prasanth( e=mc2)
TRANSCRIPT
prepared by
Prasanth.K
“THREE” “ LETTERS” “CHANGES” “THE” “ENTIRE” “WORLD”……………..!
“ E” INSTEIN
“M” ADE
“ C” REATIVE WORLD
E
C
M
E = mc2 is everywhere!
What do you think of…Energy (in joules)
= Mass (in kilograms) XThe Speed of Light Squared(in meters squared per second
squared) ?
Complex Science?!?
But did you know these units? No…
Because you never used E = mc2 !!!for us…
Knowing = Memorising≠ Using
Mass What is the mass of 1 litre of water?
A litre of water is defined to have a mass of one kilogram!
○ m = 1 So, E = 1 (9 X 1016)
= 9 X 1016 JoulesThat is it!
Was that tough?You just fruitfully used Einstein’s Equation!!!
Isn’t that a strange question?
No it’s Not!
Matter and Energy are two forms of the same
thing!
Neither can be destroyed but, under
special circumstances, either can be turned
into the other
Lots of energy goes into making even a
small mass and it can also be got back in
some form.
E = mc2 tells you exactly how much
energy a given amount of mass
contains.
Use it Properly!
THEORY OF RELATIVITY OF EINSTEIN
Einstein’s hypotheses:
1. The laws of nature are equally valid in every inertial reference frame.
2. The speed of light in empty space is same for all inertial observers, regard- less of their velocity or the velocity of the source of light.
Summary (so far) Moving clocks run slow
Moving objects appear shorter
Moving object’s mass increases
By a
fact
or of
WHAT IS THE MAIN THEME OF THIS ??/?!!!!!!!!!!!!!! HE JUST SAID THAT THE
VARIATION IN THE SPEED OF THE PHOTON IS DUE TO THE FRAME OF REFERENCE.
THE VARIATIONS WAS CLEARLY EXPLAINED BY EINSTEIN.
FOR THAT PURPOSE HE CONSIDERED A CART SYSTEM AND HE EXPLAINED AS FOLLOWS.
APPLICATIONS
Best use…
All our energy comes from the Sun!
The Sun has E=mc2 as its source of energy.
Einstein’s relation: E = mc2
!04 mmm Hep
J103.4MeV8.26 122 cmE
Energy released in one reaction:
(Binding energy)
kg10048.0 27m
Hans Bethe 1939
0.007, or 0.7% of the rest energy of protons (4mpc2) is released
This is 107 times more efficient than chemical reactions!
Nuclear reactions?• Fission: decay of heavy nuclei into lighter fragments
•Fusion: synthesis of light nuclei into a heavier nucleus
Energy released per proton is ~10-20 MeV!!
Energy is released in fusion reaction if the sum of masses of initial nuclei is larger that the mass of the final nucleus
mp + mp
MD + me < 2 mpDeuterium
Positron (antielectron)
neutrino
Deuterium has larger binding energy than protons (more tightly bound)
M = 2 mp- MD - me
Energy released E = M c2
Famous Einstein’s relation: E = mc2
hydrogen
hydrogen
Fusion: light bind together to form heavyFission: break up heavy to form light
Shown is the energy released per fusion/fission event; this is called the binding energy. Note that a relatively large amount is released from hydrogen to helium.
Still, it takes 1038 reactions per second to support the sun!That is the conversion of 5 millions tons of mass into energy every second. Thus mass is lost from the sun forever. Still, only 0.07% of its mass will be lost this way (added up over the billion life time of the sun).
Note the special location of iron.We revisit this later in Ch 10.
Energy ProductionEnergy generation in the sun
(and all other stars):
Nuclear Fusion
= fusing together 2 or more lighter nuclei to produce heavier ones.
Nuclear fusion can produce energy up to the production of iron;
For elements heavier than iron, energy is gained by nuclear fission.
Binding energy due to strong force = on short range, strongest of the 4 known forces: electromagnetic, weak, strong, gravitational
Proton-proton cycle
ATOMIC BOMB
EFFECT OF ATOMIC BOMB 200,000 people have been killed by just 2
atomic bombs. One Hydrogen Bomb could kill 50 times as
many! We hope that this type of situations should
not occur in future. Use this technology to a create energy
which will be useful to some other.
Achievements of scientists
Scientific achievements – Nature 22nd December 2005
Direct test of mass/energy relationship E = mc2
GAMS Interferometer ILL
ILL-MIT-NIST
E=mc2 might be wrong??????????????
??
Neutrino image of the Sun
Observed neutrino flux is 2 times lower than the theoretical prediction!
The problem has been finally solved just recently:
Neutrinos “oscillate”! They are converted into other flavors: mu and tau neutrinos
Neutrinos should have massParticle physics models should be modified
Conclusion
Research improves the quality of living.
If this great equation might be wrong nothing will be happen to science.
Quality of science increases. “EINSTEIN” “GREAT MIND OF
EXCELLENCE”
Science is not story telling….! Also painstaking observations to
nature
“RESPECT NATURE”
Thank you
“prasanth”
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