Pre-historic TimesPre-historic Times

What do you know about What do you know about Prehistoric Man?Prehistoric Man?

What I know….What I know….

How are geography and history linked?How are geography and history linked?

How do anthropologists and How do anthropologists and archaeologists find out about early archaeologists find out about early peoples?peoples?

How do historians try to reconstruct the How do historians try to reconstruct the past?past?

Understanding Our PastUnderstanding Our Past1

By showing how people lived in different times and places, geographers have added to our knowledge of human history.

Geography and HistoryGeography and History

GeographyGeography is the study of is the study of people, their environments, people, their environments, and the resources available and the resources available to them.to them.

History uses written History uses written evidence to tell us how evidence to tell us how people lived in the people lived in the past.past.

1

Place

The Five Themes of GeographyThe Five Themes of Geography

Region

The Human Story

Human-environment interaction

Location

Movement

1

Anthropologists & Anthropologists & Archaeologists Archaeologists

AnthropologyAnthropology is the study of the origins and development of is the study of the origins and development of people and their societies. people and their societies.

ArchaeologyArchaeology is a specialized branch of anthropology. is a specialized branch of anthropology. They study past people and culturesThey study past people and cultures

Archaeologists study Archaeologists study artifactsartifacts,:objects made by human beings. ,:objects made by human beings. By looking at artifacts they can see how people By looking at artifacts they can see how people

developed developed technologytechnology, the skills and tools people use to , the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs.meet their basic needs.

1

Fossils & ArtifactsFossils & ArtifactsScientists use many clues to help them put pieces of the past together. One thing they must know is the difference between a fossil and an artifact.

Artifacts are remains of things that were made, not remains of living things.

Fossils are remains of living things (plants, animals, people), not things that were made.

How Do Historians Reconstruct the Past?How Do Historians Reconstruct the Past?

HistoriansHistorians rely primarily on written rely primarily on written evidence to determine how people evidence to determine how people lived in the past.lived in the past.

Recorded history began Recorded history began about about 5,0005,000 years ago, when people began to years ago, when people began to keep written records.keep written records.

Historians are like detectivesHistorians are like detectives Sometimes they come to different Sometimes they come to different

conclusions.conclusions.

1

AssessmentAssessmentWhich of the following is not an example of an artifact?Which of the following is not an example of an artifact?

a) clothinga) clothing

b) weaponsb) weapons

c) riversc) rivers

d) toolsd) tools

What do historians look at to learn how people lived in the past?What do historians look at to learn how people lived in the past?

a) They focus on the environments in which early a) They focus on the environments in which early people lived. people lived.

b) They primarily look at written records. b) They primarily look at written records.

c) They primarily dig for artifacts.c) They primarily dig for artifacts.

d) They primarily look at landformsd) They primarily look at landforms..

1

1

AssessmentAssessment

Which of the following is not an example of an artifact?Which of the following is not an example of an artifact?

a) clothinga) clothing

b) weaponsb) weapons

c) riversc) rivers

d) toolsd) tools

What do historians look at to learn how people lived in the past?What do historians look at to learn how people lived in the past?

a) They focus on the environments in which early a) They focus on the environments in which early people lived. people lived.

b) They primarily look at written records. b) They primarily look at written records.

c) They primarily dig for artifacts.c) They primarily dig for artifacts.

d) They primarily look at landforms.d) They primarily look at landforms.

PrehistoryPrehistory

The time period before writing was invented is The time period before writing was invented is known as known as PrehistoryPrehistory..

History is the time period after writing was History is the time period after writing was invented.invented.

Prehistory is also known as the Stone Age.Prehistory is also known as the Stone Age. The Stone Age has three parts:The Stone Age has three parts:

Old Stone Age or PaleolithicOld Stone Age or Paleolithic Middle Stone Age or MesolithicMiddle Stone Age or Mesolithic New Stone Age or NeolithicNew Stone Age or Neolithic

Website LinksWebsite Links

--Early Man- Ice Age Animals- Nat. Geographic Journey of Man- Stone Age people survival

More detailed link to other slideMore detailed link to other slide

National Geographic Journey of Man- National Geographic Journey of Man- https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html

Stone Age survival- Stone Age survival- http://www.creswell-crags.org.uk/Explore/virtually-the-ice-age/stone-age-people.aspx

The long journey of ManThe long journey of Man

3 Million Years Ago3 Million Years Ago3 million years ago, our planet was teeming with life!

There were deer, giraffes, hyenas, sheep, goats, horses, elephants, camels, beavers, cave lions, ants, termites, woolly mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, giant sharks, dogs with huge teeth, and all kinds of birds and plants and fish.

Very Early HumansVery Early HumansIt was during this time that the higher primates, including apes and early man, first appeared.

Their hands were different, too. Ape hands were made for climbing and clinging. Man’s hands were jointed differently, which allowed them to make and use tools.

There was a difference between apes and man. Early human-like hominids could stand upright. Apes could not.

Very Early HumansVery Early Humans

How do scientists know about an early man who lived 3 million years ago?

Lucy told them!

LucyLucyIn 1974, a skeleton was found in Africa. The bones were those of a female, about 20 years old or so when she died. Scientists named her Lucy.

About 3 million years ago, when Lucy was alive, she was about 4 feet tall and weighed about 50 pounds. Scientists suspect that she fell into a lake or river and drowned.

Scientists are like detectives. They can tell a great deal from a skeleton, whether it's one year old or 3 million years old!

Handy ManHandy ManThe Stone Age refers to the materials used to make man-made tools. In the Stone Age, man made tools out of stone. “Handy Man” was one of the first hominids to use stone tools.

Hunters & Gatherers: The Old Stone Age people were hunters/gatherers. We know this because scientists have found fossils and artifacts, which reveal traces of their life. These people did not plant crops. They gathered wild fruits, nuts, berries, and vegetables.

Handy ManHandy ManThese early human-like hominids were taller and smarter than Lucy’s people, but they did not know how to make fire.

When they broke camp, they probably tried to bring fire with them by carrying lit branches to use to start a new campfire.

If their branches went out, they did without fire until they found something burning.

Upright ManUpright ManMany years passed. Another group of man was born. Scientists nicknamed this group “Upright Man”. Upright Man did know how to make fire.

That changed everything!

People began to cook their food, which helped to reduce disease. People collected around the fire each night, to share stories of the day's hunt and activities, which helped to develop a spirit of community.

Upright ManUpright ManThese Stone Age people were about the same size as modern humans. Their tool-making skills were considerably improved. Their weapons included stone axes and knives.

Because Upright Man could make fire, he was free to move about in search of food. He did not have to worry about freezing. He made warm clothes from animal skins. At night, he built a campfire to cook his food and to stay warm.

Man Leaves HomeMan Leaves Home

About one million years ago, Upright Man began to slowly leave Africa. These early people began to populate the world.

Scientists have found artifacts of their tools and weapons, which help us to understand how they lived, where they went, and how they got there.

They did not need a boat. The Ice Age was here! They traveled across giant walkways of frozen ice, over what later would become vast rivers and seas.

NeanderthalsNeanderthalsOne day, scientists found a new skeleton. This skeleton was from another group of early men. Scientists named this man Neanderthal man, after the valley in which the skeleton had been found.

Scientists announced that these early men were dim-witted brutes, who walked with bent knees, with their heads slung forward on their big necks. Could these early people really be our ancestors?

What do you know about What do you know about Neanderthals?Neanderthals?

1.1. 2.2. 3.3. 4.4. 5.5. 6.6.

NeanderthalsNeanderthals

Neanderthals are the best known of the ancient Neanderthals are the best known of the ancient humans. The Neanderthals lived in humans. The Neanderthals lived in EuropeEurope and and central Asiacentral Asia between between 230,000 and 30,000-28,000 230,000 and 30,000-28,000 years ago—longeryears ago—longer than than Homo sapiensHomo sapiens, or modern , or modern humans, have lived on Earth. They lived during the humans, have lived on Earth. They lived during the most recent Ice Age, when vast sheets of ice covered most recent Ice Age, when vast sheets of ice covered many northern parts of the world. many northern parts of the world.

The term The term “Neanderthal“Neanderthal” (also spelled Neandertal) ” (also spelled Neandertal) comes from the comes from the Neander ValleyNeander Valley near Dusseldorf, near Dusseldorf, Germany. This is where scientists found the first Germany. This is where scientists found the first Neanderthal fossils in 1856. Neanderthal fossils in 1856.

NeanderthalsNeanderthals

But scientists had made a mistake!

The bones were bent because they were part of the skeleton of an old man suffering from arthritis! Arthritis is a disease that bends and cripples bones.

NeanderthalsNeanderthalsStill, Neanderthals were different from other species of early humans. They were tall and smart, and used caves as their homes. They were great hunters.

Considering how smart they were, and how advanced for their time, scientists are puzzled that the Neanderthals were one of the early species of man to die out. Many species of man died out in these early days. But why the Neanderthals? It is a history mystery.

Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone

The hyoid bone helps to support the tongue and elevate the The hyoid bone helps to support the tongue and elevate the larynx when you talk or swallow. It's the only bone of the larynx when you talk or swallow. It's the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone. The hyoid is body that does not articulate with any other bone. The hyoid is suspended above the larynx and is anchored by ligaments to suspended above the larynx and is anchored by ligaments to bones in the skull.bones in the skull.

Our gift of the gab is all due to a small horseshoe-shaped bone Our gift of the gab is all due to a small horseshoe-shaped bone suspended in the muscles of our neck, like a piece of fruit suspended in the muscles of our neck, like a piece of fruit trapped in Jell-O. trapped in Jell-O.

The hyoid bone, which is the only bone in the body not The hyoid bone, which is the only bone in the body not connected to any other, is the foundation of speech and is connected to any other, is the foundation of speech and is found only in humans and Neanderthals. found only in humans and Neanderthals.

Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone

assessmentassessment

1. Define hominid1. Define hominid 2. What does BC mean?2. What does BC mean? 3. Where did Neanderthals live? What modern 3. Where did Neanderthals live? What modern

country?country? 4. Why is making fire a great step for the 4. Why is making fire a great step for the

development of early Man?development of early Man?

Neanderthal Video-United Neanderthal Video-United StreamingStreaming

BEFORE WATCHING THE VIDEOBEFORE WATCHING THE VIDEO What do you know about Neanderthals and the environment in which they What do you know about Neanderthals and the environment in which they

lived? lived? • • As you watch the program, look for examples of how Neanderthals As you watch the program, look for examples of how Neanderthals

adapted to harsh living conditions. Note how their unique physical features adapted to harsh living conditions. Note how their unique physical features allowed them to thrive. allowed them to thrive.

AFTER WATCHING THE VIDEOAFTER WATCHING THE VIDEO::

In the program, Neanderthals used fire for protection and survival. In the program, Neanderthals used fire for protection and survival. What other What other survival skills survival skills did Neanderthals have? did Neanderthals have?

-How did they find food and protect themselves from the environment? -How did they find food and protect themselves from the environment?

- Discuss reasons - Discuss reasons why why Neanderthals became extinct if these skills were so Neanderthals became extinct if these skills were so

well devwell developedeloped

What ?What ?

What are five key ideas for a person to What are five key ideas for a person to remember about Neanderthals?remember about Neanderthals?

11 22 33 44 55

Cro-Magnon ManCro-Magnon ManAnother group of early men stood out during this period. Scientists nicknamed this group “Cro-Magnon man”.

Today they are also called “Early Modern Humans.” (EMH) because they are almost identical to modern humans today.

They were a little stockier than we are today because they probably hunted long distances and life was a little harder. Modern humans today have longer, leaner bones.

Cro-Magnon man lived throughout Europe.

This group did not live a life of constant struggle for survival because they worked together to provide food for their tribe. They lived in larger groups and had more specific roles for doing tasks than the isolated smaller Neanderthal groups.

Cro-Magnon ManCro-Magnon ManThese Stone Age people learned to cure and store food for the long winter. They used traps, which allowed them to catch food while they were busy doing something else. Fisherman used nets woven from vines and fishhooks.

Some groups built rafts and canoes to catch bigger fish in deeper waters.

They made clothing and jewelry. They invented the bow and arrow.

*language was a key to their superiority over Neanderthals

NewcomersNewcomers

@50,000 years ago Cro-Magnons (EMH-early @50,000 years ago Cro-Magnons (EMH-early modern humans) moved into Europe with: modern humans) moved into Europe with: tailored clothing, better shelters, more efficient tailored clothing, better shelters, more efficient tools….that helped them survive the cold of tools….that helped them survive the cold of glacial Europeglacial Europe

Their appearance challenged the world of the Their appearance challenged the world of the Neanderthals.Neanderthals.

What happened that Modern What happened that Modern Man outlasted Neanderthals?Man outlasted Neanderthals?

Around 50,000 years Around 50,000 years ago something happens:ago something happens:

-Early modern humans -Early modern humans bring in modern bring in modern technologies:technologies:

--finer bladesfiner blades, , projectile projectile weapons such as the weapons such as the bow, boats, fish hooksbow, boats, fish hooks

2. Idea of not adapting to 2. Idea of not adapting to rapid climate changes rapid climate changes that change “prey-types”that change “prey-types”

Some scholars think a Some scholars think a mutation in the brain mutation in the brain occurred in modern occurred in modern humans making it humans making it possible for this possible for this “techno-jump” of ideas.“techno-jump” of ideas.

Birth rate of Birth rate of Neanderthals was too Neanderthals was too low due to low due to environmental causesenvironmental causes

The power of languageThe power of language

They lived in larger groups, communicated They lived in larger groups, communicated ideas to other groups. ideas to other groups.

Neanderthals – they were more isolated in Neanderthals – they were more isolated in their clans; their ideas were not shared as often their clans; their ideas were not shared as often resulting in little change of ideas over 200,000 resulting in little change of ideas over 200,000 yearsyears

Homo Sapiens and NeanderthalsHomo Sapiens and Neanderthals Scientists believe Scientists believe Homo sapiens or EMHs Homo sapiens or EMHs coexisted for a coexisted for a

time with Neanderthals. There are a lot of questions about time with Neanderthals. There are a lot of questions about how they dealt with each other.how they dealt with each other.

Two popular theories about the relationship Two popular theories about the relationship between between modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals: modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals:

• • Out of Africa: Out of Africa: The theory states that Homo sapiens first lived in The theory states that Homo sapiens first lived in Africa and eventually traveled into Europe and Asia. These humans Africa and eventually traveled into Europe and Asia. These humans had evolutionary advantages that allowed them to outlive—and had evolutionary advantages that allowed them to outlive—and perhaps cause the extinction of all other hominid groups (as opposed perhaps cause the extinction of all other hominid groups (as opposed to apes) such as Neanderthal. The way they hunted, talkedto apes) such as Neanderthal. The way they hunted, talked

• • Multiregional: Multiregional: The theory states that modern Homo sapiens The theory states that modern Homo sapiens evolved from Neanderthal and other hominid groups in Europe and evolved from Neanderthal and other hominid groups in Europe and Asia.Asia.

Other ideas why Neanderthals Other ideas why Neanderthals eventually disappeared.eventually disappeared.

Neanderthals required more meat to survive-Neanderthals required more meat to survive-

= the S.U.V. of their time. They needed a lot of = the S.U.V. of their time. They needed a lot of fuel to survive.fuel to survive.

Modern humans had smaller brains, less Modern humans had smaller brains, less energy requirements.energy requirements.

ReviewReview

1. What is considered some of the possible 1. What is considered some of the possible explainations for Neanderthals going extinct?explainations for Neanderthals going extinct?

2. How do EMH differ anatomically from 2. How do EMH differ anatomically from modern humans today? Why is that perhaps?modern humans today? Why is that perhaps?

3. Think of one question over this unit to ask 3. Think of one question over this unit to ask the class.the class.

The Stone Ages The Stone Ages

Time periodsTime periods Paleolithic (c 2,000,000 – c 10,000 B.C.) (Old Stone Age)Paleolithic (c 2,000,000 – c 10,000 B.C.) (Old Stone Age) Longest Age(circa) two million years to 10,000 years ago. to coincide with the first evidence/ tool making, Longest Age(circa) two million years to 10,000 years ago. to coincide with the first evidence/ tool making,

and last ice age.and last ice age. Mesolithic (c 10,000 – c 5,500 B.C.) (Middle Stone Age)Mesolithic (c 10,000 – c 5,500 B.C.) (Middle Stone Age) Covers last ice age until the introduction of farming (sometime around 5,500 B.C.) However, that Covers last ice age until the introduction of farming (sometime around 5,500 B.C.) However, that

particular date just represents widespread farming; it apparently was already taking place a few (or several) particular date just represents widespread farming; it apparently was already taking place a few (or several) thousand years earlier in the Middle East. Farming began at different times between the various culturesthousand years earlier in the Middle East. Farming began at different times between the various cultures

Neolithic (c 5,500 – c 2,500 B.C.) (New Stone Age)Neolithic (c 5,500 – c 2,500 B.C.) (New Stone Age) very short Neolithic time period, covers the period from the beginning of farming and ending when metal very short Neolithic time period, covers the period from the beginning of farming and ending when metal

tools came into widespread use. Again, since ‘widespread’ would be a judgment call as to when the next tools came into widespread use. Again, since ‘widespread’ would be a judgment call as to when the next age (Bronze Age) should begin, it would be a matter of opinion. Metal tools in common use (copper) could age (Bronze Age) should begin, it would be a matter of opinion. Metal tools in common use (copper) could have begun as early as 6,000 B.C. within some regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa, effectively have begun as early as 6,000 B.C. within some regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa, effectively eliminating the need to refer to any Neolithic time period at these locations. However, it could apply to less eliminating the need to refer to any Neolithic time period at these locations. However, it could apply to less advanced regions like the Americas and the rest of Africa. The Neolithic therefore became regionally advanced regions like the Americas and the rest of Africa. The Neolithic therefore became regionally applied also.applied also.

Stone AgeStone Age Stone AgeStone Age, the time, early in the , the time, early in the

development of human cultures, development of human cultures, before the use of metals, when tools before the use of metals, when tools and weapons were made of stone. The and weapons were made of stone. The dates of the Stone Age vary dates of the Stone Age vary considerably for different parts of the considerably for different parts of the world. In Europe, Asia, and Africa it world. In Europe, Asia, and Africa it began about 2 million years ago. began about 2 million years ago.

Throughout the immense time span of the Throughout the immense time span of the Stone Age, vast changes occurred in Stone Age, vast changes occurred in climate and in other conditions affecting climate and in other conditions affecting human culture. Humans themselves human culture. Humans themselves evolved into their modern form during the evolved into their modern form during the latter part of it. latter part of it.

The Stone Age has been divided The Stone Age has been divided into three periods: the into three periods: the Paleolithic, Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic. Mesolithic, and Neolithic.

Ages reviewAges review

Old Stone AgeOld Stone Age

Paleolithic - 2,000,000 – 10,000 B.CPaleolithic - 2,000,000 – 10,000 B.C Middle Stone Age- Middle Stone Age-

Mesolithic - 10,000 – c 5,500 B.C.Mesolithic - 10,000 – c 5,500 B.C. New Stone Age-New Stone Age-

Neolithic (c 5,500 – c 2,500 B.CNeolithic (c 5,500 – c 2,500 B.C

Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) It was the longest Age It was the longest Age .. It began about It began about 2 million years ago2 million years ago, when , when

stone tools were first used by humanoid stone tools were first used by humanoid creatures, and ended with the close of the creatures, and ended with the close of the last ice age about 10,000 BC. last ice age about 10,000 BC.

The The hunting and gathering hunting and gathering of food was of food was the norm. At first, single tools, such as the norm. At first, single tools, such as chipped pebbles or flaked stone chipped pebbles or flaked stone implements, were used for all purposes. implements, were used for all purposes. Over time, a variety of tools were made Over time, a variety of tools were made for specific purposes. for specific purposes.

At the end of the Paleolithic period, At the end of the Paleolithic period, modern humans (Homo sapiens) made modern humans (Homo sapiens) made such specialized tools as needles and such specialized tools as needles and harpoons. In the Cro-Magnon caves of harpoons. In the Cro-Magnon caves of Europe, wall paintings and evidence of Europe, wall paintings and evidence of both religious cults and possible social both religious cults and possible social stratification point to the complexity of stratification point to the complexity of the cultures. the cultures.

made simple tools and weapons out of stone, bone, or made simple tools and weapons out of stone, bone, or wood; wood;

developed a spoken language;developed a spoken language; How did this change life?How did this change life?

invented clothing; invented clothing;

used caves and rocky overhangs for shelter;used caves and rocky overhangs for shelter;

learned to build fires learned to build fires for warmth, cooking, light, and ceremonies. for warmth, cooking, light, and ceremonies.

During the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic era, people lived as nomads, in small hunting and food gathering groups. These people

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age2

Early people left evidence of their belief in a spiritual world.Early people left evidence of their belief in a spiritual world.

Animism is the belief that the world Is full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams.

Cave paintings may have been part of animist religious rituals.

Stone statues are believed to have had religious meaning. Statues of pregnant women suggest that early people worshiped earth-mother goddesses.

Early people began burying their dead with care, suggesting a belief in life after death. They provided the dead with tools and weapons for the afterlife.

2

Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)

10,000 BC to about 5,500 BC10,000 BC to about 5,500 BC

Changing weather patterns resulted in the Changing weather patterns resulted in the greater availability of food. In tropical and greater availability of food. In tropical and temperate forest regions, Paleolithic tools, still temperate forest regions, Paleolithic tools, still chipped, were adapted to the new conditions.chipped, were adapted to the new conditions.

Neolithic (New Stone Age)Neolithic (New Stone Age)

In both the Middle East and in Mesoamerica, In both the Middle East and in Mesoamerica, however, agricultural villages had begun to develop however, agricultural villages had begun to develop by by 8000 BC. 8000 BC.

About About 5,500 BC 5,500 BC this time becomes known as this time becomes known as the the Neolithic period, or New Stone Age. Neolithic period, or New Stone Age.

Neolithic Agricultural Revolution was the change from nomadic to farming life.

The Neolithic Agricultural RevolutionThe Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

PEOPLE BEFORE PEOPLE AFTER

Learned to farm and were able to produce their own food.

Settled into permanent villages.

Learned to domesticate, or tame, animals. This provided a dependable source of meat.

Relied on hunting and gathering.

Nomads lived in small hunting and food-gathering groups.

Waited for migrating animals to return each year.

2

This led to the development of civilization

NeolithicNeolithic

In the Neolithic era or New Stone Age people In the Neolithic era or New Stone Age people built civilizations near rivers.built civilizations near rivers.

Why?Why? Advantages?Advantages? Disadvantages?Disadvantages?

2

AssessmentAssessment

Which of the following suggests that early people held religious Which of the following suggests that early people held religious beliefs?beliefs?

a) They buried their dead with tools, weapons, and other items a) They buried their dead with tools, weapons, and other items needed in the afterlife. needed in the afterlife.

b) They learned to produce their own food.b) They learned to produce their own food.

c) They developed a spoken language.c) They developed a spoken language.

d) They lived in caves or under rocky overhangs.d) They lived in caves or under rocky overhangs.

Which was an advance of the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?Which was an advance of the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?

a) Early people learned to gather nuts and berries.a) Early people learned to gather nuts and berries.

b) Early people learned to hunt.b) Early people learned to hunt.

c) Early people learned to produce their own food.c) Early people learned to produce their own food.

d) Early people became nomads.d) Early people became nomads.

2

AssessmentAssessment-Answers-Answers

Which of the following suggests that early people held religious Which of the following suggests that early people held religious beliefs?beliefs? a) They buried their dead with tools, weapons, and other a) They buried their dead with tools, weapons, and other items needed in the afterlife. items needed in the afterlife.

Which was an advance of the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?Which was an advance of the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?

c) Early people learned to produce their own food.c) Early people learned to produce their own food.

What advances did What advances did people make during the people make during the Old Stone Age?Old Stone Age?

How can we learn about How can we learn about the religious beliefs of the religious beliefs of early people?early people?

Why was the Neolithic Why was the Neolithic agricultural revolution a agricultural revolution a turning point in history?turning point in history?

2

Review questions

Prehistoric ArtPrehistoric Art

Cave PaintingsCave PaintingsCro-Magnon man (EMH) did something rather unusual. For some reason, he drew paintings deep inside dark caves, on cave walls.

His paintings were added to the paintings already on the cave walls, left by other Cro-Magnon men.

Over time, a cavemight accumulate hundreds of paintings. Colors used most often were brown, yellow/tan, dark red, and coal black.

Cave PaintingsCave Paintings

Animals were well drawn and filled in with natural colors to give them even more shape and substance. They drew stick figures for hunters. They drew stencils of hands.

Cave PaintingsCave Paintings

To reach the deepest part of the cave, where other paintings could be found, Cro-Magnon man had to crawl through the maze like tunnels of the cave, holding a spoon-like oil lamp to light his way, while carrying his carefully prepared paints.

A MysteryA MysteryIt was quite dangerous. Cro-Magnon man had no idea if he might run into a cave lion. He might fall into a hole and die.

There are many history mysteries. This is one of them.

Why did he do it? Perhaps it was a coming of age ceremony, or perhaps it served a religious purpose. Maybe it was a sort of, “I was here.”

Cave PaintingsCave Paintings A prehistoric bison painting from A prehistoric bison painting from

the caves at the caves at Altamira, Spain. Altamira, Spain. This image was found in the This image was found in the

Painted Hall, a 300-yard deep Painted Hall, a 300-yard deep limestone cave. limestone cave.

This cave is a prehistoric gallery This cave is a prehistoric gallery of Cro-Magnon art that includes of Cro-Magnon art that includes 25 other images of various 25 other images of various animals: bison, boars, horses, animals: bison, boars, horses, deer, and a wolf. deer, and a wolf.

The paintings date back to the Old The paintings date back to the Old Stone Age, around 12,000 B.C.Stone Age, around 12,000 B.C.

Lascaux FranceLascaux FranceThe existence of cave paintings was discovered by accident. Around 1940, during World War II, some kids

were playing in a field in Lascaux, France. They stumbled across a cave entrance. It had been hidden by the tree roots. The walls were covered with cave paintings!

Once people knew the paintings existed, they looked for more such caves, and found them.

Cave of Lascaux, France

Discovered by four boys in 1940.

Caves are filled with pictographs and petroglyphs of hundreds of animals.

There are almost 600 pictures of animals, mostly horses.

Other animals painted are stags, bulls, bison, and ibex.

Only one man is painted.

Virtual tour of Lascaux Virtual tour of Lascaux CaveCave

http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?lng=en#/en/00.xmllng=en#/en/00.xml

Why did they paint the cave? What do the paintings mean?

Just the animals that were around at that time.

Instructions on how to hunt or not to hunt.

The cave was used for religious ceremonies.

Painting were for good luck in hunting.

PowerPoint created by Amy J McCray, WKU Anthropology Undergrad. 2005.

ReferencesReferences Coy, Fred, Thomas C. Fuller, Larry G. Meadows, and James L. Swauger. Coy, Fred, Thomas C. Fuller, Larry G. Meadows, and James L. Swauger.

Rock Art of KentuckyRock Art of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, . University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 2003.2003.

Google Images. 1 December 2005. <http://www.google.com/imghp?Google Images. 1 December 2005. <http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&q=>hl=en&tab=wi&q=>

The Caves of Lascaux. 1 May 2005.The Caves of Lascaux. 1 May 2005.

<http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/><http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/>

Pictograph: Painting on a surface like a cave wall.

Petroglyph:Design carved into rock or other surface.

Kentucky Rock Art

WHAT DO YOU EMEMBER?WHAT DO YOU EMEMBER?

What do you recall?What do you recall? What you now wonder What you now wonder about?about?

Homo erectus, Neanderthal, Homo erectus, Neanderthal, Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon

The reconstructed skulls of three The reconstructed skulls of three prehistoric humans. prehistoric humans. From left to right: From left to right: Homo erectus,Homo erectus, Neanderthal, and Cro- Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon. Magnon. Homo erectusHomo erectus (formerly known (formerly known as as Pithecanthropus erectus,Pithecanthropus erectus, a part of the a part of the species which includes Java Man and species which includes Java Man and Peking Man) lived from 1 1/2 million to Peking Man) lived from 1 1/2 million to 250,000 years ago.250,000 years ago.

These people were more than five feet These people were more than five feet tall and probably had spoken languages. tall and probably had spoken languages. Although they used stone tools and fire, Although they used stone tools and fire, no traces of industry were found no traces of industry were found associated with them. associated with them.

The The Neanderthals,Neanderthals, who lived from 230,000 who lived from 230,000 to 30,000 years ago, are among the direct to 30,000 years ago, are among the direct ancestors of modern man (ancestors of modern man (Homo sapiensHomo sapiens); ); their burial remains indicate a belief in an their burial remains indicate a belief in an afterlife. Cro-Magnon Man lived from afterlife. Cro-Magnon Man lived from 35,000 to 10,000 years ago, in the late 35,000 to 10,000 years ago, in the late Paleolithic (Stone) age, and was similar to Paleolithic (Stone) age, and was similar to modern humans. (GPB)modern humans. (GPB)

RecapRecapWe know about early Stone Age people because scientists have found fossils and artifacts that reveal traces of their life.

Man went through many stages to evolve into the humans of today! Since this evolution covers roughly 3 million years, you might say it took man a long time to grow up!

Early HumansEarly Humans

1. What is a hunter-gatherer?2. What is a Stone Age?3. Why was the ability to make fire so

important?4. How could early humans travel from Africa

to Australia without a boat?5. What did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave

walls? 6. Why did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave

walls?

Questions

Great Websites for further study

3.5 million year old footprints3.5 million year old footprints A trail of footprints A trail of footprints 3 1/2 million 3 1/2 million

years years old found old found byby Mary Leakey Mary Leakey at at Laetoli, Laetoli, TanzaniaTanzania. . These footprints These footprints show that human-like creatures were show that human-like creatures were walking upright in East Africa 3 1/2 walking upright in East Africa 3 1/2 million years ago. million years ago.

Although precise relationships Although precise relationships between the between the AustralopithecineAustralopithecine species species and modern man and modern man (Homo sapiens)(Homo sapiens) are are still subject to debate, new discoveries still subject to debate, new discoveries in Africa promise to continue pushing in Africa promise to continue pushing back the frontiers of knowledge about back the frontiers of knowledge about human prehistory.human prehistory.

Smithsonian linksSmithsonian links

Short video on evolutionShort video on evolution http://humanorigins.si.edu/http://humanorigins.si.edu/

resources/intro-human-resources/intro-human-evolutionevolution

What does it mean to be What does it mean to be human slide showhuman slide show

http://humanorigins.si.edu/http://humanorigins.si.edu/resources/multimedia/resources/multimedia/slideshows/slideshow/531slideshows/slideshow/531

Short video on technology Short video on technology use on artifactsuse on artifacts

http://humanorigins.si.edu/http://humanorigins.si.edu/resources/multimedia/resources/multimedia/videos/video/new-videos/video/new-technology-old-fossilstechnology-old-fossils

The Human Family TreeThe Human Family Tree http://humanorigins.si.edu/http://humanorigins.si.edu/

evidence/human-fossils/evidence/human-fossils/speciesspecies

EndEnd

Cave Painting projectCave Painting project DIRECTIONS: Materials needed: (1) Access to the internet. plain copy paper- DIRECTIONS: Materials needed: (1) Access to the internet. plain copy paper-

2 sheets, colored markers, pencils, one piece of notebook paper. 2 sheets, colored markers, pencils, one piece of notebook paper. Log on to each of the following sites to learn about paintings in each one. Log on to each of the following sites to learn about paintings in each one.

Spend some time exploring each cave and its various links. Spend some time exploring each cave and its various links. Answer the following questions #1 and #2. Then pick one picture that you find Answer the following questions #1 and #2. Then pick one picture that you find

appealing to you and copy it down by hand on another sheet of notebook paper appealing to you and copy it down by hand on another sheet of notebook paper as directed.as directed.

Cosquer Cave site- Cosquer Cave site- http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/archeosm/en/fr-cosqu5.htmhttp://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/archeosm/en/fr-cosqu5.htm This Web site describes the This Web site describes the Cosquer CaveCosquer Cave located at Cape Morgiou, near located at Cape Morgiou, near

Marseilles on the Mediterranean Sea. The unique feature of this cave is that it Marseilles on the Mediterranean Sea. The unique feature of this cave is that it contains several dozen works painted and engraved between 27,000 and 19,000 contains several dozen works painted and engraved between 27,000 and 19,000 years ago. It is decorated with a variety of land animals, but also with seals and years ago. It is decorated with a variety of land animals, but also with seals and auks, fifty-five hand stencils, and numerous digital markings, dozens of geometric auks, fifty-five hand stencils, and numerous digital markings, dozens of geometric symbols, as well as the extraordinary representation of a "slain man."symbols, as well as the extraordinary representation of a "slain man."

Page 2 Cave painting projectPage 2 Cave painting project Lascaux Cave site- Lascaux Cave site- http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/00.xml/index.htmlhttp://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/00.xml/index.html This web site looks at the famous Lascaux cave in France now closed to the public. This web site looks at the famous Lascaux cave in France now closed to the public.

It has a different variety ofanimals and paintings in it compared to the Cosquer It has a different variety ofanimals and paintings in it compared to the Cosquer Cave. Cave.

--Questions and prompts-----Questions and prompts--- 1.-What is different about the Cosquer Cave when compared to the Lascaux Cave? 1.-What is different about the Cosquer Cave when compared to the Lascaux Cave?

Why?Why? 2- What do these paintings tell us about other aspects of the life of cave dwellers or 2- What do these paintings tell us about other aspects of the life of cave dwellers or

Paleolithic people?Paleolithic people? 3. Pick one painting from one of the caves above and copy it by hand using a 3. Pick one painting from one of the caves above and copy it by hand using a

pencil, colored markers etc…onto another sheet of paper. Do your best to copy it pencil, colored markers etc…onto another sheet of paper. Do your best to copy it as it was drawn thousands of years ago. Then write below it important information as it was drawn thousands of years ago. Then write below it important information about it for the viewer, what cave it was found in, its “name”, what it represents, about it for the viewer, what cave it was found in, its “name”, what it represents, how it was drawn etc..how it was drawn etc..

Page 3 Cave painting projectPage 3 Cave painting project

DOING THE DRAWING:DOING THE DRAWING: Materials: blank sheet of paper, colored pencils or markersMaterials: blank sheet of paper, colored pencils or markers Free-hand copy your chosen paintingFree-hand copy your chosen painting Below the painting include: title of it and which cave, Below the painting include: title of it and which cave,

important fact(s), your initialsimportant fact(s), your initials ““The Sitting Horse”-Hall of Chinese Horses-Lascaux CaveThe Sitting Horse”-Hall of Chinese Horses-Lascaux Cave Blowing technique on outline, only horse painted in this pose.Blowing technique on outline, only horse painted in this pose. -FM-FM

Group ProjectGroup Project

Project AimProject Aim: Study the physical features and : Study the physical features and lives of Neanderthals or Cro-Magnons. Each lives of Neanderthals or Cro-Magnons. Each group will research one of the following group will research one of the following topics to report to the rest of the class.topics to report to the rest of the class.

• • Physical features and cranial capacity Physical features and cranial capacity • • Hunting and diet Hunting and diet • • Tools and weapons Tools and weapons • • Burial of dead and religion Burial of dead and religion • • Shelter Shelter • • Art, music, and language Art, music, and language

Use the following websites and write a one page Use the following websites and write a one page PPT group page. Print out or sketch pictures you find PPT group page. Print out or sketch pictures you find while doing research to use for ideas on your page. while doing research to use for ideas on your page. Combine all ideas into a one page power point page Combine all ideas into a one page power point page and save it on your flashdrive for Mr. M.and save it on your flashdrive for Mr. M.

- - In the Stone Ages In the Stone Ages (see A Neanderthal’s Day and (see A Neanderthal’s Day and Follow Your Roots) Follow Your Roots)

http://www.neanderthal-modern.com/ http://www.neanderthal-modern.com/ - - Neandertals: A Cyber PerspectiveNeandertals: A Cyber Perspective

http://dsc.discovery.com/stories/science/stoneages/sthttp://dsc.discovery.com/stories/science/stoneages/stoneages.html oneages.html

- - Homo NeanderthalensisHomo Neanderthalensis http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/ http://sapphire.indstate.edu/~ramanank/

Group Project (continued)

http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/hfs9.html http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/hfs9.html • • Neanderthal for High School Students Neanderthal for High School Students http://members.iinet.net.au/~chawkins/http://members.iinet.net.au/~chawkins/

frames.htmframes.htm Gale Discovering Gale Discovering

http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/newm58356http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/newm58356 EBSCO http://search.epnet.comEBSCO http://search.epnet.com