[ppt]genetic transformation - university of california,...
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Genetic Transformation
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What is transformation? When a cell takes up and
expresses a new piece of genetic material—DNA— in order to change the organism’s traits
A gene is a piece of DNA which provides the instructions for making (coding for) a particular protein
DNA Protein Trait
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History of Transformation 1928 – Fredrick Griffth first
described transformation Pneumococcus bacteria
(pneumonia) and mice 1944 – Oswald Avery,
Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty identified the “transforming principle” as DNA
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History of Transformation
1952 – Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase provided final proof that DNA was the molecule of heredity
1970 – Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa developed a protocol for transforming E. coli bacteria
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What is transformation used for? Agricultural
Genes coding for traits such as frost, pest or drought resistance can be genetically transformed into plants
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What is transformation used for? Environmental
Bacteria can be genetically transformed with genes enabling them to digest oil spills or remove pollutants from the environment
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What is transformation used for? Medical
Production of human proteins to treat genetic diseases Protein Disease/
DisorderHuman insulin Diabetes mellitusHuman Growth Hormone
Deficiency in children
Erythropoietin AnemiaDNase I Cystic fibrosisHuman antibody blocker
Asthma
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What are we doing? We will transform bacteria (E. coli),
giving it the ability to make green fluorescent proteins
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Green Fluorescent Protein Used in science as a visual
marker… Biological processes (protein
production) Localization and regulation of gene
expression Cell movement Cell fate during development Formation of different organs Marker to identify transgenic
organisms
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How does it work?
*plasmids*
Bacterial chromosomal DNA
Cell membrane
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Making Plasmids
Gene
Plasmid
+=
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pGLO Plasmid
GFP
araC
To make green fluorescent proteins
To survive with Ampicillin (antibiotic)
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