Created by:Created by:

Ahmed KhanAhmed Khan

Friendly AudienceFriendly Audience

It requires the least evidence.It requires the least evidence. They already support your position They already support your position

on the claim.on the claim.

How much evidence do you need?How much evidence do you need?

To determine the To determine the amount of evidence amount of evidence you need depends on you need depends on the level of the level of controversy of the controversy of the claim that you are claim that you are trying to back up and trying to back up and your credibility as an your credibility as an advocate.advocate.

There are three types There are three types of audiences; friendly of audiences; friendly audience, neutral audience, neutral audience, and hostile audience, and hostile audience.audience.

Which evidence???Which evidence???

Now you know what type Now you know what type of audiences requires the of audiences requires the amount of evidence you amount of evidence you will be needing for your will be needing for your claim.claim.

There are five basic types There are five basic types of evidence used by critical of evidence used by critical thinkers to support their thinkers to support their arguments: common arguments: common knowledge evidence, knowledge evidence, hearsay evidence, hearsay evidence, precedent evidence, precedent evidence, statistical evidence, and statistical evidence, and testimonial evidence.testimonial evidence.

Hostile AudienceHostile Audience

This requires the most This requires the most evidence because they evidence because they are against your point are against your point of view.of view.

They have a mindset They have a mindset to deny your point of to deny your point of view.view.

You need to have a You need to have a good amount of good amount of evidence with details evidence with details to swing them to your to swing them to your side.side.

Neutral AudienceNeutral Audience

They are in the neutral zone. They They are in the neutral zone. They could easily go either side of the could easily go either side of the claim.claim.

It requires more evidence to turn It requires more evidence to turn convince that your side of the claim convince that your side of the claim makes more sense. makes more sense.

The quality of the evidence is vital to The quality of the evidence is vital to convince them to your side.convince them to your side.

Common Knowledge EvidenceCommon Knowledge Evidence

If you base the If you base the argument of argument of common knowledge common knowledge it is one of the it is one of the easiest way of easiest way of securing belief in an securing belief in an idea.idea.

The audience will The audience will use the is evidence use the is evidence and accept it without and accept it without questioning you.questioning you.

Statistical EvidenceStatistical Evidence This deals with polls, This deals with polls,

surveys, and other surveys, and other numbers that can be used numbers that can be used as statistics.as statistics.

They are not as reliable They are not as reliable because of biased and because of biased and other factors that goes into other factors that goes into doing the survey, for doing the survey, for example, people chosen to example, people chosen to take the survey.take the survey.

They are not that much They are not that much used as evidence due to used as evidence due to being biased and not as being biased and not as realiable as the other realiable as the other evidences.evidences.

Hearsay EvidenceHearsay Evidence

It is also called rumor or It is also called rumor or gossip evidence.gossip evidence.

This has the highest This has the highest chance of getting your chance of getting your point of view across with point of view across with errors because it is hard errors because it is hard to be proven.to be proven.

It is not the best It is not the best evidence to use because evidence to use because you can’t relate it back you can’t relate it back to a specific source since to a specific source since it is a rumor, but it could it is a rumor, but it could be true.be true.

Testimonial EvidenceTestimonial Evidence Three forms of testimonial evidence: Three forms of testimonial evidence:

eyewitness, expert-witness, and eyewitness, expert-witness, and historiography.historiography.

Eyewitness testimony is a person who was Eyewitness testimony is a person who was there and actually saw the event take place.there and actually saw the event take place.

Expert-witness testimony is for qualified Expert-witness testimony is for qualified people to testfiy. For example, like forensic people to testfiy. For example, like forensic people and psychologist. They would testify people and psychologist. They would testify and they would be considered expert-and they would be considered expert-witness.witness.

Historiography is basically the use of the Historiography is basically the use of the evidence. In what way can the evidence be evidence. In what way can the evidence be used to strengthen the case.used to strengthen the case.

Precedent EvidencePrecedent Evidence

Two types of precedent evidence: Two types of precedent evidence: legal and personal.legal and personal.

Legal precedent is a principle law Legal precedent is a principle law that has been set from previous that has been set from previous cases that they use for current cases. cases that they use for current cases. These are very hard to overturn. These are very hard to overturn.

Personal precedent is that you look Personal precedent is that you look at what others are doing to at what others are doing to understand your expectations.understand your expectations.

ConclusionConclusion

Just remember there are three types of Just remember there are three types of audiences; friendly, neutral, and hostile. audiences; friendly, neutral, and hostile.

First know your audience then you will know First know your audience then you will know how much evidence you will need.how much evidence you will need.

There are five types of evidence that critical There are five types of evidence that critical thinkers use; precedent, statistical, thinkers use; precedent, statistical, testimonial, hearsay, and common testimonial, hearsay, and common knowledge. knowledge.

Based on what you are trying to prove you Based on what you are trying to prove you will know which evidence will work best for it.will know which evidence will work best for it.