primate evolution 3 november, 2009. time, time, time…. earth’s origin origin of life
TRANSCRIPT
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Primate Evolution3 November, 2009
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Time, time, time….
Earth’s origin
Origin oflife
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Themes
Bush analogy (vs. ladder)
“Extinction is the rule”
Incompleteness of the fossil record
“Once we were not alone”
The nature of the evidence Fossils Molecular- protein/DNA
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Class- MammaliaDerived from a branch of the reptiles- the therapsids
~200 M ybp
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Mammals Hair, mammary glands Anatomy
One jaw bone
3 middle ear bones
Specific arterial
structures
Initially small, rat-like, nocturnal insect eaters
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Earliest Mammals
Modern descendents- platypus (of Australia) & echidna (of New Zealand)
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“Advanced” Mammals- the “Placentals”
~ 100 M ybp- “Age of the Dinosaurs” (Cretaceous era)
(older fossil?- ~ 130 M ybp, 1 meter in length)
“Live bearing mammals” Internal development Some form of connection between mother and
fetus= “placenta”
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Two parallel lineages:Marsupial mammals- kangaroo, wallaby, opossum
Eutheria- live bearing, placental mammals
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The reality of the situation at ~ 65 M ybp
Mammals (monotremes, marsupials & eutherians) were all a very small part of animal diversity
Eutherians represented by a very small number of small, nocturnal, shrew-like animals
The “K/T Boundary” (cretaceous/tertiary)
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The reality of the situation at ~ 65 M ybp
The “K/T Boundary” (cretaceous/tertiary)- one of many historical “Mass extinctions” (many living groups, including the dinosaurs)
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~60 M ybpMammalian “explosion” of diversity
Including- Primates (taxonomic Order) Tree-dwelling Omnivorous Branchiate- swing by arms Dexterous hands Claws replaced by nails Opposable thumb Forward-facing eyes, binocular vision Parental care
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~ 58 M ybpAncestral Primate
“Wet-nosed” primates• Mostly nocturnal• Tree-dwelling
Lemurs
“Dry-nosed” primates• Mostly diurnal• Specialized hands and
feet for graspingTarsiers + Monkeys & Apes (a.k.a. “Simians”)First- cat-sized and arboreal
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~ 40 M ybpAncestral Simian
New-World MonkeysN/S America
• Long prehensile tail• Flat nose• Tree-dwelling• Mostly nocturnal
Capuchin, Marmosets, Howler monkey
Old-World Monkeys + othersAfrica & Asia
• Simple, no tail• Narrow nose• Tree-dwelling• Mostly diurnal• Flat fingernails
Baboon, Macaque, Great Apes
Atlantic Ocean
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~ 25 M ybpAncestral Old World Monkeys, et al
Old-World MonkeysBaboon, Macaque, Proboscis Monkey
(Apes) “Hominoids”• Mostly arboreal• Africa, Asia• Other anatomical
featuresGibbon, Great Apes
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~ 18 M ybpAncestral Hominoids
“Lesser Apes”• Tree-dwelling• Strong brachiating
Gibbons
The “Hominidae”Humans +Great Apes
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The “Hominidae”
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The “Hominidae”The “Hominidae”
OrangutansAsia
~ 14 M ybp
Sivapithecus (Ramipethecus)- fossil~ 14 M ybpInitially thought to be an early “homininae”
The “Homininae”Evolved in Africa:Gorilla, Chimp, Pygmy Chimp, Human
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The “Homininae”The “Homininae”
~ 7 M ybp
Gorillas2 (4?) species
• Knuckle-walk• Intelligent
Western & Eastern species (w/ subspecies)
The “Hominini”Humans, Chimpanzee, Pygmy Chimpanzee (Bonobo)
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The “Hominini”
The “Hominini”
6- 7 M ybp
Molecular evidence- “Molecular clocks” Antibody specificity DNA hybridization
ChimpanzeeLarger, stockierMore aggressiveMale-dominated social groups
BonoboGracileMore cooperative, more sexualFemale-dominated Social groups
The “Hominids”Humans + fossils leading to modern humans
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The “Hominids”
Bipedal
Large brain
Small canine
teeth
Later: Tool production Language Art
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Importance of A. afarensis &“Once we were not alone”
“Robust” lineages
“Gracile” lineages
BG
G
A
F D
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Chimp Gorilla
Two major historical mass migrations; including the recent “out of Africa”
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Homo sapiens as the “wanderer”The “out of Africa” theory
Years before present (byp)