pre-industrial h.v.a.c. technology introduction early approaches the fireplace the stove ventilation...

PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

COOLING

1

WARWICK CASTLE, WARWICKSHIRE, ENGLAND, ELEVENTH CENTURY

PURPOSE:PROVIDE THE STUDENT WITH AN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW CURRENT SYSTEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL DEVELOPED.

ILLUSTRATE THAT HVAC TECHNOLOGY IS A FORMAL DETERMINATE.

EXPOSE THE STUDENT TO TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE PAST, WHICH MAY BE USEFUL IN SOLVING CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PROBLEMS.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

COOLING

2

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHESHEATING

COOLING

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

COOLING

3

THE OPEN FLAME, 6000 BC


INTRODUCTION


COOLING

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

COOLING

4

THE FIXED HEARTH, CORINTH, GREECE, C.2500 BC


INTRODUCTION


COOLING

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

COOLING

5

OLD DEANERY, SALISBURY, ENGLAND, THIRTEENTH CENTURY


INTRODUCTION


COOLING

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

COOLING

6

CROSBY HALL, ENGLAND, FIRTEENTH CENTURY


INTRODUCTION


COOLING

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

7

EVAPORATIVE COOLING, EGYPT & INDIA, C. 500 BC


INTRODUCTION


COOLING

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

8

SNOW COOLING, EMPEROR VARIUS AVITUS, 25 BC


INTRODUCTION


COOLING

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

9

EARTH COOLING, IRAN, 900 AD


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE

THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET

OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR

REFINEMENTS

SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS

THE STOVE

VENTILATION

10

ROCHESTER CASTLE, KENT, ENGLAND, ELEVENTH CENTURY

WALL FIREPLACES:USED IN THE ELEVENTH & TWELFTH CENTURIES IN MULTI-FLOORED CASTLES & ABBEYS.

THEY USUALLY CONSISTED OF A PLAIN ARCHED OPENING WITH A SEMI-CIRCULAR BACK.

THE LOWER PORTION OF THE BACK, WHERE COMBUSTION OCCURRED, WAS BUILT OF SELECT STONES, OFTEN LAID IN A HERRINGBONE PATTERN.

THEIR FLUES ROSE UP THROUGH THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL (10 TO 15 FEET) AND VENTED TO THE OUTSIDE.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

11

COLCHESTER CASTLE, ESSEX, ENGLAND, ELEVENTH CENTURY & ABINGDON ABBEY, THIRTEENTH CENTURY


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

12

ANTE CHAMBER IN THE FEUDAL CASTLE, TURIN, ITALY


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

13

HERSTMONCEUX CASTLE, EAST SUSSEX, ENGLAND, FIFTEENTH CENTURY

CHIMNEYS:DEVELOPED IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY .

A CHIMNEY IS AN INCOMBUSTIBLE VERTICAL STRUCTURE CONTAINING ONE OR MORE FLUES TO PROVIDE DRAFT FOR FIREPLACES AND CARRY AWAY THE GASEOUS PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION FROM FIREPLACES.

THE HIGHER THE CHIMNEY THE GREATER THE STACK EFFECT.

EARLY CHIMNEYS WERE BUILT OF SIMPLE BRICK CONSTRUCTION.

LATER CHIMNEYS WERE BUILT USING BRICK AROUND CLAY TILE LINERS.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

14

THORNBURY CASTLE, NEAR BRISTOL, ENGLAND, SIXTEENTH CENTURY

CHIMNEY TOPS:

CHIMNEY POTS:DEVELOPED IN THIRTEENTH CENTURY.

A CYLINDRICAL PIPE OF BRICK OR TERRA-COTTA USED TO INEXPENSIVELY EXTEND THE LENGTH OF THE CHIMNEY & THEREBY IMPROVE DRAFT.

CHIMNEY CAPS:PLACED ON TOP OF THE CHIMNEY TO CONTROL DOWNDRAFTS.

ALSO USED TO KEEP RAIN FROM GOING DOWN THE CHIMNEY & BIRDS FORM NESTING IN IT.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

15

PALAIS DE VERSAILLES, NEAR PAIR, FRANCE, 1657-61

THE GRATE:THE FIRES ON THE CENTRAL HEARTH AND IN THE EARLY WALL FIREPLACES WERE SIMPLY HEAPS OF FUEL.

IN 1600, THE FRENCH ARCHITECT, LOUIS SAVOT INVENTED THE GRATE.

THE GRATE HOLDS & ELEVATES THE FUEL PROVIDING MORE COMPLETE COMBUSTION.

IN 1674 PRINCE RUPPERT, NEPHEW OF CHARLES I, RAISED THE GRATE OF THE FIREPLACE WHICH IMPROVED THE AIRFLOW & VENTING SYSTEM.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

16

THE JACKET:IN 1624, LOUIS SAVOT DEVELOPMENT A FIREPLACE FOR THE LOUVRE IN PARIS IN WHICH AIR WAS DRAWN THROUGH PASSAGES UNDER THE HEARTH AND BEHIND THE FIRE GRATE AND DISCHARGED INTO THE ROOM THROUGH A GRILL IN THE MANTEL.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

17

FIRECAGE, SIR JOHN WINTER, 1600

DIRECT COMBUSTION AIR:IN 1600, SIR JOHN WINTER INTRODUCED PRIMARY AIR FOR COMBUSTION DIRECT FROM OUTSIDE BY MEANS OF A DUCT BENEATH THE FLOOR.

THIS INVENTION GREATLY REDUCED DRAFTS BY LOWERING THE INFILTRATION RATE.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

18

ESSAY IV. OF CHIMNEY FIRE-PLACES, BY COUNT RUMFORD, 1796

COUNT RUMFORD:

“OF CHIMNEY FIREPLACES WITH PROPOSALS TO SAVE FUEL; TO RENDER DEWILLING-HOUSES MORE COMFORTABLE AND SALUBRIOUS, AND EFFECTUALLY PREVENT CHIMNEYS FROM SMOKING,” 1796.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

19

ESSAY IV. OF CHIMNEY FIRE-PLACES, BY COUNT RUMFORD, 1796


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES


THE CHIMNEY

THE GRATE

THE JACKET


REFINEMENTS


THE STOVE

VENTILATION

20

TYPICAL BATH TOWNHOUSE, 18TH CENTURY


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVEGREEK & ROMAN BRAZIERS

SHEET METAL STOVE

SWEDISH BRICK & TILE STOVE

COCKLE STOVE

VENTILATION

21

THE FIXED HEARTH, CORINTH, GREECE, C.2500 BC

THE BRAZIERS:ROMAN BRAZIER CONSISTED OF A BRONZE TRIPOD ON WHICH A ROUND DISH CONTAINING FUEL WAS PLACED.

BRAZIERS WERE USED IN SPAIN AS LATE AS THE 1870’S.

THE BRAZIER WAS A FORERUNNER OF THE CLOSED STOVE. THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT INCLUDE THE LENGTHENING OF THE SIDES, THE FITTING OF A LID & OF A FLUE PIPE.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE


SHEET METAL STOVE


COCKLE STOVE

VENTILATION

22

OLD GERMAN STOVE, 1600.

CLOSED SHEET METAL STOVE:SHEET METAL STOVES WERE IN USE IN EUROPE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

THREE MAIN DEFECTS:THE HIGH TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACES.

THE HIGH TEMPERATURE OF THE FLUE GASES.

THE LACK OF PROPER CONTROL, WITH LARGE CONSEQUENT VARIATIONS IN OUTPUT.

SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENTS:THE USE OF FINS & RIBS ATTACHED TO THE BODY OF THE STOVE.

AN AIR JACKET AROUND IT.

LINING THE STOVE WITH REFRACTORY MATERIAL.

THE PROVISION OF A MAGAZINE FOR FUEL.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE


SHEET METAL STOVE


COCKLE STOVE

VENTILATION

23

SWEDISH STOVE, 1614.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE


SHEET METAL STOVE


COCKLE STOVE

VENTILATION

24

COCKLE STOVE, BY WILLIAM STRUTT, 1792.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE

VENTILATIONOPEN APERTURES

SASH WINDOW

HEAT-AIDED VENTILATION

THE FAN

25

LUDLOW CASTLE, SHROPSHIRE, ENGLAND, 11TH CENTURY


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE


SASH WINDOW


THE FAN

26

CASTLE OF CHARLOTTENBURG, BERLIN, GERMANY


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE


SASH WINDOW


THE FAN

COOLING

27

MINE VENTILATION, BY AGRICOLA, SIXTEENTH CENTURY

MINE VENTILATION:IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY AGRICOLA VENTILATED A MINE BY LIGHTING A FIRE AT THE BASE OF THE SHAFT.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE


SASH WINDOW


THE FAN

COOLING

28

JOHN DESAGULIERS, HOUSE OF COMMONS, LONDON, ENGLAND, 1723

MINE VENTILATION:IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY AGRICOLA VENTILATED A MINE BY LIGHTING A FIRE AT THE BASE OF THE SHAFT.


INTRODUCTION

EARLY APPROACHES

THE FIREPLACE

THE STOVE


SASH WINDOW


THE FAN

29

JOHN DESAGULIERS, PADDLE WHEEL FAN, 1734

pre-industrial h.v.a.c. technology introduction early approaches the fireplace the stove ventilation...

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