PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

AND BIRTH

Prepared for: Dr. Nor Azian Md Noor

Prepared by: Khadijah Qiaojuping ( G0831416)

Suzlim Abdullah (G0810294)

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH

Prenatal development and birth

Prenatal development

Birth

Postpartum period

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Prenatal

Development

The course of prenatal

development

Teratology and hazards to prenatal development

Prenatal care

Cultural beliefs about pregnancy

Normal prenatal development

THE COURSE OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Three periods Three trimesters

The germinal period (1st 2 weeks)

First trimester (First three months)

The embryonic period (2-8 weeks) First trimester (First three

months)

The fetal period (2-9 months) First trimester (First three months) Second trimester (Middle three months)Third trimester (Last three months)

THE GERMINAL PERIOD (1ST 2 WEEKS)

THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD (2-8 WEEKS)

Three layers

Life-support systems

The endoderm

The mesoderm

The ectoderm

Digestive and respiratory systems

Circulatory system, bones, muscles,

excretory system and reproductive system

Nervous system, sensory receptors and

skin parts

The Amnion

The Umbilical cord

The Placenta

THE PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD

THE FETAL PERIOD

3 months after conception Become active, moving its arms and legs, opening and closing its mouth and moving its head

6 months after conception A grasping reflex is present, and irregular breathing movements

occur

8 months after conception The fetus grow longer and gains substantial weight

Prenatal development:video on prenatal dev.flv

ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

"Verily we created man from a drop of mingled sperm."

[AL-QUR'AN 76:2]

"That He did create in pairs---male and female, from a seed when lodged (In its place)."

[AL-QUR'AN 53:45-46]

"He makes you, in the wombs of your mothers, in stages, one after another, in three veils of darkness.”

[AL-QUR'AN 39:6]

"Man we did create from a quintessence (of clay); then we placed him as (a drop of) sperm in a place of rest, firmly fixed; then we made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot we made a (fetus) lump; then we made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then we developed out of it another creature. So blessed be ALLAH, the best to create!"

                                                                        [AL-QUR'AN 23:12-14]

                                                                                        

ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE Was He not a drop of sperm emitted (In lowly form)? Then did he become

a clinging clot; then did (Allah) make and fashion (him) in due proportion. And of him He made two sexes, male and female.“

[AL-QUR'AN 75:37-39]

"Him who created thee, fashioned thee in due proportion, and gave thee a just bias; in whatever form He wills, does He put thee together.“

[AL-QUR'AN 82:7-8] "And He gave you (the faculties of) hearing and sight and feeling (and

understanding)."                                                                                                [AL-QUR'AN 32:9]

"Verily we created man from a drop of mingled sperm, in order to try him: so we gave him (the gifts), of hearing and sight."

                                                                                               [AL-QUR'AN 76:2] "It is He who has created for you (the faculties of) hearing, sight, feeling

and understanding: little thanks it is ye give!"

[AL-QUR'AN 23:78]

TERATOLOGY AND HAZARDS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Teratogen- refers to any environmental agent that cause

damage during the prenatal period. It comes from the Greek word teras, meaning “malformation” or “monstrosity”. The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects is called teratology.

Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs

TERATOLOGY TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Fetal alcohol syndrome

1.Wide-set eyes2.Flat bones3.Thin upper lip

TERATOLOGY TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Fetal nicotine syndrome

1.Poor language 2.Cognitive skills3.Attention disorder

HAZARDS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENTPsychoactive and Illegal Drugs Alcohol, nicotine, cocaine and

heroin

Incompatible Blood Types Rh factor

Maternal Diseases Rubella, Syphilis, Genital herpes, AIDS (immune deficiency syndrome)

Maternal Diet and Nutrition Mother’s diet, pollution fish

Maternal Emotional States and Stress

intense fears, anxieties and other emotions

Maternal Age Adolescence & more than 30’s woman

Paternal Factors Abnormalities in sperm, father’s age

Environmental Hazards Radiation, toxic wastes, chemical pollutants

ISLAMIC PERCEPTIVE "Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the

flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than Allah.”

[Al-Qur’an 5:3]

"Oh you who believe! Verily, without a shadow of a doubt, wine, gambling, idol worshipping, instruments used for divining, for telling the future, are all impurities and pollutants from the activities of Shaytaan." "and he wishes to prevent you and stop you and hinder you from the remembrance of Allah and he wants to prevent you from performing salah."

[Al- Qur’an 5:90-91]

PRENATAL CARE

Food Dos and Don’ts

Health Care Dos and Don’ts

Lifestyle Dos and Don’ts

Environmental Dos and Don’ts

Prenatal care

CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT PREGNANCY

Expectant mothers behave during pregnancy may depend in part on the prevalence of traditional home-care remedies and folk beliefs, the importance of indigenous healers, and the influence of health-care professions in their culture.

Identify beliefs, values, and behaviors related to childbearing.

Affect women’s attitudes about the care needed during pregnancy (e.g. Religious, language)

NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

It is important to remember that, although things can do go wrong during pregnancy, most of the time pregnancy and prenatal development go well.

Avoiding teratogens helps ensure a positive outcome.

BIRTH

Birth

The birth process

Assessing the newborn

Low birth weight and preterm infants

THE BIRTH PROCESS

Stages of birth

Childbirth setting and attendants

Methods of childbirth

The transition from fetus to

newborn

The birth

process

STAGES OF BIRTH

First stage (12-24 hours) Contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about 4 inches so that the baby can move from the uterus to the birth canal

Second stage ( 1 ½ hours) The baby’s head start to move through the cervix and the birth canal

After birth stage (last only minutes)

The placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes are detached and expelled

METHODS OF CHILDBIRTH

Medications

Natural and Prepared childbirth

Cesarean delivery

Three basic kinds of drugs: analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics

Natural childbirth

Prepared childbirth

Childbirth: delivery and birth.flv

THE TRANSITION FROM FETUS TO NEWBORN

Pregnancy

Oxygen

Anoxia

At Birth

The placenta and umbilical

cord

Well prepared and adapted

the fetus Adrenaline,

noradrenalin and hormones

Vernix caseosa

Fetus

Brain damage

Skin

ASSESSING THE NEWBORN

Scales Definition Role

Apgar Scale A widely method to assessment the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth.

Evaluates infants’ heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle

tone, body color, and reflex irritability.

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral

Assessment Scale(NBAS)

A test given several days after birth.

Assess newborns’ neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale(NNNS)

Described as an “offspring” of the NBAS.

.Provides a more comprehensive analysis of newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities.

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM INFANTS

Low birth weight and

preterm infants

Three related conditions post

threats to newborn

The incidence and causes of low birth

weights

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM INFANTS

Three related

conditions post

threats to

newborn

Low birth weight

Being preterm (early delivery)

Being small during the pregnancy

Less than 2.3kg at birth

35 or fewer weeks at

birth

Birth weight is below

normal when duration of

pregnancy is considered

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM INFANTS

The incidence and causes of low birth weights

Incidences and causes of low birth weight

Mother’s poor health and nutrition (Developing countries)Cigarette smoking (Developed countries)

Consequences of low birth weights

Survival rates for infants, Brain injuries, Lung and liver diseases (at birth)Learning disabilities, Attention deficit, Breathing problem

Kangaroo care and massage therapy

Stabilized the preterm infants, heartbeat, temperature, and breathingLonger period of sleep, gain more weight, decreasing crying….

THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD

The period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth.

Physical adjustment

Emotional and psychological development

This period lasts for about six weeks or until the body has completed its adjustment and returned to a near pre-pregnant state.

Bonding

PHYSICAL ADJUSTMENT

A woman’s body makes numerous physical adjustments in the first days and weeks after childbirth.

Physical changes after the delivery

Involution is the process by which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnant size, 5 and 6 weeks after birth

Returned to normal life before pregnancy

EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Emotional and psychological development

“Baby Blues” and Postpartum Depression

A father’s adjustment

Women begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset about two and three days after childbirth

Relationship with the wife and baby

BONDING

A physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth.

An emotional attachment between the parents and newborn.

The weakness' of the maternal infant bonding.

Bonding: bonding.flv

ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

( :] أمه ] حملته بوالديه اإلنسان ووصينا لقمان سورة في رقم على اآلية وهنًـاعامين في وفصاله ( .31:14 )وهن

“And We enjoined on man concerning his parents- his mother bore him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning was

in two years ”.

xةxاعxَض zالَّر zم| {ت ي xن أ xاَد xرx أ |مxن� ل �ن| xي xام|ل َك �ن| xي و�ل xح zه{نxَدx و�َال

x أ xَض|ْع�ن {َّر� ي |دxاُت{ �وxال ( 2:233 ) وxال.

“Mothers shall breastfeed their children for two whole years, for such as desire to complete the term ”.