Soldiers found thousands of starving prisoners, mass graves filled with the dead, and crematoriums…..news of the true horrors of the Holocaust soon began to spread to the rest of the world…

U.S. Ninth Army liberated this group of prisoners at the German concentration camp

at Wobbelin

Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945– The “Big Three” –

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, met in city of Yalta in Soviet Union to discuss plans for post-war Europe.

– Agreed to divide Germany into four military occupation zones (Soviet, U.S., British, French) after war.

– Stalin agreed to “Declaration of Liberated Europe” which called for free elections. He also promised USSR would help U.S. in war against Japan (later, Stalin did not fulfill these promises).

Allied Diplomacy in WWII

Germany Surrenders – May 1945– April 1945, Soviet armies were

closing in on Berlin. Hitler, in his underground bunker, committed suicide. Germany was nearly defeated, and had struggled to fight a two-front war.

– May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered. Celebrated as V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).

– FDR did not live to see V-E Day. April 12, 1945 FDR had a stroke and died. Harry Truman (vice-president) was now in charge.

President Harry S. Truman

Fighting in WWII - Europe

Potsdam Conference – July-August 1945– Truman, Stalin, Churchill met at

Potsdam in eastern Germany.– Leaders disagreed on most issues;

war alliance beginning to break down. Stalin distrustful of Allies (knew about secret U.S. atomic bomb project).

– During conference, Truman ordered dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan.

– Approvals given to concept of war-crimes trials and the demilitarization and denazification of Germany.

Allied Diplomacy in

WWII

Japanese Victories in the Pacific– After Pearl Harbor, Japan had a number of

victories. Seized much of China, Guam, Wake Islands, some Aleutian islands, and others.

Fighting in WWII - Pacific

Fighting in WWII - Pacific

U.S. loss of the Philippines• Philippine Islands had belonged to U.S.

since 1898 (Spanish-American War)– 20,000 U.S. troops led by General

Douglas MacArthur withdrew to Bataan, close to Manila, but eventually surrendered to Japanese forces

• Bataan Death March – 85-mile forced march of U.S. GIs who were tortured and eventually burned alive - suffered unspeakably during the March.

– Although weak & starved, POWs who could not continue or keep up with the pace were executed

• MacArthur ordered by Washington D.C. to leave Philippines for Australia: “I shall return”

– Assumed command of all Allied Pacific forces against Japan

General Douglas

MacArthur

Battle of Midway - June 1942– Americans had broken

Japanese code, knew Midway Islands (northwest of Hawaii) were next target.

– Battle fought by air. U.S. planes found and destroyed large Japanese fleet. Turning point in Pacific War & halted Japanese advance.

– Americans began “leapfrogging” – island by island winning territory back from Japan.

Fighting in WWII - Pacific

Japanese ship under attack by

U.S. planes

U.S. Marines raising flag on Mt. Suribachi,

Iwo Jima

Iwo Jima - February, 1945– U.S. victorious - fighter planes

now close enough to bomb Japan (would escort B-29s coming from the Marianas)

Okinawa - April 1, 1945 -- ends in June– 50,000 American casualties

resulted from fierce fighting which virtually destroyed Japan’s remaining defenses.

– Bloodshed influenced the eventual use of the atomic bomb to prevent further U.S. casualties from ground assaults.

Fighting in WWII - Pacific

Manhattan Project– Led by scientist J. Robert

Oppenheimer, it was the top secret project to develop the atomic bomb. Almost completely funded by U.S.

– July 16, 1945. A-bomb first tested in New Mexico desert. July 25, President Truman made decision to drop bombs on Japan to end WWII and save American lives.

– Aug. 6, 1945 – first A-bomb (“Fat Man”) dropped on Hiroshima .

– Aug. 9 – second bomb (“Little Boy”) dropped on Nagasaki. Over 200,000 people dead. Japan surrendered September 2, 1945.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Hiroshima, after the bomb

Atomic bombs, “Fat Man” & “Little Boy”

End of WWII

Conclusion….– World War II most costly, destructive war in

history. Approx. 60 million people died (400,000 were Americans).

– United States had abandoned its policy of isolationism by entering WWII, and was now the reigning world superpower (victorious in war & only nation to have atomic weapons).

– U.S. would assume position as world leader in international affairs.