practical uses and limitations of uav technology · 2019. 7. 30. · vehicle (uav) remote pilot...
TRANSCRIPT
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Practical Uses and Limitations of UAV TechnologyJohn Scott, Extension Digital Ag Coordinator
Austin Pearson, Tipton County ANR
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23 Extension Educators
6 Extension Specialists
2 Coordinators
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Purdue Extension UAV Website
https://extension.purdue.edu/uav/
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Interested in becoming a Commercial Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote pilot certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)?
You’re in luck! The Purdue Cooperative Extension Service has a UAV Signature Program teaching UAV technology legal requirements, FAA Part 107 Remote Pilot Knowledge Test preparation, and useful UAV applications.
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Scouting
© Purdue University, Andrew Westfall
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© Purdue University, John Scott
The red circle indicates a difference in vegetation which can be seen visually from 400’
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© Purdue University, John Scott
Close up of the different vegetation.
Possible to clearly see the weed escapes and even get a decent identification.
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© Purdue University, John Scott
All drone images record the lat/long of the drones actual location if connected to GPS. This results in point data.
The image shows the location of the weed escapes from the last slide.
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2019: A Challenging Year
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2019: The year for finding tile…
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Using Cereal Rye for Future Tile Placement
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Using Cereal Rye for Future Tile Placement
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purdue.edu/extension© Purdue University, Andrew Westfall
© Purdue University, Bryan Overstreet
Chemical Injury
• Likely poor line/nozzle cleaning, possibly poor tank cleaning.
• Notice the fade in the crop with the center having less damage then the edges.
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© Purdue University, John Scott
Corn Lodging
Lodging by hybrid due to water damage.
Can see the water due to the sun reflecting against its surface.
(Lower Right Center)
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08-02-2018 08-21-2018 08-30-2018 09-13-2018 09-28-2018
© Purdue University, Scott
Timeline of a Corn Hybrid Plot
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Incorporating New Technology
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Marketing
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© Purdue University, John Scott
Marketing a Business
• Possible to get images of any business location/ business operation for use in branding and marketing.
• Creativity is King when getting the right images for a client.
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Structural Inspection
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purdue.edu/extension © Purdue University, John Scott
© Purdue University, John Scott
Structural Dimensions
• It is possible to gather information on structure height simply using the drone.
• This is possible due to the overlapping images that make up the map and the differences in perspective between images. Using complex math (photogrammetry) it is possible to create depth from a 2D image.
o And yes it is pretty accurate, this barn was physically measured with a tape measure and was within a couple of inches of the drone.
18.04’
Drone Deploy Stitched Map
Manual Photograph
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© Purdue University, Bryan Overstreet© Purdue University, Bryan Overstreet
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Animal Agriculture
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Border of pearl millet
Bo
rder
of
pea
rl m
illet
Note the lodging of Sweet Six BMR sorghum-sudangrass
Sweet Bites normal sorghum-sudangrass
Sweet Six BMR sorghum-sudangrass
Sweet Six BMR sorghum-sudangrassTifleaf 3 normal pearl millet
Tifleaf 3 normal pearl millet
Tifleaf 3 normal pearl millet
Pro-Max BMR sudangrass
Pro-Max BMR sudangrass
Pro-Max BMR sudangrassSummer BMR pearl millet
Summer BMR pearl millet
Summer BMR pearl millet
Sweet Bites normal sorghum-sudangrass
Sweet Bites normal sorghum-sudangrass
Sweet Six BMR sorghum-sudangrass
Piper normal sudangrass
Piper normal sudangrass
Piper normal sudangrass
Paddock 1 Paddock 2 Paddock 3 Paddock 4
© Purdue University, Dave Osborne
Cattle Grazing Patterns
Cattle started on paddock 1 and fence was gradually removed on paddocks 2-4 with no backfencing so pasture gradually grew bigger. Feeding patterns emerged with the heifers disliking pearl millet while greatly preferring sorghum-sudangrass.
North
Image taken on July 6, 2018
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Sweet Six BMR sorghum-sudangrass
Sweet Six BMR sorghum-sudangrassTifleaf 3 normal pearl millet
Tifleaf 3 normal pearl millet
Tifleaf 3 normal pearl millet
Pro-Max BMR sudangrass
Pro-Max BMR sudangrass
Pro-Max BMR sudangrassSummer BMR pearl millet
Summer BMR pearl millet
Summer BMR pearl millet
Sweet Bites normal sorghum-sudangrass
Sweet Bites normal sorghum-sudangrass
Sweet Six BMR sorghum-sudangrass
Piper normal sudangrass
Piper normal sudangrass
Piper normal sudangrass
Sweet Bites normal sorghum-sudangrassPaddock 1 Paddock 2 Paddock 3 Paddock 4
North
© Purdue University, Dave OsborneImage taken on July 13, 2018
Cattle Grazing Patterns
Same field using the VARI algorithm in drone deploy. Red color indicates more soil exposure, interesting that in this instance red is good, meaning that the forage was better grazed, while in row crops red generally indicates stress.
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Natural Resources
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© Purdue University, John Scott
WASCOB Inspection
• This map was created to check basin construction and the cross section allow us to see berm height along with overall slope.
• To check risers each was manually flown to and an image taken.
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Timber Management
UASs are small unmanned aerial systems.
© Purdue University, Alex Helms
Oak Wilt
A drone used to identify oak wilt in the a mixed wooded area in Southern Indiana.
• Often if a diseased tree can be identified quickly enough and harvested that greatly reduces the disease pressure in the area. Timing is critical.
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Turf Management
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Rensselear High School Football Field9-19-2018
© Purdue University, Bryan Overstreet
Football field
• Interesting wear patterns across the field.
• Home field side is up and has greater wear on the turf which is not surprising.
o This image could be used by grounds crew to help guide turf maintenance.
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Rensselear High School Football Field9-19-2018
© Purdue University, Bryan Overstreet
Football field
• The wear patterns across the field ‘pop’ in the plant health image.
o This image was used by grounds crew to help guide over-seeding and fertilizer applications.
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Limitations
© Purdue University, Andrew Westfall
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• Value Creation and ROI questions
• FAA Regulations and Certification
• Operators photography knowledge and ability
• Ambient Light Conditions
• Software capability
• Battery power
• Image processing
• Internet speed
• Various UAV designs
• Various UAV sensors
• Data management
Limitations
Several limitations with this tool:
© Purdue University, Andrew Westfall
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FAA Regulations and Certification
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August 29, 2016The rules : Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 107, Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems.
Part 107 addresses:
a) small UAS classification, b) certification, and c) operational limitations
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https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=e331c2fe611df1717386d29eee38b000&mc=true&node=pt14.2.107&rgn=div5
Prior to test… Make sure you go through the Code of Federal Regulations to become familiar with all Regulations.
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=e331c2fe611df1717386d29eee38b000&mc=true&node=pt14.2.107&rgn=div5
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FAA Part 107 to Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations.
Provides safety rules for the use of small Unmanned Aircraft Systems.
Gives information about airspace restrictions, visual observer requirements, and operational requirements.
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Remote Pilot Certification Requirements▪ Be at least 16 years old
▪ English proficiency
▪ Pass TSA background check
▪ Pass written (multiple choice) aeronautical knowledge exam at an FAA approved testing center
▪ Pass a recurrent aeronautical knowledge test every 24 months
▪ No aeronautical experience of flight proficiency required
▪ No airman medical certificate required
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Camera Settings
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Camera Settings Case Study1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Which settings were the best so far?
• Set camera settings based off of automatic camera settings (test
flight)
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So…• Camera Settings are critically important when flying a drone.
• The value comes from collected images.
• When flying manually automatic is probably best.• The camera adjusts on the fly so the operator can just go, but can change if needed for a
specific exposure.
• When flying a mission it depends on the flight purpose and overall goal.• Whatever is used it should remain consistent throughout the entire flight
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Light Conditions
Sunlight, Clouds, and Shadows
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Corn
© Purdue University, RL Nielsen© Purdue University, RL Nielsen
Soybean:
© Purdue University, Scott
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purdue.edu/extension © Purdue University, Ana Ona
© Purdue University, Scott
© Purdue University, Scott
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Clouds
UASs are small unmanned aerial systems.© Purdue University, Austin Pearson
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purdue.edu/extension© Purdue University, Mark Carter
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Sunlight/Shadows
UASs are small unmanned aerial systems.
© Purdue University, Mark Carter
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Sunlight/Shadows/Clouds Handling Techniques
• Avoid facing the sun during morning and evening.
• Plan accordingly for known tree lines/ground obstructions.
• Know when clouds tend to move into and out of your operation area.
❖ Sometimes as an operator you have to decide between ground based shadows and clouds.
❖ Full Sun or Complete Overcast are both good for flying planned jobs. Broken skies are not your friend.