SPANISH 4 MIDTERM KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS:

Preterite

A. REGULAR PRETERITES

-AR Verbs -ER Verbs / -IR Verbs

é amos í imos

aste (asteis) iste (isteis)

ó aron ió ieron

*YO FORM SPELLING CHANGES

-car c → qué

-gar g → gué

-zar z → cé

*DAR is treated like an -er/-ir verb. VER

di dimos vi vimos

diste disteis viste visteis

dio dieron vio vieron

* I → Y SPELLING CHANGES

“double-vowel verbs” -eer, -uir, -aer and –oir

i → y in the él and ellos forms

STEM CHANGING VERBS

-ar and -er verbs: if the verbs stem change in the present tense, they will not change in the

preterite.

-ir verbs: e → i, o → u in the él and ellos forms only.

USES OF THE PRETERITE

Describes events or actions that took place and were completed in the past.

o Yo leí el libro. I read the book.

B. IRREGULAR PRETERITES

Completely Irregular

fui = I went I was fuimos = We went We were

fuiste = You went You were fuisteis = You (pl.) went You (pl.) were

fue = He/She/It went He/She/It was fueron = They went They were

J stem group

traer - traj e imos

decir - dij iste isteis

producer - produj o eron

I stem group and U stem group

querer - quis e imos

hacer*- hic iste isteis

venir - vin o ieron

* the él form is hizo

estar - estuv saber - sup

poner - pus andar - anduv

poder - pud tener - tuv

hay → hubo = there was, there were

C. Preterite Meaning Changes

conocer = met

poder = succeeded

querer = tried

no querer = refused

saber = found out

tener = got, received

IMPERFECT

A. IMPERFECT FORMS

-AR Verbs -ER/IR Verbs -aba -ábamos -ía -íamos -abas -(abais) -ías -(íais) -aba –aban -ía -ían

Only three verbs have irregular forms in the imperfect: IR SER iba íbamos era éramos ibas (ibais) eras erais iba iban era eran

VER veía veíamos veías (veíais) veía veían

The imperfect of hay (there is, there are) is había The imperfect progressive is formed as follows:

Imperfect of estar + present participle ¿Qué estabas haciendo? What were you (busy) doing? Estaba arreglando mi coche. I was (busy) fixing my car

PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT

MEANING CHANGES

Pretérito Imperfecto

Supe - Found out Sabía – Previously knew

Quise – Tried to (or refused to) Quería - I wanted to, had the intention to

Pude – Managed to (failed to if neg) Podía – Could, had the ability to

Conocí - I met, just became acquainted Conocía – Previously knew for some time

For each blank, give the correct form of the the preterite or the imperfect indicative of the verb in infinitive. Put only one answer in each blank.

English version: Well, it was Tuesday, and I was walking through the park. The sun was shining and I was happy. As I was following a path through the trees, I suddenly saw man running to my left. He had something in his hand. I tried to see where he was coming from and why he was running so fast. Back in the forest, I saw a woman; I went towards her. She was shouting, "He stole my purse while I was reading." I followed the man for a while, but I couldn't capture him. I called the police, and waited fifteen minutes until they arrived.

Pues, _________________ (ser) martes, y yo _____________________ (caminar) por el parquet. El sol

______________ (brillar) y yo __________________________ (estar) contento. Mientras _________________

(seguir) una senda por los árboles, de repente __________________ (ver) a un hombre corriendo a la

izquierda. El ____________________ (tener) algo en la mano. Yo ____________________ (tratar) de ver de

dónde ________________ (venir) y por qué ___________________ (correr) tan rápidamente. En el bosque yo

_________________ (ver) a una mujer, _______________ (ir) hacia ella. Ella _______________ (estar)

gritando, -- El me ___________________ (robar) la bolsa mientras yo ______________________ (leer). – Yo

_________________________ (seguir) al hombre por un rato, pero yo no ________________ (poder)

capturarlo. Yo ________________ (llamar) a la policía, y ________________ (esperar) quince minutos hasta

que ellos __________________ (llegar).

5.1 USTED / USTEDES COMMANDS

Regular Usted /Uustedes commands • Read the sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced commands.

Singular Plural Meaning Pruebe la tortilla. Añada un poco de sal. ¡Coma la tortilla!

Prueben la tortilla. Añadan un poco de sal. ¡Coman la tortilla!

Try the tortilla. Add a little salt. Eat the tortilla!

EXPLANATION: Use the yo form of the present tense to form the usted command in Spanish. Drop the -o ending. Add -e to -ar verbs, and -a to -er and -ir verbs. Add -n to make the command plural. To make the command negative, simply place no in front of the verb.

Irregular Usted / Ustedes Commands

Now read these sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced commands.

Singular Plural Meaning Dé un paseo.

Esté callado.

Vaya a casa.

Sepa la lección.

Sea bueno.

Den un paseo.

Estén callados.

Vayan a casa.

Sepan la lección.

Sean buenos.

Take a walk.

Be quiet.

Go home.

Know the lesson.

Be good.

EXPLANATION: If the yo form of the verb in the present tense does not end with -o, this means the verb is irregular. These irregular forms need to be memorized. Spelling changes • Now study these boldfaced commands.

Singular Plural Meaning Busque el libro.

Pague el boleto.

Empiece la lección.

Busquen el libro.

Paguen el boleto.

Empiecen la lección.

Look for the book.

Pay for the ticket.

Begin the lesson.

EXPLANATION: The -car, -gar, and -zar verbs have the same spelling changes in the usted / ustedes commands as they do in the preterite tense.

5.1 Pronoun Placement with commands

Pronouns with commands

• Affirmative commands

Study the following sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words.

Fría las patatas. (Fry the potatoes.) Fríalas. (Fry them.)

Añada las cebollas. (Add the onions.) Añádalas. (Add them.)

Mezclen los ingredientes. (Mix theingredients.) Mézclenlos. (Mix them.)

Preparen la ensalada. (Prepare the salad.) Prepárenla. (Prepare it.)

EXPLANATION: In affirmative commands, pronouns are attached to the command. If the pronoun is attached

to an affirmative command that has more than two syllables, a written accent is placed over the third to the

last syllable to keep the stress where it belongs.

• Negative commands

Now study these sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words.

No fría la hamburguesa. (Don’t fry the hamburger.) No la fría. (Don’t fry it.)

No bata el huevo. (Don’t beat the egg.) No lo bata. (Don’t beat it.)

EXPLANATION: In negative commands, pronouns are placed immediately before the command.

5.2 AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE WORDS

Affirmative and negative words • Study the following sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words. No quiero nada. (I don’t want anything. Literal translation: I do not want nothing.)

No estudio nunca. (I don’t study ever. Literal translation: I do not study never.)

No hay nadie. (There isn’t anyone. Literal translation: There is not no one.)

EXPLANATION: Unlike English, Spanish not only allows you to use double negatives, it requires them! Study the pairs of affirmative and negative words below.

algo (something) nada (nothing) alguien (someone) nadie (nobody) algún / alguno(a) (some) ningún / ninguno(a) (none, not any) o... o (either . . . or) ni... ni (neither . . . nor) siempre (always) nunca (never) también (also) tampoco (neither, either)

• Study the sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words. ¿Conoces a alguien en ese restaurante? (Do you know anyone at that restaurant?) No, no conozco a nadie ahí. (No, I don’t know anyone there.) EXPLANATION: Use a before alguien or nadie when they are objects of the verb. • Study the dialogue, paying attention to the boldfaced words. —¿Quieres algún postre? (Do you want any dessert?) —No, no quiero ningún postre. (No, I don’t want any dessert.) EXPLANATION: Alguno(a) / ninguno(a) become algún / ningún before a masculine singular noun. Rewrite the sentences to make them negative. Follow the model.

Modelo: Él pide o el pollo o la tortilla. No pide ni el pollo ni la tortilla.

1. Sirve a alguien en el restaurante. _____________________________________________________________

2. Saluda siempre a los clientes. ________________________________________________________________

3. Prepara los postres también. ________________________________________________________________

4. Busca alguna silla en el otro cuarto. ___________________________________________________________

5. Pide o el fl an o la tarta de chocolate. _________________________________________________________

Rewrite the sentences to make them affi rmative. Follow the model.

Modelo: No sirvo a nadie. Sirvo a alguien.

1. No pongo ningún vaso en la mesa. ___________________________________________________________

2. No conozco a nadie en el restaurante. _________________________________________________________

3. No sirvo nunca los espaguetis. _______________________________________________________________

4. No como ni el fi lete a la parrilla ni la paella. ____________________________________________________

5. No pido la tarta de chocolate tampoco. ________________________________________________________

5.2 DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS

Double object pronouns • Study the following sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words, especially the two pronouns in the second sentence.

El camarero nos sirve el fl an a Beto y a mí. (The waiter serves the fl an to Beto and me.) El camarero nos lo sirve. (The waiter serves it to us.)

EXPLANATION: When you have two object pronouns in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.

• Study these sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words, especially the two pronouns in the second sentence of each pair.

Le doy la propina a la camarera. (I give the tip to the waitress.) Se la doy. (I give it to her.)

Les vamos a traer los fi letes. (We are going to bring you the steaks.) Se los vamos a traer. (We are going to bring them to you.)

EXPLANATION: When both the indirect and the direct object pronouns begin with l, the indirect object pronoun changes to se.

• Study these sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced words.

Me la vas a traer. Vas a traérmela. (You’re going to bring it to me.) Se lo estoy pidiendo. Estoy pidiéndoselo. (I’m asking him for it.)

EXPLANATION: When a conjugated verb appears with an infi nitive or a verb in the -ndo form, the pronouns can go before the conjugated verb or attached to the infi nitive or -ndo form. When pronouns are attached, a written accent is needed to keep the original stress.

Answer each question replacing the underlined noun with a pronoun. Follow the model.

Modelo: El camarero me trae el filete. El camarero me lo trae.

1. El camarero les trae los espaguetis. ___________________________________________________________

2. El camarero nos trae el plato vegetariano. _____________________________________________________

3. El camarero os trae el gazpacho. _____________________________________________________________

4. El camarero te trae las chuletas de cerdo. ______________________________________________________

5. El camarero te trae la cuenta. _______________________________________________________________

Rewrite the sentences, replacing the underlined nouns with pronouns. Follow the model. Modelos: Voy a servir las chuletas a los clientes. Voy a servírselas. Se las voy a servir. Estoy poniendo los tenedores a los niños. Estoy poniéndoselos. Se los estoy poniendo. 1. Voy a llevar el pollo asado al cliente.

______________________________________ __________________________________________

2. Estoy sirviendo el postre a los invitados.

______________________________________ __________________________________________

3. Voy a dar la cuenta al señor.

______________________________________ __________________________________________

4. Estoy preparando los entremeses para las señoras.

______________________________________ __________________________________________

5. Voy a traer la paella a los chicos.

______________________________________ __________________________________________

6.1 AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS

• Regular Verbs Read the indicative sentences in the left column. Then read the commands in the right column. Compare the boldfaced verbs in both. Are they the same or different?

Él fi lma la escena.

(He fi lms the scene.)

Ella escribe el guión.

(She writes the script.)

¡Filma la escena!

(Film the scene!)

¡Escribe el guión!

(Write the script!)

EXPLANATION: You use an affi rmative tú command to tell a friend, family member, or someone with whom you are familiar to do something. Note that regular affirmative tú commands are the same as the él/ella/usted form of the present indicative. • Irregular Verbs Read the following sentences, paying attention to the boldfaced verbs.

Él hace una película de aventuras. (He makes an adventure fi lm.) Ella va al cine. (She goes to the movies.) Usted es bueno. (You are good.)

¡Haz una película de aventuras! (Make an adventure fi lm!) ¡Vé al cine! (Go to the movies!) ¡Sé bueno! (Be good!)

EXPLANATION: Some verbs are irregular in the affi rmative tú command form and need to be memorized. Study the list below.

These must be memorized!!

Decir – di; Hacer – haz; Ir – ve; Poner – pon; Salir – sal; Ser – sé; Tener – ten; Venir – ven

A. Write the affi rmative tú command for each of the following irregular verbs. 1. poner ________________ 2. ir ________________ 3. hacer ________________ 4. salir ________________ 5. ser ________________ 6. venir ________________ 7. tener ________________ 8. decir ________________

Pronouns and tú commands Study the following sentences.

¡Di las palabras! (Say the words!) ¡Dilas! (Say them!) ¡Filma la película! (Film the movie!) ¡Fílmala! (Film it!)

EXPLANATION: Pronouns are attached at the end of affi rmative tú commands. Note that when the command has two or more syllables, an accent is used to show stress.

6.1 NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS

• Regular Verbs A negative tú command is used to tell a friend, family member, or someone with whom you are familiar not to do something. Read and study the chart.

Infinitive Present tense “yo” Negative tú command

Hablar yo hablo ¡No hables tanto! (Don’t talk so

much!)

Correr yo corro ¡No corras tanto! (Don’t run so

much!)

Dormir yo duermo ¡No duermas tanto! (Don’t sleep so

much!)

EXPLANATION: To form a negative tú command, drop the -o ending of the present indicative and add these endings: for -ar verbs, add -es; for -er and -ir verbs, add -as. • Verbs with Spelling Changes Study the negative tú commands for -car, -gar, and-zar verbs.

Infinitive Present tense “yo” Negative tú command

Tocar Yo toco la cámara. ¡No la toques! (Don’t touch it!)

Apagar Yo apago las luces. ¡No las apagues! (Don’t turn them

off!)

Comenzar Yo comienzo la escena. ¡No la comiences! (Don’t start it!)

EXPLANATION: Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar have the same spelling changes as in the yo form of the preterite: the c changes to qu, the g to gu, and, the z to c. These changes are necessary to keep the correct pronunciation. Also note that pronouns with negative tú commands appear before the verb.

• Irregular Verbs Some verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Study these below.

Infinitive dar (to give)

ir (to go)

saber (to know)

saber (to know)

ser (to be)

Negative tú command

no des (don’t give)

no vayas (don’t go)

no sepas (don’t know)

no estés (don’t be)

no seas (don’t be)

EXPLANATION: Verbs whose yo form in the present indicative does not end in -o, such as doy, voy, sé, estoy, soy, have irregular negative tú commands. These must be memorized.