presenting data

Presenting Data

Data Graphics

Common mistakes found in data tables

Use more complete title. IMPORTANT: List major variables, unit of analysis, year(s), and cases (or selection criterion for cases)

Use complete source citation (and don't just list the url)

Avoid awkward abbreviations, such as "LA" or "Philly"

No need for digits to the right of the decimal place for discrete variables

Excel displays ###### if the number is too wide for the column -- expand column width

Use 1000 comma separators (e.g., 9,710,156)

Be more precise: "Per capita income in 1989, in $000 s "

Right justify all digits

Be consistent with the degree of accuracy used: In general, no need for digits beyond 1/10th of a percent (e.g., 12.6%)

Make sure categories are mutually exclusive (no overlap) and exhaustive (all possibilities covered)

"Hispanic origin," for US Census purposes, can be of any race. Therefore, one cannot combine these categories without risking double-

Spell out "%" as "percent" in titles. Also explain "percent of … "

Example 1Data on Favorite TV Shows

Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999Favorite TV Shows among Clague Middle School 8th Graders (Number of Students), 1999(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)(the result of a nonscientific survey -- note the oversampling of girls vs. boys)

gender Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Party of Five

Dawson's Creek

Charmed 90210 Total

Male 4 7 1 1 1 1 0 0 15

Female 3 4 4 8 5 16 1 3 44

TOTAL 7 11 5 9 6 17 1 3 59

gender Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Party of Five

Dawson's Creek

Charmed 90210 Total

Male 27% 47% 7% 7% 7% 7% 0% 0% 100%

Female 7% 9% 9% 18% 11% 36% 2% 7% 100%

Data Table

Percents

ADVANTAGE: a simple way to show the big and small categories

DISADVANTAGES: harder to include multiple variables (without multiple pie charts);takes up a lot of space/ink(low information/ink ratio).

preferred TV shows among boys at Clague Middle School, 1998

Real World26%

Simpson's 46%

7th heaven 7%

Buffy the Vampire Slayer 7%

Party of Five7%

Dawson's Creek 7%

Charmed0%

Pie Chart

Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), in percent, 1998

27%

47%

7%

7%

7%

7% 0%0%

7%

9%

9%

18%

11%

36%

2%

7%

Real WorldSimpson's 7th heaven Buffy the Vampire Slayer Party of FiveDawson's Creek Charmed90210

Boys

Girls

This is a "DOUGHNUT CHART" --a relatively new option on Excel.

Fun, but the eye sees variations in the graphic design, not in the data.

VERDICT: not very useful here.

Doughnut Chart

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

number of students

Real World

Simpson's

7th heaven

Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Party of Five

Dawson's Creek

Charmed

90210

Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), 1998

FemaleMale

Note: 3-D graphics can be appealing but distracting.

The basic goal: have the eye see patterns in the data, not just patterns in Excel graphing capabilities.

Also: harder to see zero values.

Horizontal can sometimes be helpful, but not here.

3D Bar Chart

Preferred TV shows among Clague students (comparing boys and girls), 1998

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Real World Simpson's 7th heaven Buffy theVampire Slayer

Party of Five Dawson's Creek Charmed 90210

num

ber o

f stu

dent

s

MaleFemale

Note: 2-D is easier on the eye.

And compared to the pie chart, easier to include multiple dimensions (gender and show).

But: since many more girls answered the survey than boys, it is hard to easily compare what shows appeal to boys vs. girls.

2D Bar Chart (Absolute Values)


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%



MaleFemale

Note: by converting to percent of total (for boys or for girls), one can more easily compare what shows appeal to boys vs. girls.

2D Column Chart (%)


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%



MaleFemale

Note: add some gridlines, and have all these lines a light greyscale so that the data stands out.

The harder question: can you develop a theory to explain these differences in viewing preferences between teenage boys and girls?

2D Column Chart (%)

Example 2Data on World Cities

Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980Population, Income and Social Measures for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, ranked by latitude, 1980

Percent of Population under Age 20

Regional Population Weekly Earnings Population per

PhysicianResidents Per Housing Unit Latitude (degrees)

Santiago 41.7 4,039,287 1,988 -33

Sao Paulo 40 12,588,439 122 437 4.12 -24

Jakarta 52.9 6,555,954 34 1,968 -6

Bogota 51.5 4,012,433 95 4

Manila 51.4 5,925,884 43 14

Bangkok 44.1 5,350,000 64 1,256 6.28 14

Mexico City 48.5 14,750,182 87 554 5.03 19

Delhi 48.9 5,940,119 4.95 29

Cairo 47.4 11,000,000 49 630 4.45 30

Busan 42.1 6,414,631 2,133 8.52 35

Seoul 42.5 12,835,554 129 1,552 8.66 38

San Francisco 19.9 3,250,630 400 179 2.15 38

Istanbul 43.5 4,741,890 82 449 41

Lyon 22.4 4,992,000 223 557 2.18 46

Budapest 23.3 2,060,644 182 2.75 47

Vienna 21.4 1,531,346 259 252 1.86 48

Munich 18 3,658,000 300 213 2.22 48

Paris 18.7 10,046,000 247 281 1.99 49

Dusseldorf 21.1 5,209,000 257 2.05 51

Rotterdam 23.1 3,154,000 52

Warsaw 23 2,773,882 146 2.9 52

West Berlin 21.6 1,888,669 250 230 1.69 53

Hamburg 20.6 1,637,132 285 269 2.06 53

Helsinki 22.1 910,414 262 2.21 60

Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.Source: Marlin, John T., Immanuel Ness, and Stephen T. Collins. 1986. Book of World City Rankings. New York and London: The Free Press.

Data Table

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

16000000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24


Regional Population

Goal: to compare regional population and percent of population under age 20.

If using a simple column chart, the radically different scale of the two variables obscures the smaller variable (percent of pop).

This is not very good.

2D Column Chart


You can use two different scales, which allows for both variables to be clearly shown.

But this can be confusing, and the patterns are still not very clear.

Sorting the data from high to low for one variable might help.

Line Chart

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Popu

latio

n

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Perc

ent

of P

opul

atio

n un

der

Age

20

Regional PopulationPercent of Population under Age 20


Using an x-y scatterplot, it is much easier to show the patterns between two variables. (this can be a very useful tool for bivariate graphing.)

X-Y Scatterplot

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


Regi

onal

Pop

ulat

ion

Note that the larger cities tend to have a greater percent of their population under age 20 (which can either indicate high fertility rates, low life expectancies, or age-selective migration -- all characteristic of cities in developing countries)

X-Y Scatterplot 2

Note that the larger cities tend to have larger household sizes.

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Residents per housing unit

Regi

onal

Pop

ulat

ion

X-Y Scatterplot 3

Note that cities with younger populations also tend to have larger household sizes.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Residents per housing unit

Perc

ent

of P

opul

atio

n Un

der

Age

20

Bubble Chart

Note: The size of the bubble is proportionate to the metropolitan population size

Latitude, Percent of Population under Age 20, and Population Size for 25 Major Metropolitan Areas of the World, 1980 (with selected cities labeled)

Istanbul

Rotterdam

Bangkok

Lyon

Cairo

Paris

Mexico City

Sao Paolo

Seoul

Jakarta

Manila

San Francisco

Bogota

Santiago

DelhiBusan

-60

-48

-36

-24

-12

0

12

24

36

48

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of Metropolitan Population under Age 20

SOU

TH -

- La

titud

e (d

egre

es) -

- NO

RTH

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

Equator

(This is an example of juxtaposing variables in an unusual way to reveal patterns. The bubble option allows for 3 variables. Using colors would allow for 4.)

Maps

http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf



This is a chapter excerpt from Guilford Publications.Making Maps: A Visual Guide to Map Design for GIS, John Krygier and Denis WoodCopyright © 2005

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Slide PresentationQuick Guide




Slide Layout

Should be consistent throughout the presentation

Headings, sub-headings, and logo in the same place

Margin identical throughout (with exception of tables and charts)

Use color for visual interest

Replace words with visuals when possible

Provide white space

Lines, boxes, and open space should be consistent




Text Should Provide the Message

Highlight Main Points

1 Message per slide

Use only keywords or phrases

Use bullets when possible

One thought per bullet

3-6 bullets per slider

NEVER READ THE SLIDES!http://www.sae.org/events/bce/powerpoint_help.pdf



Fonts Should be ReadableUse no more than 2 fonts

Use no less than 24 pts for main message and 18 pts for bullets

Use distance readable fonts line (i.e., san-serif fonts)

Do not use close-up text fonts (i.e., serif fonts), or Fancy Fonts

Do not use Script or italics

Use Upper and lower case fonts

Always spell check




Visual Should Simplify the Message

Use bar/line/pie charts, tables, diagrams, cartoons, clip art, photos, illustration

Tables:

should contain only necessary information

Large numbers should be rounded

Pie charts:

Show data as % of whole

No more than 5 sections

Bar charts:

Show relationship between variables

no more than 3-4 bars

Line charts:

Make data points readable

Use color or shapes for different data points




Audience

Formulate your objectives

Consider the audience:

Who will be there?

Why do they need this information?

How will this information help them in their job?

If they receive this information - so what? How this will benefit them?




Audience LearningAudience learn better when:

Information relates specially or in general to their work environments

They are able to apply session ideas to their own work

Use anecdotal examples

Link content to experiences

Presenter does not READ THE TEXT or READ THE SLIDES




DeliveryYour presentation should reflect the session’s description

Be prepared

Rehearse the presentation ahead of time

Arrive early to check the room & equipment

Book End your presentation (strong opening, strong closing)

State your objectives clearly early in the presentation

Establish good eye contact, get audience involved

Be enthusiastic!




Questions, Answers, and Handouts

Provide opportunities for questions & answers

Stay after the session and answer any additional questions

Provide relevant handouts that:

Complement the presentation

Provide technical details

Provide references

Technical detail is presented in the Handouts not in the delivery




How to Design a Bad Presentation

Ways to misuse visuals, text, and animation in PowerPoint presentation

Adapted from Brian Satterfield’s articlehttp://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/training/page6702.cfm

http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/training/page6702.cfm

http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/training/page6702.cfm

1. Jam as much information into the slides as possible

The more information you include, the more your audience will learn and retain. THIS IS OFTEN NOT THE CASE.

2. Avoid the use of visuals

Or use clip art of flowers, cartoons no matter what your are talking about

3. Use plenty of animations – just because you can

Animation can be fun

Flashing icons grab audience attention

4. Use transitions arbitrarily

They will wait to see what’s next transition

5. Use tiny, hard-to-read fonts

Fancy fonts make your slide more beautiful

6. Choose color schemes at random

Hot pink and baby blue are my favorite colors

7. Don’t Proofread

Don’t worry, only texts of short words on my slides, not even a full sentence

8. Forget the feedback

Your presentation is so good that nobody has any question.

presenting data

Education