practica 2 electro a cus tica

8/16/2019 Practica 2 Electro a Cus Tica

1/22

INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL

ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIAMECÁNICA Y ELÉCTRICA

ING. EN COMUNICACIONES Y ELECTRÓNICA

ELECTROACUSTICA Y TRANSDUCTORESPROFESOR: PEREZ ARRIEAGA MAXIMILIANO

PRÁCTICA 2

MEDICIONES EN MICROFONOS

ALUMNOS

ZAMARRIPA PAREDES JOSE CARLOS

DELGADILLLO EDUARDO

GRUPO:7CV3


2/22

INTRODUCCIÓN

Existe ! "!t# $% i$"#&t'!te ' (' )#&' *e est*i'& e( s#!i*#: s +'"t'+i,!. P#& e((#-e! i!e!t'*#s est#s '"'&'t#s/ 0e e! (' '+t'(i*'* s#! ti(i1'*#s *i'&i'$e!te "#&(' $'%#&' *e (#s T3+!i+#s *e S#!i*# e! $4(ti"(es sit'+i#!es.

E! +'(0ie& 5&'6'+i,! # '+t'+i,! e! i#/ *e6e$#s te!e& e! +e!t' t&es -'+t#&esi$"&es+i!*i6(es e! +'!t# ' (' ti(i1'+i,! *e $i+&,-#!#s:

7Se(e++i,!7P#si+i#!'$ie!t#7T3+!i+' *e ti(i1'+i,!

A*e$8s/ #ts -'+t#&es i!-(%e! !#t'6(e$e!te: e( &i*# '$6ie!t'(/ tie$"# *e&ee&6e&'+i,!/ et+.Se )'6('&8 *e (#s ti"#s *e $i+&,-#!#s "'&' +'*' sit'+i,!/ +,$# -!+i#!'!/ *,!*e"e*e! +#(#+'&se e! -!+i,! *e( s#!i*# 0e 0e&'$#s... "e )'% 0e te!e& sie$"&ee! +e!t' 0e ('s "e&s#!'s tie!e! 5st#s *i-e&e!tes/ (# +'( !#s ((e' ' (' +#!+(si,!*e 0e !i!5!' &e5(' es -i9'. A(5ie! "e*e "e!s'& e! !' *ete&$i!'*' sit'+i,! 0ee( s#!i*# 0e +#!si5e +#! ! $i+&,-#!# es $e9#& 0e e( *e s +#$"'e/ %

i+ee&s';


3/22

Es0e$' *e ! $i+&,-#!# +#!e!+i#!'( *e &e9i(('

DEFINICION

El micrófoo !" # $r%"c$or '#! o" (!rmi$! r!%li)%r #% co*!r"ió !$r!l%" *%ri%cio!" &! (r!"ió + *%ri%cio!" &! i*!l ! #% corri!$! !l!c$ric%.

P'&' +'"t'& e( s#!i*#/ e( $i+&,-#!# t&'!s-#&$' ('s '&i'+i#!es *e "&esi,! e! e( 'i&e>#!*'s s#!#&'s?/ e! i$"(s#s e(3+t&i+#s *e +#&&ie!te e(3+t&i+' '(te&!'/ *e $'!e&' 0e('s "#*'$#s $'!i"('& % '($'+e!'& s#6&e '(54! s#"#&te 6ie! se' e! -#&$'t#'!'(,5i+# # *i5it'(. Est# se )'+e ' t&'3s *e ! "+es# *e!#$i!'*# $#*('+i,!.P#ste&i#&$e!te/ se #(e&8! ' t&'!s-#&$'& es#s i$"(s#s e(3+t&i+#s e! #!*'s *e

"&esi,! $e*i'!te (#s '(t'#+es. P#& e((# se *i+e 0e e( $i+&,-#!# es ! t&'!s*+t#&.

TIPOS DE TRANSDUCTORES

D'&e$#s ')#&' !' 6&ee isi,! 5(#6'( *e (#s ti"#s *e t&'!s*+t#&es existe!tes/ "'&'(e5# "'s'& ' est*i'& +'*' !# *et'(('*'$e!te...

@O@INA MÓIL

S#! (#s (('$'*#s !#&$'($e!te +#$# B*i!8$i+#sB. Est#s $i+&,-#!#s +#!siste! e! !*i'-&'5$' *e "(8sti+# B$%('&B/ !i*# ' !' 6#6i!' 0e se *es"('1' *e!t *e !


4/22

+'$"# $'5!3ti+# +&e'*# "#& ! i$8! "#('&i1'*#. C'!*# (' $e$6&'!' se $ee+#$# +#!se+e!+i' *e (' "&esi,! *e( 'i&e s#6&e e(('/ (' 6#6i!' 0e es s#(i*'&i' se$ee t'$6i3! *e!t *e( +'$"# $'5!3ti+# % "*+e !' +#&&ie!te 0e es""#&+i#!'( '( *es"('1'$ie!t# *e (' $e$6&'!'.Este ti"# *e $i+&,-#!# es $% ti(i1'*# *'*' s ste1 % 0e !# !e+esit'

'(i$e!t'+i,! exte&!' "'&' s -!+i#!'$ie!t#.P#& +#!t&' s se!si6i(i*'* % (i!e'(i*'* *e &es"est' !# es t'! 6e!' +#$# e! #tsti"#s *e $i+&,-#!#s +#$# ')#&' e&e$#s.'% $i+&,-#!#s *e 6#6i!' $,i( 0e ti(i1'! *#s $e$6&'!'s/ !' e! (' "'&te -!t'( %#t&' e! (' "'&te "#ste&i#&/ '$6's se'(es se se"'&'! $e*i'!te ! *iis#& *e-&e+e!+i's. De est' -#&$' se +#!si5e $e9#&'& $+)# (' &es"est' e! -&e+e!+i' *e($i+-#!#.

DE CINTAE! este siste$' se ti(i1' !' +i!t' $et8(i+' $% (i5e&' 0e est' ex"est' ' ('s #!*'s

s#!#&'s t'!t# "#& *e('!te +#$# "#& *et&8s. Di+)' +i!t' se )'((' $#!t'*' *e!t *e !+'$"# $'5!3ti+# "e&$'!e!te +&e'*# "#& ! i$8!.C'!*# (' +i!t' i6&' +#$# +#!se+e!+i' *e ('s "&esi#!es *e ('s #!*'s s#!#&'s/ se+&e' !' +#&&ie!te 0e si$i('& ' (' e(#+i*'* *e *es"('1'$ie!t# *e *i+)'s #!*'ss#!#&'s/ "#& est# ' e+es se (es (('$' t'$6i3! $i+&,-#!#s *e e(#+i*'*.S *i'5&'$' "#('& se(e se& 6i*i&e++i#!'( '!0e se "e*e! +#!se5i& +'&*i#i*est'$6i3!. S &es"est' e! -&e+e!+i' es $% 6e!'. !i+'$e!te )'% 0e se'('& 0es#! $% se!si6(es ' (#s 5#("es % $'(#s t&'t#s "#& (# 0e 4!i+'$e!te se ti(i1'! e!est*i# % +#! 6e! t&'t#.

ELECTROSTÁTICOS O DE CONDENSADORL#s $i+&,-#!#s e(e+tst8ti+#s ti(i1'! #t ti"# *e t&'!s*+t#& 6's'*# e! e(-!+i#!'$ie!t# *e ! +#!*e!s'*#&.P'&' e((# ti(i1'! *#s $e$6&'!'s/ !' -i9'/ (' "#ste&i#&/ % #t&' se"'&'*' *e (' "&i$e&'"#& !' +'"' *e 'i&e 0e es (' 0e se $ee +'!*# (e i!+i*e! ('s #!*'s s#!#&'s. E(+#!*e!s'*#& 0e -#&$'! '$6's "('+'s 'is('*'s "#& e( 'i&e se '(i$e!t' +#! !'te!si,! exte&!' '( $i+&,-#!# (('$'*' '(i$e!t'+i,! P)'!t#$ # -'!t's$'. C'!*# ('$e$6&'!' s"e&i#& se *es"('1' +#$# +#!se+e!+i' *e ('s #!*'s s#!#&'s/ ('*ist'!+i' e!t&e '$6's "('+'s '&i' % "#& t'!t# '&i' t'$6i3! (' +'"'+i*'* *e( s"est#+#!*e!s'*#&/ '( '&i'& est'/ t'$6i3! '&i' (' te!si,! se +i&+(' "#& e(. P'&' "#*e&'"e+)'& est's '&i'+i#!es *e te!si,! se !e+esit' $#!t'& ! "&e'$"(i-i'*#& 9!t# '

(' +8"s(' *e -#&$' 0e "#& !' "'&te '*'"te (' i$"e*'!+i'/ *'*# 0e (' *e(+#!*e!s'*#& es $% '(t'/ % "#& #t&' e( !ie( *e (' se'( "'&' "#*e& se& 4ti(. E("&e'$"(i-i+'*#& t'$6i3! )'+e s# *e (' '(i$e!t'+i,! exte&!' "'&' "#*e& -!+i#!'&.'% $i+&,-#!#s e(e+tst8ti+#s 0e tie!e! ! *i'-&'5$' "(8sti+# +#! !' +'&5'"e&$'!e!te % 0e "#& e((# !# !e+esit'! '(i$e!t'+i,! exte&!' "'&' -!+i#!'&/ si!e$6'&5# e( "&e'$"(i-i+'*#& 0e si5e sie!*# !e+es'&i# si0 e (#s !e+esit'. Est# 'e+es se &ese(e +#! !' "e0e' "i(' i!+(i*' e! e( $is$# $i+&,-#!#/ 's se eit'!ti(i1'& (' '(i$e!t'+i,! P)'!t#$ # F'!t's$'. A( !# te!e& 0e +'&5'& +#! (' 6#6i!' e( *i'-&'5$' *e est#s $i+&,-#!# es $+)# $'sse!si6(e % "#& t'!t# s#! +'"'+es *e &e+#5e& s#!i*#s $% te!es si! !i!54! "(e$'.

S#! $i+&,-#!#s *e ex+e(e!te +'(i*'* % 4!i+'$e!te )'% 0e te!e& e! +e!+' 0e (')$e*'* "e*e *e9'& 5#t's *e +# s#6&e ('$e$6&'!' % 5e!e&'& ! &i*# ti"# '


5/22

-&it&' 0e se i&' +'!*# *es'"'&e1+' t#*' (' )$e*'*.E! ! "&i!+i"i#/ '!ti5'$e!te/ "'&' &e'(i1'& (' e(e+t&,!i+' *e( "&e'$"(i+'*#& % *e ('-e!te *e '(i$e!t'+i,! se ti(i1'6'! ('$"'&'s/ %' 0e !# )'6' t&'!sist#&es !i $+)#$e!#s +i&+it#s i!te5&'*#s. P#& e((# '$6's/ '(i$e!t'+i,! % "&e'$"(i-i+'*#& e&'! $%#($i!#s's % te!'! (#s i!+#!e!ie!tes %' +#!#+i*#s *e (' ti(i1'+i,! *e ('s

('$"'&'s. Si! e$6'&5# te!'! ! s#!i*# $% es"e+i'( 0e '! )#% e! *' se 6s+' %"#& e((# existe! $#*e(#s )#% e! *' ' ('$"'&'s/ '!0e s "&e+i# se(e se& e(e'*#/s +'(i*'* s#!#&' es $% Bes"e+i'(B &e5ist&'! e( s#!i*# *e !' -#&$' $'s B+8(i*'B.

MICR,-ONOS:

parte I

P&i!+i"'(es *ise#s *e $i+&,-#!#s

Existe! seis *ise#s +#$!es *e $i+&,-#!#s:

• De $'!# 7 ti"# *e $i+&,-#!# 0e s' e! (' $'!# e( t'(e!t# # e! e!t&eist's e!

(#+'+i,!

• L''(ie&e 7 S#(' +#(5'& *e ! +#&*e( '(&e*e*#& *e( +e((#. U!' '&i'+i,! $8s'+t'(i1'*' es e( $i+&,-#!# "e&s#!'( >*e +#&6't' # s#('"'? # *e +(i"

• C',! >s)#t5!? 7 s'*# e! "*++i#!es e! (#+'+i,! "'&' +'"t'& s#!i*#s '

*ist'!+i' *e (' +8$'&'

• Mi+&,-#!# "ie1#e(3+t&i+# 7 (('$'*# PZ # PZM/ este ti"# *e $i+&,-#!#s #-&e+e!

!' ,"ti$' +'"t'+i,! *e s#!i*#s t&'!s$iti*#s ' t&'3s *e s"e&-i+ies *&'s/

+#$# "#& e9e$"(# !' $es'

• Mi+&,-#!#s *e +#!t'+t# 7 +'"t'! e( s#!i*# e! +#!t'+t# *i&e+t# +#! (' -e!te

s#!#&'. Este ti"# *e $i+&,-#!#s se e!+e!t&'! 5e!e&'($e!te $#!t'*#s e!

i!st&$e!t#s $si+'(es.

• Mi+&,-#!#s *e est*i# 7 es (' +'te5#&' $'s 5&'!*e *e $i+&,-#!#s e i!+(%e

'&i#s *ise#s se54! s '"(i+'+i,!

Est's seis +'te5#&'s "#see! *i-e&e!tes ti"#s *e t&'!s*+t#&es # e(e$e!t#se!+'&5'*#s *e +#!e&ti& ('s #!*'s s#!#&'s e! e!e&5' e(3+t&i+'.


6/22

E! este $,*(# *is+ti&e$#s (#s ti"#s $8s "#"('&es % ss +'&'+te&sti+'s

+#$e!1'!*# +#! (#s...

MICR,-ONOS DIN.MICOS/

L#s $i+&,-#!#s *i!8$i+#s >t'$6i3! (('$'*#s *e 6#6i!' $,i(? s#! +#!si*e&'*#s +#$#

(#s $i+&,-#!#s "-esi#!'(es $'s &esiste!tes. Este ti"# *e $i+&,-#!# es !' 6e!'

e(e++i,! "'&' (' ('6#& "e&i#*sti+' >ENG? *#!*e +#$4!$e!te se e!+e!t&' !'

'&ie*'* *e +#!*i+i#!es *i-+i(es >+#$# e( i!+e!*i# '0

i(st&'*#?.

E! ! $i+&,-#!# *i!8$i+# ('s #!*'s s#!#&'s 5#("e'! !

*i'-&'5$' s#"#&t'*# e! !' 6#6i!' *e +'6(e -i!#. L'

6#6i!' se e!+e!t&' ss"e!*i*' e! ! +'$"# $'5!3ti+#

"e&$'!e!te.

C'!*# ('s #!*'s s#!#&'s 5#("e'! e( *i'-&'5$' este )'+e

i6&'& (' 6#6i!' e! e( +'$"# $'5!3ti+#. E( &es(t'*# es!' "e0e' +#&&ie!te e(3+t&i+' 5e!e&'*' "#& (' -&i++i,!/ est' +#&&ie!te te!*&8 0e se&

*es"3s '$"(i-i+'*' $i(es *e e+es.

U!' *e ss $'%#&es e!t'9's es 0e !# &e0ie&e! *e !' -e!te exte&!' *e e!e&5'

"'&' #"e&'& % s#! "'&ti+('&$e!te &esiste!tes '( '6s# -si+#. Si! e$6'&5# s -i*e(i*'*

!# sie$"&e es (' $e9#&. C'!*# se &e0ie&e *e $e!#& t'$'#/ ex+e(e!te se!si6i(i*'* %

(' $e9#& +'(i*'* *e &es"est'/ #t ti"# *e $i+&,-#!# es "&e-e&i*#: e( $i+&,-#!# *e

+#!*e!s'*#&.


7/22

MICR,-ONOS DE CONDENSADOR 0 CAPACITOR/

L#s $i+&,-#!#s *e +#!*e!s'*#& >t'$6i3! (('$'*#s +'"'+it#&es # $i+&,-#!#s *e

+#!*e!s'*#& e(3+t&i+#? "#see! !' i!+#$"'&'6(e +'(i*'* *e &es"est'. A*e$8s

"e*e! se& t'! "e0e#s 0e s#! -8+i(es *e es+#!*e&. Si! e$6'&5#/ (' $'%#&' *e (#s

$i+&,-#!#s *e +#!*e!s'*#& !# s#! t'! &esiste!tes +#$# (#s *i!8$i+#s % e( t&'6'9# e!

+#!*i+i#!es +(i$8ti+'s '*e&s's "e*e &es(t'& !

"(e$'.

L#s $i+&,-#!#s *e +#!*e!s'*#& -!+i#!'! 6'9# e(

"&i!+i"i# *e ! +#!*e!s'*#& e(3+t&i+# # +'"'+it#&. U!

*i'-&'5$' *e $et'( (t&' *e(5'*# es -e&te$e!te esti&'*#

s#6&e !' "ie1' "('!' *e $et'( # +e&8$i+'. E! ('

$'%#&' *e (#s $i+&,-#!#s *e +#!*e!s'*#& !' -e!te

*e "#*e& "ee !' +'&5' e(3+t&i+' e!t&e '$6#s

e(e$e!t#s.

L's #!*'s s#!#&'s 0e 5#("e'! e( *i'-&'5$' +'s'!

-(+t'+i#!es e! (' +'&5' e(3+t&i+' 0e *e6e! se& "#ste&i#&$e!te '$"(i-i+'*' e! e(

"&e'$"(i-i+'*#& >"&e7'$"?. Di+)# "&e'$"(i-i+'*#& "e*e est'& i!te5&'*# '( +e&"# *e(

$i+&,-#!# # est'& 6i+'*# e! ! *is"#siti# se"'&'*#.

De6i*# ' 0e est#s $i+&,-#!#s &e0ie&e! *e ! "&e'$"(i-i+'*#& e((# i$"(i+' 0e/ '

*i-e&e!+i' *e ss +#!t&'"'&tes *i!8$i+'s/ (' $'%#&' *e (#s $i+&,-#!#s *e

+#!*e!s'*#& &e0ie&e! *e !' -e!te *e "#*e&/ %' se' *e +#&&ie!te # 6'te&'s.

P'&' "ee& *e +#&&ie!te AC ' ! $i+&,-#!# *e +#!*e!s'*#& s'($e!te (' -e!te

est8 i!te5&'*' e! (' $e1+('*#&' *e '*i#. A est# se (e +#!#+e +#$# -e!te -'!t's$'

>")'!t#$ "#e&?. C'!*# s ti(i1' este ti"# *e '(i$e!t'+i,! e( +'6(e *e( $i+&,-#!#

si&e ' *#s "",sit#s: e!t&e5' (' se'( +'"t'*' "#& e( $i+&,-#!# ' (' +#!s#(' % ((e' ('

e!e&5' *e (' +#!s#(' '( "&e'$"(i-i+'*#& *e( $i+&,-#!#.


8/22

E( s# *e 6'te&'s +#$# '(i$e!t'+i,! *e( "&e'$"(i-i+'*#&

es $'s +#!e!ie!te >!# se tie!e 0e ti(i1'& !

$e1+('*#& es"e+i'( #t *is"#siti# *e '(i$e!t'+i,!

*e +#&&ie!te?/ "e t'$6i3! &e"&ese!t' !

"(e$': '( -i!'( *e s +i+(# *e i*' ('s 6'te&'s se

B$e&e!B si! "&ei# 'is#.

P'&' eit'& est' sit'+i,! e! "(e!' "*++i,!/ es"e+i'($e!te e! i#/ se(e +#(#+'&se

*#s $i+&,-#!#s $i!i't&' *e +#!*e!s'*#& 9!t#s '( t'(e!t#. Si '(5!# *e (#s

$i+&,-#!#s -'(('/ e( #t "e*e se& i!$e*i't'$e!te '+ti'*#. Est' t3+!i+' *e(

$i+&,-#!# *#6(e es +#!#+i*' +#$# +#6e&t&' *'( >*'( &e*!*'!+%?.

Existe #t ti"# *e $i+&,-#!#s e! s# +#$# e( $i+&,-#!# *e +i!t' >&i66#!?/ 0e es$+)# $8s se!si6(e/ "e '4! 's (#s *e ti"# *i!8$i+# % *e +#!*e!s'*#& s#! (#s $'s

s'*#s e! (' "*++i,! *e te(eisi,!.

MICR,-ONOS PIEZOELÉCTRICOS/

L#s P1 >' e+es '6&ei'*#s +#$# PZM? s#! $i+&,-#!#s *e "&esi,! 0e se ti(i1'!

(i$it'*'$e!te "'&' +ie&t#s e-e+t#s. Este $i+&,-#!# *e"e!*e e!te&'$e!te *e ('

&e-(exi,! *e( s#!i*#. E! sit'+i#!es es"e+i'(es >+#$# +'!*# est8 6i+'*# e! ('

s"e&-i+ie *e !' $es'? ! PZ tie!e !' &es"est' s"e&i#& ' +'(0ie& #t ti"# *e

$i+&,-#!#.

MICR,-ONOS DE CONTACTO/

C#$# e( !#$6&e (# s5ie&e/ (#s $i+&,-#!#s *e +#!t'+t# +'"t'! e( s#!i*# est'!*# e!

+#!t'+t# -si+# +#! (' -e!te. Est#s $i+&,-#!#s s#! 5e!e&'($e!te $#!t'*#s e!

i!st&$e!t#s $si+'(es/ +#$# e! (' +'9' *e &es#!'!+i' *e ! "i'!#/ (' s"e&-i+ie *e

! 6'9# '+4sti+# # +e&+' *e( "e!te *e ! i#(!.


9/22

L#s $i+&,-#!#s *e +#!t'+t# "#see! (' e!t'9' *e e(i$i!'& +'(0ie& s#!i*# exte&!# 0e

i!te&-ie&' % *e !# s-&i& i!te&-e&e!+i' *e ('s &e-(exi#!es *e( s#!i*# '( +)#+'& +#! #69et#s

+e&+'!#s. S +'&' "('!' (#s *isti!5e e! '"'&ie!+i' *e (#s $i+&,-#!#s "e&s#!'(es

"e0e#s.

CARACTER1STICAS DIRECCIONALES

E! ! $,*(# '!te&i#&/ )'6('$#s s#6&e e( 8!5(# is'( *e (#s (e!tes77e( 8&e' e! 0e e(

(e!te es +'"'1 *e Be&B. L#s $i+&,-#!#s "#see! ! 't&i6t# si$i('&: s +'&'+te&sti+'

*i&e++i#!'(/ # e( 8!5(# *e +'"t'+i,!.

Existe! t&es +'te5#&'s *i&e++i#!'(es

68si+'s:

• O$!i*i&e++i#!'(

• @i7*i&e++i#!'(

• U!i*i&e++i#!'(

MICR,-ONO OMNIDIRECCIONAL/

L#s $i+&,-#!#s #$!i*i&e++i#!'(es >t'$6i3! (('$'*#s !#7*i&e++i#!'(es? s#! i5'($e!tese!si6(es ' (#s s#!i*#s 0e "ie!e! *e +'(0ie& *i&e++i,!.

A!0e este 't&i6t# "#see e!t'9's e! (' &'*i# *#!*e '&i's "e&s#!'s "e*e! est'&

'(&e*e*#& *e( $i+&,-#!#/ e! (' "*++i,! *e i*e# +'si sie$"&e es $e9#& ti(i1'&

'(5!' -#&$' *e $i+&,-#!# *i&e++i#!'(.

E((# "e&$ite e(i$i!'& s#!i*#s !# *ese'*#s >&i*# *et&8s *e +8$'&'s/ '$6ie!te e!

(#+'+i,!/ &i*#/ et+.? $ie!t&'s +'"t'$#s e( s#!i*# "e!ie!te *e( t'(e!t#.


10/22

MICR,-ONO 2IDIRECCIONAL/

E! ! "'t&,! se!siti# 6i7*i&e++i#!'( >"'t&,! "#('&? e( $i+&,-#!# es &e+e"ti# ' (#ss#!i*#s 0e "ie!e! *e *#s *i&e++i#!es.

A!0e s#! -&e+e!te$e!te ti(i1'*#s e! e!t&eist's &'*i#-,!i+'s >"'&' "e&s#!'s

se!t'*'s !' -&e!te ' #t&' e! !' $es'? % +#! (' e!t'9' *e( est3&e#/ e( $i+&,-#!# 6i7

*i&e++i#!'( >t'$6i3! (('$'*# -i5&' #+)#? tie!e ! s# $% (i$it'*# e! te(eisi,!.

'6('&e$#s *e est3&e# % (' !e+esi*'* *e este ti"# *e "'t&,! *i&e++i#!'( e! ! $,*(#

"#ste&i#&.

MICR,-ONO UNIDIRECCIONAL/

E( t3&$i!# !i*i&e++i#!'( se &e-ie&e si$"(e$e!te ' (' +('si-i+'+i,! 5e!e&'( *e

$i+&,-#!#s 0e s#! se!si6(es ' (#s s#!i*#s 0e "ie!e! "&i$#&*i'($e!te *e !'

s#(' *i&e++i,!.

Ex+ite! +'t s6*iisi#!es e! est' +'te5#&':

• C'&*i#i*e.

• S"e&+'&*i#i*e.

• i"e&+'&*i#i*e.

• P'&'6,(i+#.

A!0e est#s t3&$i!#s "e*e! s#!'& +#$# s'+'*#s *e ! (i6 *e $e*i+i!' se

&e-ie&e! si$"(e$e!te ' 0e t'! est&e+)# es e( "'t&,! *e +'"t'+i,! >8!5(# *e

'*i+i,!?


11/22

.

C'&*i#i*e

E ( +'&*i#i*e es *e!#$i!'*# 's "#&

s "'t&,! *e se!si6i(i*'* 0e se

'se$e9' ! "#+# ' (' -#&$' *e !+#&'1,!.

L#s +'&*i#i*es s#! se!si6(es ' (#s

est$(#s s#!#s e! ! &'!5# '$"(i# '( -&e!te *e( $i+&,-#!#/ "e &e('ti'$e!te

i!se!si6(es ' (#s s#!i*#s *et&8s *e( $is$#.

A!0e este "'t&,! "e*e se& $% 4ti( "'&' s#!#&i1'& ! +# e! ! est*i#/ ('

'$"(it* *e (' 1#!' *e se!si6i(i*'* *e( +'&*i#i*e es si5e sie!*# *e$'si'*' "'&'

$+)'s ('s '"(i+'+i#!es e! T. "#& e9e$"(#/ +'!*# se e!+e!t&' +#(#+'*# ' 2 # $8s

$ets *e( (#+t#& "e*e &e5ist&'& s#!i*#s i!+i*e!t'(es !# *ese'*#s/ i!+(%e!*# ('

&ee&6e&'+i,! *e ('s "'&e*es. Si! e$6'&5# este ti"# *e $i+&,-#!#s s#! 4ti(es e!

$i+&,-#!#s *e $'!# % +'!*# (#s $i+&,-#!#s "e*e! est'& +e&+' *e( t'(e!t#

>+'!t'!tes/ "&ese!t'*#&es/ et+.?

SUPERCARDIOIDE/


12/22

E( s"e&+'&*i#i*e es $'s *i&e++i#!'( 0e e( "'t&,! se!siti# *e( +'&*i#i*e. C'!*#

este ti"# *e $i+&,-#!# es '"!t'*# )'+i' !' -e!te s#!#&' (' i!te&-e&e!+i' *e (#s

s#!i*#s -e&' *e( -#+# *e "e&+e"+i,! es e(i$i!'*'.

Este "'t&,! "#('& es $% si$i('& '( *e !ests #*#s/ +'!*# 5i&'$#s (' +'6e1' )'+i'

! s#!i*# t&'t'$#s *e es++)'& i5!#&'!*# (' i!te&-e&e!+i' *e #ts s#!i*#s 0e

+#!si*e&'$#s si! i$"#&t'!+i'.

L#s $i+&,-#!#s *e +',! s#! ! ti"# *e s"e&+'&*i#i*e '$"(i'$e!te s'*# e! ('s

"*++i#!es e! (#+'+i,! >s#6&e t#*# e! *e"#&tes? . De6i*# ' s 5&'! *i&e++i#!'(i*'*

"ee! !' 6e!' +'"t'+i,! s'*#s ' !' *ist'!+i' e!t&e 2 % $ets *e( t'(e!t#.

i"e&+'&*i#i*e % U(t&'*i&e++i#!'(

L#s $i+&,-#!#s +#!#+i*#s +#$# )i"e&+'&*i#i*e % (t&'*i&e++i#!'( "#see! ! "'t&,! *e

&es"est' '4! $'s *i&e++i#!'(.

A!0e s est&e+)# 8!5(# *e &es"est'

si5!i-i+' 0e (#s s#!i*#s -e&' *e( &'!5#

se&8! e-i+ie!te$e!te e(i$i!'*#s/ est#

t'$6i3! si5!i-i+' 0e *e6e! se&

"&e+is'$e!te '"!t'*#s ' (' -e!te

s#!#&'. F&e+e!te$e!te se tie!e! 0e

&e'(i1'& '9stes si e( t'(e!t# se $ee. A(5!#s $i+&,-#!#s *e es+#"et' *e '(t'

*i&e++i#!'(i*'* se e!+e!t&'! i!+(i*#s e! est' +'te5#&'.

MICR,-ONOS PARA2,LICOS/


13/22

L#s $i+&,-#!#s "'&'6,(i+#s "&ese!t'! (' $'%#& *i&e++i#!'(i*'*. Est' +'te5#&' se

&e-ie&e $'s ' +#$# e( $i+&,-#!# es s'*# 0e ' ! ti"# es"e+-i+# *e $i+&,-#!#. E(

&e-(e+t#& "'&'6,(i+# es e( 0e +&e' e( "'t&,! "#('& e! este siste$' % !# e( $i+&,-#!# "#&

s $is$#. De )e+)# e( $i+&,-#!# ti(i1'*# e! e( -#+# *e (' "'&86#(' "e*e se&

+'(0ie& ti"# *e $i+&,-#!# !i*i&e++i#!'( 68si+#.

E( &e-(e+t#& "'&'6,(i+# "e*e se& *e ' H "es *e *i8$et. De6i*# ' (' -#&$'

"'&'6,(i+' *e( &e-(e+t#& t#*#s (#s s#!i*#s &e5ist&'*#s e! ! 8!5(# $% est&e+)# *e

+'"t'+i,! se&8! *i&i5i*#s )'+i' e( $i+&,-#!#.

L#s $i+&,-#!#s "'&'6,(i+#s "e*e! +'"t'& s#!i*#s ' *ist'!+i's *e H # $8s "ies.

Este ti"# *e $i+&,-#!#s !# s#! !' e(e++i,! "&8+ti+' "'&' e( t&'6'9# *e "*++i,! e!

5e!e&'( "e -&e+e!te$e!te s#!s'*#s e! ('s +#6e&t&'s *e"#&ti's.

C'!*# se ti(i1'! $i+&,-#!#s

"'&'6,(i+#s # +'(0ie& #t $i+&,-#!#

*i&e++i#!'(/ e( #"e&'*#& $#!it#&e'& ('

5&'6'+i,! +#! ! 6e! "'& *e

'*-#!#s/ s#6&e t#*# si e( s9et# est8

e! $#i$ie!t#. U! "e0e# e&& e! ('*i&e++i,! *e ! $i+&,-#!# '(t'$e!te *i&e++i#!'( "e*e +'s'& !' 5&'! *i-e&e!+i' e!

(' +'(i*'* *e( '*i#.

EL SON,METRO/

E( S#!,$et es ! i!st&$e!t# *ise'*# "'&' &es"#!*e& '( s#!i*# e!

'"i$'*'$e!te (' $is$' $'!e&' 0e (# )'+e e( #*# )$'!# % *'& $e*i+i#!es

#69eti's % &e"*+i6(es *e( !ie( *e "&esi,! s#!#&'. Existe! $+)#s siste$'s *e

$e*i+i,! s#!#&' *is"#!i6(es. A!0e s#! *i-e&e!tes e! e( *et'((e/ +'*' siste$'

+#!siste *e ! $i+&,-#!#/ !' se++i,! *e "+es'$ie!t# % !' !i*'* *e (e+t&'.

E( $i+&,-#!# +#!ie&te (' se'( s#!#&' ' !' se'( e(3+t&i+' e0i'(e!te. E( ti"# $8s

'*e+'*# *e $i+&,-#!# "'&' s#!,$et es e( $i+&,-#!# *e +#!*e!s'*#&/ e( +'(

+#$6i!' "&e+isi,! +#! est'6i(i*'*. L' se'( e(3+t&i+' "*+i*' "#& e( $i+&,-#!# es

$% "e0e' % *e6e se& '$"(i-i+'*' "#& ! "&e'$"(i-i+'*#& '!tes *e se& "+es'*'.

'&i#s "+es'$ie!t#s *i-e&e!tes "e*e! '"(i+'&se s#6&e (' se'(. L' se'( "e*e"'s'& ' t&'3s *e !' &e* *e "#!*e&'+i,!. Es &e('ti'$e!te +#!st&i& ! +i&+it#


14/22

e(e+t&,!i+# +%' se!si6i(i*'* '&e +#! (' -&e+e!+i' *e (' $is$' $'!e&' 0e e( #*#

)$'!#/ % 's si$('& ('s +&'s *e i5'( s#!#&i*'*: Est# )' &es(t'*# e! t&es

*i-e&e!tes +'&'+te&sti+'s est'!*'&i1'*'s i!te&!'+i#!'($e!te/ ('s "#!*e&'+i#!es BAB/

B@B % BCB. A*e$8s *e !' # $8s *e 3st's &e*es *e "#!*e&'+i,!/ (#s s#!,$ets

s'($e!te tie!e! t'$6i3! !' &e* BLINEALB. Est# !# "#!*e&' (' se'(/ si!# 0e *e9'

"'s'& (' se'( si! $#*i-i+'&('.

C'!*# se &e0ie&e $8s i!-#&$'+i,!/ e( &'!5# *e -&e+e!+i' *e 2 1 ' 2 J1 "e*e

se& *ii*i*# e! se++i#!es # 6'!*'s. Est's 6'!*'s tie!e! s'($e!te ! '!+)# *e

6'!*' *e !' #+t'' # ! te&+i# *e #+t'' >!' #+t'' es !' 6'!*' *e -&e+e!+i'

*#!*e (' $8s '(t' -&e+e!+i' es *#s e+es (' $8s 6'9' -&e+e!+i'?.

Des"3s 0e (' se'( )' si*# "#!*e&'*' %K# *ii*i*' e! 6'!*'s *e -&e+e!+i'/ ('se'( &es(t'!te es '$"(i-i+'*'/ % se *ete&$i!' e( '(#& R##t Me'! S0'&e >RMS? +#!

! *ete+t#& RMS. E( RMS es ! '(#& "$e*i# $'te$8ti+# es"e+i'( % es *e

i$"#&t'!+i' e! ('s $e*i+i#!es *e s#!i*# "#&0e est8 &e('+i#!'*# *i&e+t'$e!te +#! ('

+'!ti*'* *e e!e&5' *e( s#!i*# 0e est8 sie!*# $e*i*#. L' 4(ti$' et'"' *e( s#!,$et

es (' !i*'* *e (e+t&' 0e $est&' e( !ie( s#!# e! *e+i6e(es >*@?/ #ts +#$# e(

*@A/ 0e si5!i-i+' 0e e( !ie( s#!# $e*i*# )' si*# "#!*e&'*# +#! e( -i(t A. L'

se'( t'$6i3! "e*e est'& *is"#!i6(e e! s'(i*'s AC # DC/ "'&' (' +#!exi,! *e

i!st&$e!t#s exte&!#s "'&' ! "#ste&i#& "+es'$ie!t#.

Existe! *ie&s#s ti"#s *e s#!,$ets 0e se *i-e&e!+i'! "&i!+i"'($e!te *e( 5&'*# *e

"&e+isi,! 0e *e6e! +$"(i& e! &e('+i,! ' (#s '(#&es 0e s#! +'"'+es *e $e*i&. E((#s

s#! (#s s#!,$ets ti"# / / 2 % H. E( s#!,$et Ti"# se ti(i1' 5e!e&'($e!te e!

('6#&'t#&i#s es"e+i'(i1'*#s % si&e +#$# *is"#siti# est8!*'& *e &e-e&e!+i'. E( Ti"# /

se ti(i1' t'!t# e! ('6#&'t#&i# +#$# e! te&&e!# +'!*# e( '$6ie!te '+4sti+# *e6e se&

es"e+i-i+'*# %K# $e*i*# +#! "&e+isi,!. E( Ti"# 2/ es '*e+'*# "'&' $e*i+i#!es

5e!e&'(es e! te&&e!# % e( ti"# H se ti(i1' "'&' &e'(i1'& $e*i+i#!es *e &e+#!#+i$ie!t#.

http://www.conama.cl/investigacion_info/temas_ambientales/Ruido/decibeles.htmhttp://www.conama.cl/investigacion_info/temas_ambientales/Ruido/decibeles.htm


15/22

TRANSMISI,N -M

U!' 6'!*' *e t&'!s$isi,! +#$e&+i'( +#! $'&+'*' -i&$e1' se )' +#(#+'*# e! ('"&e-e&e!+i' *e &'*i# es++)'/ e! (' -&e+e!+i' *e PM +%' t&'!s$isi,!/ +#!si*e&'*'*e '(t' -i*e(i*'* "#& (' exte!s' 5'$' *e '*i# 0e e$"(e'/ e! e( "+es# *e$#*('+i,!/ &et&'!s$ite e! (' 6'!*' ' M1.

L' t&'!s$isi,! e! FM '"#&t' '&i's e!t'9's si ('s +#$"'&'$#s +#! e( AM/ e!t&e ('s+'(es te!e$#s.

7 M'%#& -i*e(i*'*/ se *e6e ' 0e e! FM (' se'( *e $#*('+i,! >'*i#? -(+t4' e!t&e 1 ' )1. e( $e!s'9e $si+'( # )'6('*# 0e +#!tie!e (' "#&t'*#&' es $'s +#$"(et#% (,5i+'$e!te +'!*# e( $e!s'9e se &e"*+e e! e( "'&('!te *e( &e+e"t#& e( s#!i*# es$'s &i+# *e t#!#s % '&$,!i+#s/ $ie!t&'s (' AM s#(# ((e5' ' !' -&e+e!+i' $8xi$' *e

1. Tie!e (' "#si6i(i*'* *e e(i$i!'& se'(es i!*ese'6(es/ se *e6e ' 0e e! FM ('$#*('+i,! (' +#!tie!e (' #!*' "#&t'*#&' e! -#&$' *e -&e+e!+i' '&i'6(e % '$"(it*+#!st'!te/ t#*' i!te&-e&e!+i' 0e +'s' '&i'+i#!es "e*e se& e(i$i!'*' -8+i($e!tes'!*# e! e( &e+e"t#& (' et'"' (i$it'*#&'. Pe e! AM e( $e!s'9e se tie!e e! -#&$' *e'&i'+i#!es *e '$"(it* si s'$#s "'&te *e (i$it'*#& se est'&' (i$it'!*# "'&+i'($e!te"'&te *e (' se'( 4ti(.

E! (' '+t'(i*'* (#s &e+e"t#&es FM est8! +#$"est#s 68si+'$e!te *e +#$"#!e!tes+#$# s#! (#s t&'!sist#&es % (#s +i&+it#s i!te5&'*#s 0e *e6e! se& "%e+t'*#s ' 0e

t&'6'9e! ' !' -&e+e!+i' *e ' M1.. A!te!' &e+e"t#&'

2. A$"(i-i+'*#& *e RF. >R'*i#-&e+e!+i'?

H. C#!e&s#&'

. C'!'( *e FI.>F&e+e!+i' I!te&$e*i'? "'&('!tes.

. Dis+&i$i!'*#& FM.

. P&e7 '$"(i-i+'*#& *e AF. >A*i#-&e+e!+i'?Q. P'&('!tes

. Fe!te *e '(i$e!t'+i,!.

.7A!te!' &e+e"t#&':E! &e+e"t#&es "#&t8ti(es ('s '!te!'s s#! *e ti"# te(es+,"i+# % (#s0e tie!e! e! e( )#5'& se -#&$' *e ! +#!9!t# *e +#!*+t#&es 0e s#! +#&t'*#s *e!' (#!5it* '""i'*' "'&' !' 6'!*' *e ' M1.

2.7A$"(i-i+'*#& *e RF. >R'*i#-&e+e!+i'?:Es e( ti"# si!t#!i1'*#/ 68si+'$e!te see!+'&5' *e se(e++i#!'& !' e$is#&' *e FM % "#ste&i#&$e!te (' e!t&e5' '( siste$'

+#!e&s#& +#!-#&$'*' "#& ! t&'!sist#& *e '(t' -&e+e!+i' +#! 6'se ' tie&&' # e$is#& 'tie&&'.


16/22

H.7L' se++i,! +#!e&s#&': C'$6i' (' -&e+e!+i' "#&t'*#&' *e e$is#&' se(e++i#!'*' '! '(#& *e FI >F&e+e!+i' I!te&$e*i'? +%# '(#& es *e .Q M1. E! &e+e"t#&es6'&'t#s % e+#!,$i+#s (' +#!e&s#&' s'*' es 't# DINA % e! &e+e"t#&es *e $'%#& +#st# # '(#& es *e( ti"# *e #s+i('*#& se"'&'*# % +#! +e!t 't#$8ti+# *e 5'!'!+i'.

.7L' se++i,! *e F.I.: F#&$'*# "#& *#s # t&es et'"'s/ si!t#!i1'*# "'&' !' -&e+e!+i'*e .Q M1/ se e!+'&5' *e se(e++i#!'& % '$"(i-i+'& (' !e' -&e+e!+i' ' 0e -e+#!e&ti*' (' est'+i,! se(e++i#!'*' +%# +#$"#!e!te -i!'($e!te es e!t&e5'*# '(*is+&i$i!'*#&. E( +'!'( *e FI. >F&e+e!+i' I!te&$e*i'? &e'($e!te +#!stit%e e('$"(i-i+'*#& "&i!+i"'( *e (' se++i,! *e RF.>R'*i#-&e+e!+i'? t'!t# *e FM % AM/ +#! ('4!i+' *i-e&e!+i' *e 0e existe! *#s +'!'(es *i-e&e!tes.

.7E( *is+&i$i!'*#&: Tie!e ' s +'&5# (' -!+i,! *e $#*('*#&'/ es *e+i& se e!+'&5' *eext&'e& e( e!#(e!te *e $#*('+i,!/ e! +#!se+e!+i' e! s +i&+it# *e s'(i*'#6te!*&e$#s (' se'( *e '*i# *ete&$i!'*' "&i!+i"'($e!te "#& (' -#&$' *e +#!exi,!*e (#s *i#*#s/ *ete&$i!'!*# *#s ti"#s *e *is+&i$i!'*#&es: 7 Dis+&i$i!'*#& *e F#ste&. 7

*ete+t#& *e &e('+i,!.

.7Se++i,! *e '*i#: Es (e '$"(i-i+'*#& *e '*i# 0e si&e t'!t# +#$# "'&' AM % FM+#$ie!1' e! e( +#!t( *e #($e! >$#!# # est3&e#? "&e+e*i*#s *e !' (('e se(e+t#&'"'&' #"e&'& # 6ie! # 6ie! +#! FM , +#! AM. Si e( '"'&'t# es *e( siste$' est3&e# ('+'(i*'* es $e9#& +#! ss +'!'(es i10ie&*# *e&e+)# 0e 't&'ies'! e( +#*i-i+'*#&/ +'*'+'!'( R7L #"e&' +#! s ""i# "'&('!te.

V!$%4%" + &!"*!$%4%"

L' "&i!+i"'( e!t'9' *e( $i+&,-#!# i!'(8$6&i+# es 0e ""#&+i#!' 5&'! $#i(i*'*.

S i!+#!e!ie!te 0e es $% se!si6(e ' ('s i!te&-e&e!+i's &'*i#e(3+t&i+'s. A*e$8s/ (#s$i+&,-#!#s i!'(8$6&i+#s s#! 6'st'!te +'s % s"#!e! ! *ese$6#(s# i$"#&t'!te.C#! t#*'s ('s +#s's sie!*# i5'(es e! t3&$i!#s *e (# 0e se es++)'/ $'!te!5' e!$e!te 0e ('s e!t'9's *e (#s siste$'s i!'(8$6&i+#s s#! t'!t# is'(es +#$#'*iti's; e( -&e!te *e( es+e!'&i# se e $+)# $e9#& si! t#*#s (#s +'6(es. Y *'&(e ' ss#+'(ist's/ +#!-e&e!+ist's/ et+. L' (i6e&t'* *e $#e&se % +#!+e!t&'&se e! s $e!s'9e"e*e #t#&5'&(e ! i$"'+t# si5!i-i+'ti# '( se&i+i#.

L#s t&es +#$"#!e!tes t&'6'9'! 9!t#s "'&' t&'!s$iti& e( s#!i*# "#& e( es"e+t F>F&e+e!+i' M% A(t'? # UF >F&e+e!+i' U(t&' A(t'?. A$6's -&e+e!+i's t&'!s$ite! e(

s#!i*# *es*e '&i's -e!tes/ +#$# te(3-#!#s i!'(8$6&i+#s/ #"e&'*#&es *e i!+e!*i#s %#t&'s -e!tes/ "e )'% *i-e&e!+i's e!t&e ('s *#s -&e+e!+i's.


17/22


18/22

CON MICR,-ONO MEDICIONES PARA 89Z

ANGULO. OLT >M?

;< 2H.$

8=< .$

3;< Q$

>=< .2$

?;< .$

7=< .$

@;< Q.2$

8;=< 2.$

8;< .$

83=< .$

8=;< .$

8?=< .$

8B;< $

8@=< Q.$

8;< .$

=< .$

>;< .$

==< .$

7;< H.$

B=< .

3;;< .$

38=< .$


19/22

33;< 2.$

3>=< .2$

3?;< .$

CON MICR,-ONO MEDICIONES PARA =;;Z

ANGULO. OLT >M?

;< .H$

8=< H.2$

3;< H.$

>=< 2.$

?;< 2.$

7=< 2.$

@;< 2.$

8;=< 2.$

8;< 2$

83=< 2.$

8=;< 2.$

8?=< 2.$

8B;< 2.H$

8@=< 2.Q$

8;< 2.Q2$

=< 2$

>;< 2.$

==< H.H$

7;< H.$

B=<

3;;< /$


20/22

38=< H.$

33;< H.$

3>=< H.Q$

3?;< H.$

GRA-ICA PARA 89Z

1 23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1112

131415

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

2425

0

200

400

Chart Title

GRA-ICA PARA =;;Z

CONCLUSIONES.7A!#t' ts +#!+(si#!es *e $'!e&' i!*ii*'(/ i$"&i$e t4 "&'+ti+' %

e!t&35'(' ' t "-es#&.


21/22

1 23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1112

131415

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

2425

0

200

400

Chart Title

CONCLUSIONES

ZAMARRIPA PAREDES OSE CARLOS

@e!# (# 0e '"&e!* *e est' "&8+ti+' es e( si5!i-i+'*# % e( +#$# -!+i#!' !$i+&,-#!#. Pe*# *e+i& 0e e( $i+&,-#!# es ! t&'!s*+t#& 0e !#s "e&$ite &e'(i1'& !' +#!e&si,! e!t&e ('s '&i'+i#!es *e "&esi,! % '&i'+i#!es *e !ie( e! !' +#&&ie!te

e(e+t&i+'.

E( -!+i#!'$ie!t# *e( $i+&,-#!# "'&' +'"t'& s#!i*# ' +#!sisti& t&'!s-#&$'& ('s'&i'+i#!es *e "&esi,! e! e( 'i&e >#!*'s s#!#&'s?/ e! i$"(s#s e(3+t&i+#s *e +#&&ie!tee(3+t&i+' '(te&!'/ *e $'!e&' 0e ('s "#*'$#s $'!i"('& % '($'+e!'& s#6&e '(54!s#"#&te 6ie! se' e! -#&$'t# '!'(,5i+# # *i5it'(. Est# se )'+e ' t&'3s *e ! "+es#*e!#$i!'*# $#*('+i,!. P#ste&i#&$e!te/ se #(e&8! ' t&'!s-#&$'& es#s i$"(s#se(3+t&i+#s e! #!*'s *e "&esi,! $e*i'!te (#s '(t'#+es. P#& e((# se *i+e 0e e($i+&,-#!# es ! t&'!s*+t#&.


22/22

practica 2 electro a cus tica

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