prehistory
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PREHISTORY
• PERIOD IN WHICH OUR ANCESTORS EXISTED ON EARTH BUT HAD NOT YET INVENTED WRITING
• OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THEM COMES FROM SCATTERED AND SCARCE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
• BECAUSE OF LACK OF WRITTEN EVIDENCE WE CAN ONLY SPECULATE ON WHAT THEY THOUGHT ABOUT, HOW THEY ORGANIZED THEMSELVES, HOW THEY INTER-RELATED WITH EACH OTHER, AND WHY AND HOW THEY BEHAVED THE WAY THEY DID
![Page 2: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MOST LIKELY THEORY FOR THE ORIGINS OF HUMAN BEINGS
• 3 MILLION YEARS AGO• SMALL APE-LIKE
CREATURES APPEAR ON SHORES OF SEVERAL EAST AFRICAN LAKES
• BECAUSE OF LARGER BRAIN CAPACITY THEY BECOME DOMINANT SPECIES IN REGION– DEVELOPED COMPLEX
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION– ABILITY TO MAKE AND
USE TOOLS AND WEAPONS
![Page 3: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
EVOLUTION• NATURAL SELECTION
– BIOLOGICAL PROCESS IN WHICH THE BEST TRAITS IN A SPECIES ARE PASSED ON AND AMPLIFIED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION WHILE NEGATIVE TRAITS GENERALLY ARE NOT
• RESULTED IN DEVELOPMENT CREATURES WHICH WERE STRONGER, SMARTER, AND LESS APE-LIKE IN APPEARANCE
![Page 4: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
MIGRATION
• MIGRATION TO OTHER PARTS OF AFRICA AND FINALLY OUT OF AFRICA
• SIMULTANEOUS EVOLUTION, POPULATION INCREASE, AND MIGRATION RESULTED IN APPEARANCE OF HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS AROUND 200,000-100,000 BCE
• MARKED BEGINNING OF PALEOLITHIC AGE
![Page 5: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
VARIATION• Behavior patterns developed based
on environment where humans lived– People in northern climates
developed custom of wearing clothing and use of fire
– People in southern climates were not under similar pressure to wear clothing and were slower to use fire
• Minor biological variations also appeared in response to environmental conditions– People in southern climates
retained high proportion of melanin in their skin pigment• Protects skin from sun• Makes skin darker
![Page 6: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PALEOLITHIC LIFESTYLE
• EXCLUSIVELY HUNTERS AND GATHERERS
• NO PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS– LIVED IN TEMPORARY
SHELTERS AND MOVED WHENEVER FOOD SUPPLIES RAN LOW
• LIVED IN BANDS OF APPROX. 30 PEOPLE
• COOPERATED TOGETHER TO OBTAIN FOOD AND FOR DEFENSE
• PRIMITIVE, NOMADIC PEOPLE BY MODERN STANDARDS
![Page 7: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PALEOLITHIC ACHIEVEMENTS I• MADE AND USED TOOLS
– VARIETY OF MATERIALS• STONE• WOOD• BONE
– CORRESPONDED TO IDEAS THEY HAD IN THEIR MINDS FIRST
– PRESERVED THEM FOR FUTURE USE
– TAUGHT OTHERS HOW TO MAKE AND USE THEM
– LATER GENERATIONS WOULD IMPROVE ON WHAT THEY HAD BEEN TAUGHT AND MAKE BETTER ONES• RESULTED IN CONTINUAL
IMPROVEMENT IN HUMAN TECHNOLOGY
![Page 8: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
PALEOLITHIC ACHIEVEMENTS II• SPOKEN LANGUAGE
– CAPACITY TO DESCRIBE THINGS– TO NAME THINGS– SHARE KNOWLEDGE,
EXPERIENCES, AND FEELINGS WITH OTHERS
• RELIGIOUS BELIEFS– BELIEVED FORCES OF NATURE
WERE LIVING THINGS THAT HAD TO BE APPEASED IN ORDER TO PERSUADE THEM TO BEHAVE IN A BENEFICIAL MANNER
– PRACTICE OF BURIAL OF DEAD • INDICATED BELIEF IN
AFTERLIFE
![Page 9: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PALEOLITHIC ACHIEVEMENTS III
• ART– PAINTED ON ANY
AVAILABLE SURFACE BUT ONLY ONES DONE IN CAVES HAVE SURVIVED
– MOTIVATED BY MAGIC• DESIRE TO ENSURE
SUCCESSFUL HUNT
![Page 10: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
BIRTH OF NEOLITHIC AGE• DISCOVERY OF
AGRICULTURE – 8000 BCE– MIDDLE EAST– BARLEY AND RYE– MOST LIKELY
DISCOVERED BY WOMEN
• ANIMAL HUSBANDRY– SHEEP AND GOATS
• TOGETHER, THEY MADE POSSIBLE A MORE RELIABLE SOURCE OF FOOD THAN HUNTING AND GATHERING HAD
![Page 11: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE NEOLITHIC AGE I• ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT
SETTLEMENTS• POPULATION GROWTH AND CONCENTRATION
OF PEOPLE• TRADE
– TRADED FOOD SURPLUS TO OTHER REGIONS IN EXCHANGE FOR COMMODITIES FARMERS NEEDED BUT DIDN’T PRODUCE THEMSELVES• SALT• VOLCANIC GLASS• IRON ORE
• INTERNAL TRADE WITHIN NEOLITHIC VILLAGES ALSO DEVELOPED– EXCHANGE OF FOOD FOR ITEMS SUCH AS
POTTERY, TOOLS, ETC.– DIVISION OF LABOR
![Page 12: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE NEOLITHIC AGE II
• AWARENESS OF PRIVATE PROPERTY
• DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL HIERARCHY AND GOVERNMENT– RULING ELITE EMERGES
AS SOME PEOPLE ACQUIRED MORE LAND THAN OTHERS• GAINED POWER OVER
THOSE WHO DIDN’T OWN AS MUCH AS THEY DID
![Page 13: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE I
Jarmo
Jericho
Catal Huyuk
Oldest Neolithic settlements found in the Middle East
8000 BCE
![Page 14: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE II
• AGRICULTURE LATER APPEARED IN OTHER PARTS OF WORLD– EITHER INDEPENDENTLY
OR AS RESULT OF EXPOSURE TO OLDER AGRICULTURAL REGIONS
• NEOLITHIC AGE DID NOT APPEAR EVERYWHERE AT THE SAME TIME– FIRST IN MIDDLE EAST– LATER IN OTHER PARTS
OF WORLD
![Page 15: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
NEOLITHIC TECHNOLOGY I
• POTTERY CONTAINERS– FOR STORING FOOD
AND WATER
• WHEEL AND SAIL– IMPROVED WATER
AND LAND TRANSPORTATION
• PLOW– MADE
AGRICULTURE EASIER AND MORE PRODUCTIVE
![Page 16: Prehistory](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062708/5588e202d8b42a506b8b4575/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NEOLITHIC TECHNOLOGY II• DISCOVERY OF METAL• FIRST METAL TO BE USE WAS
COPPER– EASILY SHAPED– ENABLED BROKEN TOOLS
AND WEAPONS TO BE RECAST AND RESHAPED
• NEXT METAL WAS BRONZE– ALLOY OF COPPER AND TIN– HARDER AND MORE
DURABLE THAN COPPER– MADE POSSIBLE BETTER
TOOLS AND WEAPONS WITH SHARPER CUTTING EDGES