presentation lec ii 01

8/12/2019 Presentation LEC II 01

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Course 1


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Syntax is that branch of linguistics which describes thephenomena of the contemporary language in point ofrelations between words and their correct arrangement inunits of expression apt to reflect logical units and patterns.

Syntax describes the situations and contexts themselves,the relations among words, deriving the principles, therules and the patterns governing the arrangement ofmorphological elements as part of independent orconnected sense-units.

Syntax can be seen as a set of principles, rules andindications governing the best arrangement of elements inthe structure of communication.


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A. In point of content:

Declarative sentences (statements) they are used in order to affirm, declare or statesomething (positive or negative) usually without emotional implications, that iswithout affective participation, and denoting certainty, conviction, etc.

Interrogative sentences they are expressions of the speakers/ writerscuriosity andso their form follows the standards corresponding to that modality or to itssubdivisions or associations. They are usually subdivided into:

a) General questions those which refer to the truth of an entire sentence, and so theanswer which they expect may be just one word (usually the adverbs yesor no)

b) Special / particular questions refer only to one / to a specific part of a sentence, sothat they expect a definite precise answer. They usually begin with a Wh-word.

c) Alternative questions those based on the presence of several possibilities or of onealternative at least. They are further subdivided into: 1. limited / finite (closed list,limitative enumeration) and 2. open / unlimited (illustrative / exemplifying)

d) Disjunctive questions - they ask for confirmation but have the opposite trend thanthe statement (positive statement followed by interrogative-negative question orviceversa)


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Imperative sentences - include commands proper or requests orinvitations

Exclamatory sentences they denote either attitudes which we maycall positive or even superlative, or, on the contrary, negativeones.

B. In point of structure:

Simple sentences it expresses just one thought at a time by meansof one predicate

Compound sentences it is made up of 2 or more main clauses

(fraza compusa prin coordonare) Complex sentences it is made up of 1 or more main clauses + 1 or

more subordinate clauses (fraza compusa prin subordonare)


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Compound-complex sentences when coordinationoccurs among the main clauses, some of which havingsubordinate clauses depending on them

Complex-compound sentences when coordination

occurs among the subordinate clausesC. In point of status or grammatical dependence:

Independent sentences (isolated)

Independent clauses (as part of a compound sentence)

Main clauses (in complex sentences)

Regent clauses (as part of a complex sentence, in case thereare two degrees or three levels of subordination)

Subordinate clauses (as part of a complex sentence)


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1. Simple unextended sentences made up only of Sand P

2. Simple extended sentences made up of the main

parts of the sentence (S, P, DO, IO, modifiers,attributes)

3. Elliptical simple sentences characterized by theabsence of a part of the sentence which is otherwise

considered essential (e.g. S or P)4. One-member sentences include just one element,

sufficient however to express something in a givencontext


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Types of coordination:

1. By means of coordinating conjunctions (conjunctivecoordination)

A. Copulative coordination it is based on addition (and, neither

nor, not only but also, as well as, together with)B. Disjunctive coordination it is based on distinction (or, either

or, or else, otherwise)

C. Adversative coordination it is based on opposition (but,

nevertheless, yet, still, nonetheless, only that, while, whereas)D. Causative consecutive coordination where a slight cause-

effect relationship can be detected (therefore, thus, then, so,hence, consequently, accordingly)

2. By means of juxtaposition (asyndetic coordination)


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Types of subordinate clauses:

1. Subject clauses

2. Predicate / predicative clauses

3. Direct object clauses4. Indirect object clauses

5. Prepositional object clauses

6. Relative clauses7. Adverbial clauses of manner


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8. Adverbial clauses of place

9. Adverbial clauses of time

10. Adverbial clauses of comparison

11. Adverbial clauses of concession12. Adverbial clauses of condition

13. Adverbial clauses of reason / cause

14. Adverbial clauses of result15. Adverbial clauses of purpose

presentation lec ii 01

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