Primary Source Analysis

Portuguese population 1961-2003, in thousands, (2005 Data from FAO) with emigration giving way to retornados,[2][3]ranging from 500,000 to 1 million after the revolution.

DECOLONIZATION AND ITS IMPACTMr. Cruz, AC Flora High School

Means to Independence: Armed

Colonies seek independence by force

International support is needed for weapons

Usually lasted longer than negotiated independence

Long lasting issues

Means to Independence: Armed

Angola 1960’s: Soviet

influenced Guerillas fight Portugal

1974: Portuguese gov’t is overthrown by Portuguese citizens

1975: New government grants independence to Portuguese imperial possessions

Result: Redistribution of Resources

Retornados: 300,000 Portuguese leave for Portugal after

Independence Gov’t desires to redistribute abandoned

resources, but struggles to figure out: Who? What? When? Where? How?

Leads to conflict Angolan Civil War

Communist supported MPLA, eventual winner USSR and Cuba send resources and troops

Aids the “Spread of Communism”

Result: Transnational Movements Communism Pan-Arabism Pan-Africanism

“African peoples both on the continent and in the Diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny”

Pan-Africanism

Organization of African Unity / African Union Achieve greater unity

and solidarity between African countries and the peoples of Africa

Defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States

Result: Population Resettlement

Result: Population Resettlement (cont’d)

Result: Population Resettlement

Redrawing of Colonial boundaries Imposed boundaries Ex: India/Pakistan

Religious-based Partition

Hindus persecuted in Pakistan

(20%-1945, 1%-2003) Muslims persecuted in

India Forced migration

Result: Colonial Subject Migration Imperial powers view lax migration laws

as a form of apology to former colonies Algeria to France (After 1962) – Evian

Accord Seeking a “Better Life” Maintain family ties Fear of internal conflicts in Algeria

French Reaction is negative, but committed to Post-Colonial “Obligations”

Result: Colonial Subject Migration

DO NOT WRITE THIS!

Zinedine Zidane French National

Soccer Team Member

Parents were from Aguemoune Ath Slimane, Algeria

2006 World Cup Final

Regional, Religious, and Ethnic Movements

Nigeria Biafra

Contemporary Map of Nigeria (1)

Four Region Map (2)

Ethnic Diversity (3)

Religious Diversity (4)

OIL REVENUE IN NIGERIA (5)

The Nigerian central government gains (and gained) a lot of its revenue from oil companies which pay a charge for the petroleum they ship out of Nigeria.  This table shows the percentage of total government  revenue which comes from these charges on oil.                            Year                    Percentage                            1958-59                      .08                               1962-63                    7.31                            1966-67                  18.26                            1970-71                  25.99                            1974-75                  80.81                            1978-79                  66.30                            1982-83                  67.00                            1986-87                  75.80                            1989-90*                97.24    *Last year of information on the source.  [Adapted from data in Eghosa E. Osaghae, Crippled Giant  Nigeria Since Independence (Bloomington:  Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 20.]

www.ethnologue.com/statistics/country

Ethnolinguistic Diversity (6)

Living Languages Number of Speakers

Country Count

Percent

Indigenous

Immigrant

Total Mean Median

Nigeria   529 7.45 522 7 104,138,885

216,056

13,000

USA 420 5.91 214 206 278,640,074

787,119

440

The Failed State of Biafra

Prompt (answer on your own) How did regional, religious, and ethnic

differences challenge the inherited imperial boundaries in Nigeria?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20808106