Prelude to Global War

Angela Brown

Chapter 14 Section 1

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Fascism and Nazism

• In Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union totalitarian government controlled every aspect of life.

• Used terror to suppress individual rights and to silence all forms of opposition

• Hitler and Mussolini based their government on fascism – places the importance of the nation above the value of the individual

• They focused on need to rebuild Germany and Italy.

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Hitler.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.soldat.com/kunst%2520Hitler.htm&h=638&w=507&sz=36&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=qPSj9jejI8scaM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhitler%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-leaders/ww2/mussolini.htm

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• Communism = all society jointly owns nation’s means of production (workers owners = no conflict)

• Fascism allows private business (conflicts resolved by government power)

• Both – Individual rights and freedoms are lost as everyone works for the benefit of society and the nation.

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Mussolini Controls Italy

• Benito Mussolini joined with other dissatisfied war veterans to organize the revolutionary Fascist party in 1919.

• Il Duce (“ the leader”) – relied on gangs of fascist thugs – Blackshirts – to terrorize and control opposition

• 1922 Mussolini threatened to March on Rome, the King panicked and appointed him Prime Minister.

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Victims

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• Mussolini suspended elections, outlawed all other political parties and established a dictatorship.

• 1935 invaded Ethiopia by March 1936 had control.

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Hitler Rules Germany

• Austrian painter, wounded in WWI, enraged by terms of peace settlement.

• 1919 joined National Socialist German Workers’ party, or Nazi Party.

• November 1923 attempted to overthrow government with 3000 followers – caught and sentenced to five years – confined 9 months.

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Mein Kampf

• In prison wrote Mein Kampf (“My struggle”)• Outlined Nazi philosophy, views of Germany’s

problems, plans for nation.• Germany had been weakened by certain groups –

blamed Jewish population for Germany’s defeat in WWI

• Called for the expansion and purification of the Aryan “race”.

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• Promised to stabilize economy and restore lost empire.

• Jan 1933 Nazi party largest group in the Reichstag (the German parliament) = Hitler head of German State

• Silenced opposition, suspended civil liberties, took dictorial powers – took the title Der Fuhrer, or “the leader”

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Nazi Party

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Europe Goes to War

• March 1936 – German troops moved into Rhineland, border of France and Belgium.

• Clearly violating the Versailles Treaty.• Germany was not ready to fight.• Later admitted he would have withdrawn if either

nation had resisted him. • 1936 signed alliance with Mussolini – created an

“axis” between Rome and Berlin • Later joined by Japan to become the axis powers.

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Axis Powers

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The German Empire Grows

• Encouraged by success in the Rhineland – March 1938 Hitler invaded and annexed Austria

• Britain and France protested – Germany Defiant • Hitler then demanded the Sudentenland of

Czechoslovakia.• Representatives from England, France, Germany

and Italy met in Munich in 1938 .

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• Followed a policy of appeasement or giving in to someone’s demands to keep the peace.

• Neither were ready to fight – remembered costs of WWI

• Agreed to give Germany Sudentenland – chose dishonor over war said Winston Churchill – member of Parliament

• 1939 Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia.

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Winston Churchill

http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/winston_churchill.htm18

• Britain and France again warned against expansion – pledged support to Poland if invaded

• Hitler unconcerned – signed treaty with Soviet Union so he would face no threat from the East

• Sept 1939 invaded Poland.• Two days later Britain and France declared war on

Germany.

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Blitzkrieg and Sitzkrieg

• Blitzkrieg or “lightning war” – rapid strikes before enemy had time to react

• Overran Poland in less than a month

• Stalin seized eastern Poland for the Soviet Union

• Lull = Sitzkrieg or “sit-down war”

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• Germany watched French forces build a system of defenses along German border – called “the phony war” by U.S. press.

• April 9, 1940 Hitler attacked Denmark and Norway.

• May 10 1940 – launched blitzkrieg on Belgium, the Netherlands, and France – all three quickly overwhelmed.

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• 900 small private crafts braved attacks by Luftwaffe (German air force) to carry 340,000 soldiers across English Channel to Great Britain.

• June 14 German troops entered Paris France surrendered.

• Great Britain now stood alone.

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Luftwaffe

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The Battle of Britain

• Hitler massed troops on French Coast 20 miles away across English Channel.

• Launched greatest air assault the world had yet seen.

• 1,000 planes a day rained bombs on Britain.

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London Damage

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• Royal Air Force (RAF) greatly outnumbered; RAF pilots often flew six and seven missions a day.

• End of 1941 20,000 killed and 73,000 injured in London

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Royal Air Force (RAF)

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Japan Builds an Empire

• Japanese needed raw materials, markets, and land = desire to establish empire

• Great Depression added to woes = more military power.

• 1931 seized Manchuria.

• 1937 aggression toward China.

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• By 1940 Japanese controlled most of eastern China.

• Set sights on Southeast Asia and the Dutch East Indies‘.

• Joined Axis powers – Tripartheid Pact 1940• Signed Neutrality Pact with Soviet Union.• Ready to challenge Europeans and Americans for

supremacy in Asia.

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Jesse Owens

• 1936 Olympic Games in Munich Owens won 4 gold medals in track and field events.

• He was African American.

• Hitler was furious.

• He expected a showcase of German athletes’ superiority due to “non-Aryan” inferiority.

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Jesse Owens

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1936 Olympics in Berlin

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The American Response

• 1938 FDR began naval build up in the Pacific.

• 1939 moved American Pacific fleet from San Diego, Cal. to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

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American Remains Neutral

• Disillusioned by WWI – fought to make the world safe for democracy – now questioned if actions made any difference

• Nation had enough problems at home.

• U.S. economy trapped in Great Depression.

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U.S. Policies

• Supported policy of Isolationism – U.S. interests better served by staying out of other nations quarrels

• Congress passed Neutrality Acts – declared that U.S. would withhold weapons and loans from all nations at war

• “Cash and Carry” policy – nonmilitary goods sold to nations at war be paid for in cash and transported by purchaser

• Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed GB and France to purchase weapons on a cash and carry basis – later amended to allow U.S. Merchant Ships to transfer to GB – no loans or purchases on credit.

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American Involvement Grows

• German aggression scared Americans.• Allowed FDR to trade 50 old destroyers to GB in

return for permission to build bases on British territory in Western Hemisphere.

• Congress authorized first peace time draft.• Selective Service Act required all males 21-36 to

register for military service – limited number selected to serve a year in army.

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• November 1940 FDR won re-election to 3rd term.• 1941 proposed provide war supplies to GB

without any payment in return.• Lend-Lease Act, March 1941, authorized

President to aid any nation whose defense is believed to be vital to American security.

• U.S. became “the great arsenal of democracy”

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Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

• Japanese demanded control and occupied French colonies in Indochina – mid 1941.

• FDR froze Japanese financial assets in U.S. and cut off all trade with Japan.

• Oct. 1941, Gen. Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister of Japan and supported war with U.S.

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• FDR proposed resume trade if Japan halt troop movement – still hoped for peace.

• November 25, U.S. government learned Japanese fleet moving toward Southeast Asia.

• U.S. demanded Japan withdraw from all conquered territory and Tripartite Pact.

• A second fleet of 6 aircraft carriers and more than 20 other ships were underway.

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• Japan had decided must destroy U.S. fleet in Hawaii if goals were to be met in Asia.

• Dec. 7, 1941, 180 Japanese warplanes overhead.

• Most of Pacific fleet lay anchored at Pearl Harbor in an area less than (3) square miles.

• Less than 2 hours 2400 Americans killed – 1200 wounded.

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• 300 U.S. warplanes sunk or damaged. (8 of 9 battleships)

• Japan lost 29 planes.

• Stunned Americans

• FDR stated this is “a date which will live in infamy,” next day ask Congress to declare War on Japan.

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FDR

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• Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on U.S.

• Japanese missed three aircraft carriers and the fleets heavy cruisers - their main goal.

• Two at sea and One in CA for repairs.

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