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PRAVNI TEKST I PREVOĐENJE
1.JEZIK PRAVA vs PRAVNI JEZIK (registar vs žanr)
2.PRAVNI DISKURS:
2.1 DISKURS ZAKONODAVSTVA – izvjesnost vs fleksibilnost
2.2 SUDSKI DISKURS – SUDSKI PROCES
2.3 DISKURS SUDSKIH/SUDAČKIH ODLUKA – SUDSKA IZVJEŠĆA
1. JEZIK PRAVA vs PRAVNI JEZIK (registar vs žanr) Pravo: formuliranje, tumačenje, provedba
Jezik prava: specifičnost (diskretnost – discrete features) predvidljivi procesi i obrasci (komunikacija i leksikogramatika)
PREDRASUDE: Obscure expressions Circumlocutions Longwinded involved constructions Tortuous syntax Meaningless repetitions Archaisms Formulaic expressions Pomposity, verbosity
ZAHTJEVI na jezik/tekst prava: preciznost jasnoća nedvosmislenost sveobuhvatnost bezličnost dekontekstualnost
common law vs continental law case law vs statutory law
PRAVNE SITUACIJE = pravni diskurs(i): 1. judicial law/discourse 2. courtroom discourse 3. language of legal documents (institutional, contracts, conventions, legal/judicial reports)
PRAVNI DISKURS – opća obilježja
poseban jezik ? pravni vs svakodnevni govor povijesni razvoj – sve manje razlike (utjecaj ideologije)
pravni diskurs: neujednačen – diskurs(i) teoretski model (neprimjenjiv na sve situacije)
koherentnost i kohezija ?! jezik – često kao faktor ograničenja opis jezika prava teorestski pristup (Halliday, Maley, Bhatia, Šarčević)
Functional systemic model (Halliday 1985) language as a semiotic system signs communicating meaning:
a) linguistic, b) nonlinguistic, c) both signs in 'characteristic configurations in specific social situations':
1. Meaning configurations: discourse type (register or genre)
lexicogrammar textual organisation structure
2. relationship between discourse type and social situation: values or functions:
field (matter of content) mode (processes of text production
& orgnisation) tenor (dynamics of social situation,
point of view) Related meanings / functions of language:
(i) ideational / conceptual (mortgage vs hypothec, Šarčević 2002, p. 243)
(ii) interpersonal (iii) textual: subfunctions:
experiential (content)
logical (relationships)
VRSTE PRAVNIH SITUACIJA:
1. pravna vrela / izvori 2. predsudski / izvansudski / izvanparnični procesi
3. sudski procesi 4. zapisi sudskih odluka / rješenja / presuda
SCENARIJ (Maley, p. 15) Figure 1 (p. 16) – scan
2.1 DISKURS ZAKONODAVSTVA: izvjesnost vs fleksibilnost
osnovna funkcija: propisivanje (regulate, lay down, set out) društvenoga ponašanja
temeljni zahtjevi: (a) izvjesnost (certainty/UK vs
clarity/H) (b) fleksibilnost 'all cases must be decided alike' relativnost pravne stvarnosti, jezika i prevođenja (situacija, ideologija, spaciotemporalni faktori, ...)
zakonodavni akti (Statutes, Acts of Parliament) – 'systematically interrelated sets of rules'
certainty vs flexibility
rules of legislation common law rules
Strukturna obilježja teksta: (obligatory & optional elements) prematerial body of the statue:
definitions substantive part procedural part
(a) uvodni dio / prematerial (dug naslov, datum, preambula, performativni čin ozakonjivanja / enacting formula):
e.g. Be it enacted by ..., ..., as follows: NB: razlike ! (EHR): Ovime proglašavam ... : Herewith I promulgate
(b) zakon (body): definicije, sadržajni dio (substantive), proceduralni dio; hijerarhijska podjela (sections, subsections, paragraphs)
(c) dopune (schedules, ...)
OBILJEŽJA ZAKONSKOG TEKSTA
1. PERFORMATIVNOST I MODALNOST 'enacting formulae' (UK/US vs HR) 'saying of the words ... performs linguistic acts as social acts' (konjunktiv, 'operative verb'
modalni glagoli (must, shall, may, present simple) – permission (may), ordering (shall), prohibition (may not, shall not)
e.g.: This Act shall come into force on ... This Act may be cited as the Interpretation Act 1989.
VOCABULARY/TERMINOLOGY: general terms subjective terms detailed lists of terms phrasal repetition
e.g.:
Court orders 7. (1) The court may make an order under this section for the purpose of securing, in
the case of any existing or proposed proceedings in the court
(a) the preservation of evidence which is or may be relevant, or (b) the preservation of property which is or may be the subjectmatter of the proceedings or as to which any question arises or may arise in the proceedings.
(2) A person who is, or appears to the court likely to be, a party to proceedings in the court may make an application for such an order.
(3) Such an order may direct any person to permit any person described in the order, or secure that any person so described is permitted
(a) to enter premises in England and Wales, and (b) while on the premises, to take in accordance with the terms of the order any of the following steps.
(4) Those steps are
(a) to carry out a search for or inspection of anything described in the order, and (b) to make or obtain a copy, photograph, sample or other record of anything so described.
(5) The order may also direct the person concerned
(a) to provide any person described in the order, or secure that any person so described is provided, with any information or article described in the order, and (b) to allow any person described in the order, or secure that any person so described is allowed, to retain for safe keeping anything described in the order.
(6) An order under this section is to have effect subject to such conditions as are specified in the order.
(7) This section does not affect any right of a person to refuse to do anything on the ground that to do so might tend to expose him or his spouse to proceedings for an offence or for the recovery of a penalty.
(8) In this section
"court" means the High Court, and "premises" includes any vehicle;
and an order under this section may describe anything generally, whether by reference to a class or otherwise.
8. (1) The Lord Chancellor may by order amend the provisions of section 33(2) of the Supreme Court Act 1981, or section 52(2) of the County Courts Act 1984 (power of court to order disclosure etc. of documents where claim may be made in respect of personal injury or death), so as to extend the provisions
(a) to circumstances where other claims may be made, or (b) generally.
(2) The power to make an order under this section is exercisable by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
2. IZVANJEZIČNO I TEKSTUALN0 ZNAČENJE specialised & technical vocabulary – konceptualizacija semantičkih polja (sem. field of homicide: homicide: murder: manslaughter, strangulation)
definitions: for the purpose of this statute ...
'legalese': cease and desist/stop, cognizant of/aware, commence/start, conceal/hide, contiguous to/nex, in accordance with/by or under, in regard to/about, in the event that/if,
nominalizacija – 'synatctic and grammatical correlates of technicality'
subjective & vague terminology (sredstvo zakonopisaca)
vokabular – arhaični izrazi
3. PRAVNE FIKCIJE – LOGIČNI POSTAVI a) Kao sredstva pripreme / pisanja
zakona (drafting)
b) procedural, jurisdictional, substantive
'deeming section': ... a person who ... is deemed to ...
'For the purpose of this enactment or statute, X is deemed to be Y' – metaphor
4. 'DELIBERATE FLEXIBILITY' wilful, reasonable, negligent,
unconsciable ... instead of unintentional ambiguity
5. TEMATIZACIJA Razlike E – H Foreground – background Old/known – new/different
6. SUPROTNOSTI I PROŽIMANJE IZVJESNOSTI I FLEKSIBILNOSTI
subjektivna i višeznačna termoinologija kao sredstvo pisaca nacrta zakona (drafting practices)
'appropriate level of generality'
7. TUMAČENJE TEKSTA Tehnike, semantički problemi: sinonimija, homonimija, inkluzivnost, promjene značenja, kontekstualnost i intertekstualnost
doslovan prijevod kao sredstvo – plain meaning
8. EKSPLICITNOST vs IMPLICITNOST
9. INTER/TEKSTUALNA OBILJEŽJA (precedents – intertextual by definition)
TEKSTUALNA OBILJEŽJA
1. struktura članka
2. glavna i subordnirana rečenica (provisionary clause & qualifications)
3. umetnute rečenice (nonfinite)
4. binomni izrazi
5. elementi kohezije
ZAKONSKI TEKST
1. KOMUNIKACIJSKA NAMJERA
2. ZAKONSKE ODREDBE KAO ŽANR
3. SINTAKTIČKA OBILJEŽJA
INSTITUCIONALNIH ODREDABA
4. KOGNITIVNA STRUKTURA
INSTITUCIONALNIH ODREDABA
1. KOMUNIKACIJSKA NAMJERA
opća namjena: naredba radi nametanja obveze ili davanja prava, zabrana
obredbe: jasne i nedvosmislene onoliko koliko to dopuštaju lingvistička sredstva
primatelji: obični građani pravi primatelji: pravnici, suci draftsmen: poznavanje jezičnih resursa i diskursnih startegija ('to box the judge firmly into a corner'
2. ZAKONSKE ODREDBE KAO ŽANR
Vrste zakonskih propisa: • action rules • stipulation rules • definition rule
a) action rules za obveze, prava, zabrane, opunomoćenja, objavu prava ili kazna
e.g. When any person in the presence of a police officer commits or refuses to ... , he may be arrested by ... in order that ... (Criminal Procedure Code, RS)
b) stipulation rules određuju područje primjene nekog zakona ili njegova dijela
e.g. Sections 35 to 46 of this Act do not apply to a tenancy at any time when ...(Housing Act, UK)
c) definition rules primjenjuju se na čitav zakon (terminološka objašnjenja)
e.g. In this chapter 'landlord authority' means – (a) a local authority (b) ... a housing association ... (c) a development corporation (Housing
Act, UK)
3. SINTAKTIČKA OBILJEŽJA INSTITUCIONALNIH ODREDABA
3.1 Duge rečenice (legal 271 : scientific 27)
3.2 Nominalizacija (V – N): annulment – annull; abandonment – abandon,
alteration – alter ... (the Wills Act, RS)
3.3 Binomni / multinomni izrazi 'two or more words belonging to the same
gram. catergory having some semantic relationship and joined by some syntactic device such as and or or'
signed and delivered, sold and transferred, act or ommission, by or on behlaf of, unless and until, within .... or elsewhere, ...
e.g. Prevention of Corruption Act, India (48 različitih načina prihvaćanja zahvalnosti)
3.4 Uvodni opis pravnog predmeta / slučaja (case) – adverbijalna rečenica (Where ...; If ...; Should ...)
3.5 Izražavanje restrikcije/ ograničenja u odredbama (qualifications)
E.g. Where ..., and if ..., then, subject to ..., the Secretary of State, if he thinks ..., may, by means of ..., make special regulations in pursuance of ... (notwithstanding ...) within a period of ..., provided that ... )
Bhatia 1991 p. 109, 116, Bhatia 1994:152, 154
3.6 Umetnute rečenice – syntactic discontinuity
§ radi pojašnjenja § moguće nerazumijevanje i višeznačnost § umetanje restrikcije (rezervacije) neposredno iza antecedenta § opasnost nerazumijevanja, nezgrapnost, otežana raščlamba i prijevod § antecedent: glagol (shall), NP, binomni izraz, prijedložni izraz § e.g. p. 1489)
3.7 Formulaic expressions
4. KOGNITIVNA STRUKTURA INSTITUCIONALNIH ODREDABA
Proces pisanja / izrade zakona: 1. glavna / određujuća klauzula
(main provisionary clause) – 'bones' 2. pravna radnja (vrsta ovlasti ili prava koje se nekome daje ili uskraćuje) – 'flesh'
3. Forma zakonskih rečenica: If X, then Y shall do Z If X, then Y shall be Z
X = opis pravnog predmeta (case) na koji se zakon, propis, pravilo odnosi
Y = pravni i gramatički subjekt Z = pravna radnja (legal action)
(g. Coode 1848):
Case
Condition
Subject Action
Where any Quaker refuses to pay any church rates, if any church warden complains thereof, one of the next Justices of the Peace may summon such Quaker.
VRSTE RESTRIKCIJA:
a.Preparatory qualifications opisuju slučaj / predmet zakona, propisa
b. Operational qualifications dopunske informacije o provedbi ili primjeni propisa (rule of law)
c. Referential qualifications određuju intertekstualnu narav zakonske odredbe
N.B.: provisionary clause + qualification:
TWOPART INTERACTIVE MOVESTRUCTURE OF LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS
KONTRASTIVNA ANALIZA INSTITUCIONALNIH TEKSTOVA
Razine: 1. diskurs, tekst, pragmalingvistika 2. sintaksa 3. vokabular
§ europsko zakonodavstvo + UN § hrvatsko zakonodavstvo § njemačko, talijansko, francusko, finsko zakonodavstvo § UN, Europska unija i prevođenje institucionalnih tekstova § smjer prevođenja
STRUKTURA ZAKONSKOGA TEKSTA
CND/US HR Preliminary prov. Long title Preamble (opt.) Short title Enacting clause Application prov. Interpretation prov.
I. Opće odredbe
Principal prov. Substantive prov. Administrative pr.
II. .... (sadržajne odredbe)
Suppl. prov. Offences & penalt. Prov. on the making of subsidiary leg., indemnities, etc.
(Dopunske odredbe)
Final prov. Savings Repeals Transitional prov. Commencement pr. Schedules (annexes)
Prijelazne i završne odredbe
Hijerarhijska podjela odredaba:
US/UK/UN F I G HR Libro 1 Buch
Part 1 Partie I Parte 1 1. Teil 1. dio Division I Section I Titolo 1. Titel Glava 1. Subdiv. a Soussect a Capitolo 1 1. Kapitel 1. poglavlje Section 1 Article 1 Capo 1 1. Abschnitt Subsect. (1) Para. (1) Articolo 1 Artikel 1 Članak 1 Paragraph (a) Alinea (a) Alinea (1) Absatz (1) Stavak 1 Subpara. (i) Sousal. (i) Lettera (a) Buchstabe (a) Točka 1
HR zakoni: numerička podjela + članak + alineja
HR prijevodi: semantički prijevod
MEĐUNARODNE KONVENCIJE / SPORAZUMI (CONVENTIONS, TREATIES)
EH: Konvencija UN o pravu mora (UNCLOS) Konvencija STCW ITU
HE: • Ustav RH • www.mvp.hr • Narodne novine
References:
Maley, Y. (2000) The Language of the law, p. 1150
S. Šarčević (1997) New Approach to Legal Translation
Legal Translation (S. Šarčević, ur. 2002) Scarpa, T. (2001) La traduzione specializzata
Narodne Novine. (Oficial Gazette) Usporedni tekstovi; Internet
Shipping Newsletter – Pomorski vjesnik (1995) – usporedni tekstovi
Marks, M. (2002) 'Teaching german English legal translation to german students of Translation'. Internet: Legal Translation Workshop
Koskinen, K. (2000) 'Institutional Illusions' D. Cardoso de Camargo – 'Corpusdbased Translation Research on Legal, Technical and Journalistic Texts'
D. De Leo – 'Pitfalls in Legal Translation' D. Exell Pirro – 'La traduzione giuridica'
G. CapellasEspuny – 'The problem of terminological equivalence in international maritime law'
B. Pritchard (1995) 'Neke osobitosti prevođenja institucionalnih tekstova u pomorstvu', Pomorski zbornik, Rijeka
Pritchard, B. (1996) ‘Komunikacijski elementi u prevođenju institucionalnog teksta’, Zbornik HDPL, Zagreb, 345357