Pradip sangle

Indian History Important Dates

BC

2300–

1750Indus Valley Civilization.

From

1500Coming of the Aryans.

1200–

800Expansion of the Aryans in the Ganga Valley.

600 Age of the 16 Mahajanapadas of northern India.

563–

483Buddha’s Life-span.

540–

468Mahavir’s Life-span.

362–

321Nanda dynasty.

327–

326Alexander’s invasion of India. It opened a land route between India and Europe.

322 Accession of Chandragupta Maurya.

305 Defeat of Seleucus at the hands of Chandragupta Maurya.

273–

232Ashoka’s reign.

261 Conquest of Kalinga.

145–

101Regin of Elara, the Chola king of Sri Lanka.

58 Beginning of Vikram era.

AD

78 Beginning of Saka era.

78-101 Kanishka’s reign.

319–

320Commencement of Gupta era.

380 Accession of Chandragupta II ‘Vikramaditya’

405–

411Visit of Chinese traveller Fahien.

415 Accession of Kumargupta I.

455 Accession of Skandagupta.

606–

647Harshavardhan’s reign.

II. Medieval

712 First invasion in Sindh by Arabs (Mohd. Bin Qasim).

836 Accession of King Bhoja of Kannauj.

985 Accession of Rajaraja, the Chola ruler.

998 Accession of Sultan Mahmud Ghazni.

1001 First invasion of India by Mahmud Ghazni who defeated Jaipal, ruler of Punjab.

1025 Destruction of Somnath Temple by Mahmud Ghazni.

1191 First battle of Tarain.

1192 Second battle of Tarain.

1206 Accession of Qutubuddin Aibak to the throne of Delhi.

1210 Death of Qutubuddin Aibak.

1221 Chengiz Khan invaded India (Mongol invasion).

1236 Accession of Razia Sultana to the throne of Delhi.

1240 Death of Razia Sultana.

1296 Accession of Alauddin Khilji.

1316 Death of Alauddin Khilji.

1325 Accession of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.

1327Transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in Deccan by the Muhammad-bin-

Tughlaq.

1336 Foundation of Vijaynagar empire in the South.

1351 Accession of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

1398 Timur’s invasion of India.

1469 Birth of Guru Nanak.

1494 Accession of Babur in Farghana.

1497–

98

First voyage of Vasco da Gama to India (discovery of sea route to India via the Cape of

Good Hope)

1526First Battle of Panipat; Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi; foundation of Mughal dynasty by

Babur.

1527 Battle of Khanwa-Babur defeated Rana Sanga.

1530 Death of Babur and accession of Humayun.

1539 Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and became India’s emperor.

1555 Humayun recaptured the throne of Delhi.

1556 Second Battle of Panipat (Bairam Khan defeated Hemu).

1556 Battle of Talikota (Rakshasa-Tangadi).

1576 Battle of Haldighati-Rana Pratap was defeated by Akbar.

1582 Din-i-Ilahi founded by Akbar.

1600 English East India Company established.

1605 Death of Akbar and accession of Jahangir.

1606 Execution of Guru Arjun Dev, the 5th Guru of Sikhs.

1611 Jahangir marries Nurjahan.

1615 Sir Thomas Roe visits Jahangir.

1627 Birth of Shivaji and death of Jahangir.

1628 Shahjahan becomes emperor of India.

1631 Death of Mumtazmahal.

1634 The English permitted to trade in India (in Bengal).

1659 Accession of Aurangzeb, Shahjahan imprisoned.

1665 Shivaji imprisoned by Aurangzeb.

1666 Death of Shahjahan.

1675 Execution of Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs.

1680 Death of Shivaji.

1707 Death of Aurangzeb.

1708 Death of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs.

1739 Nadir Shah invades India.

1757 Battle of Plassey, establishment of British political rule in India at the hands of Lord Clive.

1761 Third battle of Panipat.

III. Modern

1764 Battle of Buxar.

1765 Clive appointed Company’s Governor in India.

1767–

69First Angle-Mysore War.

1780 Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

1780-84 Second Anglo-Mysore War.

1784 Pitt’s India Act.

1790-92 Third Anglo-Mysore War.

1793 The Permanent Settlement of Bengal.

1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War;Death of Tipu Sultan.

1802 Treaty of Bassein.

1809 Treaty of Amritsar.

1829 Practice of Sati prohibited.

1830 Raja Rammohan Roy visits England.

1833 Death of Raja Rammohan Roy at Bristol, England.

1839 Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

1839–

42First Anglo-Afghan War.

1845–

46First Anglo-Sikh War.

1852 Second Anglo-Burmese War.

1853 First Railway line opened between Bombay and Thane and a Telegraph line in Calcutta.

1857 The Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence.

1861 Birth of Rabindranath Tagore.

1869 Birth of Mahatma Gandhi.

1885 Foundation of Indian National Congress.

1889 Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru.

1897 Birth of Subhash Chandra Bose.

1903 Tibet Expedition.

1905 Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon.

1906 Foundation of Muslim League.

1911 Delhi Darbar, King George V and Queen visit India; Delhi becomes the capital of India.

1914 World War I begins.

1916Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim League and Congress, Foundation of BHU, Home Rule

League founded.

1918 World War I ends.

1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms introduced, Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar.

1920

Khilafat Movement launched, first meeting of All-India Trade Union Congress, Hunter

Commission Report on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Published First Non-cooperation

movement launched by Gandhi.

1922 Violent incidents at Chaura Chauri Gandhi calls of Non-cooperation movement.

1925 Communist Party of India organised at Kanpur.

1927 Boycott of Simon Commission, Broadcasting started in India.

1928 Death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Nehru Report.

1929 Resolution of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (complete independence) passed at Lahore Session of INC.

1930Civil disobedience movement launched, Dandhi March by Mahatma Gandhi (April 6, 1930)

First round table conference held in London.

1931Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Civil Disobedience movement suspended Second round table

conference held.

1932 MacDonald announces communal award (modified by Poona Pact, September 24).

1935 Government of India Act.

1937 Provincial Autonomy, Congress forms ministries.

1938 All India Kishan Sabha formed.

1939 World War II begins (September 3), Resignation of Congress Ministries in Provinces.

1941 Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India and death of Rabindranath Tagore.

1942 Arrival of Cripps Mission in India, Quit India movement launched (August 8).

1943–

44

SC Bose forms Provisional Government of Free India and Indian National Army in

Singapore; Bengal famine.

1945 Trial of Indian National Army at Red Fort, Shimla Conference; World War II ends.

1946British Cabinet Mission visits India; Interim government formed at the Centre. The Muslim

league decides on “Direct Action” for winning Pakistan.

1947 Division of India; India and Pakistan form separate independent dominions.

The Gandhian Era (1917-47)

Facts about Gandhi

Birth : October 2, 1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat. [Note: UNO declared October. 2 as

‘International Non-violence Day’ (Antarrashtriy Ahimsa Diswas)]

Father : Karamchand Gandhi,

Mother: Putali Bai,

Political Guru: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Private Secretary: Mahadev Desai.

Literary Influence on Gandhi: John Ruskin’s Unto the Last, Emerson, Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy,

the Bible and the Gita.

Literary Works : Hind Swaraj (1909), My Experiments with Truth (Autobiography, 1927)-

reveals events of Gandhi’s life upto 1922.

As an Editor : Indian Opinion: 1903–15 (in English & Gujarati, for a short period in Hindi &

Tamil), Harijan: 1919-31 (in English, Gujarati and Hindi),

Young India: 1933–42 (in English gujarati-named Navjeevan).

Other Names : Mahatma (Saint) - by Rabindranath Tagore, 1917; Malang Baba/Nanga Faqir

(Naked Saint) - by Kabailis of Noth-West Frontier, 1930; Indian Faqir/Traitor Faqir-by Winston

Churchill, 1931; Half-naked Saint by- Franq Mores, 1931; Rashtrapita (the Father of the

Nation)- by Subhash Chandra Bose, 1944.

In South Africa (1893-1914)

1893 Departure of Gandhi to South Africa.

1894 Foundation of Natal Indian Congress.

1899 Foundation of Indian Ambulance Core during Boer Wars.

1904 Foundation of Indian Opinion (magazine) and Phoenix Farm, at Phoenix, near Durban.

1906 First Civil Disobedience Movement (Satyagaraha) against Asiatic Ordiannce in Transvaal.

1907Satyagraha against Compulsory Registration and Passes for Asians (The Black Act) in

Transvaal.

1908 Trial and imprisonment-Johanesburg Jail (First Jail Term).

1910 Foundation of Tolstoy Farm (Later-Gandhi Ashrama), near Johannesburg.

1913 Satyagraha against derecognition of non-Christian marraiges in Cape Town.

1914 Awarded Kaisar-i-Hind for raising an Indian Ambulance Core during Boer wars

1915Arrived in Bombay (India) on 9 January 1915; Foundation of Satyagraha Ashrama at

Kocharab near Ahmedabad (20 May). In 1917, Ashrama shifted at the banks of Sabarmati;

1916

Abstain from active politics (though he attended Lucknow session of INC held in 26–30

December, 1916, where Raj Kumar Shukla, a cultivator from Bihar, requested him to come to

Champaran.)

1917

Gandhi entered active politics with Champaran campaign to redress grievances of the

cultivators oppressed by Indigo planter of Bihar (April 1917). Champaran Satyagraha was his

first Civil Disobedience Movement in India.

1918

cooperation Movement. In Febuary 1918, Gandhi launched the struggle in Ahmedabad which

involved industrial workers. Hunger strike as a weapon was used for the first time by Gandhi

during Ahmedabad struggle. In March 1918, Gandhi worked for peasants of Kheda in Gujarat

who were facing difficulties in paying the rent owing to failure of crops. Kheda Satyagraha was

his first Non

1919

Gandhi gave a call for Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act on April 6, 1919 and took the

command of the nationalist movement for the first time (First all-India Political Movement),

Gandhi returns Kaisar-i-Hind gold medal as a protest against Jallianwala Bagh massacre-April

13, 1919; The All India Khilafat Conference elected Gandhi as its president (November 1919,

Delhi).

1920-

22

Gandhi leads the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement (August 1,

1920–Febuary 1922), Gandhi calls off Movement (Feb. 12, 1922), after the violent incident at

Chauri-Chaura on Febuary 5, 1922. Non-Co-operation Movement was the First mass based

politics under Gandhi.

1924 Belgaum (Karnataka) session of INC–for the first and the last time Gandhi was elected the

president of the Congress.

1925–

27

Gandhi retires from active politics for the first time and devotes himself to ‘constructive

programme’ of the Congress; Gandhi resumes active politics in 1927.

1930–

34

Gandhi launches the Civil Disobedience Movement with his Dandhi march/Salt Satyagraha

(First Phase: March 12, 1930–March 5, 1931; Gandhi-Irwin Pact: March 5, 1931; Gandhi

attends the Second Round Table Conference in London as sole representative of the

Congress: September 7-December. 1, 1931; Second Phase: January 3, 1932-April 17, 1934).

1934–

39 Sets up Sevagram (Vardha Ashram).

1940– Gandhi launches Individual Satyagraha Movement.

41

1942Call to Quit India Movement for which Gandhi raised the slogan, ‘Do or Die’ (Either free India

or die in the attempt), Gandhi and all Congress leaders arrested (August 9, 1942).

1942–

44

Gandhi kept in detention at the Aga Khan Palace, near Pune (August 9, 1942-May, 1944).

Gandhi lost his wife Kasturba (Febuary 22, 1944) and private secretary Mahadev Desai; this

was Gandhi’s last prison term.

1946

Deeply distressed by theory of communal violence, as a result Muslim League’s Direct Action

call, Gandhi travelled to Noakhali (East Bengal-now Bangladesh) and later on to Calcutta to

restore communal peace.

1947

Gandhi, deeply distressed by the Mountbatten Plan/Partition Plan (June 3, 1947), while

staying in Calcutta to restore communal violence, observes complete silence on the dawn of

India’s Independence (August, 15, 1947). Gandhi returns to Delhi (September 1947).

1948Gandhi was shot dead by Nathu Ram Godse, a member of RSS, while on his way to the

evening prayer meeting at Birla House, New Delhi (January 30, 1948).

Important Foreign Travellers / Envoys

Megasthenes (302-298 BC) : An ambassador of Selecus Nikator, who visited the court of

Chandragupta Maurya and wrote an interesting book ‘Indica’ in which he gave a vivid account

of Chandragupta Maurya’s reign.

Fa-Hien (405-411 AD) : He came to India during the reign of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya.

He was the first Chinese pilgrim to visit India to collect Buddhist texts and relics

Hiuen-Tsang (630-645 AD) : He visited India during the reign of Harshavardhana.

I-tsing (671-695 AD) : A Chinese traveller, he visited India in connection with Buddhism.

Al-Masudi (957 AD) : An Arab traveller, he has given an extensive account of India in his

work ‘Muruj-ul-Zehab’.

Al-beruni (1024-1030 AD) : He came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni during one of his

Indian raids. He travelled all over India and wrote a book ‘Tahqiq-i-Hind’.

Macro Polo (1292-1294 AD) : A Venetian traveller, visited South India in 1294 A.D. His work

‘The Book of Sir Marco Polo’ gives an account of the economic history of India.

Ibn Batuta (1333-1347 AD) : A Morrish traveller, his book ‘Rehla’ (the Travelogue) throws a

lot of light on the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and the geographical, economic and social

conditions of that time.

Shihabuddin al-Umari (1348 AD) : He came from Damascus and he gives a vivid account of

India in his book, ‘Masalik albsar fi-mamalik al-amsar’.

Nicolo Conti (1420-1421 AD) : A Venetian traveller, gives a comprehensive account of the

Hindu kingdom of Vijaynagar.

Abdur Razzaq (1443-1444 AD) : He was a Persian traveller, came to India and stayed at the

court of the Zamorin at Calicut. He has given a vivid account of the Vijaynagar empire.

Athanasius Nikitin (1470-1474 AD) : He was a Russian merchant, describes the condition of

the Bahmani kingdom under Muhammad III (1463-82).

Durate Barbosa (1500-1516 AD) : He was a Portuguese traveller, has given a valuable

narrative of the government and the people of the Vijaynagar empire.

Dominigo Paes (1520-1522 AD) : He was Portuguese traveller, visited the court of

Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijaynagar Empire.

Fernao Nuniz (1535-1537 AD) : A Portuguese merchant, He wrote the history of the empire

from its earliest times of the closing years of Achyutdeva Raya’s reign.

John Hughen Von Linschotten (1583 AD) : He was a Dutch traveller, has given a valuable

account of the social and economic life of South India.

William Hawkins (1608-1611 AD) : He was an English ambassador of British King James I

to the court of Jahangir (1609).

Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1619 AD) : He was an ambassador of James I, King of England, at

the court of Jahangir, (the Mughal Emperor).

Fransciso Palsaert (1620-1627 AD) : He was a Dutch traveller, stayed at Agra and gave a

vivid account of flourishing trade at Surat, Ahmedabad, Broach Cambay, Lahore, Multan, etc.

Peter Mundy (1630-34 AD) : He was an Italian traveller to the Mughal empire in the reign of

Shahjahan, he gives valuable information about the living standard of the common people in

the Mughal Empire.

John Albert de Mandesto (1638 AD) : He was German traveller, who reached Surat in

1638.

Jeen Baptiste Travernier (1638-1663 AD) : He was a French traveller, his account covers

the reign of Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.

Nicolao Manucci (1653-1708 AD) : He was an Italian traveller, got service at the court of

Dara Shikoh.

Francois Bernier (1656-1717 AD) : He was French physician and philosopher.

Danishamand Khan, a noble of Aurangzeb, was his patron.

Jean de Thevenot (1666 AD) : He was French traveller, has given a good account of cities

like Ahmedabad, Cambay, Aurangabad and Goloconda.

John Fryer (1672-1681 AD) : He was an English traveller, has given a vivid account of Surat

and Bombay.

Gemelli Careri (1693 AD) : He was an Italian traveller, his remarks on the Mughal emperor’s

military organisation and administration are important.

Governor-Generals and Viceroys

Governors of Bengal (1757–74)

Robert Clive : Governor of Bengal during 1757-60 and again during 1765-67 and established Dual

Government in Bengal from 1765-72. (True founder of British Political dominion in India).

Vanisttart (1760–65) : The Battle of Buxar (1764).

Cartier (1769–72) : Bengal Famine (1770).

Governor-Generals of Bengal (1774–1833)

Warren Hastings (1772–1785) : Brought the Dual Governmnet of Bengal to an end by the Regulating

Act, 1773. Became Governor-General in 1774 through the Regulating Act, 1773; Wrote introduction to

the first English translation of the ‘Gita’ by Charles Wilkins; Founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with

William Jones in 1784.

Revenue Reforms : Auctioned the right to collect land revenue to the highest bidder; Divided

Bengal into districts and appointed collectors and other revenue officials.

Judicial Reforms : Started Diwani and Faujdari adalats at the district level and Sadar diwani

and Nizamat adalats (appellate courts) at Calcutta; Redefined Hindu and Muslim laws. Wars :

Rohilla War (1774); 1st Anglo-Maratha War (1776-82): 2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84).

Note: Sir John Macpherson was made the acting Governor General from 1785 to 1786. Lord

Cornwallis (1786–93) : First person to codify laws in 1793. The code separated the revenue

administration from the administration of justice; Created post of district judge; Introduced

permanent Settlement in Bengal (1793); Cornwallis is called ‘the father of civil service in

India’.

Police Reforms: Each district was divided into 400 sq. miles and placed under a police

superintendent assisted by constables.

Wars : 3rd Anglo-Mysore War (defeat of Tipu and the Treaty of Serinagpatanam, 1792). Sir

John Shore (1793–98) : Introduced the 1st Charter Act (1793)

Wars : Battle of Kharda between Nizam and the Marathas (1795). Lord Wellesley (1798–

1805) : Started Subsidiary Alliance system to achieve British paramountcy in India. Madras

Presidency was formed during his tenure.

Wars : 4th Anglo-Mysore War (1799)-defeat and the death of Tipu Sultan; 2nd Anglo-Maratha

War (1803-05)-defeat of the Scindia, the Bhonsle and the Holkar; Treaty of Bassein (1802).

George Barlow (1805–1807) : Vellore Mutiny (1806). Lord Minto I (1807-1813) : Concluded

Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809); Charter Act of 1813 was passed.Lord Hastings

(1813–1823) : Adopted the policy of intervention and war.

Wars : Anglo-Nepalese War (1813-23); 3rd Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18). Hastings forced

humiliating treaties on Peshwa and the Scindia; Introduced the Ryotwari settlement in Madras

by Thomas Munro, the Governor. Lord Amherst (1823–28) : Wars: Ist Burmese War (1824-

26). Acquisition of territories in Malay Penisula; Capture of Bharatpur (1826).

Lord W. Bentick (1828–33) : Most liberal and enlightened Governor-General of India;

Regarded as’ the Father of Modern Western Education in India’; Abolished Sati and other

cruel rites (1829); Annexation of Mysore (1831). Concluded a treaty of perpetual friendship

with Ranjit Singh (1831); Passed the Charter Act of 1833, which provided that no Indian

subject of Company was to be debarred from holding an office on account of his religion,

place of birth, descent and colour. On recommendation of Macaulay Committee made English

the medium of higher education in India.

Governor-Generals of India (1833-58)

Lord W. Bentick (1833–35) : First Governor-General of India. Macaulay’s minutes on

education were accepted declaring that English should be the official language of India;

Abolished provincial courts of appeal and circuit set up by Cornwallis, appointment of

Commissioners of revenue and circuit.

Wars : Annexed Coorg (1834), Central Cachar (1834) on the plea of misgovernment.

Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835–1836) : Passed the famous Press Law, which liberated the press

in India (Called Liberator the the Press).

Lord Auckland (1836–42) : 1st Anglo-Afghan War (1836-42)-great blow to the prestige of the

British in India.

Lord Ellenborough (1842–44) : Brought an end to the Afghan War. Annexation of Sindh

(1843); War with Gwalior (1843).

Lord Hardings I (1844–48) : 1st Anglo-Sikh war (1845-46) and the Treaty of Lahore 1846

(marked the end of Sikh sovereighty in India); Gave preference to English education in

employment.

Lord Dalhousie (1848–56) : Abolished Titles and Pensions, Widow Remarriage Act (1856).

Made Shimla the summer capital.

Administrative Reforms : Introduced the system of Centralized control in the newly acquired

territories known as Bon-Regulation system; Raised Gurkha regiments.

Education Reforms : Recommended the Thomsonian system of Vernacular education for

whole of the North western Provinces (1853); Wood’s Educational Despatch of 1854 and

opening of Anglo-Vernacular Schools and Government Colleges; An Engineering College was

established at Roorkee.

Public Works : Started the first railway line in 1853 (connecting Bombay with Thana); Started

electric telegraph service. Laid the basis of the modern postal system (1854); A separate

public works department was set up for the first time; Started work on the Grand Trunk Road

and developed the harbours of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta.

Wars : Introduced Doctrine of Lapse (Captured Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur

(1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur(1854); Fought 2nd Anglo-

Sikh War (1848–49) and annexed the whole of the Punjab; 2nd Anglo-Burmese War (1852)

and annexation of Lower Burma orPegu; Annexation of Berar in 1853; Annexation of Avadh in

1856 on charges of maladministration.

Lord Canning (1856–58) : The last Governor General and first Viceroy of India; Revolt of

1857; Passed the Act of 1858, which ended the rule of the East India Company. Withdrew

Doctrine of Lapse. Mutiny took place in his time.

Governer Generals and Viceroys (1858–1947)

Lord Canning (1858–62) : The Indian Councils Act of 1862 was passed, which proved to be a

landmark in the constitutional history of India; The Indian Penal Code of Criminal Procedure (1859)

was passed; The Indian High Court Act (1861) was enacted; Income Tax was introduced for the first

time in 1858; The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras founded in 1857.

Lord Elgin I (1862–63) : Wahabi Movement (Pan-Islamic Movement).

Sir John Lawrence (1864–69) : Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe; High Courts

were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865; Expanded canal works and railways;

Bhutan War (1865); Advocated State-managed railways; Created the Indian Forest Department and

recognised the native Judicial service.

Lord Mayo (1869–72) : Introduced financial decentralization in India, Established Rajkot College at

Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the princes; Organised the Statistical Survey of India,

Established the Department of Agriculture & Commerce, He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in

office by a Pathan convict in Andamans in 1872, Introduction of State Railways. For the first time in

Indian history, a census was held in 1871.

Lord Northbrook (1872-76) : Kuka Movement of Punjab took rebellious turn during his period

Lord Lytton (1876-80) : Most infamous Governor-General, pursued free trade and abolished duties

on 29 British manufactured goods which accelerated drain of wealth of India; Arranged the Grand

Darbar in Delhi (in 1877) when the country was suffering from a servere famine; Passed the Royal

Title Act (1876) and Queen Victoriya was declared as the Kaisar-i-Hind; Arms Act (1878) made

mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms; Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878);

Proposed the plan of Statutory Civil Service in 1878-79 and lowered the maximum age limit from 21 to

19 years, the 2nd Afghan war proved a failure (Viceroy of reverse characters).

Lord Ripon (1880-84) : Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act, 1882; The First Factory Act, 1881 to

improve labour condition, Resolution of Local Self Government in 1882, Resolution on Land Revenue

Policy; Appointed Hunter Commission (for education reforms) in 1882; The Ilbert Bill controversy

erupted during his time (1883) enabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals. But this

was withdrawn later.

Lord Dufferin (1884-88) : 3rd Burmese War (Annexation of Upper and Lower Burma) in 1885,

Establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885.

Lord Lansdowne (1888-94) : The second Factory Act of 1891; Categorization of Civil Services into

imperial, provincial and subordinate; Indian Council Act of 1892 (introduced elections which was

indirect); Appointment of the Durand Commission to define the line between British India and

Afghanistan (1893).

Lord Elgin II (1894-99) : The Munda uprising (Birsa Munda) of 1899, Convention delimiting the

frontier between China and India was ratified, Great famine of 1896-97, Lyall Commission appointed

after famine (1897), Assassination of two British officials-Rand & Amherst-by Chapekar Brothers in

1897.

Lord Curzon (1899-1905) : Appointed a Police Commission in 1902 under Andrew Frazer; Set up the

Universities Commission and accordingly the Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed; Set up the

Department of Commerce and Industry; Calcutta Corporation Act (1899); Passed the Indian Coinage

and Paper Currency Act (in 1899) and put India on a gold standard; Partition of Bengal took place in

1905. Created NWFP and Archaeological Survey of India. Extended railways to a great extent.

Lord Minto II (1905–10) : Swadeshi Movement (1905-08); Foundation of the Muslim League, 1906;

Surat session and split in the Congress (1907), Newspapers Act, 1908; Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909.

Lord Hardinge (1910–16) : Annulment of the partition of Bengal (1911), Transfer of Capital from

Calcutta to Delhi (1911); Delhi Darbar and Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary (1911);

Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malviya (1915); Annie Besant announced

Home Rule Movement and a bomb was thrown at him, but he escaped unhurt.

Lord Chelmsford (1916–21) : Home Rule Movement launched by Tilak and Annie Besant (1916);

Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League (1916); Arrival of Gandhi in India (1915);

Champaran Satyagraha (1917); Montague’s August Declaration (1917); Kheda Satyagraha and

Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918); Government of India Act (1919), Repressive Rowlatt Act (1919);

Jalianwala Bagh Massacre (1919); Khilafat Movement (1920-22); Non-cooperation Movement (1920-

22), Saddler Commission (1917) and an Indian sir S. P. Sinha was appointed Governor of Bengal.

Lord Reading (1921-26) : Criminal Law Amendment Act and abolition of cotton excise; Repeal of

Press Act of 1910 & Rowlatt Act of 1919; Violent Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921); Foundation of CPI

(1921); Chauri Chaura Incident (1922); Foundation of Swaraj Party (1923); Kakori Train Dacoity

(1925); Foundation of RSS (1925); Murder of Swami Shardhanand (1926). Suppressed non-co-

operation movement.

Lord Irwin (1926-31) : Simon Commission announced in 1927; Butler Commission (1927); Nehru

Report (1928); 14 points of Jinnah (1929); Lahore session of Congress and ‘Poorna Swaraj’

declaration (1929); Civil Disobedience Movement (1930); Dandhi march (1930); Ist Round Table

Conference (1930); Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931); Martyrdom of Jatin Das (hunger strike)

Lord Willingdon (1931-36) : IInd Round Table Conference (1931); Civil Disobedience Movement

(1932); Announcement of MacDonald’s Communal Award (1932); IIIrd Round Table Conference

Foundation of Congress Socialist Party-CSP (1934); Government of India Act (1935); Burma

separated from India (1935); All India Kisan Sabha (1936); Poona Pact was signed.

Lord Linlithgow (1936-43) : General Election (1936-37); Congress ministries in 1937 and

Resignation of Congress ministries in 1939; ‘Deliverance Day’ by Muslim League in 1939; Foundation

of Forward Block by S.C. Bose (1939); Lahore Resolution (1940); August Offer (1940); Cripps Mission

(1942); Quit India Movement (1942) and outbreak of second world war in 1939.

Lord Wavell (1943-1947) : C.R. Formula 1944; Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference in 1945; End of

IInd World War in 1945; INA Trials in 1945; Naval mutiny in 1946; Cabinet Mission, 1946 and

acceptance of its proposals by Congress; Direct Action Day by the Muslim League on 16th August,

1946 and first meating of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946.

Lord Mountbatten (Mar-Aug 1947) : Announced the 3 June, 1947 Plan; Introduction of Indian

Independence Bill in the house of Commons and passed by the Brithish Parliament on July 4, 1947.;

Appointment of 2 boundary commissions under Sir Cryil Radicliffe.

Governor Generals of Independent India (1947-50)

Lord Mountbatten (1947-48) : The first Governor General of free India; Kashmir acceded to India

(Oct. 1947); Murder of Gandhi (Jan 30, 1948). C. Rajagopalachari (June 1948-January 25, 1950) :

The last Governor General of free India; The only Indian Governor-General.

Indian States And Their Folk Dances

Jharkhand Chhau, Sarahul, Jat-Jatin, Karma, Danga, Bidesia, Sohrai.

Uttarakhand Gadhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila, Chappeli

Andhra Pradesh Kuchipudi (Classical), Ghantamardala, Ottam Thedal, Mohiniattam, Kummi, Siddhi

Madhuri, Chhadi.

Chhattisgarh Goudi, Karma, Jhumar, Dagla, Pali, Tapali, Navrani, Diwari, Mundari.

Arunachal Pradesh

Mask dance, War dance etc.

Himachal Pradesh

Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati, Dangi, Chamba, Thali, Jhainta, Daf, Stick dance etc.

Goa Mandi, Jhagor, Khol, Dakni, etc.

AssamBihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal Tabal Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura Hobjanai etc.

West Bengal Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Keertan, etc.

Kerala Kathakali (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc.

Meghalaya Laho, Baagla, etc.

Manipur Manipuri (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat, etc.

Nagaland Chong, Khaiva, Lim, Nuralim, etc.

Orissa Odissi (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc.

MaharashtraLavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada, Tamasha, Mauni, Powara, Gouricha etc.

Karnataka Yakshagan, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga, Lambi etc.

Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai, etc.

Punjab Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman etc.

RajasthanGhumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal, Panihari, Ginad etc.

Mizoram Khanatm, Pakhupila, Cherokan etc.

Jammu & Kashmir

Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach, Damali.

Tamil Nadu Bharatnatyam, Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi

Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita.

Bihar Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama-Chakwa, Bidesia, Jatra, etc.

Haryana Jhumar, Phag Dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, Gagor etc.

Wildlife Sanctuaries And National Parks In India

Name Location Important Species

Bandipur National Park Mysore, Karnataka Elephant, Tiger, Bear, Sambhar, Panther

Balpakram Sanctuary Garo Hills, Meghalya Tiger, Elephant, Bison

Chandraprabha

SanctuaryVaranasi, UP

Asiatic Lion, Tiger, Panther,

Indian Gazelle, Sloth bear

Corbett National Park Nainital, UttarakhandElephant, Tiger, Sloth bear, Nilgai, Panther,

Sambhar

Dachigam Sanctuary Jammu & Kashmir Kashmir stag (Hangul)

Dudhwa National Park Lakhimpur Kheri, UP Tiger, Panther, Sambhar, Nilgai

Ghana Bird Sanctuary Bharatpur, Rajasthan Siberian Crane, Spoonbill, Heron teal, Stork

Gir National Park Junagarh, GujaratAsiatic Lion, Panther,Sambhar, Nilgai, Crocodile,

Rhinoceros

Hazaribagh National

Park

Hazaribagh,

JharkhandTiger, Leopard, Sambher, Chital

Jaldapara Sanctuary West Bengal Tiger, Leopard, Sambher, Chital

Kanha National ParkMandla and

Balaghat, MPTiger, Panther, Antelope, Barking Deer, Nilgai

Kaziranga National Park Jorhat, AssamGreat Indian one horned Rhinoceros, Wild Buffalo,

Sambhar, Tiger

Manas Barpeta, AssamTiger, Elephant, Panther, Wild Buffalo, One horned

Rhinoceros

Mudumalai Sanctuary Nilgiri Hills, TN Elephant, Dear, Pigs

Namdapha National

ParkTirap Distt., AP Tiger and Elephant

PalamauDaltonganj,

JharkhandTiger, Elephant, Panther, Leopard

Parkal Warangal, AP Tiger, Panther, Chital, Nilgai

Periyar Idukki, KeralaElephant, Tiger, Panther, Wild board, Gaur,

Sambhar

Ranganthitoo Bird

SanctuaryKarnataka Birds

Shivpuri National Park Shivpuri, MP Tiger, Birds

Sunderbans West Bengal Tiger, Wild board, Crocodile, Deer Birds

Vedanathangal Bird

SancturyTamil Nadu Birds

Wild Ass SanctuaryLittle Rann of Kutch,

GujaratWild Ass, Wolf, Nilgai, Chinkara

River Side Cities

Town River

Kabul (Afghanistan) Kabul

AllahabadConfluence of Ganga,Yamuna, Saraswati (invisible)

Varanasi Ganga

Nasik Godawari

Kolkata Hooghly

Cuttack Mahanadi

Patna Ganga

Chittagong (Bangladesh) Maiyani

Lucknow Gomati

Jamshedpur Subarnarekha

Haridwar Ganga

Delhi Yamuna

Kanpur Ganga

Surat Tapti

Srinagar Jhelum

Ferozepur Sutlej

Ludhiana Sutlej

Karachi (Pak) Indus

Yangon (Myanmar) Irawady

Akyab (Myanmar) Irawady

Vijaywada Krishna

Lahore (Pak) Ravi

Paris (France) Seine

Hamburg (Germany) Elbe

Budapest (Hungary) Danube

Rome (Italy) Tiber

Warsaw (Poland) Vistula

Bristol (U.K.) Avon

London (U.K.) Thames

New Castle (U.K.) Tyre

Important Lines and Boundaries

Durand Line is the line demarcating the boundaries of India and Afghanistan. It was drawn up in

1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand.

Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans retreated to this line

in 1917 during World War I.

Mason-dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United States.

Marginal Line was the 320 km line of fortification built by France along its border with Germany

before World War II, to protect its boundary from German attack.

Mannerheim Line is the line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border. Drawn up by General

Mannerheim.

Macmahon Line was drawn up by Sir. Henry MacMahon, demarcating the frontier of India and China.

China did not recognize the MacMahon line and crossed it in 1962.

Medicine Line is the border between Canada and the United States.

Order-neisse Line is the border between Poland and Germany, running along the Order and Beisse

rivers, adopted at the poland Conference (August 1945) after

World War II.

Radcliffe Line was drawn up by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, demarcating the boundary between India and

Pakistan.

Siegfried Line is the line of fortification drawn up by Germany on its border with France.

17th Parallel defined the boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before the two were

united.

24th Parallel is the line which Pakistan claims for demarcation between India and Pakistan. This,

however, is not recognized by India.

26th Parallel south is a circle of latitude which croses through Africa, Australia and South America.

30TH PARALLEL north is a line of latitude that stands one-third of the way between the equator and

the North Pole.

33rd Parallel north is a circle of latitude which cuts through the southeren United States, parts of

North Africa, parts of the Middle East, and China.

35th Parallel north forms the boundary between the State of North Carolina and the State of Georgia

and the boundary between the State of Tennessee arid the State of Georgia the State of Alabama,

and the State of Mississippi.

36030’ Parallel north forms the boundary between the Tennessee and Commonwealth of Kentucky

between the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River, the boundary between Missiouri and

Arkansas west of the White River, and the northernmost boundary between the Texas and the

Oklahoma.

37th Parallel north formed the southern boundary of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.

38th Parallel is the parallel of latitude which separates North Korea and South Korea.

39th Parallel north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 39 degrees north of the Earth’s equatorial

plane.

40th Parallel north formed the original northern boundary of the British Colony of Maryland.

41th Parallel north forms the northern boundary of the State of Colorado with Nebraska and

Wyoming and the southern boundary of the State of Wyoming with Colorado and Utah.

42nd Parallel north forms most of the New York - Pennsylania Border.

43rd Parallel north forms most of the boundary between the State of Nebraska and the State of

South Dakota and also formed the northern border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.

The Parallel 440 north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 44 degrees north of the Earth’s

equatorial plane.

45th Parallel north is often called the halfway point between the Equator and the North Pole. The

45th parallel makes up most of the boundary between Montana and Wyoming. 45th parallel of south

latitude is the east-west line that marks the theoretical halfway point between the equator and the

South Pole.

49th Parallel is the boundary between USA and Canada.

National Highways

No. 1 Delhi and Amritsar (via Ambala and Jaulandhar)

No. 1A Julandhar and Uri (via Madhavpur, Jammu, Srinagar and Baramula)

No.1B Batot and Kishtwar (via Doda)

No.2 Delhi and Kalkata(via Mathura and Varanasi)

No. 3 Agra and Mumbai (via Gwalior and Nasik)

No.4 Thane and Chennai (via Pune, Belgaum, Hubli, Bangaluru and Ranipet)

No.4A Belgaum to Panji

No.5 Behragoda and Chennai (via Cuttack, Vishakhapatnam and Vijaywada)

No.6 Dhuria and Kolkata (via Nagpur, Raipur and Sambalpu)

No.7 Varanasi and Kanyakumari (via Nagpur, Bangaluru and Maduria)

No.8 Delhi and Mumbai (via jaipur, Ahmedabad and Vadodara)

No. 8A Ahmedabad and Kandia (via Morbi)

No.9 Pune and vijayawada (via Sholapur and Hyderabad)

No.10 Delhi and Farika proceeding to Indo-Pak border

No.11 Agra and Bikaner (via Jaipur)

No.12 Jabalpur and Jaipur (via Bhopal and Kota)

No.13 Sholapur and Chitradurg

No.15 Pathankot and Kandla (via Amritsar, Ganganagar and Jaisalmer)

No.17 Punvel and Karngaur (via Karwar and Calicut)

No.21 Chandigarh and Manali (via Bilaspur, Mandi and Kulu)

No. 22 Ambala and Shonia La on Indo-China border (via Shimla and Narkanda)

No.23 Chaus and Teacher (via Ranchi and Rourkela)

No.24 Delhi and Lunknow (via Bareilly)

No.25 Lucknow and Shivpuri (via kanpur and Jhansi)

No.26 Jhansi and Launaceen

No.27 Allahabad and Varanasi

No.28 Barauni and Lucknow (via Gorakhpur)

No.29 Gorakhpur to Varanasi (via Gazipur)

No.30 Mohanis and Bactnarpur (via Patna

No.31 Barhi and Pandunda Purnea and Siligudi

No.31

ASivok and Gangtok

No.31B North Salmara and Golpara

No.32 Gobindpur and Jamshedpur (via Dhanbad)

No.33 Barhi and Bargoda (via Ranchi and Jamshedpur)

No.34 Daikola and Kolkata (via Behrampur)

No.36 Naogaon and Dimapur

No.37 Golpada and Saikhowa Ghat (via Guwahati and Jorhat)

No. 38 Makum and Lechapani (via Ledo)

No. 39 Numaligam and indo-Myanmar border (via lmphal)

No.40 Jorhat and Indo-Bangladesh border (via Shillong)

No.41 Golaghat and Haldia port

No.42 Sambalpur and Cuttack (via Ongul)

No.43 Raipur and Vijaynagar

No.44 Shillong and Agartala (via Badarpur)

No.45 Chennai and Dindigul (via Tiruchirapalli)

No.46 Krishnagar and Ranipet

No.47 Salem and Kanyakumari (via Coimbatore and Thiruvananthapuram)

No.48 Bangaluru and Mangalore (via Hassan)

No.49 Madurai and Dhanushkodi

No.50 Nasik and Pune

No.52 Behra and Sitamani (via Tejpur, Passighat and Teju)

No.52A Bander and Itanagar (via Deva)

No.53 Badarpur and Silchar (via Jirighat and Imphal)

No.54 Silchar and Lundel (via Aizwal)

New Zones that were created on 10th October, 2002

North Western Railway Jaipur

East Central Railway Hajipur

Old Zones as they are after April, 2003

Western Railway Mumbai

Central Railway Mumbai

Easter Railway Kolkata

Southern Railway Chennai

Northern Railway New Delhi

North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur

South Central Railway Secumderabad

South Eastern Railway Kolkata

North-East Guwahati

New Zones that was created on 2010

Kolkata-Metro Kolkata

Oceans of the World

Oceans by Size

Pacific Ocean (35,827 ft) (10, 924 metres)

Atlantic Ocean (30,246 ft) (9,219 metres)

Indian Ocean (24,460 ft) (7,455 metres)

Caribbean Sea (22,788 ft) (6,946 metres)

Arctic Ocean (18,456 ft) (5,625 metres)

South China Sea (16,456 ft) (5,016 metres)

Bering Sea (15,659 ft) (4,773 metres)

Mediterranean Sea (15,197 ft) (4,632 metres)

Gulf of Mexico (12,425 ft) (3,787 metres)

Japan Sea (12,276 ft) (3,742 metres)

Oceans’ Greatest Depths

Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean 10,911 mt (Challenger Deep)

Tonga Trench, Pacific Ocean, 10,882 mt (VITYAZ 11)

Phillippine Trench, Pacific Ocean, 10,540 mt (Galathea Depth)

Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, Pacific Ocean, 10,500 mt

Kermadec Trench, Pacific Ocean 10,047 mt

Japan Trench, Pacific Ocean 9,000 mt

Puerto Rico Trench, Atlantic Ocean 8,6057 (Milwaukee Deep)

Yap Trench, Pacific Ocean, 8,527 mt

South Sandwich Trench, Atlantic Ocean, 8,428 mt

Peru-Chile Trench, Pacific Ocean, 8,065 mt

Marathi Bhal Chandra Nemade (Kosala, Bidhar, Jareela); B.s. Mardhekar (Shishiragam, Kanhi Kavita); C. Vinayak Joshi (Chimanravache Charhat); Eknath (Eknathi Bhagavata or Bhavartha Ramayana); Hari Narayan Apte (Madhali Sthiti, Ushankala, Me); Jnaneshwar (Bhawarthadipika, Anubhavamrita); Namdeve Dhasal (Golpitha, Murkh Mhataryane Donger Balwale, Priyadarshini); Ramadasa (Dasabodha); Sane Guruji (Shyamchi Aai, God Shevat); S.N. Pendse (Haddapar, Grambacha Bapu); T. Bapuji Thomre (Samagra Batakavi, Anandi-Anand); Vijay Tendulkar (Srimant, Gidhade, Ghasiram Kotwal); V.s. Khandekar (Yayati, Don Dhruv, Ulka).

NOBEL PRIZE

Background of Nobel Foundation

Alfred Bernhard Nobel: Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel, who

invented dynamite, endowed a $9 million fund in his will. The interest on this endowment was to be

used as awards for people whose work most benefited humanity. He wanted the profit from his

invention to be used to reward human ingenuity. First awarded in 1901, the Nobel Prize, is still the

most honoured in the world.

In 1842, Nobel’s family moved to St. Petesburg, Russia, where he obtained his education. He

travelled widely as a young man, becoming fluent in five languages. Nobel was interested in literature

and wrote novels, poetry and plays in his spare time. In the 1860s, he began experiments with

nitroglycerin in his father’s factory. He tried many ways to stabilise this highly volatile material. Nobel

discovered that a mix of nitroglycerin and fine porous powder called kieselguhr was most effective. He

named this mixture as dynamite and received a patent in 1867.

Background and Establishment of the Nobel Foundation : Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896.

The provisions of his will and their unusual purpose, as well as their partly incomplete form, attracted

great attention and soon led to skepticism and criticism, also aimed at the testator due to his

international spirit. Only after several years of negotiations and often rather bitter conflicts and after

various obstacles had been circumvented or overcome, could the fundamental concepts presented in

the will assume solid form with the establishment of the Nobel Foundation.

On June, 1900, after series of alterations, suggestions, modifications, the statues of the newly created

legatee, the Nobel Foundation, and special regulations for the Swedish Prize-Awarding Institutions

were promulgated by the King in Council (Oscar II). The same year as the political union between

Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, special regulations were adopted on April 10, 1905, by

the Nobel Committee of the Storting (known since January 1, 1977 as the Norwegian Nobel

Committee), the awarder of the Nobel Peace Prize.

Premises: To create a worthy framework around the prizes, the board decided at an early stage that

it would erect its own building in Stockholm, which would include a hall for the Prize Award Ceremony

and banquet as well as its own administrative offices. Ferdinand Boberg was selected as the

architect. He presented an ambitious proposal for a Nobel Palace, which generated extensive

publicity but also led to doubts and questions. On December 19, 1918, a building at Sturegatan, 14

was bought for this purpose. After years of renovation there, the Foundation finally left its cramped

premises at Norrlandsgatan, 6 in 1926, and moved to Sturegatan, 14, where the Foundation has been

housed ever since.

Objectives of the Foundation : The Nobel Foundation is a private institution. It is entrusted with

protecting the common interests of the Prize Awarding Institutions named in the will, as well as

representing the Nobel institutions externally. This includes informational activities as well as

arrangements related to the presentation of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is not, however,

involved in the selection process and the final choice of the Laureates (as Nobel Prize winners are

also called). In this work, the Prize-awarding Institutions are not only entirely independent of all

government agencies and organisations, but also of the Nobel Foundation. Their autonomy is of

crucial importance to the objectivity and quality of their prize decisions. One vital task of the

Foundation is to manage its assets in such a way as to safeguard the financial base of the prizes

themselves and of the prize selection process.

Year of Institution : 1901

Founder : Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833–96)

Number of Awards : Six

1. Physics

2. Chemistry

3. Physiology or Medicine

4. Literature Peace

5. Economics (Established in 1967)

Date on which it is awarded : December 10

Anyone proposing himself for Nobel Prize is ruled out of consideration. The recommendations

have to come from outside. The Noble Prizes are presented annually, December 10, the

death anniversary of the founder and the festival day of the Foundation. Originally it was

awarded for works in five disciplines. The prize for Economics was instituted in 1967, by

Sverigs Riksbank, Swedish Bank, in celebration of its 300th anniversary and was awarded for

the first time in 1969, it is called Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.

Nobel Foundation’s Prize Awarding Bodies

i. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, awards the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry.

ii. The Nobel Assembly of Karolinska Chirugical Institute, Sweden, awards the Nobel Prize in

Medicine and Physiology.

iii. The Swedish Academy awards the Prize in Literature.

iv. The Committee of the Norwegian Parliament awards the Prize for Peace.

v. The Bank of Sweden Awards the Nobel Prize in Economics.

Value of the Nobel Prize : The amount of each prize varies with the income from the fund. The value

of nobel prize was 150,782 Swedish Crown in 1901. Now the value of nobel prize has increased to

10,000,000 Swedish Crown in 2004 as compared to 9,000,000 Swedish Crown in 2000. No Nobel

Prize was awarded for 1940, 1941 and 1942; Prizes for Literature were not awarded for 1914, 1918

and 1943.

Maximum Nobel Prizes : US citizens have won outright as well as shared the maximum number of

Nobel Prizes. Individually, the only person to have two Nobel Prizes: Dr Linus Carl Pauling, Professor

of Chemistry at California. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 and the Peace Prize in

1962

First Couple to Receive the Nobel Prize : Madame Marie Curie shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for

Physics with her husband Pierre Curie, she later won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911,

Three Nobel Prizes : The International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Prize for

Peace three times: 1917, 1944 and 1963.

INDIAN NOBEL LAUREATES

Name Field Year

Rabindranath Tagore (1861 – 1941) Literature (Gitanjali) 1913

Dr. C.V. Raman (1888 – 1970) Physics (Raman Effect) 1930

Dr. Hargobind Khorana (b. 1922) Medicine (Genetic Code) 1968

(of Indian Descent)

Mother Teresa (1910 – 97) Peace 1979

Dr. S. Chandrasekhar (1910 – 95) Physics (Chandrasekhar Limit) 1983

Dr. Amartya Sen (b. 1933) Economics (Welfare Economics) 1988

Sir V.S. Naipaul (b. 1932)

(of Indian Desent)Literature 2001

Venkataraman Ramakrishnan Chemistry 2009

PULITZER PRIZE

Instituted in 1970 and named after the US publisher Joseph Pulitzer (1847–1911). It is conferred

annually in the United States for accomplishment in journalism, literature and music under the

management to the Pulitzer Prize Board at Columbia University. Each winner receives a gold medal

as well as a cash award of $10,000 (raised in 2003 from $7,500).

RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARD

Instituted in 1957 named after Ramon Magasaysay, President of the Philippines, who died in an air

crash in 1957. He became world renowned figure in the 1950’s for his land reform programme to

defuse communist insurgency. The award is given annually on August 31st, the birth anniversary of

Magsaysay, for outstanding contributions to Public Service, Community Leadership, Journalism,

Literature and Creative Arts and International Understanding. It is equivalent to the Nobel Prize in

Asia. It may also be awarded to organizations / institutions and non-Asians working for the benefit of

Asia. It carries a cash prize of $50,000.

Indian Recipients : Mother Teresa (1962), Jockin Arputham (2000), L. Ramdas (2004). For

Lterature, Journalism and Creative Communication Arts : Amitabh Chaudhury (1961), Satyajit Ray

(1967), B, G, Vergheese (1975), Shambu Mitra (1976), Gour Kishore Ghosh (1981), Arun Shourie

(1982), R, K, Lakshman (1984), K, V, Subbanna (1991), Mahasweta Devi (1997), P. Sainath (2007).

For Community Leadership : Acharya Vinobha Bhave (1958), Dara N, Khurodi , Thribhuvan Das K,

Patel and Vergheese Kurian (1963), Kamaladevi Chattopdhyaya (1966), M, S, Swaminathan (1971),

L, R, Bhat (1977), Rajanikant S, Arole and Mabelle R, Arole (1979), Panduranga Athavale (1996), Ms.

Aruna Roy (2000), Rajendra Singh (2001), Ms. Shanta Sinha (2003), Prakash Amte and his wife

Mandakini Amte (2008).

For Public Service : Jaya Prakash Narayan (1965), M, S, Subalakshmi (1974), Manibhai Desai

(1982), Muralidhar Devidas Amte (1985), L, C, Jain (1989), M S Mehta (1997), V, Sharma (2005)

For Government Service : C, D, Deshmukh (1959), Kiran Bedi (1994), T, N, Seshan (1996), J, M,

Lyngodh (2003).

For Emergent Leadership : Sandeep Pandey (2002), Arvind Kejriwal (2006).

MAN BOOKER PRIZE

Instituted in 1968, it is the highest literary award set up by the Booker Company and the British

Publishers Association along the lines of the Pultizer Prize of USA, worth $20,000 (1992). The Booker

Prize has only been shared in 1974 and 1992. Since 2002, it has been known as the ‘Man Booker

Prize’, reflecting the sponsorship by an investment company, the Man Group plc. The winner receives

£50,000 and both the winner and the shorlisted authors are guaranteed a world wide readership plus

a dramatic increase in book sales

OSCAR AWARD

The annual Oscar presentation has been held since 1929. After three quarters of a century of

recognizing excellence in cinema achievement, the annual presentation of the Oscar has become the

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences’ most famous activity. The Academy Award’s

Presentation is also the activity that enables the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to

maintain its varied year round calendar of programs and events and a wide-ranging educational and

cultural agenda.

All voting for Academy Awards is conducted by secret ballot and tabulated by the international

auditing firm of Pricewaterhouse Cooper. Secrecy is maintained by the auditors the results of balloting

are not revealed until the now-famous envelopes are opened on stage during the live television

program. Because the Academy numbers among its members the ablest artists and craftsmen in the

motion picture world, the Oscar represents the best achievements of the year in the opinion of those

who themselves reside at the top of their craft.

GOLDMAN ENVIRONMENTAL PRIZE

The Goldman Environmental Prize is the world’s largest prize program, honouring grass roots

environmentalists and is known as the Nobel Prize for environment. Awards are given to activists in

six regions: Africa, Asia, Europe, Island Nation, North America and South/Central America; and each

recipient receives US$150,000 (2008).

UNESCO EISENSTEIN MEDAL

The medal, bearing the likeness and signature of world cinema giant Sergei Eisenstein is awarded to

deserving individuals from the world of cinematography for their contribution a dialogue among

peoples according to UNESCO.

The number of medals to be awarded has been limited to 25 under the terms of an agreement on the

initiative between UNESCO, the Russian film company MOSFILM and the Russian VIVAT Foundation

for music and the theatre.