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World Trade Center


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Introduction

y

The World Trade Center in New York City, United States,(sometimes informally referred to as the WTC or the Twin

Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower

Manhattan, mostly designed by architect Minoru Yamasakiand engineer Leslie Robertson and developed by the Port

Authority of New York and New Jersey.


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P lanningy Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site

along the East River for the World Trade Center.y The floors consisted of 4 inch (10 cm) thicklightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck.y Hat trusses (or "outrigger truss") located from the

107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to

support a tall communications antenna on top of eachbuilding.


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Construction

y G roundbreaking for theconstruction of the World Trade Center wason August 5, 1966.

y A six-level basement wasbuilt in the foundations.


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Construction

y When the World Trade Center twin towers werecompleted, the total costs to the Port Authority hadreached $900 million.

y The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4, 1973.


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Criticismy Although the towers became an undeniable symbol of

New York City, they were not without flaws and were

handicapped in many ways.y Initially conceived as a complex dedicated to

companies and organizations directly taking part in"world trade," they at first failed to attract the expected

clientele.


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The Complexy Ultimately the complex

came to consist of seven

buildings, but its mostnotable features were themain twin towers.

y During the 1990s,

approximately 500companies had offices inthe complex.


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The Complexy The World Trade Center complex was protected by an

extensive fire detection and voice evacuation pagingsystem upgraded after the 1993 bombing.

y Although most of the space in the WTC complex wasoff-limits to the general public, 2 WTC (South Tower)featured a public observation area named "Top Of The World."

y The North Tower (1 WTC) had a restaurant on the107th floor called Windows on the World, which wasan elegant restaurant known as a place for bigcelebrations, such as weddings.


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World Trade Center during the

timey The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing

in movies, TV shows, postcards, merchandise,magazines and much more, and became a New Yorkicon, such as the Empire State Building, or Statue of Liberty.

y On February 13, 1975, the WTC North Tower was besetby a fire which spread over nearly half of the 11th floor.

y On February 26, 1993 at 12:17 PM, a Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives was plantedby Ramzi Yousef and detonated in the undergroundgarage of the North Tower,


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The Reconstructiony On November 22, 2004,

New York G overnorG eorge Pataki named theliving former presidentsas honorary members of

the board rebuilding the World Trade Center.


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11 september 200 1y The September 11, 2001

attacks (often referred to as9/11) were a series of coordinated suicide attacksby al-Qaeda upon theUnited States.

y On that morning, nineteen

terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked fourcommercial passenger jetairliners


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11 september 200 1 American Airlines Flight11, a Boeing 767-200 wide-body aircraft,crashed into thenorthern side of theNorth Tower of the World Trade Center

(WTC) at 8:46:30 a.m.local time (EasternDaylight Time, 12:46:30UTC), hitting at the 94-98th floors.


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11 september 200 1 y United Airlines Flight 175, a Boeing 767-200, crashed

into the 78-85th floors of the South Tower at 9:02:59a.m. local time (13:02:59)y Collapsed :The south tower (2 WTC) fell at

approximately 9:59 a.m., after burning for 56 minutes

in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight175. The north tower (1 WTC) collapsed at 10:28 a.m.,after burning for approximately 102 minutes.


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y There were 2,974 fatalities, not including the 19hijackers: 246 on the four planes (no one on board of

the hijacked aircrafts survived), 2,603 in New York City in the towers and on the ground, and 125 at thePentagon.

y An additional 24 people remain listed as missing.y

A total of 411 emergency workers who responded to thescene lost their lives as they attempted to implementrescue and fire suppression efforts.


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11 september 200 1

In 1996, Bin Ladenissued his first fatw which called for"American soldiers toget out of Saudi Arabia". A second fatwa, issuedby bin Laden in 1998,"directed his followers tokill Americansanywhere".


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11 september 200 1y As media covered the

9/11 attacks unfolding,many quickly speculatedthat Bin Laden wasbehind the attacks.

y Fifteen of the attackers were from Saudi Arabia,

two from the United Arab Emirates, one fromEgypt, and one fromLebanon.


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11 september 200 1y Bin Laden initially denied, but later admitted

involvement in the incidents.y

In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotapefrom a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, where bin Laden admits foreknowledge of the attacks.

y Shortly before the U.S. presidential election in 2004, in

a taped statement, bin Laden publicly acknowledgedal-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the U.S, andadmitted his direct link to the attacks.


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11 september 200 1

In a videotape aired on Al Jazeera, on October 30,

2004, bin Laden said he had personally directed the 19hijackers. In the video, Bin Laden said "we had agreed with the Commander- G eneral Muhammad Atta, Allahhave mercy on him, that all the operations should be

carried out within 20 minutes, before Bush and hisadministration notice."


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11 september 200 1Minoru Yamasaki once stated: " I feel this way about it. World trade means world peace and consequently the World Trade Center buildings in New York ... had abigger purpose than just to provide room for tenants.The World Trade Center is a living symbol of man'sdedication to world peace ... beyond the compellingneed to make this a monument to world peace, the

World Trade Center should, because of its importance,become a representation of man's belief in humanity,his need for individual dignity, his beliefs in thecooperation of men, and through cooperation, hisability to find greatness."


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Conclusiony What I have tried to show in

this work is the two faces of life, the two parts of man: the

part that is trying to make world a better place, likeMinoru Yamasaki whothought that he will create apeace symbol, at least this was his intention, and theother part that is alwaysdestroying, like the hijackers which find Minoru s peacesymbol the perfect place tocrash in .

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