ppt slides by dr. craig tyran and kraig pencil information systems hardware mis 320 kraig k. pencil...

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran and Kraig Pencil

Information Systems Hardware

MIS 320

Kraig K. Pencil

Summer 2014

PPT Slides by Dr. Craig Tyran & Kraig Pencil

A. Game Plan

• Computer hierarchy

• Bits and bytes

• IS Hardware – Processing and storage


B: Computer Hierarchy

Servers: computers that serve multiple users simultaneouslyPhoto: Facebook servers. (Time Magazine) http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218539,00.html

http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218543,00.html


B. Computer Hierarchy1. Rank the following from largest to

smallest:• Micro computer• Mainframe• Workstation• PDA• Supercomputer


B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)2. Supercomputer

– Most processing power– Common applications: Large simulation

models of real-world phenomena• E.g.,

– Price: $250k - $20 million

3. Mainframe Computer– “Big iron”, “Enterprise Server”– Used in large corporations for centralized transaction

processing and maintaining large databases– Example applications: E-commerce (e.g., servers for

Amazon WWW systems), Airline reservations– Price: > $100k


• http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/mainframe-computers-that-change-with-the-times/?ref=technology

•

• Main frame for 75,000 dollars. . . considered to be cheap, and an effective counter move from IBM against cloud based data centers.


B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)

4. Workstation– Desktop machines– “PC on steroids”– Provide very high-speed calculations and high-

resolution graphics and 3-D graphics• Example applications: DSS for stock market analysts

and engineers, software development, animated movies

– Vendors include Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Apple Computer


B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.)5. Microcomputer

– Desktop PC, Mac, Laptop, tablet– Often single-user, but can be used

as servers– Example applications: TPS for smaller

organizations, MIS reports, DSS for decision makers

6. Smart Phone / Personal digital assistant (PDA)– I-Phone, Android, Blackberry … – Wireless capabilities: WWW and E-mail– Example business applications: communications,

inventory management, healthcare


C. Bits and Bytes1. Binary notation

– Common format (“language”) for computers– Expressed as a series of ___s and ___s

2. Bit– “Binary digit”

3. Byte– String of 8 bits 28 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 256)– Standard codes are used to represent characters/numbers– e.g., The character “A” = 01000001 (ASCII-8 code)

The number “1” = 00110001 (ASCII-8 code)

0 1


C. Bits and Bytes (cont.)4. Bytes in perspective

– Short document: 10,000 characters (or bytes)– Large SW program: Millions of bytes– Medium database: Billions of bytes– A large database: Trillions of bytes– A very large database: 1,000 trillions of bytes

5. Rank from largest to smallest– Megabyte– Terabyte– Petabyte– Kilobyte– Gigabyte


D. IS Hardware1. Recall the “5 Cs” of info processing

• Capture (input)• Convey (output)• Create (process)• Cradle (primary & secondary storage)• Communicate

2. Our focus: Processing and primary/secondary storage3. How are these hardware characteristics represented in

the PC ads?• Example: Dell PC component list (see figures)


Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435

Processing



Memory



Storage


E. IS Hardware: Processing1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Performs the “bit crunching”• Microprocessor

Many transistors on a silicon “chip”• Now: Can include billions of transistors

• E.g., Intel “Tukwila” processor: 2 billion

Transistor diagram

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duzO0YX4WnA&feature=channel


Components of a Personal ComputerTop half of diagram:

•Components on the motherboard.

Bottom half of diagram:

•Components attached to the motherboard

http://www.techautos.com/2010/03/14/smartphone-processor-guide/

CPU


Motherboard

CPU

http://xkcd.com/730/

Technical view


E. IS Hardware: CPU ComponentsControl unit

Receives input signals and serves as “traffic cop” (tells computer what to do)

Image source: Rainer,et al, Introduction to IS, 2009

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)Performs arithmetic & comparison operations

RegistersHigh speed storage areas

Instructions and data go in Results come out

CPU{ Primary storage


E. IS Hardware: Processing (cont.)

3. Moore’s Law– Gordon Moore: Intel co-founder

– Prediction: Computer processor capacity per integrated circuit

Double ~ every two years

• Prediction made in 1965

• Expected the trend to last till 1975

• Trend has continued for much longer than Moore expected


Moore’s Law: Number of transistors per integrated circuit [Source: Intel Corporation]

Image Source: Intel: http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm

Tukwila


Data Storage1. Where is data kept?


F. Primary StoragePlace where information needed for current and most

frequent processing is stored. May include• Operating system instructions• Program instructions• Data to be processed

1. RAM• Dell PC Component List• Random Access Memory

• Information can be accessed directly

• Chips • “Volatile”• Example range for common micros: 2-6 GB (Can go higher)

Installing memory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiFIgSQOY7g


F. Primary Storage (cont.)

2. “Cache” memory• A special type of memory• Very fast, expensive, close to CPU• Stores info used most frequently by CPU• Not many bytes • Example range for common micros: 2-8 MB

3. “Built-in” ROM• Read Only Memory• “NonVolatile”• Example: Used to “boot” the computer at start-up

• Stores instructions to tell computer what to do• Initiates process of loading Operating System into RAM


G. Secondary Storage1. Place to store large amounts of

information for an extended period of time

2. Features• “Nonvolatile”

• Takes longer to retrieve

• Cost effective


G. Secondary Storage3. Example

– Flash memory*

• A cousin of ROM (non-volatile, no moving parts)

• USB 16 GB ~ $30

– Hard drive (magnetic disk)Example range for common micros:

500-750 GB) ~ $50

1000 GB ~$55-$80

– CD/DVD (optical disk)

*Prediction: Flash memory will replace hard drives in laptops within 5 years.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6wTZhsffEE&NR=1&feature=fvwp Cue at 1:05 and 2:10.


Fast …

……

……

……

Slow

Expensive …

……

…C

heap

Ranking Storage Devices

Cache

Ram

Rom

Flash

Hard drive

DVDsNon-volatile

ppt slides by dr. craig tyran and kraig pencil information systems hardware mis 320 kraig k. pencil...

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