"WATER MANAGEMENT IN PERU: PROBLEMS, PERSPECTIVES, CHALLENGES AND THE ROLE

OF THE ACADEMIES"

"WATER MANAGEMENT IN PERU: PROBLEMS, "WATER MANAGEMENT IN PERU: PROBLEMS, PERSPECTIVES, CHALLENGES AND THE ROLE PERSPECTIVES, CHALLENGES AND THE ROLE

OF THE ACADEMIES"OF THE ACADEMIES"

Dr. Ignacio Benavent Dr. Ignacio Benavent TrullenqueTrullenque..RepresentativeRepresentative ofof thethe

PeruvianPeruvian ScienceScience AcademyAcademy

IANAS IANAS WaterWater MeetingMeeting

OrganizedOrganized by:by:BrazilianBrazilian AcademyAcademy ofof SciencesSciencesInternationalInternational InstituteInstitute ofof EcologyEcology

PERU: Natural Regions (3)

Coast

Sierra or Andes

Jungle or Rainforest

Percent of Perus national territory (%)

11%

31%58%

CoastSierraJungle

CoastCoast

TheThe AndesAndes

RainRain forestforest

I.I. ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL SITUACION OF THE SITUACION OF THE COUNTRYCOUNTRY

ExtensionExtension: 1 285 215 km2: 1 285 215 km2 PopulationPopulation: 26,7 M (2001): 26,7 M (2001)

UrbanUrban: 173 M (65 %): 173 M (65 %) Rural: 9,4 M (35 %)Rural: 9,4 M (35 %)

% %

Extrem 9,9 51,3

No extrem 32,1 27,1Poor people 42,0 78,4

No poor people 58,0 21,6

Total 65,0 35,0

PovertyUrban Rural

Forest

% % % %

Extreme 5,8 45,6 39,7 24,4

No extreme 33,5 26,4 29,0 30,4Poor people

39,3 72,0 68,7 54,8

No poor people 60,7 28,0 31,3 45,2

Total 51,3 35,5 13,2 100

Highlands TotalPoverty

Coast

106 106 HydrographicHydrographicwatershedswatersheds: : 53 53 PacificPacific 44 44 AtlanticAtlantic 9 9 TiticacaTiticaca LakeLake

12000 12000 lakeslakes in in thethe AndeanAndeanareaarea..

1007 1007 riversrivers withwith annualannualavailabilityavailability 2046287 km32046287 km3

WaterWater ResourcesResources::

Area Index

(x103km2) (x103) (%) Km3 anuales %

m3/hab-ao

Pacific 279,7 18430 70 37 963 1,8 2 027Atlantic 958,5 6852 26 1 998 752 97,7 291 703Titicaca

Lake 47,0 1047 4 10172 0,5 9 715

TOTAL 1 285,2 26392 100 2 046 287 100 77 534

DRAINAGE AREA

Population Avaliability

The Pacific area has only 1,8% of the countrys The Pacific area has only 1,8% of the countrys water resources (2027 mwater resources (2027 m33/inhab/inhab--year) This area year) This area concentrates 70% of the population and produces concentrates 70% of the population and produces 80,4 % del IGP80,4 % del IGP . .

The Atlantic area has the 97,7% The Atlantic area has the 97,7% otot the countrys the countrys water resources and produces the 17,7% of the water resources and produces the 17,7% of the IGP.IGP.

DRAINAGE BASINS OF PACIFIC OCEAN

1.8% wateravailable

70 % population2 027 m3/hab

DRAINAGE BASINS OF ATLNTIC OCEAN

97.7% wateravailable

26% population292 000 m3/hab

DRAINAGE BASINS OF

TITICACA LAKE0,5% wateravailable

4% population9 715 m3/hab

Water surface distribution

II. WATER RESOURCES II. WATER RESOURCES PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

1.1. WeakenedWeakened legal legal andandinstitutionalinstitutional frameworkframework

Ignores Ignores thethe multiplemultiple uses uses ofof waterwater. . FocusesFocuses onlyonly onon agricuturalagricutural demanddemand.. DoesDoes notnot recognizerecognize thethe economiceconomic naturenature ofof

waterwater.. Defines Defines waterwater licenceslicences as as usageusage rightsrights..

ConsequencesConsequences: : InformalityInformality. 85 % . 85 % ofof farmsfarms are are notnot licencedlicenced

forfor waterwater usageusage.. WasteWaste ofof waterwater..

The States interventionist policy regarding water The States interventionist policy regarding water resources has encouraged hydraulic projects with an resources has encouraged hydraulic projects with an inversion of 5,000M US$ and 3,000M US$ additionally inversion of 5,000M US$ and 3,000M US$ additionally agreed.agreed.

The obtained benefits are less from expected.The obtained benefits are less from expected. The law does not forced the beneficiaries to pay the The law does not forced the beneficiaries to pay the

investments amortization, neither the maintenance investments amortization, neither the maintenance nor operation costs.nor operation costs.

2.2. Inefficient and unsustainable Inefficient and unsustainable investments in hydraulic investments in hydraulic infrastructureinfrastructure

ConsequencesConsequences:: InefficientInefficient operationoperation ofof waterwater systemssystems.. WastedWasted waterwater.. SoilSoil salinizationsalinization..

The national service network hasThe national service network has:: 700 non automatic stations and700 non automatic stations and 65 65 automaticautomatic stationsstations . .

This network does not complies with WMO This network does not complies with WMO requirementsrequirements

ConsequencesConsequences: : ScarceScarce informationinformation.. UncertaintyUncertainty andand mistakesmistakes in in decisiondecision

makingmaking..

3.3. Scarce Scarce hydrometeorologicalhydrometeorologicalinformation for decision makinginformation for decision making

AgricultureAgriculture:: 80 % of the water used for irrigation has an 80 % of the water used for irrigation has an

efficiency of 35 %.efficiency of 35 %. WaterWater pricesprices: : lowerlower thanthan itsits real real costcost (0.002 (0.002

US$US$/m/m33).). lowlow education of farmerseducation of farmers..

4.4. SectoralSectoral use use ofof waterwater

PopulationPopulation:: WaterWater networknetwork losseslosses ofof 45,3%45,3% MicromeasurementMicromeasurement: 50 %: 50 % PoorPoor local local administrationadministration ofof waterwater.. LowLow efficiencyefficiency ofof waterwater: 269 : 269 ltlt//inhabinhab--dayday

DomesticDomestic waterwater supplysupplycoveragecoverage: 51 %: 51 %

SanitationSanitation coveragecoverage: 40%: 40%

GroundwaterGroundwater :: SeasonalSeasonal variationvariation ofof surfacesurface waterwater in in thethe

PacificPacific coastcoast: 75 %: 75 % ConsequentlyConsequently itit isis necessarynecessary toto integrateintegrate

thethe use use ofof surfacesurface waterwater withwith groundgroundwaterwater..

HoweverHowever:: NonNon--regulatedregulated valleysvalleys: : overover exploitationexploitation ofof

acquiferacquifer RegulatedRegulated valleysvalleys: : wastewaste ofof waterwater, ,

salinizationsalinization, , collapsedcollapsed ofof non non usedused wellswells..

The current General Water Law The current General Water Law emphazisesemphazises on on agricultural use of water. Domestic, energy and agricultural use of water. Domestic, energy and mining are mining are dealeddealed in other regulations. in other regulations.

HydraulicHydraulic infrastructureinfrastructure has has beenbeen plannedplanned in in orderorder toto favor favor thethe developmentdevelopment ofof costal costal valleysvalleys, , ignoringignoring thethe interestsinterests ofof upstreamupstream communitiescommunitiesandand smallsmall andeanandean villagesvillages. .

As a As a consequenceconsequence, , migrationmigration has has ocurredocurredfromfrom thethe AndeanAndean regionsregions toto thethe coastcoast, , increasingincreasing conflictsconflicts onon itit..

5. 5. WaterWater managementmanagement relatedrelatedproblemsproblems

ReservoirsReservoirs: : CriticalCritical decreasedecrease ofof theirtheir capacitiescapacities, , affectedaffected by by thethe greatgreat amountamount ofof transportedtransported sedimentsediment, , duedue toto thethe erosionerosion ofof thosethose soilssoils, , lackinglacking vegetationvegetation andandthatthat havehave beenbeen deforesteddeforested..

PollutionPollution: : non non treatedtreated residual residual elementselements fromfrom urbanurbanareasareas, , industryindustry, , miningmining, , agriculturalagricultural drainagedrainage, , asas wellwell as as abandonedabandoned mines (mines (environmentalenvironmental passivespassives). ).

DegradationDegradation ofof agriculturalagricultural soilssoils: : low irrigation low irrigation efficiency and unused groundwater resources generate efficiency and unused groundwater resources generate problems of problems of salinizationsalinization and drainage. 307,000 Ha of and drainage. 307,000 Ha of involved with saline problems (18% that are almost involved with saline problems (18% that are almost irreversible). irreversible).

WaterWater resourcesresources conservationconservation

The 1988 El The 1988 El NioNio phenomenon reported phenomenon reported material losses of US$ 1,33 billion due material losses of US$ 1,33 billion due to floods. to floods.

The factors that caused this situation The factors that caused this situation are:are: the lack of river side protections, roads the lack of river side protections, roads

and bridges not adequately designed to and bridges not adequately designed to resist extreme events.resist extreme events.

Lack of land use planning and not Lack of land use planning and not complying current regulations.complying current regulations.

7.7. Flood control and Flood control and protectionprotection

A high percentage of users do not know their rights and A high percentage of users do not know their rights and duties. As a consequence there is a predominant culture duties. As a consequence there is a predominant culture of informality and illegality. of informality and illegality.

Poor technical education, Poor technical education, inadequatedinadequated agricultural agricultural practices in the coastal valleys, inefficiency in irrigation, practices in the coastal valleys, inefficiency in irrigation, poor drainage and poor drainage and salinizationsalinization may be observedmay be observed ..

There is a strong request from farmers for government There is a strong request from farmers for government aid and subsidies. aid and subsidies.

The water authority allows users to obtain their requests The water authority allows users to obtain their requests through: through: political and administrative influencepolitical and administrative influence pressure of the masses pressure of the masses force in order to make their interests prevail. force in order to make their interests prevail.

8.8. Absence of water culture and low Absence of water culture and low capacity for water resources capacity for water resources managementmanagement

III.III. Water resourcesWater resourcesmanagementmanagement principlesprinciples

Water is a natural resource, vital and Water is a natural resource, vital and vulnerable, renewed though the Hydrological vulnerable, renewed though the Hydrological Cycle. Opposed to a disarticulated Cycle. Opposed to a disarticulated management, an integrated management is management, an integrated management is only possible taking the watershed as the only possible taking the watershed as the planning unit area. Main features:planning unit area. Main features:

the variability of its quantity and quality.the variability of its quantity and quality. the interaction of supply and demand.the interaction of supply and demand. the the adequatedadequated and efficient use related with soil and efficient use related with soil

conservation.conservation. the protection of ecosystems.the protection of ecosystems.

1.1. Integrated managementIntegrated management principleprinciple..

Water has a social, economic and Water has a social, economic and environmental value, and its use must be environmental value, and its use must be based in a permanent equilibrium among based in a permanent equilibrium among these values. these values.

The economical value of water supplies is a The economical value of water supplies is a function of its total costs, which include function of its total costs, which include the amortization of infrastructures, the the amortization of infrastructures, the operation and maintenance as well as operation and maintenance as well as economical benefits.economical benefits.

2.2. Water value principleWater value principle

It is important the access to water for It is important the access to water for human basic needs fulfillment. human basic needs fulfillment.

The allocation of water for other uses The allocation of water for other uses must be established by consensus in must be established by consensus in the context of an integrated planned the context of an integrated planned that defines priorities according to that defines priorities according to common interest.common interest.

3.3. Priorities for the access to waterPriorities for the access to water

The government must encourage the The government must encourage the capacity building of local water capacity building of local water organizations, and to create organizations, and to create mechanisms for the participation of mechanisms for the participation of users and stakeholders in the decision users and stakeholders in the decision making processes regarding:making processes regarding: water qualitywater quality quantityquantity other attribute of the resource.other attribute of the resource.

4.4. Participation of users and local Participation of users and local organizationsorganizations

The government:The government: Establishes and enforces water Establishes and enforces water rigthsrigths

and assigns an and assigns an administativeadministative regime regime for the well use of water. for the well use of water.

Ensures the respect of those Ensures the respect of those conditions that give juridical security conditions that give juridical security for public and private investments.for public and private investments.

Respects the acquired rights, as well as Respects the acquired rights, as well as customary laws.customary laws.

5.5. Juridical securityJuridical security

Users and water rights holders are Users and water rights holders are obligated to manage water in a obligated to manage water in a sustainable and efficient manner, for sustainable and efficient manner, for the conservation of the involved the conservation of the involved ecosystems, avoiding water negative ecosystems, avoiding water negative externalities.externalities.

6.6. Sustainability and water securitySustainability and water security

The management of water resources The management of water resources must be must be integrated and consistentintegrated and consistent with with an environmental protection policy, an environmental protection policy, promoting the management of both promoting the management of both quality and quantity of water through quality and quantity of water through updating and innovating norms as well updating and innovating norms as well as a clever as a clever sectoralsectoral coordination.coordination.

7.7. Water resources and Water resources and environmental management.environmental management.

The government is liable to provide free The government is liable to provide free access to basic information generated by access to basic information generated by official agencies.official agencies.

8.8. Free access for data and Free access for data and informationinformation

IV.IV. THE ROLE OF THE THE ROLE OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The essential role of the Academy of The essential role of the Academy of Sciences is to Sciences is to develop science and to develop science and to promote the scientific focus on the physical promote the scientific focus on the physical and social phenomenaand social phenomena. .

The water has a great value non only from its The water has a great value non only from its physical characteristics but also because of physical characteristics but also because of the economical and environmental the economical and environmental considerations of its use. All these factors considerations of its use. All these factors are integrated and it is important to establish are integrated and it is important to establish an equilibrium among them. This is a an equilibrium among them. This is a responsibility for water managers and policyresponsibility for water managers and policy--makers.makers.

There are a couple of basic aspects that There are a couple of basic aspects that Academy must address: Academy must address:

the promotion of a new water culturethe promotion of a new water culture the promotion of a water policy consistent with the promotion of a water policy consistent with

the previous eight principles proposed.the previous eight principles proposed.

This is a reason why the Academy of Science This is a reason why the Academy of Science must dialogue with the University, so they must dialogue with the University, so they both can accomplish their roles.both can accomplish their roles.

THANK YOU