preventing deaths and injuries

DISCLAIMER

Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsementby the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

ORDERING INFORMATION

To receive documents or other information about occupational safety andhealth topics, contact NIOSH at

NIOSH—Publications Dissemination4676 Columbia Parkway

Cincinnati, OH 45226–1998

Telephone: 1–800–35–NIOSH (1–800–356–4674)Fax: 513–533–8573

E-mail: [email protected]

or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2003–124

July 2003

SAFER � HEALTHIER � PEOPLETM

This document is in the public domainand may be freely copied or reprinted.

Preventing Deaths and Injuries While

Compacting or Baling Refuse Material

WORKERS should take the following steps to

protect themselves from injury when operating

or working near compacting and baling

equipment:

• Never bypass or disable interlocks or con-

trol switches.

• Keep all equipment guards in place during

operation.

• Before attempting to clear jammed mate-

rial from a compactor or baler, follow OSHA

standards on lockout/tagout procedures

[29 CFR 1910.147]:

1. Disconnect the power from the machine.

2. Isolate the power by locking the

disconnect.

3. Tag the disconnect to notify others that

the power must remain off.

4. Mechanically block any ram that has the

potential to move before accessing the

compacting chamber.

5. Test equipment to ensure power has been

de-energized before beginning work.

6. Locate all coworkers before activating

power to the compactor or baler.

EMPLOYERS should take the following steps

to reduce the risk of worker injuries and deaths:

• Establish procedures for periodic inspec-

tion and maintenance of the equipment:

1. Maintain equipment guards according

to the manufacturer’s specifications.

2. Check for proper operation of all inter-

locks and emergency stop devices.

• Train workers to recognize compactor and

baler hazards.

• Implement standard procedures for deal-

ing safely with material jams.

• Provide safe access to feed chutes for

clearing material jams.

• Comply with child labor laws that prohibit

hazardous work by workers under age 18.

Please tear out and post. Distribute copies to workers.

WARNING!

Workers loading, operating, or working near refuse compacting or balingequipment are at risk of serious injury and death.

For additional information, see NIOSH Alert: Preventing Deaths and Injuries

While Compacting or Baling Refuse Material [DHHS (NIOSH) Publication

No. 2003–124]. Single copies of the Alert are available free from the following:

NIOSH—Publications Dissemination4676 Columbia Parkway

Cincinnati, OH 45226–1998

Telephone: 1–800–35–NIOSH (1–800–356–4674)Fax: 513–533–8573

E-mail: [email protected]

or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh

Department of Health and Human ServicesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Preventing Deaths and Injuries WhileCompacting or Baling Refuse Material

The National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health (NIOSH) requests as-sistance in preventing deaths and inju-ries among workers who load, operate,or work near refuse compacting or bal-ing equipment. Recent NIOSH investi-gations suggest that worker injuriesand deaths could be prevented by us-ing safe work procedures, appropriatesafety devices, and hazardous energycontrol programs designed to addressthe hazards of operating, maintaining,and servicing compacting and balingequipment. This Alert describes fivecases of fatal injuries that resulted whenworkers entered, fell, or were caught andpulled into energized compacting or bal-ing equipment.

All managers, supervisors, and work-ers in companies that use compactingor baling equipment should follow therecommendations in this Alert. NIOSHrequests that equipment manufactur-ers, safety and health officials, industryassociations, unions, and editors of tradejournals bring the recommendations inthis Alert to the attention of all employ-ers and workers who use compactingand baling equipment.

BACKGROUND

Compacting and BalingEquipment

Compacting and baling equipment reduceslarge amounts of solid waste to smaller,more manageable units by means of pow-ered rams. These machines may be usedby manufacturing companies to compactand bale large amounts of scrap and wastematerials such as paper, cotton, and met-als, and by retail and service industries tocompress paper and cardboard boxes. Com-pactors compress the refuse material intocontainers for transport. Baling equipmentis designed to compress material and pro-duce a bale (bound or unbound) that canbe handled and transported as a materialunit.

Compacting and baling equipment areavailable in many sizes and configura-tions. These machines may have one ormore rams for compressing materials orextruding bales. The rams may move verti-cally or horizontally (Figure 1).

Some types of equipment allow direct ac-cess to the compression chamber. Others

1

WARNING!

Workers loading, operating, or working near refuse compacting or balingequipment are at risk of serious injury and death.

have a hopper or chute through whichmaterial feeds into the machine. In busi-nesses where refuse processing is inciden-tal to the primary operation (such as inretail and service industries), loading andcompressing may be done as separatework activities—that is, material may be in-termittently loaded until the chamber is fulland then compressed. Alternatively, in busi-nesses where compressing scrap and wastematerials is the primary operation or wherelarge volumes of refuse materials are pro-cessed daily, loading and compressing is acontinuous operation.

Machines may operate in a manual, semi-automatic, or automatic mode. In the man-ual mode, a switch operated by a workercontrols ram motion. In the semiautomaticmode, an operator initiates the compres-sion, after which the machine automati-cally completes the cycle. In the automaticmode, a sensor inside the compressionchamber signals when the chamber is fulland activates the compression cycle.

Workers at Risk

Because of the widespread use of com-pactors and balers across varied indus-tries, it is difficult to obtain exact numbersof workers who are exposed to the haz-ards of this equipment. The workers mostlikely to be exposed to risk from compact-ing and baling equipment are those in thewholesale trade and transportation/publicutilities industries engaged in recycling andthe collection and disposal of refuse. Em-ployees working in manufacturing settingsand in retail and service trades may alsobe at risk because of the large volume ofwaste generated and processed daily.

Fatality Data

The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries(CFOI) is a multisource data system main-tained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics toidentify work-related deaths in the UnitedStates. A NIOSH review of the CFOI dataidentified 34 compactor-related fatalities

2 Baling Refuse Material

Figure 1. Diagram of a vertical downstroke baler and a horizontal compactor andconveyor.

during 1992–2000 in which the victim wascaught in or crushed by the compactingram of the machine [NIOSH 2003].

The age range of the fatally injured workerwas as follows:

Age Number of fatalities

<25 . . . . . . . . . . . . 825–35 . . . . . . . . . . 1036–45 . . . . . . . . . . 8>46 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Industries involved were the following:

Industry Number of fatalities

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . 13Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . 7Transportation/public utilities . . . 7Retail trade/services. . . . . . . . 7

The following materials were being com-pacted at the time the victim was crushed:

Material Number of incidents

Cardboard . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Trash/garbage . . . . . . . . . . 6Other/not specified . . . . . . . 14

The NIOSH Fatality Assessment and Con-trol Evaluation (FACE) Program has con-ducted fatality investigations of selectedtypes of incidents since 1982.* Incident

*FACE conducts fatality investigations of selectedcategories of cases, including machinery-relatedincidents, and disseminates injury prevention infor-mation. Through a series of cooperative agree-ments with NIOSH, 15 States maintain multisourcesurveillance networks to identify all traumatic oc-cupational deaths, conduct site investigations ofselected incidents, and disseminate preventioninformation.

types include electrocutions, falls fromelevation, machine-related, and confined-space-related fatalities. The goal of theFACE Program is to prevent occupationalfatalities by (1) identifying and investigatingwork situations that involve high risk forworker injury and (2) formulating and dis-seminating prevention strategies.

During 1992–2002, FACE received 20 re-ports of compactor-related fatalities. All ofthe fatally injured workers were maleswhose ages ranged from 16 to 72 andwere either caught in or crushed by themachine. In-depth investigations wereconducted for 13 of these cases in whichthe victim was crushed in the compactingchamber or suffered amputation from be-ing caught between the ram and the com-pacting chamber walls. In all cases, thefatally injured worker either reached or fellinto the compression chamber. One ormore additional risks were also present ineach case. In five of the cases, the victimhad been in the process of clearingjammed material from the machine just be-fore the injury. In six of the cases, the ma-chine cycled automatically when the victimentered the compacting chamber; and inthree of the cases, coworkers activatedthe machine without knowing that a workerwas inside the compacting chamber. Intwo of the cases, the fatally injured workerwas attempting to retrieve material fromthe machine.

CURRENT STANDARDS

Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA)

No current OSHA standards apply specifi-cally to compacting and baling equipment.However, current OSHA regulations onthe control of hazardous energy sources

Baling Refuse Material 3

(lockout/tagout) [29 CFR†

1910.147], andmachine guarding [29 CFR Part 1910.212]are applicable to these types of equip-ment. In addition, the confined space stan-dard [29 CFR 1910.146] may apply toentry into compacting and baling equip-ment. An OSHA publication, Concepts andTechniques of Machine Guarding, describesand illustrates methods that can be usedfor providing safeguards for balers andcompactors [OSHA 1992].

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)and Youth Employment

The FLSA is the primary Federal law gov-erning the employment of workers underage 18. Regulations issued under the FLSA(as amended by the Compactors and BalersSafety Standard Modernization Act of 1996,Public Law 104–174) prohibit children un-der age 18 from servicing, loading, operat-ing, unloading, or assisting in the operationof compacting equipment. These prohibi-tions are specified under Hazardous Oc-cupations Order No. 12 (Power-DrivenPaper-Products Machine Occupations)[DOL 2001]. The current prohibitions arespecific to machines that are used exclu-sively to compact and bale paper prod-ucts. Though no final action has been taken,the Department of Labor has proposedamending Hazardous Occupations OrderNo. 12 to expand the ban to balers andcompactors used to process other materi-als in addition to paper such as aluminumcans, plastic, foam, and rubber [64 Fed.Reg.

‡67130 (1999)]. NIOSH supports this

amendment since balers and compactorsused to process scrap materials other thanpaper products pose similar risks of injuryand have been associated with fatal injuries[NIOSH 2000a].

†Code of Federal Regulations. See CFR in references.

‡Federal Register. See Fed. Reg. in references.

The FLSA (as amended) provides a lim-ited exemption that allows workers aged16 and 17 to load only (place materials in)but not to operate or unload materials fromscrap paper balers and cardboard boxcompactors that meet certain operationand construction standards. The machinesmust not be able to operate while beingloaded. They must be equipped with alockable on-off switch that is maintained inthe off position when the machine is not inoperation, such as during loading. Themachine must comply with the ANSIZ245.5–1990 standard for baling equip-ment and ANSI Z245.2–1992 standard forcompactors. The employer must provideand post a notice that the machine meetsthe applicable construction standards.Workers aged 16 and 17 may load themachine, but no worker under age 18 mayoperate or unload material from the ma-chine. Compliance with these provisionscan protect adolescent workers from com-pactor and baler hazards by eliminatingexposure to moving machine parts andensuring that older, more experiencedworkers are available to operate and un-load materials.

American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI) Standards

ANSI publishes voluntary standards ad-dressing safety requirements for a varietyof equipment, including compactors andbalers. These standards were last revisedin 1997. Stationary compactor safety re-quirements are outlined in ANSI Z245.2–1997 [ANSI 1997a], and baling equipmentis addressed in ANSI Z245.5–1997 [ANSI1997b].

The key points of the ANSI standards statethe following:


• Employers shall provide workers withinstruction and training in safe workmethods before assigning them to op-erate, clean, service, maintain, or re-pair the equipment.

• The worker shall be responsible for us-ing the safety features on the compac-tor or baler.

• The worker shall ensure that all per-sons are clear of the point of operationbefore starting up the machine or acompaction cycle.

• The employer shall inspect safetyinterlocks, switches, and other protec-tive devices to ensure that they arenot disabled or bypassed. The em-ployer shall not permit operation of thebaler unless these devices are fullyfunctional.

CASES

The five cases described here are deathsinvestigated by the FACE Program.

Case 1

On March 7, 2001, a 36-year-old malepaper factory worker died from crushinginjuries after being caught by the ram in-side a two-stage horizontal baling ma-chine (Figure 2). The victim, working alonein the warehouse area of a paper plant,was compacting waste paper when he en-tered the compression chamber (eitherthrough the access door or from the top ofthe feed chute) to clear a jam and wascaught by the machine’s hydraulic ram.Investigation revealed that the baler was

not shut off and locked out before the vic-tim entered it and that the safety interlock

§

on the compression chamber door mayhave malfunctioned, allowing the machineto operate with the door in the open posi-tion [NIOSH 2001].

Case 2

On July 27, 2000, a 16-year-old male pro-duce market worker died as a result ofcrushing injuries from a baling machineused to compress waste cardboard boxesfor disposal and recycling (Figure 3). Thevictim, working alone in the basement of asmall produce market, was crushing and bal-ing cardboard boxes when he was caught

§An interlock is a device or mechanism used to con-

nect individual components so that the action ofone part of the equipment is constrained by, or de-pendent on, another. In general, its purpose is toprevent or interrupt the operation of machine com-ponents under specified conditions, usually when ahazard is present. As applied to balers and com-pactors, the interlock prevents or interrupts move-ment of the compacting ram if the access doors ofthe machine are opened while the machine is ener-gized or in motion.


Figure 2. Automatic two-stage horizontalbaler.

in the hydraulic ram. An investigation ofthe incident by the police found that thebaler was being operated improperly, withthe loading chamber door open and thedoor safety interlocks bypassed with a wadof paper. When the victim was found, it ap-peared that he had been starting a newbale. The wire had been threaded throughthe compression chamber and secured tothe outside of the compactor, and a flat-tened box was in place in the base of thecompaction chamber. The victim may haveleaned over into the compression chambertrying to quickly adjust a tie wire or thebase box when he was caught by the ramas it moved downward [NIOSH 2000b].

Case 3

On September 30, 1999, a 24-year-oldmale machine operator died from crushinginjuries after he fell into a baling machineused to compress and bale waste card-board for recycling (Figure 4). The victimworked alone loading, compressing, andmoving completed bales to a storage area.The victim was last seen around 5 p.m.

during a break. Between 5:30 and 7 p.m.,the victim may have climbed up the out-side walls of the conveyor to dislodge apiece of cardboard that was jamming theconveyor belt—an act he had been ob-served performing in the past. Workers re-ported that occasionally cardboard wouldbecome lodged in the top part of the hop-per just under the conveyor (an area thatmeasures 28 by 8 inches), causing thehopper to jam. During this action, the vic-tim may have lost his balance and falleninto the compression chamber, therebytripping the automatic sensor that indicatedthat the chamber was full and caused thebaler to cycle [NIOSH 2000c].

Case 4

On May 9, 1997, a 34-year-old laborer at apaper products plant died after falling intoan operating paper compactor (Figure 5).The victim and a coworker were loadingscrap paper into the automatically operatedcompactor via a belt conveyor when the ma-terial jammed in the feed chute. The coworkershut down the conveyor, but the compactor’s


Figure 3. Vertical downstroke baler. Figure 4. Automatic conveyor-fed baler.

controls remained in automatic mode. Thevictim climbed up to a platform betweenthe conveyor discharge and the feed chuteto clear the jam. When the victim leanedover the platform rail to clear the jam, hefell into the compression chamber. His pres-ence tripped the automatic control system,and the compactor’s ram was automati-cally activated [NIOSH 1997].

Case 5

On April 17, 1996, a 72-year-old recyclingcenter laborer was crushed to death afterfalling into the loading chamber of an in-dustrial baling machine (Figure 6). The in-cident occurred as the victim and hiscoworkers were baling discarded newspa-pers in a vertical upstroke baler. This ma-chine used a 12-foot-deep pit in the flooras a loading chamber. The victim, a“broom-man” who usually swept loose ma-terial into the baler, was working near themachine when he apparently fell into theloading chamber pit. His coworkers, notknowing that he was in the baler, filled theloading chamber with newspapers andstarted the machine [NJ FACE 1996].

CONCLUSIONS

Compacting and baling equipment haswidespread use across varied industries. Theincidents discussed in this Alert involvehazardous work practices, the lack or fail-ure of safety devices, and failure to developand implement standard lockout/tagout pro-cedures. Information from the FACE in-vestigations indicates that workers suf-fered fatal injuries when they entered thecompactor to clear a jam, fell into the travelpath of the ram, or reached into the ma-chine while performing operational proce-dures. Employers who recognize the needto implement lockout/tagout procedures dur-ing maintenance may not fully appreciatethat clearing jammed material poses a simi-lar risk of injury to workers and should beconducted using standard procedures thatinclude appropriate hazardous energy con-trol methods.

Failure to de-energize the equipment andensure that the device could not be inad-vertently reactivated contributed to some


Figure 5. Automatic conveyor-fedhorizontal baler.

Figure 6. Vertical upstroke pit baler.

of these fatalities. In addition, compactingand baling equipment and any attachedconveyors could have been interconnectedso that a single lockable device couldde-energize and isolate the power to bothmachines during lockout/tagout procedures.Failure of safety devices and lack of in-struction and training in the operation ofthe equipment may have contributed tosome of these deaths. The circumstancesinvolved in these cases indicate that work-ers may not fully appreciate the hazards ofentering or working near feed hoppers ofenergized compacting and baling equipment.

RECOMMENDATIONS

NIOSH recommends that employers takethe following measures to protect workersfrom injury when operating or working nearrefuse compacting and baling equipment.

Lockout/tagout

Because ram motion ceases during a jam,workers may not recognize that the ma-chine remains operational and the ramcould activate inadvertently unless thepower supply for the machine is discon-nected. Whenever unjamming, performingmaintenance, or repairing a compactor orbaler, the machine should be de-ener-gized and OHSA’s lockout/tagout procedures[29 CFR 1910.147] should be followed. At aminimum, lockout/tagout procedures shouldinclude the following elements:

• A statement of how the procedure willbe used

• Training for workers in the specifichazards of each machine

• Identification and marking of powerdisconnects

• The steps required to shut down, iso-late, block, and secure power to themachines

• The steps designating the safe place-ment, removal, and transfer of lockout/tagout devices and the person whohas the responsibility for them

• The specific requirements for testingmachines or equipment to determineand verify the effectiveness of locks,tags, and other energy control measures

• Notification of workers by the employeror an authorized worker before lockoutor tagout devices are applied and be-fore they are removed from the machine

Additional recommendations for develop-ing and implementing a hazardous energycontrol program are included in NIOSHAlert: Preventing Worker Deaths from Un-controlled Release of Electrical, Mechani-cal, and Other Types of Hazardous Energy[NIOSH 1999].

Machine Guarding

Compactors and balers should be equippedwith machine guards and safety interlocksto prevent worker injury, and interlocksshould be designed so they are not easilybypassed. All machines should be equippedwith safety interlock devices that will im-mediately stop the machine should a workerattempt to gain access to a ram or thetravel zone of the ram while the machine isoperating. Currently manufactured com-pactors and balers conform to ANSI stan-dards that specify point-of-operation guardsto prevent workers from reaching into anoperating machine and interlocked controlsystems that interrupt or reverse the ram’smotion if the compression chamber doorsare opened. However, guards and interlocks


may be deliberately bypassed or may notbe present on some older machines.

Where conveyors are used to feed materi-als into compactors or balers, workers maymistakenly believe that turning off the con-veyor also prevents the compactor or balerfrom operating. To protect against this,compacting and baling equipment and anyattached conveyors should be intercon-nected so that a single lockable device canbe used to de-energize and isolate thepower to both machines. In addition, allemergency stop devices should be inter-connected so that the activation of anyemergency stop will shut down both theconveyor and the compactor or baler.

ANSI Z245.2, and Z245.5, and 29 CFR1910.212 provide information about ma-chine guarding. These standards also pro-vide information about modification of olderequipment to improve safety. Any modifi-cations made to equipment should bedone only by qualified persons. In addition,descriptions and illustrations of methodsthat can be used for providing safeguardsfor balers and compactors can be found inthe OSHA Publication entitled Conceptsand Techniques of Machine Guarding[OSHA 1992]. Machine guards and safety in-terlocks should be frequently checked bysafety personnel, supervisors, and workersto assure that they are in proper workingorder.

Work Practices and Procedures

Jams are common occurrences in com-pacting and baling machines. Employersshould implement standard procedures fordealing safely with common events suchas material jams. Employers should traintheir workers in these safe work proce-dures and strictly enforce adherence.

Fatalities have occurred when machineswere activated while the operator was

unaware that a coworker was inside thecompacting chamber. Employers should es-tablish procedures requiring machine opera-tors to account for the location of coworkersbefore activating compactor or baler rams.

Safe Access and Fall Protection

Because jams often occur at the openingsto feed chutes of conveyor-fed machines,workers may use the conveyor as a meansof access to the jam. Platforms incorporat-ing stairs and standard railings should beprovided near the openings of feed chutesto allow safe access for clearing jams. Inaddition, employers should consider pro-viding workers with fall protection devices,harnesses, and lanyards to prevent themfrom falling into the feed chute if they inad-vertently lean over the platform railing whileclearing jammed material. Although nei-ther of these measures eliminates the needto follow appropriate lockout/tagout proce-dures, their use could provide extra pro-tection for workers.

Training

Employers should train workers to recog-nize the hazards of operating or workingnear compactors and balers. Proceduresand safe work practices addressing prob-lems that may develop during machineoperation should be developed and imple-mented. At a minimum, training should in-clude the following elements:

• A description and identification of thehazards associated with particularmachines

• The safeguards themselves, a descrip-tion of how they provide protection,and a list of the hazards for which theyare intended

• Instructions for using the safeguards


• Instructions for removing the safeguards(these should include the circumstancesunder which they can be removed andthe persons who can remove them—inmost cases, repair and maintenance per-sonnel only)

• What to do (e.g., contact the supervi-sor) if a safeguard is damaged, miss-ing, or unable to provide adequateprotection

Protecting Adolescent Workers

Employers should not assign workers un-der age 18 to service, load, operate, or as-sist in the operation of compacting orbaling equipment. For cases in which theCompactors and Balers Safety StandardModernization Act applies, employersshould comply with all provisions of theAct—including ensuring that the compact-ing or baling equipment meets specifiedsafety standards and that young workersare limited to loading materials into de-en-ergized equipment. When training youngworkers on their job and work procedures,

employers and supervisors should explic-itly note restrictions on having young work-ers load and operate compacting or balingequipment. All workers in the work settingshould be aware of any workers under age18 and be similarly trained so that they donot assign them to work with compactorsor balers and can notify the employer orsupervisor should violations of the policyoccur. For stickers that employers can poston the machine to alert workers of the agerequirement, see http://youthrules.dol.gov/posters.htm

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The principal contributors to this Alert wereJoe Burkhart and Paul Moore of the NIOSHDivision of Safety Research. Cases pre-sented in this Alert were contributed by theNIOSH FACE Program and by Patrick Bostof the New Jersey State-Based FACE Pro-ject. Additional reports from FACE investi-gations are available at the NIOSHInternet site.

Please direct any comments, questions, orrequests for additional information to thefollowing:

Dr. Nancy Stout, DirectorDivision of Safety ResearchNational Institute for Occupational Safetyand Health

1095 Willowdale RoadMorgantown, WV 26505–2888

Telephone: 304–285–5894

For further information about occupationalsafety and health topics, call 1–800–35–NIOSH(1–800–356–4674), or visit the NIOSH Website at www.cdc.gov/niosh


We greatly appreciate your assistance inprotecting the health of U.S. workers.

John Howard, M.D.DirectorNational Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health

Centers for Disease Control andPrevention

REFERENCES

ANSI [1997a]. American national standardfor equipment technology and operationsfor wastes and recyclable materials sta-tionary compactors—safety requirements.New York: American National StandardsInstitute, Inc., ANSI Z245.2–1997.

ANSI [1997b]. American national standardfor equipment technology and operationsfor wastes and recyclable materials—bal-ing equipment—safety requirements. NewYork: American National Standards Insti-tute, Inc., ANSI Z245.5–1997.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Pre-vention) [2001]. Baler and compactor-related deaths in the workplace—UnitedStates, 1992–2000. MMWR 50(16):309–313.

CFR. Code of Federal regulations. Wash-ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Of-fice, Office of the Federal Register.

DOL [2001]. Child labor requirements innonagricultural occupations under the FairLabor Standards Act. Child Labor Bulletin101. Washington, DC: U.S. Department ofLabor, Employment Standards Adminis-tration, Wage and Hour Division, WH1330.

64 Fed. Reg. 67130 [1999]. Department ofLabor, Wage and Hour Division, Employ-ment Standards Administration: 29 CFRParts 570 and 579: child labor regulations,orders, and statements of interpretation;child labor violations—civil money penal-ties; proposed rules.

NIOSH [1997]. Laborer dies after fallinginto baler at paper products plant—SouthCarolina. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Depart-ment of Health and Human Services, Pub-lic Health Service, Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, National Institutefor Occupational Safety and Health, FACEReport No. 97–15.

NIOSH [1999]. Preventing worker deathsfrom uncontrolled release of electrical, me-chanical, and other types of hazardous en-ergy. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Departmentof Health and Human Services, PublicHealth Service, Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention, National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health, DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 99–146.

NIOSH [2000a]. Comments of the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Healthon the Department of Labor notice of pro-posed rulemaking and request for com-ments on child labor regulations, orders,and statements of interpretation. Child La-bor Violations—Civil Money Penalties: 29CFR Parts 570 and 579. Cincinnati, OH:U.S. Department of Health and HumanServices, Public Health Service, Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Na-tional Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, January 28, 2000.

NIOSH [2000b]. Sixteen-year-old produce-market worker dies from crushing injuriesafter being caught in a vertical downstrokebaler—New York. Morgantown, WV: U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,Public Health Service, Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, National Institute


for Occupational Safety and Health, FACEReport No. 2000–19.

NIOSH [2000c]. Worker dies from crush-ing injuries after falling into a baling ma-chine—North Carolina. Morgantown, WV:U.S. Department of Health and HumanServices, Public Health Service, Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Na-tional Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, FACE Report No. 2000–01.

NIOSH [2001]. Thirty-six-year-old paper fac-tory worker dies from crushing injuries af-ter being caught in a horizontal baler—Pennsylvania. Morgantown, WV: U.S. De-partment of Health and Human Services,Public Health Service, Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, National Institutefor Occupational Safety and Health, FACEReport No. 2001–08.

NIOSH [2003]. Unpublished analyses ofthe 1992–2000 Census of Fatal Occupa-tional Injuries special research files pro-vided to NIOSH by the Bureau of LaborStatistics. Morgantown, WV: Departmentof Health and Human Services, Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Na-tional Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, Division of Safety Research. Un-published database.

NJ FACE [1996]. Recycling center laborercrushed in a vertical upstroke baling ma-chine. Trenton, NJ: FACE InvestigationNo. 96NJ026.

OSHA [1992]. Concepts and techniques ofmachine guarding. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Labor, Occupational Safetyand Health Administration, Publication 3067.


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