Pre-Inca civilizationsPre-Inca civilizations

PRE-INCA CIVILIZATIONSPRE-INCA CIVILIZATIONS

1. Chavín (1500-200BCE)

2. Paracas (800BCE-0)

3. Nazca (200BCE-800CE)

4. Moche (0-800CE)

Valdivia civilization (Ecuador)Valdivia civilization (Ecuador)

Valdivia civilizationValdivia civilization

• Between 3500 BC and 1800 BCBetween 3500 BC and 1800 BC

• Lived in houses built in a circle or oval around a Lived in houses built in a circle or oval around a central plaza.central plaza.

• Were sedentary people (lived off farming and Were sedentary people (lived off farming and fishing.)fishing.)

• Valdivians cultivated maize, kidney beans, Valdivians cultivated maize, kidney beans, squash, cassava, hot peppers and cotton squash, cassava, hot peppers and cotton plants.plants.

• Cotton was used to make clothing.Cotton was used to make clothing.

CHAVINCHAVIN•They extended their influence to other civilizations along the They extended their influence to other civilizations along the

coast.coast.

Elevation: Cajarma (2750 m (9022 ft) / Cusco (around 3400 m (11200 ft)Chavin (3180 meters (10430 ft) / Pachacamac (50-100m)

Chronology (Time Table)Chronology (Time Table)Cultures------------Years

Northern Coast

Northern Highlands

Central Coast

Central Highlands

Southern Coast

Southern Highlands

Altiplano

1500 B.C INCA INCA INCA INCA INCA INCA INCA

600 CE-1000 CE

WARI WARI WARI WARI WARI WARI TIWANAKU

600 CE CHIMU NAZCA TIWANAKU

0-800CE MOCHE NAZCA

200 BCE-800 CE CHAVIN

PARACAS

900 BCE-200 CE CHAVIN KOTOSH

Puquios aqueduct Nazca Puquios aqueduct Nazca

ARCHITECTURE: The Chavín de Huántar Temple

ArchitectureArchitecture

Created a Created a successful drainage successful drainage system.system.

Several canals built Several canals built under the temple under the temple acted as drainage,.acted as drainage,.

The Chavín showed The Chavín showed advanced acoustic advanced acoustic understanding. understanding.

ArchitectureArchitecture

The temple The temple appeared to be appeared to be roaring like a jaguar, roaring like a jaguar, a sacred animal. It a sacred animal. It was built of white was built of white granite and black granite and black limestone, neither of limestone, neither of which is found near which is found near the Chavín site. the Chavín site.

Metallurgy

MetallurgyMetallurgy

Knew soldering, Knew soldering, and used early and used early techniques to techniques to develop refined develop refined gold work.gold work.

Used early Used early techniques to techniques to develop refined develop refined gold work (the gold work (the melting of metal melting of metal had been had been discovered at this discovered at this point and was point and was used as a solder)used as a solder)

ArtArt

Chavín pottery with respect to Chavín pottery with respect to shape reveals two kinds of shape reveals two kinds of vessels:vessels:

1. Polyhedrous carved type.

2. Globular painted type.

StylisticallyStylistically

• Chavín art forms make extensive use Chavín art forms make extensive use of the technique of contour rivalry. The of the technique of contour rivalry. The art is intentionally difficult to interpret art is intentionally difficult to interpret and understand, since it was intended and understand, since it was intended only to be read by high priests of the only to be read by high priests of the

Chavín cult, who could understand the Chavín cult, who could understand the intricately complex and sacred intricately complex and sacred

designs. The Raimondi Stela is one of designs. The Raimondi Stela is one of the major examples of this technique.the major examples of this technique.

Contour rivalryContour rivalry

• It is an artistic technique used to It is an artistic technique used to create multiple possible visual create multiple possible visual

interpretations of an image. An image interpretations of an image. An image may be viewed as depicting one thing may be viewed as depicting one thing

when viewed in a certain way; but if the when viewed in a certain way; but if the image is flipped or turned, the same image is flipped or turned, the same lines that formed the previous image lines that formed the previous image now make up an entirely new designnow make up an entirely new design..

Contour rivalryContour rivalry • A detail of the Raimondi Stela, an A detail of the Raimondi Stela, an

example of contour rivalry produced by example of contour rivalry produced by the Chavin culture.the Chavin culture.

• This technique was widely practiced This technique was widely practiced by the artists of the Chavin culture of by the artists of the Chavin culture of the central Andes about two thousand the central Andes about two thousand

years ago. An example of this years ago. An example of this technique from the Chavín is the technique from the Chavín is the

Raimondi Stela.Raimondi Stela.

Art (Stela de Raimondi)

Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 40

2

4

6

8

10

12

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3

StelaStela dede RaimondiRaimondi

ReligionReligion

The nature-based iconography The nature-based iconography of anthropomorphic figures of anthropomorphic figures

which utilizes a feline theme is which utilizes a feline theme is one of the broad and one of the broad and

characteristic traits of Chavín characteristic traits of Chavín culture.culture.

Religion: Few deitiesReligion: Few deities

The main deity is The main deity is characterized by characterized by long fangs and long fangs and long hair made of long hair made of snakes. snakes.

God responsible for God responsible for balancing balancing opposing forces.opposing forces.

OtherOther deitiesdeities:: The deity for food

represented through flying cayman.

The deity of the underworld, represented as anacondas.

The deity of the supernatural world in general is represented through jaguars.

Agriculture and drainage Agriculture and drainage systemsystem

They developed elaborated irrigation They developed elaborated irrigation systems to assist the growth of potato, systems to assist the growth of potato, peanut, quinoa, and maize.peanut, quinoa, and maize.

• The Chavin de Huantar temple is an example of architecture and control of the enviroment. The temple's design shows complex innovation to adapt to the highland environments of Peru.

The end