practical module eoh 3103: community health and...

PRACTICAL MODULE

EOH 3103: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND POLLUTION SEM 1 2019-2020

BY: ASSOCIATE PROFESOR DR JULIANA JALALUDIN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

EOH 3102: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND AIR POLLUTION

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PRACTICAL Page

Practical 1: Particle Measurement

(Dust Tak, Ultrafine Particle Counter, Side Pak)

2-7

Practical 2 : GasMeasurement

(La Motte, Impinger)

8-11

Practical 3: Volatile Organic Compound

(PPBRAE, Formaldimeter)

12-17

Practical 4: Indoor Air Quality Assessment

(Velocicalc, QTrak)

18-21

Practical 5: Air Quality Monitoring 22-26

Practical 6: Analysis of Biological Sample/ Biomarkers of Exposure 27

Practical 7: Traffic Exposure Assessment 28-30

Practical 8: Water Quality Assessment 31

Group presentation 32


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PRACTICAL 1: PARTICLE MEASUREMENT (DUST TRAK, P-TRAK AND SIDE-PAK)

Objectives:

a) To learn equipment for particle measurement

b) To measure particle concentration at the selected location

Learning outcomes:

In this practical:

a) Students will be able to learn different air quality equipment for particle measurement.

b) Student will be able to differentiate between particle size and the equipment involved.

c) Student will be able to conduct monitoring on particle measurement

Instructions

a) Student will be brief on air quality equipment (Dust trak, P-trak and Side pak) about 90 min

including question and answer session. Refer Practical Manual 1 for further information.

b) Student will be divided into 8 groups and each group will be assigned to conduct air quality

assessment at different locations for 1 hour.

c) Students are required to record particle readings for 1-hour measurement and observe the

surrounding areas

d) Location:

Student plaza

Café

Guard house

Lecture hall

Photocopy shop

Tutorial room

Laboratory

Animal house

d) Students are required to gather at the Environmental Health Laboratory and present the

data. Student are required to discuss on trend of particle concentration and justify factor

that contribute the readings.

e) Report the data and discussion in Practical Report and submit online at Putrablast before

13th September 2018.


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PRACTICAL MANUAL 1

Introduction:

According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), particle pollution also known as

“Particulate matter” (PM) is suspended in the air in a form of mixture of solid and liquid droplets.

Airborne particulate matter refers to particles or droplets of various sizes, physical characteristics

and chemical compositions present in the air. It can be made up of a number of components

including acids (such as nitrates and sulphates), organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles and

allergens (such as fragments of pollen or mould spores). Particulate matter contain in atmosphere

can be in many sizes from larger until the smallest diameters. Different sizes give different exposure

to human health since human breathe the air 24 hours per day.

Size of particulate matter is linked to many health effects especially related with respiratory

illness. Smaller particle sizes possess high risk to cause high mortality cases (Sya et al., 2018; Shi et

al., 2016; Tang et al., 2012) since it can penetrate deep into respiratory system. In addition, people

who are at risk of exposure to particulate matter usually higher among children, sick people

especially patient of respiratory disease (Pacitto et al., 2018;Jiang et al., 2018)

Particulate matters can be included;

a) PM10: categorizes as inhalable particles with aerodynamic diameter of 10µm and less which

its sources coming from human activities such as smoke from motor vehicles, industrial

activities, construction site, heavy traffic road and others.

b) PM2.5 : categorizes as fine inhalable particles with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm and less.

The possible sources of PM2.5 are coming from forest fire, industrial activities, office

equipments (Tang et al., 2012) and carpet from indoor environment.

c) Ultrafine particle (UFP): The smallest particles which pose a potential high risk to develop

respiratory disease since its small aerodynamic diameter can penetrate deep into lower

respiratory tract. Source of UFP is come from natural and man-made sources such as sand

dust, fires, diesel smoke, industry, cooking fumes and cigarette smoke (WHO, 2014).


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Figure 1: Different sizes and aerodynamic diameter of particulate matters

DUSTTRAK™ II AEROSOL MONITORS

Sensor Type 90° light scattering

Particle Size Range 0.1 to 10 μm

Aerosol Concentration Range 8532 Handheld 0.001 to 150 mg/m3

• Real-time mass concentration readings and data-logging

• Allow for data analysis during and after sampling • Measure aerosol concentrations corresponding to PM1,

PM2.5, Respirable, and PM10 size fractions, using a variety of inlet conditioner

• Long life internal pump for continuous sampling • Single-point data collection for walk through surveys • Lightweight design with ergonomic handle for portable

applications • Application: industrial hygiene surveys, point source

location monitoring, indoor air quality investigations, engineering control, evaluations/validation, and for baseline trending and screening.


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Resolution ±0.1% of reading or 0.001 mg/m3, whichever is greater

Zero Stability ±0.002 mg/m3 per 24 hours at 10 sec time constant

Flow Rate

3.0 L/min set at factory, 1.40 to 3.0 L/min, user adjustable

Flow Accuracy ±5% of factory set point, internal flow controlled

Operational Temp 32 to 120°F (0 to 50°C)

Storage Temp -4 to 140°F (-20 to 60°C)

Operational Humidity 0 to 95% RH, non-condensing

Time Constant User adjustable, 1 to 60 seconds

Data Logging

5 MB of on-board memory (>60,000 data points) 45 days at 1 minute logging interval

Log Interval User adjustable, 1 second to 1 houe

Physical Size (H x W x D) Handheld 12.5 x 12.1 x 31.6 cm

Weight Handheld 2.9 lb (1.3 kg), 3.3 lb (1.5 kg) with battery

P-TRAK ULTRAFINE PARTICLE COUNTER

Concentration Range 0 to 5 x 105 particles/cm3

Particle Size Range 0.02 to 1 micrometer

Temperature Range

Operation 32 to 100°F (0 to 38°C) Storage -40 to 160°F (-40 to 70°C)

Power Requirement

Battery type 6 AA alkaline Battery life 6 hrs at 70°F (21°C) Hours per charge 8 hours at 70°F (21°C)

Alcohol Requirement Type 100% reagent grade isopropyl

Memory

Single points 470 Data logging 1,000 hours at one-minute intervals. A maximum of 141 separate tests.

Flow Rate

Sample 100 cm3/min Total 700 cm3/min (nominal)

Size (H x W x D) 10.75 in. x 5.5 in. x 5.5 in. (27 cm x 14 cm x 14 cm)

Measures ultrafine particle concentrations in real-time and data log

Sensitive equipment

This unique single-particle counting capability differentiates the P-TRAK™ from all other IAQ monitoring methodologies and instrumentation


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Weight Instrument with batteries 3.8 lbs (1.7 kg

Principle of detection

1) Particles are drawn through a built-in pump. 2) Particles pass through a saturator tube where they mix with an alcohol vapor. 3) Particle/alcohol mixture then passes into a condenser tube where alcohol condenses onto the particles, causing them to grow into a larger droplet. 4) The droplets then pass through a focused laser beam, producing flashes of light which are sensed by a photodetector. 5) The particle concentration is determined by counting the light flashes. If the particles were not "grown" into larger droplets, they would not produce (scatter) enough light to be detected.

SIDEPAK PERSONAL AEROSOL MONITOR

Sensor Type 90° light scattering, 670 nm laser diode

Aerosol 0.001 to 20 mg/m3

Particle Size Range 0.1 to 10 micrometer (μm)

Minimum Resolution 0.001 mg/m3

Temperature Range

Operating Range 32 to 120°F (0 to 50°C) Storage Range -4 to 140°F (-20 to 60°C)

Operational Humidity 0 to 95% RH, non-condensing

Data Logging

Data Points Approx. 31,000 Logging Interval User-adjustable, 1 second to 1 hour

User-Select Calibration Factors Factory Setting 1.0 (non-adjustable Range 0.1 to 10.0, user-adjustable

The rugged, belt-mountable laser photometer is

compact and quiet

Minimize interference and worker discomfort.

Can be attached to a wide variety of size-selective

aerosol inlet conditioners for breathing zone or

area measurements with a respirable cyclone or

one of the three integrated impactors.

Application: Personal Exposure monitoring/IH

studies, Ambient/work area monitoring,

Trending/screening, Engineering studies,

Epidemiology health studies, Environmental

sampling


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Flow Rate Range User-adjustable, 0.7 to 1.8 liters/min

References:

1. Shi, L., Zanobetti, A., Kloog, I., Coull, B. A., Koutrakis, P., Melly, S. J., & Schwartz, J. D. (2016). Low-

concentration PM2. 5 and mortality: Estimating acute and chronic effects in a population-based

study. Environmental health perspectives, 124(1), 46.

2. WHO (2014). Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health. World Health Organization. Sources from:

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/

3. Tang, T., Hurraß, J., Gminski, R., &Mersch-Sundermann, V. (2012). Fine and ultrafine particles

emitted from laser printers as indoor air contaminants in German offices. Environmental Science and

Pollution Research, 19(9), 3840-3849.

4. Jiang, W., Lu, C., Miao, Y., Xiang, Y., Chen, L., Deng, Q., 2018. Outdoor particulate air pollution and

indoor renovation associated with childhood pneumonia in China. Atmos. Environ. 174, 76–81.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.043

5. Pacitto, A., Stabile, L., Viana, M., Scungio, M., Reche, C., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Rivas, I., 2018.

Science of the Total Environment Particle-related exposure , dose and lung cancer risk of primary

school children in two European countries. Sci. Total Environ. 616–617, 720–729.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.256

6. Sya, M., Syakima, N., Mutalib, A., Talib, M., Greene, C.M., Hassan, T., 2018. Lung Cancer

Challenges and future direction of molecular research in air pollution- related lung cancers 118, 69–

75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.01.016


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PRACTICAL 2: GAS MEASUREMENT

Objectives:

a) To learn equipment for gas measurement (Lamotte sampling pump and kits)

b) To measure concentration of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide at the selected location

Learning outcomes:

In this practical:

a) Students will be able to learn equipment for gas measurement.

b) Student will be able to conduct monitoring on gas measurement and determine

concentration of gaseous pollutants at the selected location

Instructions

a) Student will be brief on Lamotte Air Sampling pump and Nitrogen Dioxide in Air Test Kit.

Refer Practical Manual 2 for further information

b) Student will be divided into 8 groups and each group will be assigned to conduct the

assessment at different locations

c) Students are required to measure gas concentration for 30 min and observe the surrounding

areas

d) Location:

a. Guard house

b. Café

c. College café

d. Parking area

e) Students are required to gather at the Environmental Health Laboratory and present the

data. Student are required to discuss on gas concentration and justify factor that contribute

the readings.

f) Report the data and discussion in Practical Report and submit online at Putrablast before

20th September 2018.


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PRACTICAL MANUAL 2

NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN AIR TEST KIT (CODE 7690)

The sampling period specified in the directions corresponds toconcentrations which may be

encountered in ambient air conditions.

High concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere will require shortersampling periods,

while low concentrations will require longer samplingperiods.

The Octet Comparator contains eight permanentcolor standards. A test sample is inserted

into theopenings in the top of the comparator. The samplecan then be compared to four

color standards atonce, and the value read off the comparator.

Foroptimum color comparison, the comparator shouldbe positioned between the operator

and a lightsource, so that the light enters through the speciallight-diffusing screen in the

back of the comparator.

Avoid viewing the comparator against direct sunlightor an irregularly lighted background.

This test kit includes an adapter for restricting the flow of air through theimpinging

apparatus. The adapter assembly consists of a 27 gaugehypodermic needle (27336-01)

which is fitted into a small plastic holder(30410). A piece of plastic tubing (23609) is attached

to the plasticholder.

By joining one end of the tubing to the intake portion of theimpinging apparatus, the flow of

air is restricted to 0.2 Lpm.

To sample thetest atmosphere at this rate for nitrogen dioxide, use the followingprocedure:

1. Attach adapter to intake of impinging apparatus.

2. Unscrew knob of flowmeter (counter-clockwise - 6 complete turnsfrom closed position of

flowmeter).

3. Turn switch to “ON” position. Follow recommended operatingprocedure for nitrogen dioxide

test. Refer Diagram 1


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4. The sampling period should not exceed 20 minutes for asingle determination of nitrogen

dioxide when the adapter is in placeas damage might result to the pumping mechanism

5. Pour 10 mL of *Nitrogen Dioxide #1 Absorbing Solution (7684) intothe impinging tube.

6. Connect impinging apparatus to intake of air sampling pump. Makesure the long tube is

immersed in the absorbing solution.

7. Attach special adapter to intake of pump to sample at 0.2 Lpm.

8. Sample for 10 minutes or until a measurable amount of nitrogendioxide is absorbed.

9. At the end of the sampling time pour contents of impinging tube intotest tube (0822). Dilute

to 10 mL with absorbing solution if necessaryto replace solution which evaporated during

sampling.

10. Use the pipet (0352) to add 1 drop of *Nitrogen Dioxide Reagent #2(7685). Cap and mix.

11. Use the 0.05 g spoon (0696) to add 0.05 g of Nitrogen Dioxide Reagent #3 Powder (7688).

Cap and mix. Wait 10 minutes for fullcolor development.

12. Place test tube into the Nitrogen Dioxide Comparator (7689). Matchsample color to index of

color standards. Record the index number which gives the proper color match.

13. Use chart below to convert index reading to a concentration. Recordas ppm Nitrogen

Dioxide.

Nitrogen Dioxide in Air Calibration Chart

Time (min)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 0.00 2.8 7.0 14.10 21.0 42.0 56.0 56.0

5 0.00 0.56 1.40 2.80 4.20 8.40 11.20 11.20

10 0.00 0.28 0.70 1.40 2.10 4.20 5.60 5.60

15 0.00 0.19 0.47 0.93 1.40 2.80 3.74 3.74

20 0.00 0.14 0.35 0.70 1.05 2.10 2.80 2.80

**Values in ppm

SULFUR DIOXIDE IN AIR TEST KIT

PROCEDURE

1. Add 10 mL of Sulfur Dioxide Absorbing Solution (7804) to theimpinging tube. Connect impinging

apparatus to intake of airsampling pump. Make sure the long tube is immersed in theabsorbing

solution. Sample at 1.0 LPM for 30 minutes or until ameasurable amount of Sulfur Dioxide is

absorbed. Cover impingingapparatus with aluminum foil to protect from light.

2. At the end of the sampling time fill the small test tube (0230) tothe line with the absorbing

solution from the impinging tube. Usethe 0.25 g spoon (0695) to add one level measure of

*SulfurDioxide Reagent #1 (7693). Cap test tube and shake vigorously todissolve the powder.

3. Use a 1 mL pipet (0354) to add 1 mL *Sodium Hydroxide, 1.0N(4004PS) to the same small test

tube (0230). Cap and invertseveral times to mix.


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4. Use the other 1 mL pipet (0354) to add 2 mL (2 measures) of*Sulfur Dioxide Passive Bubbler

Indicator (7805) to a large testtube (0204).

5. Pour the contents of the small test tube (0230) into the large testtube (0204) containing the

indicator. Immediately cap tube andinvert 6 times, holding cap firmly in place with index finger.

6. Wait 15 minutes. Place test tube into the Sulfur Dioxide PassiveBubbler Comparator (7746). Match

sample color to a colorstandard. Record index number from comparator.

The following calibration chart is provided to convert the comparatorindex reading into the

concentration of sulfur dioxide in theatmosphere in parts per million (ppm). The chart is based upon

theprescribed sampling period for individual tests. After the color match ismade, find the

corresponding index value on the calibration chart, thenread down the line until the sampling time is

found.

The sampling period specified in the directions corresponds toconcentrations which may be

encountered in ambient air conditions.

High concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere will require shortersampling periods, while low

concentrations will require longer samplingperiods.

SULFUR DIOXIDE IN AIR CALIBRATION CHART

Time (min)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10 0.00 0.19 0.29 0.38 0.48 0.57 0.67 0.76

30 0.00 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.2 0.25

60 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.13

90 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

**Values in ppm


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PRACTICAL 3: VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCS)

Objectives:

a) To learn how to use VOCs equipment (ppbRae 3000 and formaldimeter)

b) To conduct monitoring on VOCs

c) To measure concentration of VOCs at the selected locations

Learning outcomes:

In this practical:

a) Students will be able to learn suitable equipment for VOCs measurement

b) Student will be able to conduct monitoring on VOCs measurement and determine

concentration of VOCs pollutants at the selected location

Instructions

a) Student will be brief on the handling. of VOCs equipment Refer Practical Manual 3 for

further information

b) Student will be divided into 8 groups and each group will be assigned to conduct the


c) Students are required to measure VOCs concentration for 30 min and observe the possible

source of VOCs.

d) Location:

a. Guard house

b. Café

c. Student plaza

d. Parking area

e. Library

f. Store room

g. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Room

h. Photocopy shop

e) Students are required to gather at the Environmental Health Laboratory at 4pm and present

the findings. Student are required to discuss on VOCs concentration and justify factor that

contribute the readings.

f) Students are required to select 2 different locations for report writing.

g) Individual report needs to be submitted online at Putrablast before 4th October 2018.


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PRACTICAL MANUAL 3

Introduction:

Volatile organic compounds are chemicals that contain of carbon and hydrogen atom and easily exist

in the environment. It is known as major organic pollutants in urban air, which of great concern due

to their adverse effects on human health, as some chemicals able to induce cancer directly and

associated with increased long-term health risks due to their carcinogenic and toxic properties.It

plays a significant role in the ozone formation and production of some organic aerosol which affect

the ambient air quality. The main anthropogenic ambient sources of VOCs are vehicle emission,

combustion processes utilizing fossil fuels, petroleum refining, storage and distribution of petroleum

products, industrial emissions and using of solvents. Some of biogenic compounds among VOCs are

mainly emitted by natural sources, such as vegetation, oceans and soils but these natural sources of

VOC minimally emitted as compared to anthropogenic polluter. Consequently, anthropogenic

sources of VOCs, especially traffic and industrial emission have been an increasing concern (Hsu et

al., 2018).

Concentration of many VOCs can be higher in confined area or indoor environment than the

outdoor concentration up to five-fold (Tang et al., 2005). It can be emitted by paints, cleaning

supplies, pesticides, wood-based material (Harb, Locoge, & Thevenet, 2018), furniture, air

refreshers, cooking fuels, office equipment such as photocopier, printers. As instance, toluene is the

most prominent and abundant pollutant emitted from the solvent of ink and toner used for the

photocopier and printer as reported in a study by (El-hashemy & Ali, 2018). Therefore, indoor

exposure to VOCs cannot be neglected as they directly affect the occupant`s health and comfort.

Exposure to VOCs can induce a wide range of acute and chronic health effects from asthma,

sensory irritation and nervous system impairment. As instance, eye irritation and sore throat can be

the acute health effect from formaldehyde or formalin exposure. Some VOCs such as

dichloromethane, trichloroethylene and BTEX are classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which

are mutagens or carcinogens. Risk assessments is effectively tools to evaluate the hazardous impact

of the VOCs on human health, which are usually classified as carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic for

estimating their human health risks.

References

El-hashemy, M. A., & Ali, H. M. (2018). Science of the Total Environment Characterization of BTEX group of VOCs and inhalation risks in indoor microenvironments at small enterprises. Science of the Total Environment, 645, 974–983. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.157

Harb, P., Locoge, N., & Thevenet, F. (2018). Emissions and treatment of VOCs emitted from wood-based construction materials : Impact on indoor air quality. Chemical Engineering Journal, 354(April), 641–652. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.085

Hsu, C., Chiang, H., Shie, R., Ku, C., Lin, T., Chen, M., Chen, Y. (2018). Ambient VOCs in residential areas near a large-scale petrochemical complex : Spatiotemporal variation , source apportionment and health. Environmental Pollution, 240(6), 95–104. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.076


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PpbRAE 3000

Size 25.5cmx7.6cmx 6.4cm)

Weight 738g

Sensor Photoionization sensor with standard 10.6eV or optional 9.8 eV lamp

Battery Rechargeable, external field-replaceable Lithium-Ion battery pack Alkaline battery adapter

Operating hour 16 hours of operation 12 hours with alkaline battery

Keypad 1 operation and 2 programming keys, 1 flashlight on/off

Direc readout Instantaneous reading

VOCs as ppm by volumeor mg/m3

STEL, TWA and PEAK

Battery and shutdown voltage

Alarms 95dB (at 12"/30 cm) buzzer and flashing red LED to indicate exceeded

preset limits

•High:3 beeps and flashes per second

•Low:2 beeps and flashes per second

•STEL and TWA: 1 beep and flash per second

•Alarms latching with manual override or automatic reset

•Additional alarm for low battery and pump stall

Datalogging Standard 6 months at one-minute intervals

Calibration Two-point or three-point calibration for zero and span

Calibration memory for 8 calibration gases

Unique features Measures from 1ppb up to 10,000ppb

3-second response time

Humidity compensation

Optional Mesh Radio for ConneXt compatibility

The compact ppbRAE

3000 is a comprehensive

VOC gas monitor and

datalogger for hazardous

environments. It is the

most advanced handheld

VOC monitor available for

parts-per-billion (ppb)

detection.


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Optional built-in Bluetooth transmitter that transmits up to 2

miles with RAELink3 wireless router

Sample pump draws from up to 100 feet

Correction factors for more than 350 compounds

Large display reports gas type, correction factor, concentration

Rugged housing for harsh environments

Sensor and lamp auto-cleaning

Built-in flashlight

Multi-language capability – up to 10 languages

MIL-STD-810F certified rugged housing for harsh environments

Patented PID lamp auto-cleaning

Application Oil & Gas

HazMat

Industrial Safety

Civil Defense

Environmental & Indoor Air Quality


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Formaldemeter™

The latest 3-parameter instrument from PPM Technology directly measures airborne formaldehyde

concentrations as well as ambient temperature and humidity levels. Building on the technology

developed in the popular Formaldemeter 400, with the addition of unique compensation

techniques, the htV can now accurately measure low levels of formaldehyde even in humid

conditions while still maintaining ease of use and simple calibration.

Sampling Method 10ml snatch-sample of air taken by internal pump.

Sampling Frequency 1 minute in normal IAQ conditions.

Response Time 60 seconds in 'high accuracy' mode, approx. 8 seconds in 'lower accuracy' mode.

Mechanical 150 x 80 x 34mm ABS plastic case. Padded accessory-case 266 x 230 x 50mm.

Weight 270g with 9v PP3 alkaline battery Total kit weighs 750g

Sensor type Electrochemical manufactured by PPM Technology..

Range sensor 0-10ppm as standard (0- 12.3 mg/m³ at 25°C). Extended range available on request.

Resolution sensor 0.001 ppm

Accuracy sensor 10% at 2ppm

Precision sensor 94% of all instrument readings meet the NIOSH criteria for an acceptable method when measuring 0.3ppm of formaldehyde over a relative humidity range of 25-70%. The NIOSH criterion for acceptability is that all results fall within ±25% of the true value at the 95% confidence level.

Calibration sensor By user with supplied calibration standard or by original manufacturer.

Application With the use of formaldehyde in industry and the recent issues

raised in public health and indoor air quality typical applications

might include: Medical Care & Sterilisation, Pharmaceuticals,

Agriculture

Fumigation, Paint and Paper manufacture, Textiles & Dye


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manufacture, Particle & Laminate Boards, Building Management,

Air Conditioning system management, Environment and Public

Health Agencies

Unique features Displays formaldehyde concentration in both parts per million

(ppm) and mg/m³

Resistant to extremes of humidity and temperature

Simple calibration procedure can be carried out in a few minutes

after only minimal training

Fast sampling by pressing a single button and quick recovery from

normal concentrations

Manufactured to ISO 9001:2000 quality standards and compliant

to CE regulations

Capable of up to one month of continuous monitoring.

Built in alarm

Mains or battery powered

Can be used as a manual hand held and a continuous monitoring

data logger

USB interface allowing direct connection to a PC for downloading

data.

Supplied with the htV-M download software


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PRACTICAL 4: INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)

Objectives:

a) To learn how to use VelociCalc and Q-trak equipment

b) To conduct monitoring on temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

and air velocity

c) To learn on how to conduct indoor air quality monitoring and compare with national

guidelines or standard

Learning outcomes:

In this practical:

a) Students will be able to handle indoor air quality (IAQ) equipment

b) Student will be able to conduct IAQ monitoring at the selected location

c) Student will be to compare the IAQ data with Industrial Code of Practice (Indoor Air Quality)

2010

Instructions

a) Student will be brief on the handling. of IAQ equipment. Refer Practical Manual 4 for further

information

b) Student will be divided into 8 groups and each group will be assigned to conduct the IAQ


c) Students are required to measure IAQ parameter for 30 min

d) Location:

a. Lecture hall

b. Tutorial room

c. Office (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health)

d. Environmental Health Laboratory

e. Library

f. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Room

g. Photocopy shop

h. Postgraduate room

h) Students are required to gather at the Environmental Health Laboratory at 4pm and present

the findings. Student are required to discuss the trend of IAQ parameter and compare with

guideline standard

i) Students are required to select 2 different locations for report writing

j) Individual report needs to be submitted online at Putrablast before 11stOctober 2018


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PRACTICAL MANUAL 4: INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)

Introduction:

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is defined as the air quality within and around buildings and structures,

especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants (EPA, 2018). It is very

important since people spent most of time indoors as compare to outdoors. The poor indoor air

quality can be assessed by appearance of acute health effect, especially when a person moves to a

new office or house, home renovation and specific chemical application. In addition, bad indoor air

quality can be determined by look at the occupant lifestyle and activities. As instance, indoor

smoking and cooking activities can contribute to deterioration of indoor air environment. On the

other hand, poor ventilation of indoor environment can be assessed through presence of moisture

condensation on windows or walls, smelly or stuffy air, dirty central heating and air-cooling

equipment and areas where books, shoes, or other items become moldy. Poor indoor air quality can

lead to discomfort, respiratory health problem, absenteeism, student learning outcome and

decrease productivity. Meanwhile, good indoor air quality can protect the health of occupants and

can contribute to their comfort and well-being.

General pollutant types that affect indoor air quality includes:

Biological: bacteria, fungi, viruses, mold, pollen, animal hair, dander and excrement

Chemical: cleaners, solvents, fuels, adhesives, various combustion by-products and emissions from

furnishings and floor and wall coverings

Particles and Aerosols: Particles are classified in three general categories coarse, fine and ultrafine;

they can be derived from dust, construction activities, printing, photocopying, manufacturing

processes, smoking, combustion and some chemical reactions in which vapors condense to form

particles. These can be categorized as dust, smoke, mist, fume and condensates.

Health effect associated with poor indoor air quality:

Acute health effect associated with indoor air pollutant exposure can be respiratory health symptom

(cough, runny nose, phlegm), rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache, allergy

andfatigue. Meanwhile, prolonged exposure to poor indoor air quality may cause Legionnaires’

Disease, lung cancer from radon exposure and indoor tobacco smoke, asbestosis from asbestos

exposure.


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Q-TRAK MULTIFUNCTION INDOOR AIR QUALITY

(MODEL 7575)

Application IAQ investigations

Industrial hygiene surveys

Baseline trending and screening

Building commissioning

Tracking down emissions to their source (point source location) Features Simultaneously measures indoor air quality

Calculates dew point, wet bulb and percent outside air

Large graphic display

Displays up to 5 measurements

On-screen messages and instructions

Supports 12 different languages

One instrument with multiple plug-in probe options including VOCs and air velocity

Store up to 39 days of data collected at one-minute log intervals

TrakPro™ Data Analysis Software provided for data logging, analysis and documenting results

Bluetooth communications for transferring data or remote polling*

Probe Measure:

Temperature

Relative humidity (RH)

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Range CO: 0 to 500 ppm

CO2: 0 to 5,000 ppm

RH: 5 to 95% RH

T: -10 to 60°C Accuracy CO: ±3% of reading or ±3 ppm CO whichever is greater

CO2:±3% of reading or ±50 ppm CO2whichever is greater

RH: ±3% RH

T: ±0.5°C

Resolution 0.1 ppm CO, 1 ppm CO2, 0.1% RH, 0.1°C T


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VELOCICALC

Application HVAC testing and balancing

Clean room testing

Biological safety cabinet and laboratory fume hood testing

HVAC commissioning and troubleshooting

IAQ investigations

Thermal comfort studies

Ventilation evaluations

Process air flow testing

Features Straight Air Velocity Probe 964 measure air velocity, temperature and relative humidity

Includes differential pressure sensor

Large graphic display

Displays up to five measurements simultaneously

On-screen messages and instructions

Program for local language

Intuitive menu structure allows for ease of use and setup

Multiple data logging formats

Bluetooth communications for transferring data or remote polling

Includes TrakPro™ and LogDat2™ downloading software with USB cable

Probe Measure: Temperature, Relative humidity and Air velocity

Range 0 to 9,999 ft/min (0 to 50 m/s)

14 to 140°F (-10 to 60°C)

0 to 95% RH

Accuracy ±3% of reading or ±3 ft/min (±0.015 m/s), whichever is greater

±0.5°F (±0.3°C)

±3% RH Resolution 1 ft/min (0.01 m/s)

0.1°F (0.1°C)

0.1% RH Probe Dimensions Length 40 in. (101.6 cm)


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Tip dia. 0.28 in. (7.0 mm)

Base dia. 0.51 in. (13.0 mm)

PRACTICAL 5: AMBIENT AIR MONITORING (PARTICULATES)

Objectives:

a) To learn the principle of ambient air monitoring

b) To learn on how to conduct the ambient air monitoring

c) To understand operation and handling of High-Volume Sampler (HVS)

Learning outcomes:

In this practical:

a) Students will be able to understand the principle of ambient air monitoring

b) Student will be to learn on how to handle the High-Volume Sampler

Instructions

a) Student will be brief on the principle of ambient air monitoring, suitable equipment and

regulatory standard

b) Student will be brief on the handling. of High-Volume Sampler. Refer Practical Manual 5 for

further information

c) Students are required to operate the air sampler

d) No report is required for this practical


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PRACTICAL MANUAL 5: AMBIENT AIR MONITORING (PARTICULATES)

Introduction:

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in air generally is considered to be all airborne solid and low

vapor pressure liquid particles. It has a complex, multi-phase system consisting of a spectrum of

aerodynamic particle sizes ranging from below 0.01 µm to 100 µm and larger. Historically,

particulate matter (PM) measurement has concentrated on total suspended particulates (TSP), with

no preference to size selection. In 1987, the primary standard for TSP was replaced with a PM10

standard, which includes only particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less. Then, in

1997, the primary standard for PM10 was replaced with a PM2.5 standard. This standard was

promulgated because the USEPA now has interest on "respirable" particles (<2.5 µm), those particles

small enough to be drawn into and deposited in the respiratory system and can impose direct health

effects.

Respirable particles are attributed to growth of particles from the gas phase and subsequent

agglomeration; most coarse particle (sizes 2.5-10 µm) are made of mechanically abraded or ground

particles. Coarse particles mainly produced by mechanical forces, such as crushing and abrasion.

These coarse particles therefore normally consist of finely divided minerals, soil, or dust that result

from entrainment by the motion of air or from other mechanical action within their area. Coarse

particles, therefore, normally consist of finely divided minerals such as oxides of aluminum, silicon,

iron, calcium, and potassium. Since the mass of these particles is normally >3 µm, their retention

time in the air parcel is shorter than that of the fine particle fraction.

There is a variety of monitoring methods available for the measurement of mass concentrations of

PM in ambient air. These include both direct reading instruments, which provide continuous

measurements of particle concentrations, and filter-based gravimetric samplers that collect the

particulate material onto a filter, which must then be weighed subsequently in a laboratory.

Commonly used methods for the mass measurement of PM in ambient air include:

filter-based gravimetric samplers (including the European reference sampler)

Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) analysers

ß-attenuation analysers

optical analysers

black smoke method

personal samplers


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Comparison on technique for particle measurement:

Technique Advantages Disadvantages Estimated precision

Filter-based gravimetric samplers

The reference method for PM10 specified in EU First Daughter Directive Reference method by USEPA

High operating costs. Time resolution of the measurement is limited to 24-h. Reporting requirements of the cannot be met and results can only be provided some days after the sample was collected.

±2µg/m3

TEOM Analyzer

Provide real-time data with short time resolution (<1 h) that can be used for public information. Improved precision compared to the reference method

Preheated air stream causes a greater loss of semi-volatiles compared to the reference method. High capital cos

±0.5µg/m3

ß-attenuation

Provide real time data with short resolution (<1 h) that can be used for public information

If a heated inlet is used some semi-volatile material may lost. Unheated samplers may suffer from interference due to the presence of water. Analyser contains a radioactive source.

±3µg/m3 but depends on analyser type

Optical Analyzer

Portable and often battery operated Can measure several size fractions simultaneously

Depend on assumption about particle characteristic, Which may vary from place to place and time to time

Depends on analyser type

Black smoke Simple, robust, inexpensive and easy to maintain

Measures on index rather than a gravimetric concentration Time resolution is limited to 24-h

±2µg/m3 May be higher at current typical concentration

Personal sampler

Portable sampler that can easily be deployed in the field Used to determine personal exposure to particulate concentration NIOSH method

Depending on measurement method used

Depends on technique employed


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HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLER (PM10 US EPA Federal Reference Method)

A PM10 high volume air sampler is a federal reference method (FRM) instrument

designed to collect ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of

10µm or less. This method is based on the separation and removal of non-PM10 particles

from an air sample, followed by filtration and gravimetric analysis of PM10 mass on the filter

substrate.

A device for sampling large volumes of an atmosphere for collecting the contained

particulate matter by filtration. Consists of a high-capacity blower, a filter to collect

suspended particles, and a means for measuring the flow rate.

It uses a size selective inlet to separate out the particulate matter that is larger than

10µm, ensuring that only concentrations of PM10 are deposited onto the filter.

It typically operates with a flow rate 1.13L/min during a 24-hour sampling period and

able to be sampling a large volume of atmosphere, 1,600-2,400 m3 (57,000-86,000 ft3)

Constructed of high-quality components and a robust anodized aluminum shelter,

this instrument is well suited for all ambient sampling installations.

It is considered a reliable instrument for measuring the mass concentration of particles in

ambient air.

SUMMARY OF METHOD

1. Filter preparation

Type of filter: quartz fiberfilters ,glassfilber filter (20x25cm2 surface area)

Characteristic of filter

a) Particle Sampling Efficiency: Filters should remove more than 99% of SPM from the air

drawn through them, regardless of particle size or flow rate

b) Mechanical Stability: Filters should be strong enough to minimize leaks and wear during

handling.

c) Chemical Stability: Filters should not chemically react with the trapped SPM.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjkzoH6yfvdAhUBY48KHSoQB1UQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/pollution/monitoring/air-pollution/samplers&psig=AOvVaw2ZNJx069pOJfPixF9DLaS5&ust=1539250709029555


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d) Temperature Stability: Filters should retain their porosity and structure during sampling.

e) Blank Correction: Filters should not contain high concentrations of target compound

analytes

Pre-treatment:

a) Check filter condition (pinhole, discoloration, loose material, non uniformity)

b) Brush off dirt particle

c) Wrap it with aluminium foil without folding the filter

d) Prebaked filter for 4-8 h at 300-500°C (furnace). Purpose; to pyrolyze and remove any

adsorbed organic materials

e) Conditionfor 24 h in a desiccator where the temperature was maintained at 25°C with a

relative humidity at 45%.

f) Weight the filter using microbalance

2. Instrument preparation

a) Clean filter holder

b) Clean inlet nozel with alcohol and brush

c) Check flow rate, calibration

3. Operation

a) Place the filter paper under the filter holder or cassete

b) Set timer and press ON or start button

c) In operation, suspended particles in ambient air are pulled through the PM10 inlet head at a

flow rate of 1.13 L/min. The inlet head consists of a series of impaction plates to segregate

particulate matter by size. Because of the design of the inlet, accurate sampling is

accomplished independent of wind speed and direction.

d) Air is drawn into the sampler and through a glass fiber or quartz filter by means of a blower,

so that particulate material collects on the filter surface. Without a 10 µm size-selective

inlet, particles of 100 µm size and less enter the sampling inlet and are collected on the

downstream filter. The collection efficiencies for particles larger than 20 µm decreases with

increasing particle size, and it varies widely with the angle of the wind with respect to the

roof ridge of the sampler shelter. When glass fiber filters are used, particles 100-0.1 µm or

less in diameters are ordinarily collected. With a size-select inlet, particles 10 µm diameter

or less are collected on the quartz filter.

e) The upper limit of mass loading is determined by plugging the filter medium with sample

material, which causes a significant decrease in flow rate. For very dusty atmospheres,

shorter sampling periods will be necessary.

f) The volume of air sampled is determined by a flow-rate indicator. The instrument flow-rate

indicator is calibrated against a reference orifice meter

g) Airborne particulate matter retained on the filter may be examined or analyzed chemically

by a variety of methods (ICP, ICP/MS, AA, GFAA, and NAA)

Reference


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1. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Compendium Method IO-2.1.Sampling Of

Ambient Air For Total Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) And PM10 Using High Volume (Hv)

Sampler

PRACTICAL 6: ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE/BIOMARKERS

OFEXPOSURE

Objectives:

a) To learn on mechanism and principle of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

b) To learn on how to collect biological sample and analysis using ELISA

Learning outcomes:

In this practical:

a) Students will be able to understand the principle of ELISA

b) Student will be exposed on biological sample collection and analysis of sample using ELISA

Instructions

a) Student will be brief on the mechanism and principle of ELISA

b) Student will be brief on the biological sample collection

c) Students will be brief on the analysis using ELISA

d) Students are required to conduct a virtual ELISA analysis at the website

“hhmi.org/biointeractive/immunology-virtual-lab”

e) Prepare individual report on virtual ELISA and answer these following questions:

Was your ELISA experiment successful? If not, explain why.

If your ELISA experiment was successful, is the patient positive for SLE-related

autoantibodies?

Do you think it is a good practice to carry out experiments in duplicates/triplicates? Why?

What is the purpose of running positive and negative controls in your virtual lab ELISA?

What are the limitations of ELISA test?

f) Submit the report at the Putrablast.


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PRACTICAL 7: TRAFFIC EXPSOURE ASSESSMENT

Objectives:

a) To understand the traffic characteristics in terms of average daily traffic, traffic composition,

peak hour traffic and directional split at individual survey locations

b) To conduct traffic count at the selected survey locations

Learning outcomes:

In this practical:

a) Student will be able to understand the traffic characteristics in terms of average daily traffic,

traffic composition, peak hour traffic and directional split at individual survey locations

b) Student will be able to conduct traffic count at the selected locations

Instructions:

a) Get into the assigned group

b) ChooseanyofroadsidefromUPMmaincampus

c) Setthetime and recordtheobservationfromtheroadsideenvironment

d) Usethe trafficcountsheettorecordthe observation

e) Traffic count begin.

f) Manual counts give rise to safety concerns, either from the traffic itself or the

neighborhoods where the counts are being undertaken.

g) Report the data and discussion in Practical Report and submit online at Putrablast


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TRAFFIC SURVEY FORM

Group: _________________________________________________________________ Surveyor: _______________________________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________________________________ Start time: _____________________ End time: ________________________________ Total time: ______________________________________________________________ Location: _______________________________________________________________ Weather condition: _______________________________________________________ Period of haze: Yes / No

Bicycles

Motorcycles

Cars and Taxis

Buses and Coaches

Light Good Vehicles

Heavy Good Vehicles


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PRACTICAL 8: WATER QUALITY ASSESMENT

Objectives:

a) To understand and learn equipment for water quality assessment

b) To conduct water quality assessment

Learning outcomes:

In this practical:

a) Student will be able to learn on how to handle and operate the water quality assessment

b) Student will be able to conduct water quality assessment at the selected locations

Instructions:

a) Students will be brief on water quality equipment (pH meter, Dissolve Oxygen Meter,

Conductivity meter, Turbidity meter)

b) Student will be assigned into 8 groups for water quality assessment


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GROUP PRESENTATION:VIDEO ASSIGNMENT

Instruction:

a) Each group will perform a video

b) The video should be 7-10 minutes in length.

c) There are no restrictions on the style of the video (i.e., the student may act in the video, use

animated graphics, drawings on paper, a combination of the above, etc.).

d) This video assignment account 30% marks. All students must participate in the making of video.

e) The video presentation will be on week 14th. A representative from each group will randomly

pick one of the topics below:

i) Climate Change

ii) Indoor Air Quality

iii) Haze

iv) Traffic Related Air Pollution

v) Biomarker of Exposure

vi) Water quality

vii) Sick Building Syndrome

viii) Water Contamination

f) Conduct several group discussions

g) Submit storyboard at the Putrablast

h) Present the final video on week 14th


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THANK YOU

practical module eoh 3103: community health and...

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