TOPICS

• BANANA DEMAND AND SUPPLY• BANANA PRICE MECHANASIM• BANANA EXPORT MARKETING

BANANA DEMAND AND SUPPLYBANANA DEMAND AND SUPPLYAND PRICE MECHANISM

A banana is an edible fruit produced by several kinds of largeherbaceous flowering plants of the genus Musa.

The banana is the most popular fruit in the world, worth £5

BANANA

The banana is the most popular fruit in the world, worth £5billion in trade terms.

In terms of gross value of production, bananas are the world’sfourth most important crop after rice, wheat and maize.

Pakistan is a key player in the banana industry. Area under cultivation is 35,000 hectares.

STATISTICS ON BANANA PRODUCTION

Area under cultivation is 35,000 hectares. 90% is cultivated in Sind province. The majority of banana farmers in this area are smallholders with less

than 20 hectares. Sind is a major banana producing area with about 85 to 92 per cent

in banana acreage and about 90 per cent of production. The average area under the fruit in Sind was 32,200 hectares with a

production of 126,000 tons.

BANANA VARIETIES IN PAKISTAN

BANANA VARIETIES IN SIND:BANANA VARIETIES IN SIND: Sind has two varieties of banana.(a) Cavendish dwarf (Basrai)(b) Cavendish Giant (William Hybrid)

CAVENDISH DWARF

GIANT CAVENDISH

In Sind, Banana is mainly cultivated in Khairpur, Hyderabad, Thatta, Nawabshah, Naushahro Feroz, Sanghar, Mirpurkhas & Badin districts. The data indicates that Khairpur, Thatta & Hyderabad districts are the leading

MAJOR DISTRICTS OF BANANA PRODUCTION

data indicates that Khairpur, Thatta & Hyderabad districts are the leading banana producing districts with production of 35,324 , 30,432 & 21,996 tons.

COST OF PRODUCTION:Total cost per acre for banana production has been found that average cost per acre is around RS.66,300. Current cost of production is 80,000 to 150,000 PKR/acre.

SINDH’S DISTRICT MAPBanana growing districts ofSindh

YIELD OF BANANA IN PAKISTAN

Production per acre, of various types of banana elsewhere and scaling them to possible yields in Sindh aswhere and scaling them to possible yields in Sindh ascompared to William Hybrid.

TYPES YIELD PER ACRE

William Hybrid 8 - 12 tons

Basrai 6 – 9 tons

Bluefields 4 – 5 tons

Chinese 7 – 8 tons

Brazilian 3 -4 tons

YIELD OF BANANA

S.No CountryTotal

Production Average Yield

per AcrePrice per MT

(USD)S.No Country Production

MTper Acre (USD)

1 Pakistan 95,000 6 908

2 India 11,000,000 12.5 908

3 China 4,812,530 18 908

4 Brazil 6,339,350 18 908

CAN WE INCREASE THE YIELD OF BANANA

By using the tissue culture technology. By using the tissue culture technology. Certified varieties (High yield Varieties) By using the modern technologies

According to the figures from the economic survey 2011-2012,banana production fell from 139,000 tones in 2010-2011 to 99,000tons in 2011-2012. (Production decrease due to Mega Flood and Rainin 2010 and 2011)

DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF BANANA IN PAKISTAN

in 2010 and 2011) Indian banana is in high demand in Pakistan, following a decline in

domestic production, are being sold in cities across Pakistan for awhopping Rs 180 to Rs 200 a dozen.

Indian bananas were initially imported for markets in the mostpopulous province of Punjab and are now being supplied to thesouthern province of Sind.

Bananas are cultivated on almost 90,000 acres of land in the country,while the produce on one acre can bring around Rs0.4 million.

EXPORT MARKETING OF BANANA

EXPORT MARKETING: Banana has a lot of potential to earn foreign Banana has a lot of potential to earn foreign

exchange. During the four months of the peak season about 50

to 60 trucks (250 mds capacity) of banana per dayare exported to Afghanistan and about four to fivetrucks to Iran.

Our domestic consumption/capita/year is 0.9 kgwhereas maximum in Philippines 34 kg.

EXPORT MARKETING OF BANANA

DEMAND OF BANANA IN INTERNATIONAL MARKET: World demand for bananas is quite high, with Japan World demand for bananas is quite high, with Japan

importing almost 1.2 million metric tons; Russia,863,000 MT and China, almost 409,000 MT.

Kabul market offer 100-200 PKR more than Lahoremarket /40kg.

Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala and thePhilippines - represent 11.6 Mt of exports (2010) outof a worldwide total of 13.9 Mt, i.e. 83%.

Sr.No. Country

Banana Production (Mt) 2001

1 India 15,100,0002 Ecuador 7,561,1193 Brazil 5,744,200

Sr.No. Country

Banana Production (Mt) 2001

16 Tazania, United Rep of 800,30017 Egypt 735,99918 Papua, New Guinea 700,000

WORLD WIDE PRODUCTION OF BANANA

3 Brazil 5,744,2004 China 5,555,0005 Philippines 4,500,0006 Indonesia 3,600,0007 Mexico 1,900,0008 Costa Rica 1,860,0009 Thailand 1,720,000

10 Burundi 1,548,89711 Columbia 1,380,45012 Viet Nam 1,125,50013 Venezuela 1,050,00014 Cameroon 850,00015 Guatemala 800,400

18 Papua, New Guinea 700,000

19 Bolivia 687,82920 Uganda 610,00021 Bangladesh 572,00022 Malaysia 560,00023 Panama 489,41724 Honduras 457,00025 Dominican Republic 445,41326 Spain 400,20027 Congo 312,69028 Martinique 310,00029 Angola 290,00030 Haiti 290,000

Sr. No. CountryBanana Production

(Mt) 2001

31 Côte d'Ivoire 279,56832 Australia 275,000

WORLD WIDE PRODUCTION OF BANANA

33 South Africa 268,02634 Madagascar 260,00035 Kenya 210,00036 Cuba 180,00037 Argentina 175,00038 Guinea 150,00039 Cambodia 146,00040 Morocco 142,00041 Pakistan 138,00042 Israel 130,00043 Jamaica 130,000

World wide Production of Banana

66,510,680

VARIETIES CULTIVATED

Commercially, bananas are classified as dessert types andculinary types. The culinary types have starchy fruits and areused in the mature unripe form as vegetables. Importantused in the mature unripe form as vegetables. Importantcultivars include Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Monthan,Poovan, Nendran, Red banana, Nyali, Safed Velchi, Basrai,Ardhapuri, Rasthali, Karpurvalli, Karthali and Grand Naine etc.

GrandNaine, an imported variety from Israel is gainingpopularity and may soon become the most preferred varietydue to its tolerance to A-biotic stresses and good qualitybunches. Fruit develops attractive uniform yellow color withbetter shelf life & quality than other cultivars.

GRAND NAINE

VARIETIES CULTIVATED IN INDIA• Important banana varieties cultivated in different states of India are given below :

State Varieties grown

Andhra Pradesh - Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Rasthali, Amritpant,

Thellachakrakeli, Karpoora Poovan, Chakrakeli, Monthan

and Yenagu Bontha

Assam - Jahaji (Dwarf Cavendish), Chini Champa, Malbhog,

Borjahaji (Robusta), Honda, Manjahaji, Chinia (Manohar),Borjahaji (Robusta), Honda, Manjahaji, Chinia (Manohar),

Kanchkol, Bhimkol, Jatikol, Digjowa, Kulpait, Bharat Moni

Bihar - Dwarf Cavendish, Alpon, Chinia , Chini Champa, Malbhig,

Muthia, Kothia , Gauria

Gujarat - Dwarf Cavendish, Lacatan, Harichal (Lokhandi), Gandevi

Selection, Basrai, Robusta, G-9, Harichal, Shrimati

Jharkhand - Basrai, Singapuri

Karnataka - Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Rasthali, Poovan, Monthan,

Elakkibale

Kerala - Nendran (Plantain), Palayankodan (Poovan), Rasthali,

Monthan, Red Banana, Robusta

Madhya Pradesh - Basrai

Maharashtra - Dwarf Cavendish, Basrai, Robusta, Lal Velchi, Safed Velchi,

Rajeli Nendran, Grand Naine, Shreemanti, Red Banana

Orissa - Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Champa, Patkapura (Rasthali)

Tamil Nadu - Virupakshi, Robusta, Rad Banana, Poovan, Rasthali,

Nendran, Monthan, Karpuravalli, Sakkai, Peyan, Matti

West Bengal - Champa, Mortman , Dwarf Cavendish, Giant Governor,

Kanthali, Singapuri

YIELD

The 'Gros Michel' banana has yielded 3 to 7 tons per acre (3to 7 MT/ha) in Central America.

A 'Giant Cavendish' bunch may weigh 110 lbs (50 kg) and A 'Giant Cavendish' bunch may weigh 110 lbs (50 kg) andhave a total of 363 marketable fruits.

Sword suckers of plantains have yielded 54,984 fruits per acre(135,866 fruits /ha); water suckers, 49,021 fruits per acre(121,132 fruits/ha).

SANITORY AND PHYTOSANITORY AGREEMENT

The agreement on application of SPS measures sets out the basic rules for foodsafety and animal and plant health standards.safety and animal and plant health standards.

It allows countries to set their own standards which must be based on science. They should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or

plant health or life. They should not be arbitrary or unjustifiably discriminated between countries. Member countries are encouraged to use international standards, guidelines and

recommendation, where they exists. Basic aim of SPS agreement is to maintain sovereign right of any government to

protect the level of health.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS SPS agreement encourages government to establish national SPS measure

consistent with international standards, guidelines and recommendations–process with harmonization.process with harmonization.

WTO itself does not and will not develop standards, however, most WTOmember governments participate in development of standards byinternational bodies.

Harmonization of Standards are based on:Codex Alimentarius Commission, OIE and IPPC.

Import and Export Inspection and Certification System:The guidelines include application of standards in international traderegulatory measures by government to protect consumers against foodborne hazards.

EXPORT/IMPORT DOCUMENTS

The following documents are normally used in export: E-Form (Through authorized Commercial Bank) E-Form (Through authorized Commercial Bank) Shipping Bill (Through authorized Clearing Agent) B/L or AWB (Through Clearing agent) Commercial Invoice Packing List Certificate Country of origin (Through Chamber) or (a)Generalised

System of Procedures (Through TDAP) Export contract registration details.

TAX RELATED DOCUMENTS NTN

Sales Tax Registration Sales Tax Registration

Commercial exporter is not required to register with Sales Tax

Department. But if you pay the Sale Tax on the goods from local

market it will be better for you to get yourself registered with sales

tax department so that you may claim your input tax deducting on

your purchases.

OTHER DOCUMENTS

Bank account Details (Credit Facilities, LC etc)

Chamber Certificate and CoO (Certificate of Origin) Chamber Certificate and CoO (Certificate of Origin)

Form E

DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS

DOCUMENTS

HARVESTING

Harvest when fingers are fairly evenly rounded. General practice is toharvest when fingers of second hand are ¾ rounded. Alternative, for tree-ripened fruit, cut only those hands that are ripen and leave the remainingfor other day. These Bananas taste the best. However, this process is timefor other day. These Bananas taste the best. However, this process is timeconsuming and not feasible. The mother plant should be cut off afterharvest as the plant can never produce again.

HARVESTINGIt is advisable to place harvested bunch in well padded basketbefore transporting to the collection site because Bananas areeasily bruised and this will inevitably reduce the quality of theeasily bruised and this will inevitably reduce the quality of thefruit. Once harvested, the bunch should be kept out of light, incool and shady place. The process of ripening can beaccelerated by covering the bunch with plastic sleevetogether with a ripe fruit as it releases small amount of heatand ethylene which helps initiate and stimulate ripening.

PADDED BASKET

MATURITY AND QUALITY OF BANANA

Maturity Indices: Degree of fullness of the finger, i.e., disappearance of angularity in a cross section.

Bananas are harvested mature-green and ripened upon arrival at destinationBananas are harvested mature-green and ripened upon arrival at destinationmarkets since fruits ripened on the plant often split and have poor texture.

Quality Indices: Maturity (the more mature the better the quality when ripe) Finger length (depending on intended use and demand for various sizes) Freedom from defects, such as insect injury, physical damage, scars, and decay. As bananas ripen their starch content is converted into sugars (increased

sweetness). Other constituents that influence flavor include acids and volatiles.

TEMPERATURE FOR BANANATEMPERATURE & CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE (CA):

Optimum Temperature:Optimum Temperature:13-14°C (56-58°F) for storage and transport .15-20°C (59-68°F) for ripening.

Optimum Relative Humidity:90-95%

PACKAGING OF BANANADefinition of Food Packaging Food packaging is defined as a mean or system by which a fresh

produce or processed product will reach from the production centreto the ultimate consumer in safe and sound condition at anto the ultimate consumer in safe and sound condition at anaffordable price.

Functions of Packaging Material

Two main functions of packaging are:

To assemble the produce into convenient units for handling.

To protect the produce during distribution, storage and marketing.

PACKAGING OF BANANA

Packaging material serves the following purposes

As an efficient handling unit

Protects the produce from mechanical damage

Protects the produce from moisture loss

Provides clean and sanitary storage

Prevents pilferage

Provides sales and service motivation

Reduces cost of transport and marketing

PACKAGING OF BANANA

Packaging Materials for Fresh Produce:1. Basket made of woven strips of leaves, bamboo, plastic etc. 2. Wooden crates2. Wooden crates3. Fibreboard boxes

i) Solid fibreboard boxesii) Corrugated fibreboard boxes

4. Plastic crates5. Biodegradable plastics6. New innovations in packaging of fruits, vegetables and root crops7. Pallet boxes and shipping containers

BASKET MADE OF WOVEN STRIPS OFLEAVES

BASKET MADE OF BAMBOO

PLASTIC CRATE FOR BANANA

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS

PACKAGING OF BANANAPackaging Materials for Processed Products:

Packaging for processed products is of following types:

1. Glass containers

2. Metal cans

3. Aluminium foil

4. Plastic materials

5. Collapsible containers

6. Composite containers

COLLAPSIBLE CONTAINERS

ALUMINIUM FOIL

PACKAGING OF BANANACushioning Materials and Wrap:

Dry grass, paddy straw, leaves, saw dust, paper shreds etc. canbe used as cushioning material for packaging fruits andbe used as cushioning material for packaging fruits andvegetables.

It should dissipate the heat of respiration of the produce. It should be free from infection and should be physiologically

inactive. Moulded pulp tray, honeycomb portion, cell pack are used

replacing the cushioning material. Cassia leaves are most effective in reducing physiological loss

in weight spoilage, retaining fruit colour and chemical quality.

PAPER SHREDS

POLYETHYLENE FILM BAGS

PACKAGING OF BANANA Shrink-wrapping of individual produce items is

a new and very useful technique.

Shrink-wrapping with an engineered plastic Shrink-wrapping with an engineered plastic

wrap can reduce

• shrinkage,

• protect the produce from disease,

• reduce mechanical damage and

• provide a good surface for stick-on labels.

PACKAGING OF BANANAPackaging of Banana: Conventionally bananas are transported as whole bunches wrapped with

banana leaves which cause damage to quality.banana leaves which cause damage to quality. Use of polyethylene film bags for wrapping whole bunches for transport is

the most suitable package to reduce wastage. For export purpose, bananas are packed in telescopic type corrugated

fiber board boxes of different dimensions with good ventilated holes. The banana hands should be packed in the boxes in the lengthwise

manner with their cushion resting on the bottom of the box and fruitfinger tips pointing towards the lid.

Stacking of such boxes should be done lengthwise.

PACKAGING OF BANANA

Banana Transport as Bulk & Loose (in Pakistan) by which quality is damagedquality is damaged

PACKAGING OF BANANA

Banana Transport in Carton:

PACKAGING OF BANANA

• Banana Transport in Carton:

Banana hands in plastic crate Bananas in the basket

SUM UP

Food packaging is a system by which the fresh or processed produce will reach from the

production centre to the ultimate consumer in a safe and sound condition at an affordableproduction centre to the ultimate consumer in a safe and sound condition at an affordable

cost.

It serves two basic objectives, i.e., marketing and logistics.

Adopting improved packaging, handling and transportation methods during distribution

and marketing can successfully reduce huge post harvest losses.

However, the product requirements, the marketing system and the personnel preference

will determine the type of packaging to be used for a particular fruit.

STORAGE OF BANANA

StorageKeep Bananas refrigerated. The ripening process can be Keep Bananas refrigerated. The ripening process can be delayed if you refrigerate it. The skin of the fruit will turn dark but the flesh remains firm. Conversely, do not store Bananas below 13°C as it will stop its ripening process (at that temperature Bananas do not emitheatorethylene)

COLD STORE FOR BANANA

POST HARVEST HANDLINGPost harvest handlingFor export market, Bananas bunch are usually demanded and soakedin sodium hypochlorite solution (bleach) to remove the latex andtreated with thiabendazole (mintezol). Both sodium hypochlorite andtreated with thiabendazole (mintezol). Both sodium hypochlorite andthiabendazole are chemical compound or commonly known asbleach.Control StrategiesMinimizing bruising; prompt cooling to 14°C (58°F); proper sanitation of handling facilities; hot water treatments such as 5 minutes in 50°C (120°F) water and/or fungicide (such as Imazalil) treatment to control crown rot.

HARVESTING AND PACKAGING

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

The fruit is susceptible to crown rot diseases caused by a fungusThe fruit is susceptible to crown rot diseases caused by a fungusFusarium aff. Sacchari. The crown rot disease can be effectivelycontrolled by using chemicals extracted from citrus seed, incombination with the wax-based adjuvant and fungicides likethiabendazol, imazalil, ammonium sulphate, potassium sorbate,sodium benzoate, oxalic and maleic acids, cinnamon extract, piperextract, garlic extract, chlorine water and chitosan solution along withor without hot water treatment.

RECOMMANDATIONS & CONCLUSION

To gain an understanding of the main problems faced by the sector, CABI (Centrefor Agricultural Bioscience International) researchers are carrying out a full reviewof the industry in Sind province from field to market. Farmers and other key-playersof the industry in Sind province from field to market. Farmers and other key-playerswill be surveyed through questionnaires, interviews and group discussions and anyrelevant research carried out to date and associated literature will also bereviewed.

The findings will be used to draw up a strategic plan for future developmentschemes of the banana production industry and recommendations for theproblems identified will be made.

Farmers tend to only receive a quarter of the final retail price with various middlemen taking a cut. By strengthening links between farmer and market the farmershould get a fairer price for his produce.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Perishables Handling #88, November 1996For more information, see our publication “FruitRipening & Ethylene Management”Ripening & Ethylene Management”

www.bananaplanters.com www.google.com.pk/bananas-high-demandpakistan. www.cabi.org