ppt testing the constitution

The Constitution Tested 1789 -

1860

On April 30, 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as the first president of the United States.

The First President

"As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent,”

George Washington- Letter to James Madison

Washington’s Domestic PolicyTask: What problems do you think George Washington faced being the first president of the United States?

1) Needed to help form a strong, stable government.

2) Needed to raise money for the government.

3) Watch his every move – he would be setting precedents.

Precedent:

Accomplishments –

•Bill of Rights – added to protect people’s individual liberties.

•Judiciary Act of 1789 – established federal courts in each state. It also defined the courts’ powers.

•Cabinet – Washington chose advisors to assist him –

an example for others to follow.

Thomas Jefferson Secretary of

State

Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the

Treasury

Edmund Randolph Attorney General

Henry Knox Secretary of

War

Our Nation’s EconomyFinancial Problems –

1) U.S. was in serious debt.

2) No money to pay back the debt

I have an idea!

It’s a 4 part plan!

REPAY THE DEBT

Repay the debt of the states and

national government. This

would establish good credit.

CREATE A NATIONAL BANK

Would provide a safe place to

deposit money, could issue a

national currency, and issue loans.

PROTECTIVE TARIFF

Urged Congress to pass a

protective tariff to help American

industries.

What is a tariff?

WHISKEY TAX

Proposed a tax on whiskey to help raise money for

the national government.

Tax on imported goods.

Hamilton versus Jefferson – Round 2

Thomas Jefferson

Anti-Federali

st

Alexander

Hamilton

Federalist

•Believed in a strong central government

•Believed more power should be given to the states.

•Supported by merchants, lawyers doctors

•Supported by farmers, plantation owners

•Supported ratification of the Constitution

•Refused to ratify Constitution until of Bill of Rights was added.

•Believed the Constitution could be loosely interpreted (loose construction).

•Believed the Constitution should be adhered to word-for-word. No interpretation (strict construction).

THOMAS JEFFERSON HATED HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PLAN!

Hamilton versus Jefferson – Round 2The differences between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson lead to the creation of the first political

parties.The

FederalistsThe

Democratic-Republicans

Task: Did the Constitution call for the creation of political parties? Explain.

Political Parties -

considered part of our “unwritten constitution”

They are groups of people that share similar beliefs.

They help elect members to office that represent their views.

They raise money to get members of their party elected.

The French Revolution1789 – The French Revolution – “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

•Commoners in France rebel against King Louis XVI and his oppressive taxation.

•They try to write a new Constitution

“ All the old spirit of 1776 is rekindling.”

- Thomas Jefferson

Task: How do Americans view the Revolution in France at first? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reign of Terror –

•Revolutionaries execute thousands, including Louis and his wife.

•Britain declares war on France. Yes, again!

Task: Do you think the American’s view of the French Revolution changed as a result of the Reign of Terror? Explain. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Americans questioned the French idea of liberty. Beheading did not represent Enlightened ideals of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

Americans are happy others are following in their footsteps.

Washington’s Foreign Policy

Proclamation of Neutrality – 1793

Alexander Hamilton

Support FRANCE! They are revolting

against an oppressor just like we did 14

years ago! They favor democracy!

Support BRITAIN! Democracy and

freedom does not give the French the right to

murder!

Thomas Jefferson

“Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between…Great Britain, on the one part, and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the United States require,

that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial [to not take sides] towards the [warring] powers;

I…therefore…warn the citizens of the United States to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever….

And I do hereby make known, that any citizen of the United States shall be…liable to punishment…by committing, aiding, or abetting hostilities against any Powers, or by

carrying to any of them those articles which are deemed [prohibited] by the nations….Task: What is Washington’s position?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Washington wanted to stay neutral. We should not choose any side. If anyone is caught helping out either side, they will be punished.

The Whiskey Rebellion

• In 1791, an excise tax was levied on whiskey. Scotch-Irish settlers in western Pennsylvania were angered because whiskey was an important economic commodity for them. They resented the tax as discriminatory and bad for their liberty and economic welfare. There were many public protests, and rioting broke out in 1794 against the central government's efforts to enforce the law.– What are President Washington’s options under the

US Constitution?– What decision do you think the president made?– What would have happened if this event had occurred

under the Articles of Confederation

Washington’s Farewell Address“The great rule of conduct is for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our [trade] relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far we have already formed alliances, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop…

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…

Why [give up] the advantages of so peculiar a situation?...Why be interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity with the toils of European ambition, [competition], interest or [behavior without reason]?

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are not at liberty to do it…”Task: What was the main message of Washington’s Farewell Address?

______________________________________________________________________________________

Task: What should we do to the alliances we already have? ______________________________________________________________________________________

Task: What enables us to follow the policy suggested by Washington? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

AVOID PERMANENT ALLIANCES – STAY NEUTRAL!!!!!

We are isolated from other countries. We have oceans to the left and right and no neighbors to start trouble with. Therefore, we can afford to be neutral.

We should honor them.

President John Adams – 1796 – 1800 (Federalist)

• Fear of the French caused America to take precautions at home.

Alien & Sedition Acts –

Alien:

Sedition:

1) ALIEN ENEMIES ACT

• Authorized the president to imprison or expel any foreigners he deemed dangerous to the safety of the U.S.

2) SEDITION ACT

• Anyone who wrote, said, or printed anything bad about the government could be fined and jailed.

• That included members of the Republican party.

President John AdamsPresident Washington refused to run for a third term.

He set a precedent.

It wasn’t broken until Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1940.

Foreign

Actions or words that promote rebellion.

The John Marshall Court & Election of Thomas Jefferson Chief Justice John Marshall –

•Marbury vs. Madison

•Established the power of judicial review

•Gave the Supreme Court the power to declare a law unconstitutional

•McCulloch vs. Maryland

•If a federal and a state law conflict, the federal law is supreme.

HIS COURT DECISIONS STRENGTHENED STRENGTHENED THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT!

President Thomas Jefferson – 1801 – 1805 (Republican)

•Party power shifts to the Republicans.

•Believed in more power to the states.

•Believed constitution should be read STRICTLY (word-for-word)

Task: If it wasn’t written in the Constitution, could it be done? _______________________________________________________________

•Continued Washington’s policy of neutrality.

No, not according to Jefferson’s strict construction

Louisiana PurchaseBonjour!

Remember Me?•French leader Napoleon presented President Jefferson with the opportunity to buy Louisiana Territory for $15 million (4 cents an acre)

•The Constitution never said anything about a president being able to buy land.

Task: In Jefferson’s mind, could he do it? Explain ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________No, he believed in strict construction of the Constitution.

• If Jefferson bought the territory, he could

1) DOUBLE THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES.

2) gain control over the Mississippi River

- trade route

- transportation

- food

- power

Louisiana PurchasePROBLEM: Jefferson believes in strict construction.

Jefferson can’t buy it according to the Constitution!

Or Can He???

According to the Constitution, a president can make a treaty.

Jefferson negotiates a treaty with Napoleon and purchases the land.

The size of the United States DOUBLES!

The U.S. now controls the Mississippi River!

Meriwether Lewis

William Clark

Lewis & Clark Expeditions –

•Lewis and Clark were sent by Jefferson to map the territory and determine its resources.

•Took detailed notes on:

•temperature

•terrain

•animals & plants

•natural resources

•Natives

SUCCESS!

War of 1812Task: Guess who’s still at war? _________________________________________________________If you said Britain and France, you’re right!

•The British were seizing American ships that were headed to France.

•American sailors were captured and forced to fight for the British.

•U.S. believed in FREEDOM OF THE SEAS.

Embargo Act –

•Passed by Congress to punish Britain.

U.S. Exports – 1800 – 1820

Task: How did the Embargo Act affect U.S. trade? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

War of 1812

Rebuilding the White House, 1814

NEWSFLASH - U.S. Declares War on Britain

War ends in a draw.White House burned

by the British

War hero emerges –Andrew Jackson

“Star Spangled Banner” written by

Francis Scott Key

OUTCOMES OF THE WAR OF 1812

America wanted continue its policy of

neutrality

Native Americans lose British as an ally in the

West

The Star Spangled Banner

And where is that band who so vauntingly sworeThat the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,A home and a country should leave us no more?Their blood has wash'd out their foul footsteps' pollution.No refuge could save the hireling and slaveFrom the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave:And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O thus be it ever when free-men shall standBetween their lov'd home and the war's desolation;Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued landPraise the Pow'r that hath made and preserv'd us a nation!Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,And this be our motto: “In God is our trust!”And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

O say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming?Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming?And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there.O say, does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep,Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream:'Tis the star-spangled banner: O, long may it waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

The Star Spangled BannerFrancis Scott Key

Monroe Doctrine

Task: Draw a line explaining how the Monroe Doctrine affected U.S. foreign policy.

Task: How does the Monroe Doctrine fit with Washington’s Farewell Address? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Monroe Doctrine –

•Europe cannot colonize anymore in the Western Hemisphere

•U.S. will not get involved in European affairs.

•U.S. didn’t have the power to enforce it, so Britain did.

0Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere

Uniting the United StatesTask: Working in pairs, identify things that unite the United States. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Things you might have missed:

1) Political parties

- Federalist party dies. Whig party takes its place.

2) Economy

3) Commerce

4) John Marshall’s Supreme Court Decisions

Marbury v.

Madison & McCulloch v. Maryland

The American System –

1) Create a better transportation system

2) Establish a high protective tariff –

- Money from the tariff would go to building the transportation system

3) Create a second National Bank.

Task: Which of these will unite the states and which will divide them? Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The NorthIndustrial Revolution –

•Begins in Great Britain (1700s)

•Hits New England by 1800s.

Task: Why would factory owners choose the Northeast? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Land could not be used for farming; rivers for power; lots of iron, coal.

Transportation Revolution -

Changes in Transportation

Steam Power

Steam ships carry goods places faster

than ships powered by wind.

Roads

Made of gravel and stone help move Americans west.

Canals

Erie Canal helps connect Lake Erie to

New York City.

Railroads

U.S. grows to have most railroad track in

the world.

The NorthThe Factory System –

•Factories develop.

Lowell, Massachusetts –

•Hired teenage girls who lived and worked at the mill.

Task: Do you think the girls had much freedom? Explain. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cities –

•9 of the 10 largest cities were in the North.

•Immigrants flooded to the cities in search of work.

•Southerners came to the North to work in factories.

Task: Why didn’t immigrants head to the South in search of work? __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•Rich got richer; the poor got poorer. New York City

The NorthWorking-class families –

What did Dad do?

Dad went to work in the factories from 6 in the morning to 8 at night.

What did Mom do?

Mom work in a factory or as a servant for the rich.

What did Little Joey do?

Joey went to work in the factory. He was small enough to climb into the machines.

Immigration –

•Many immigrants came from Northwestern Europe:

•Germany

•Ireland

•England

Task: Why did many immigrants come from Ireland? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IRELAND

The South“King Cotton” –

•Cotton became to the dominant product on Southern plantations.

•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin helped extract the seeds, boosting production.

•Cotton will make up 50% of our nation’s exports.

Task: Do you think farmers want to keep a high protective tariff? Explain. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

South has good conditions for

farming.

South’s economy based on farming

and slavery.

Cotton gin makes farming cotton

more profitable.

Industrial Revolution sparks textile industry.

Cotton becomes South’s most

valuable product.

Farmers rely on slavery to meet the

North’s needs.The Growth of

“King Cotton”

Cotton Production vs. Slavery

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860

Cotton Production

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

Pop

ula

tion

In

Th

ousa

nd

s

1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860

Slaves

Free Blacks

1) What happened to cotton production between 1800 and 1860? __________________________________

2) Which period saw the greatest increase in cotton production? __________________________________

3) What happened the slavery in the United States between 1800 and 1860? __________________________________

Task: What conclusion can be made after examining both the cotton production and the number of slaves in the United States? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

US History & Government

The Age of Jackson(1828-1836)

The Jackson Presidency

• 1828– Jackson wins

• Democratic Party• Represents the “common man” & the self-made

man

• 1832– Jackson re-elected

Images of President Jackson

Task: Positive or negative impact? ___________________________________________

Task: Who still cannot vote? ___________________________________________

Andrew JacksonPresident Andrew Jackson –

•A war hero.

Task: America loves to elect war heroes to the Presidency, can you name some? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________George Washington, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, George H.W. BushElection of 1828 –

Jacksonian Democracy at work -

•More people were given the right to vote, Mass Politics

•It was no longer a requirement that you own land in order to vote.

positive

The Spoils System –

•Government jobs were given to loyal supporters of the political party that won the election.

•He did this to ensure government was truly the servant of the people.

Task: Jackson is known as the “peoples’ president.” Why? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

President Andrew Jackson

Fires 2,000 workers and replaces them with his

supporters.

Vetoes more acts of Congress than any

President that came before him.

Closes the National Bank because he felt it supported Northerners and hurt the farmers.

Fights Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

High tariff means more money for northern manufacturers; less money for Southern

farmers.

South believed it could nullify an act of

Congress if it felt it was unconstitutional.

nullify: declare void

Indian Removal Act

Jackson forces 100,000 Cherokee Indians off

their land in Georgia to land west of the

Mississippi.

Trail of TearsWorcester v. Georgia –

•Cherokee Indians took their case to the Supreme Court.

•John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no authority to push the Cherokees off their land.

•Georgia ignored the ruling and forced the Cherokee to flee in the dead of winter.

1,000 miles // 4,000 dead

Task: Choose a character in this painting. Circle him/her. Tell what is happening from their perspective. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rate the Presidency of Andrew Jackson

05

10

Rate the presidency of Andrew Jackson – 0 meaning one of the worst and 10 being among the best.

Seneca Falls Convention

Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady StantonSeneca Falls, New York – 1848

•Drew attention to inequalities faced by women and get women the right to vote:

•Men controlled all of his wife’s property, earnings, and children

•Women couldn’t vote.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal…that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights…

The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations [seizures of power] on the part of man toward woman…[to establish] absolute tyranny over

her...”

- Declaration of Sentiments, 1848Task: Which document did Stanton borrow from and why? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Land Acquired between 1783-1867

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Land Date Acquired

Acquired From

How land was acquired

Louisiana Purchase

(1803) France Pres. Jefferson purchased from France for $15 million

Florida (1819) Spain Adams-Onis Treaty. US gave up claims to Texas

Texas (1845) Independent 1836 Texas declares independence & requests admission to the union

Oregon (1846) Britain Treaty that extended the 49th parallel to the Pacific Ocean

Mexican Cession

(1848) Mexico War with Mexico led to the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Gadsden Purchase

(1853) Mexico Purchased to build a railroad

Alaska (1867) Russia Purchased because Russia short of money

Florida

• 1819- Adams-Onis Treaty• Spain was weak and couldn’t protect• Andrew Jackson defied orders and captured

Spanish Forts• Signed Treaty giving up rights to Florida

instead of losing militarily

Land Date Acquired

Acquired From


Louisiana Purchase



Texas (1845) Independent 1836 Texas declares independence from Mexico & requests admission to the union


Mexican Cession


Gadsden Purchase



Americans Americans began moving began moving into Texas in into Texas in the 1820’s the 1820’s

and brought and brought their slaves their slaves with them. with them.

War fought War fought by Texans by Texans

against against Mexico Mexico

because they because they believed their believed their

rights had rights had been violated.been violated.

Won by Won by Texans in Texans in 1836 and 1836 and

requests to requests to enter the U.S.enter the U.S.

President President Jackson Jackson and Van and Van Buren Buren

refused to refused to recognize recognize

Texas Texas statehood statehood because of because of

slavery.slavery.Texas

became its own

country from 1836 to 1845.

Texas entered as a U.S. state

in 1845.

Texas War of Independence

Land Date Acquired

Acquired From


Louisiana Purchase





Mexican Cession


Gadsden Purchase



•James K. Polk, Democrat

• President from 1845 to 1849

•Responsible for adding more land

then any other President

•Annexed Texas•Oregon Territory•Mexican Cession

Oregon dispute

•Treaty with Treaty with Great Great Britain in Britain in 18461846

•President President Polk Polk campaign campaign slogan was slogan was 54,40 or 54,40 or fight…fight…

•CompromisCompromised with ed with British and British and divided the divided the Oregon Oregon Country at Country at the 49the 49thth parallelparallel

Land Date Acquired

Acquired From


Louisiana Purchase





Mexican Cession

(1848) Mexico Mexican American War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Gadsden Purchase



Mexican War

Mexican War

CausesCauses•Manifest Destiny

•California•Texas statehood, 1845•Mexico refusing to sell

California•Border dispute

EffectsEffects•US receives Mexican Cession

•Disputes over expansion of slavery will lead to the Civil

War

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo•Mexico ceded the Mexican Cession Mexico ceded the Mexican Cession

to U.S.to U.S.•Rio Grande River boundary between Rio Grande River boundary between

U.S. and MexicoU.S. and Mexico•U.S. paid Mexico $15 millionU.S. paid Mexico $15 million

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo•Mexico ceded the Mexican Cession Mexico ceded the Mexican Cession

to U.S.to U.S.•Rio Grande River boundary between Rio Grande River boundary between

U.S. and MexicoU.S. and Mexico•U.S. paid Mexico $15 millionU.S. paid Mexico $15 million

Land Date Acquired

Acquired From


Louisiana Purchase





Mexican Cession

(1848) Mexico Mexican American War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Gadsden Purchase



Gadsden’s Purchase- 1853

• Bought from Mexico for 10 Million

• Wanted to build Southern Transcontinental Railroad

Land Date Acquired

Acquired From


Louisiana Purchase





Mexican Cession


Gadsden Purchase



Alaska- Seward’s Icebox • 1867• Purchased from

Russia for 7 Million

• Heavily Criticized • Purchased for

Defensive and Strategic reasons

• Keep out of British hands

• Gold and Oil

Manifest DestinyIT IS YOUR MANIFEST

DESTINY!

Manifest: clearly

Destiny: pre-determined

To expand from “sea to shining sea”

From the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

From East to West.

Slide #2

Manifest DestinyDo Now: How might the following groups view America’s expansion across the continent?

Southern Planters: ____________________________________________

Slaves: ____________________________________________

Northerners: ____________________________________________

Native Americans: ____________________________________________

Should these new lands be open to slavery?

The North said NO SLAVERY IN THE NEW LAND.

The South said SLAVERY – YOU BETCHA!

To avoid conflict between the North and the South, Congress attempted

to balance the number of slave states and non-slave states that

entered the Union.

Free State

Slave State

Missouri Compromise, 1820Slave States: Free States: 12 12131414

Missouri Compromise: Maine can enter as a free state; Missouri must enter as a slave state. Drew a line at the 36o 30’ parallel – free above; slavery below.

Free States

Slave States

Popular Sovereignty

LOUISIANA TERRITORY

MEXICAN CESSION

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850: California enters as a free state; Mexican Cession decided by popular sovereignty. (people decide by voting)

Fugitive Slave Act

ALL RUNAWAY SLAVES IN THE NORTH CAN BE RE-CAPTURED AND RETURNED

TO THEIR SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS!

Task: How do you think the North responded to the Compromise of 1850, which included the Fugitive Slave Act? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task: How do you think the South responded to the Compromise of 1850 (particularly popular sovereignty), which included the Fugitive Slave Act? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Free States

Slave States

Popular Sovereignty

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act: Slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories were to be decided by popular sovereignty.

“Bleeding Kansas”•Pro-slavery supporters rushed to Kansas to cast a ballot.

•Anti-slavery supporters (also known as free soilers) also rushed to Kansas to cast a ballot.

•Violence ensued.

John Brown and his anti-slavery group killed pro-slavery settlers in Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas.

Task: Who is John Brown portrayed as in this painting? Why is this painting entitled, “The Tragic Prelude”? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

“Bleeding Kansas”

Southern Congressman Preston Brooks attacked abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor.

Supporters of Brooks passed out replica canes to demonstrate their

support for slavery.

Task: Explain what is happening in this cartoon to the right. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scott v. Sanford – The Dred Scott Case (1857)Scott v. Sanford (1857)

•Dred Scott is a slave // John Sanford is his owner

•They live in Missouri (a slave state)

•Sanford moves with Scott to Minnesota (a free state)

•Scott believes he is free of slavery and sues.

Task: Why would Scott thinks this? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task: How will the Supreme Court rule? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Supreme Court’s Decision –

1) Scott can’t sue – he’s property; not a citizen

2) If a slave is property, government cannot take away people’s property, even if they move to a free state.

3)3) SLAVERY CANNOT BE OUTLAWED ANYWHERE! SLAVERY CANNOT BE OUTLAWED ANYWHERE!

Dred Scott

Chief Justice Roger Taney

Task: What is every state in the Union now considered? _______________________________________________________________a slave state

Free States

Slave States

Popular Sovereignty

Scott v. Sanford – The Dred Scott Case (1857)

The Missouri Compromise is deemed unconstitutional.

Task: What power did Chief Justice Roger Taney use in making the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional? ________________________________________judicial review

“Two Brothers”

“Two Brothers”

Two brothers on their way, One wore blue and one wore gray.

One wore blue and one wore gray As they marched along their way. Fife and drum began to play All on a beautiful morning.

One was gentle, one was kind One was gentle, one was kind. One came home, one stayed behind. Cannonball don’t pay no mind.

Cannonball don’t pay no mind If you’re gentle or you’re kind. Don’t care about no folks behind All on a beautiful morning.

Two girls waiting by the railroad track, One wore blue and one wore black.

One wore blue and one wore black, waiting by the railroad track, For their darlings to come back, All on a beautiful morning.

SectionalismTask: How would you describe the atmosphere in the United States prior to the Civil War? Explain. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Plantation-based economy

Paid people to work

Industrial-based economy

Despised the protective tariff

Population predominantly black

Had slave labor

Favored a protective tariff

Population predominantly white

Believed states didn’t have the right to secede

Believed states could nullify a law

NORTHNORTH SOUTH

Election of 1860Election of 1860

•Abraham Lincoln wins the Presidency.

Election of 1860



“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half

free.”

- Abraham Lincoln, 1858Task: What does Lincoln feel is happening to the United States? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•Immediately upon Lincoln’s election, 7 states secede from the Union.

Secede:leave

United States

Confederate States of America

Secession




free.”



Secede:

Fort Sumter, South Carolina April 14, 1861

•The Confederacy took over Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor

•Lincoln ordered troops to put down the rebellion

•4 more states secede from the Union.

leave

United States

Confederate States of America

Border States

Secession




free.”



Secede:

Fort Sumter, South Carolina April 14, 1861

•The Confederacy took over Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor

•Lincoln ordered troops to put down the rebellion

•4 more states secede from the Union.

leave

The Civil War has begun.

“Preserve the Union”

Lincoln’s Goal: Preserve the Union

•To prevent the border states from seceding, he ordered the arrest of any Southern sympathizers.

•He suspended the writ of habeas corpus.

Habeas Corpus: you have the right to appear before a judge and know why you are being held and what crimes you committed. It is designed to protect your rights.Task: Did Lincoln’s executive powers increase of decrease?

The United States of America

Capital: Washington, D.C.

The Confederate States of America

Capital: Richmond, VA

Davis’ Goal: Fight a war of independence.

http://www.fotw.net/images/u/us-1861.gif

North vs. South

North South

Population 21.5 million 9 million

Number of Factories 110,100 20,600

Miles of Railroad 21,700 9,000

Bank Deposits $207 million $47 million

Cotton Production 4 thousand bales 5 million bales

Task: What role would population, factories, and railroads have on the war effort? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task: What are some other advantages and disadvantages each side has in the war? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task: In your opinion, who has the upper hand in the war? Explain. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Battles

Battle of Antietam (Maryland, 1862) –

•In one day, 5,000 soldiers died; 17,000 were wounded.

Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania, 1863) –

•Only battle in the Civil War fought on Northern soil.

•In three days, 50,000 dead or wounded on both sides.

U.S. Army General

Ulysses S. Grant

Confederate Army General Robert E.

LeeTotal War -

•The Union waged total war against the South.

•They destroyed: food, equipment, anything vital to the South

Battery D, 2d U.S. Artillery in Action, Fredericksburg, Virginia - 1863 (Gardner)

A Burial Party, Cold Harbor, Virginia – April 1863 (Gardner)

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania – July 1863 (Gardner)

Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania – July 1863 (Gardner)

Slaughter Pen (Little Round Top), Gettysburg, Pennsylvania – July 1863 (Gardner)

A Sharpshooter’s Last Sleep, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania – July 1863 (Gardner)

Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation –

•Issued by Lincoln in 1863

•Freed the slaves in areas rebelling against the U.S.

•U.S. was no longer fighting a war to preserve the Union.

•Now they were fighting a war to free the slaves.

•The Union couldn’t enforce it.

Task: Why do you think they couldn’t enforce it? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

“Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created

equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether the nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure….

It is…for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, and

for the people shall not perish from this earth.”

The Confederacy Surrenders

April 2, 1865 –

•General Grant trapped the Confederate forced near Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital.

•General Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House.

•The war lasted 4 years and 42 days – It was a very expensive war.

The Costs of War

Do Now: How do we measure the costs of war? Explain. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Financial Costs –

Union spent:$6,190,000,000

Confederacy spent:$2,099,808,776

TOTAL:$8,289,808,776

The Costs of War

+

You could have bought:

55,265,391 X Boxes with 2 Free Games

637,667,598 CDs at Best Buy

16,579 homes in Smithtown

Human Costs –

Dead in Battle:Mortally Wounded:

Missing:Accidents:Disease, Malnutrition:

UNION

58,87242,71816,1846,041

138,516

73,48641,79415,2078,118

180,324

CONFEDERACY

132,35884,51231,39114,159

318,840

TOTAL

+

581,260

Physical Costs –

•Crops were damaged

•Homes were burned or plundered

•Farms animals were lost

•Roads & Bridges destroyed

•Railroad lines destroyed

•Stores were looted and/or burned

•College campuses were destroyed

Almost all the damage was found in the South. Why?

Almost the entire war was fought there.

What Next?

Task: Where should the nation go from here? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task: What do you think should be done with the freed slaves? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task: What problems might the country face when rebuilding? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ppt testing the constitution

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