presentatie nitra
TRANSCRIPT
www.khk.be
How could a dairy farm look like in 2020?
Dairy farming for the future
www.khk.be
Content
• Introduction: Belgium – Flanders• Frame for milk production• Robot or conventional?• Stable construction• Milking• Feeding• Data acquisition
www.khk.be
Belgium
www.khk.be
Flanders
www.khk.be
Flanders• Near the sea
– Maritime climate– High in pricipitation– Small temperature differences– Natural vegitation: leaf forests
www.khk.be
Flanders
• Relief: – flat like a pancake– Low ( <50m )
www.khk.be
Flanders
• Agricultural regions
Polders Kempen
Vlaamse zandstreek
Leemstreek
Haspengouw
www.khk.be
Flanders
• Population– Very high density– Highly industrialised– Logistics:
• ports of Antwerp, Zeebrugge, Gent • Dense road, railway and waterway
network
www.khk.be
Flanders
• Agriculture– Many people on a smal surface
=>land is scarce =>land is expensive
– Average size: aprox. 20 ha– Need to realise high added value on a
small surface– => Flemisch agriculture is very
intensive
www.khk.be
Flanders
• Intensive agriculture– Vegitables– Animal farming
www.khk.be
Flanders
• Vegitables– Highest production in EU
www.khk.be
Flanders• Animal production
– 1,3 million cows– 1,8 billion liters milk– 6 million pigs– 30 million units poultry
www.khk.be
Flanders
• Diary farms– Important sector– After WW II: 2-3 cows– Continious growth until 1984: quotum– Slower rate of growth until now– Averages:
• Aprox. 350 000 l production/year/farm• 8700 l/cow/year for frisian-holstein cows
– One family
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind
(Future) conditions for diary farms
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind
• Economic context– EU: largest producer in the world (2008:
150 mil.tons of total 692 )– 2015: end quotum– No langer
• Limitation in production• Constant, rather high, prices
– Unlimited production and world market prices• Lower• Less constant
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind • Need for increasing size
and efficiency• Expected: 2 opposite
movements – Growth of farms with
potential– End of inefficient
farms
(source: Boerderij april 2008)
www.khk.be
Frame for milk production
• Longer term: – Higher prices due to an increase of
world population– But also an increase of costs
• Feed • Energy • …
– Efficiency is the key word
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind
• Labour becomes more expensive– It is important to know what 1h of
labour kosts– Automatisation: may be a solution,
but• Does the investment pay of?• Are there real
savings?
– Be critical!– Be rational! s
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind
• (Cow) productivity– Trend towards higher annual
production per cow• Canada: # cows limited• Can be more efficient, but only if correct
applied
– Bigger cows
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind
– Cow welfare becomes more important– More high quality (concentrated) feed
more individualised feeding– Need for more data
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind
• Public opinion becomes more important– Animal welfare– Environment– Location and view– Food safety– Labor conditions– …
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind
• Some basic rules:– Keep it simple– To measure is to know
• Expandability an adaptability– Jack Rodenburg: “if you are building a
stable for 200 cows, draw one for 400 cows and tear it half”
• Jack Rodenburg: make mistakes in the drawing room and not in the actual building cheaper
www.khk.be
Things to keep in mind
• Basic principals– Efficiency– Cow welfare– Quality - information– Simplicity– Adaptability
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
• SWOT-analysis • Economic considerations
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional• Strong
– Labour quantity: less working houres– Labour quality:
• Flexible working houres• More family life• Less monotone labour
– Higher milking rate ( 3x )• Higher production per cow• Better feed efficiency• Less animals• Actual production can meet potential
– Milking rate adapted to cow’s needs
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
• Strong– Better cow welfare
• Free to have themselves milked whenever they like
• Less presure on the udder • Low productive cows are no more milked
than absolutely necessary
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
• Weak– Higher
investment– Less contact with
cows– Milk quality may
be a problem• Mastitis• Cell number• Germ number
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
• Opportunity’s– To milk more cows with less people
(180 cows per worker instead of 100)– Improve family life– Expand activity’s without hiring more
people e.g. cheese ore other deviated product
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
• Treath’s – Robot owners thinking it is a miracle
machine needs supervising and assistance
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
• Economic considerations– Start point:
• 600 000l/y• 76 cows• Av. 7800 l/cow/y
– Investement• Conventional milking: €70 000 (machine)
+ €20 000 (building) = €90 000• Robot: €110 000(robot) + €10 000
(building) = €120 000
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
Conventional Robot
Investment €90 000 €120 000
Energy - Water €1 799 €1 928
Depreciation 15y
+ interest 5% €8 249 €10 999
Maintenance €2 100 (3%) €4400 (4%)
Total €12 148 €17 337
Net difference -€ 5 189
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
• So it would seem a robot comes out more expensive,
• But– Time saved:
1h/day x €20 x 365 d/y= €7300/y– Increase in production: 7 800 l/y 8
300 l/y 4 cows less (= €2 500)– Social aspects
www.khk.beConventional Robot
Investment €90 000 €120 000
Energy - Water €1 799 €1 928
Depreciation 15y
+ interest 5% €8 249 €10 999
Maintenance €2 100 (3%) €4400 (4%)
Total €12 148 €17 337
Labour -€7300
Production increase
-€2500
Net difference +€4 571Source: Hendrickx Haeck
www.khk.be
Robot vs. conventional
• Attention!– This is an example– Every case is unique
and needs to recalculated
– The choice should also depend on the company culture, habits and strategy
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Location & orientation– Existing buildings– Labour efficiency– Expandability– Flexibility– Hygiene:
• Feed• Suppliers/visitors• Manure• Milk recollection
– Ventilation
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Existing buildings: current situation
www.khk.be
Stable construction
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Current walking, feeding, … lines
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Consider several options
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Decisive factors– Expandability & flexiblitiy– (Labour) efficiency– Hygiene– Ventilation
• Let’s check the red solution
www.khk.be
Stable constrution
• Expandability: OK
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Efficiency: OK
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Hygiene: no crossing lines: OK
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Ventilation– Basic guidelines
1) Main wind direction
www.khk.be
Stable construction
2) Ideal orientation perpendicular to main wind direction
www.khk.be
Stable construction
3) Parameters:– Enough air passing trough– Avoid high air velocity ( < 0,25 m/s )– Inlet surface depending on the number of cows
Animal Inlet surface per animal
Highly productive cows( > 7000 l/y )
0,15 m²
Low productivity cows 0,12 m²
Young animals (400 kg) 0,08 m²
Young animals (200kg) 0,04 m²
Calfs 0,02 m²
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• 3) Parameters– Consequences:
» Height is important» The wider, the higher
– Inlet surface depending on the inlet system
System Multiplier
Spaceboarding 7-2 4,5
Spaceboarding 10-2 6
Nets
13% open 5,53
23% open 3,34
30% open 3
36% open 1,9
www.khk.be
Stable construction
www.khk.be
Stable construction
www.khk.be
Stable construction
www.khk.be
Stable construction3) Parameters
– Inlet temperatures: -5°C 25°C– Below -5°C: (partially) covering inlet surfaces– Above 25°C: consider forced ventilation, but
only when significant number of days– Graph.: milk production vs. temperature
www.khk.be
Stable construction
Source ventilation: Agriconstruct
www.khk.be
Stable construction
4) Obstacles?
www.khk.be
Stable construction
4)Obstacles?
www.khk.be
Stable construction
5) Cold air drop? need for air guidance
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Ventilation– Our example:
• Bottom-up curtains– 30% opening– Closed can be lifted or lowered
• Needed inlet surface : 0,15m²x100cowsx3=450 m²
• Orientation: not ideal, but exceptable
www.khk.be
Stable construction
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Interior– 2 basic things to keep in mind:
• Cow welfare ( production )• Efficiency
– Need to understand cow behavior
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Individual cows: perception• Vision
– Cows see things differently– Accommodation
» = possibility to adapt the eye in order to see things sharp (nearby vs. distant)
» Nearby: good sight» Far away: troubled + slowly adapting
– Unsharp view far away poor recognition in the distance
– Sensitivity comparable to human
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Perception of motion: careful with rapid movements
www.khk.be
Stable construction– Bovines can adapt when luminance is changing,
but very slowly: e.g. outside -inside» Humans: 30 sec» Bovines: 3 min
– Cows like light ( tend to move to lighter place )– Afraid of contrasts=> avoid dark stables => avoid contrasts
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Light = important sufficient light permeable surfaces
– Need for diffuse light e.g. 90% permeable
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Vision area stressed animal
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Corridor effect
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Colours: bovines have limited colour vision, they rather respond to the brightness of the colours
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Smell and hearing– Compensate for the poor vision– Animals like habits unusual
smells or sounds scare them– Avoid strange smells
» e.g. new cows accommodation box to catch the stable smell
» e.g. work outfit in stable– Avoid hard, sudden noises
» e.g. gates silent blocs or wood
» e.g.radio
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Social behaviour• A herd is more than the addition of
animals cow society• Dominant animal fear, bully • Leaders respect, older, smarter or more
charismatic cow• Herd majority• Marginal animals sick, small, …
www.khk.be
Stable construction
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Avoid mixing herds there can only be one queen fights decreasing productivity
• Try to get to know who is who• Identifying marginal animals these
animals produce beneath their potential• 10% feeding and resting places surplus• Avoid bottlenecks give marginal
animals an alternative – e.g. drinking place at least 2
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Standing up• 6 fases
www.khk.be
Stable construction• Boxes: dimensions
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Soft material in boxes• Straw• Sawdust• Sand• Rubber cowmats
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Interior– Most efficient box arrangement
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Popular stable arrangement
www.khk.be
Stable construction
– Stable arrangement
www.khk.be
Stable construction
• Groups not bigger than 60-80 cows– Conventional milkingotherwise
waiting time to long (marginals)– Robot milking: capacity robot
• Claw health clean floor is important – Manually– Robot– Manure shifter
www.khk.be
Stable construction
www.khk.be
Milking
• Conventional milking– Milking area placement
www.khk.be
Milking
– “Once upon a time”: milking was a moment when one could observe all his/her cows
– Now: • large herds, impossible to remember • Aim: milking het highest amount of
animals in the shortest time (productivity)• Needs to happen as efficient as possible
– Rapid exit– “Carrousel”
www.khk.be
Milking
• Milking system on itself is more than 40 years old is ok
• Changing: – Monitoring – Milking assistance– Arrangement
• Rapid exit• “Carroussel”
• Recent development: separate milking each quarter
www.khk.be
Milking
www.khk.be
Milking
www.khk.be
Milking
• Robot– Major technical challenge: locating
the nipples and properly attaching the cups • Has been mastered• Infrared locator• Camera + optical data processing device
– Basics are OK, still small improvements (e.g. software, …)
www.khk.be
www.khk.be
Milking
• Robot– Weak points:
• Cows are not forced to have themselves milked ( is also a strenght )
• Milk quality
– How to get the cows going to the robot (especially sick, weak, marginal, low rank cows) ?• Free will• Smart gate ( combined with feeding )• Manually certain percentage inevitable
www.khk.be
Milking• Free will
– sometimes cows wait to long – utter problems – Lower robot occupation rate
• Smartgate– Eating – resting
• One way free ( saloon doors )• Other way: smartgate selection
– Possible problems• Bottleneck • Dominant vs. low rank?• Need for separate feeding and resting area
www.khk.be
Milking
www.khk.be
Milking
• Very important: location– Nearby for cows– Expandability– Separation of unhealthy animals
www.khk.be
Milking
Robot area
www.khk.be
Feeding
• Feed cost = important cost• Basic idea
– “low quality” base fodder ad libitum– High quality concentrate fodder
production dependent
• Need for correct applying
www.khk.be
Feeding
• Base fodder– Grass, maize, …– Intense mixing (and cutting), but not
squeezing – Vertical mixer vs. horizontal mixer
www.khk.be
Feeding
www.khk.be
Feeding
• Weight measuring = indispensable• Innovations : automatisation
www.khk.be
Feeding
www.khk.be
Feeding
www.khk.be
Feeding
• Concentrates
www.khk.be
Data acquistion
• “Once upon a time”: farmer observed cows
• Now: observing is still very important, but – Less contact– Increasing #cows– Increasing production need more
intense monitoring– More “amateurs” working on farms
www.khk.be
Data acquisition
• Farmer becomes manager– In order to take decisions need for
information– Automised monitoring systems can
help
www.khk.be
Data acquisition
• Ideal moment: milking– Production– Production per quarter– New (Eurotier 2008): Measurement of
fat, protein, lactose (future: more parameters)
– Number of milkings– …
www.khk.be
Data acquisition• Other measurement systems
– Motion monitoring (e.g. innovations Eurotier 2008 )
– ILVO ( Belgium ): detection of crippled animals
www.khk.be
Data acquisition
– General condition measuring • Optical systems (incl. infrared)• Weight• Seize • …
www.khk.be
Data acquisition• Problem: Information avalange • Challenge: Keep overview,
structurise information and automatic selection of deviating para- meters